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Vol. 11. ^ r

CHICAGO: The Open Court Publishing Co.

SW^^{LL< . 1

3 GENEKAL INDE^t;

VOLUME II.

ESSAYS AND CONTRIBUTIONS.

PAGE. Happiness and Ethics. E. C. Hegeler 1169 Lectures the . Ednah D. Cheney. Hibbert and Gaulish Pantheon, The. S. Arthur Strong 1297 Homicide Justifiable. When is ? Charles K. Whipple 1236 Anaesthetic Revelation, The. X Human Soul, The Animal and the. Carus Sterne 945, 1007, 1039 Animal Soul and the Human Soi Aphorisms. Henry Byron Atoms and Molecules, The Indi' iuality of. Rev. H. H. Higgins, M. A. D. Conway 930 loii, 1025

Axioms the Basis of Mathematics. Dr. Edward Brooks, of Philadelphia. 1456 I the Inventor. Wheelba

Banking System a Monopoly, Is the. Lyman J. Gage BayrhoJfer, Karl Theodor, and His System of " Naturalistic Monism," Kit Edmund Montgomery 831, 865, 914, Body and Mind; or. The Data of Moral Physiology. Felix L. Oswald, Land-Taxation, Henry George and. Wheelbarrow 1415 M. D 771, 818, 850, 881, 895, 932, 963, 996, 1023, 1057, logo, in8, 1153, Law, The Uncertainty of the—Its Remedy. Charles T. Palmer 1238 1 187, 1227, 1286, 1333, 1367, 1404, 1442, Le Sage's Theory of Gravitation and Falb's Theory of Earthquakes. W. Bread Dear, Making. Wheebarrow Stoss 804 Burns, Robert, The Ethics of. Gen. M. M. Trumbull 439 Life and Death. Prof. Georg von Gizycki 1384 Life, The Conditions of. W. Preyer 863, 916, 1076, 1407 Causality, Comments on the Editor's View of. Dr. Edward Brooks 1266 Love, Mathematics and. By * * * 1251 Causes, How far does Science give us. Wm. M. Salter 1240,1253,1: Cell, The Psychology of the. Correspondence upon the Psychic Life of '-ing Bread Dear. Wheelbarrow 1475 Micro-Organisms between M. Ch. Richet and M. Alfred Binet 1385 MaKing Scarcity. Wheelbarrow 901 Charity, The Ethical Basis of. W. Alexander Johnson 927 Marriage Address, A. Wm. M. Salter 1319 Christianity and Monism. A Criticism of the Work of The Open Court Marriage Problem, The. Prof. E. D. Cope 1307, 1320 by Dr. Gustav Carus, Superintendent GeneraJ of the State Church of Masses as Reformers, The. Morrison I. Swift 1055 Eastern Prussia 1379 Mathematical Demonstration of the Existence of God. A Study in Logic. Consciousness. Dreams, Sleep, and. A Psychological Study. George M. Barr Ferree 1144 Gould, M. D 1433, 1444 Mathematics, Axioms the Basis of. Dr. Edward Brooks 1456 * * Conservation of Energy in the Moral World, The. Georg von Gizycki. . . 1397 Mathematics and Love. By * 1251

Cope-Montgomery Discussion, The. A Summary _ . . 776 Matter, The Fundamental Properties of. J. G. Vogt 820, 852, B97 Corporations, A Philosophical View of the Law of. Charles T. Palmer. Matter and its Qualities. Edward C. Hegeler 854 1331, 1346 Memory, Prof. W. D. Gunning on 1359 Courts, The Importance of the Lower. Joseph W. Errant 773 Micro-Organisms, The Psychic Life of. A. Binet. 1127, 1139, 1151, 1199, I2n, 1223, 1235 Darwin, Charles, On the Life and Letters of. A Paper read before the Micro-Organisms, The Physiological Function of the Nucleus in. Alfred Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, during the session Binet r343 of 1887-88. Rev. H. H. Higgins 1231, 1239 Mind, Body and. Felix L. Oswald, M. D. See Bodv and Mind. Death and Life. Prof. Georg von Gizycki 1384 Mind is, What. Prof. E. D. Cope 99i

Development Hypothesis, Goethe and the. Prof. Calvin Thomas 815, 847 Molecules, The Individualitv of Atoms and. Rev. H. H. Higgins . ..ion, 1025 Dreams. Sleep, and Consciousness. A Psychological Study. George M. Monism and Christianity. A Criticism of the Work ot The Open Court Gould, M. D 1433. 1444 by Dr. Gustav Carus, Superintendent General of the State Church ot Drummond's Natural Law in the Spiritual World. James Herbin 1215 Eastern Prussia 1379 Dualism, The last Ditch of. E. P. Powell 977 Monism and Religion: A Criticism. D. Theophilus, M. A 834 Monism and Religion. A Reply to Theophilus. E.P.Powell 911 Earthquakes, Falb's Theory of, and Le Sage's Theory of Gravitation. Monism and Religion. A Rejoinder. D. Theophilus. With Editorial Re- Wilhelm Stoss 804 marks 1179, 1192, 1205 Economic Conferences. Wheelbarrow 950. 993. 1 104 Monist, An English: Prof. Seeley of Oxford. Xenos Clark 899, 94B Elsmere, Robert, The Attack on. Wm. M. Salter Monopoly, Is the Banking System a. Lyman J. Gage 978 Eternal Youth and Nature. Prof. Georg von Gizycki Moral Physiology, the Data of. See Body and Mind. Ethical, The Basis of Charity. W. Alexander Johnson Moral World, Conservation of Energy in. G. v. Gizycki 1397 Ethics and Public Lite. Wm. M. Salter Milller and the Science ot Thought, Professor Max. By John Chappell-

Ethics, Happiness and. E. C. Hegeler lith . 943 Ethics of Robert Burns, The. Gen. M. M. Trumbull Evolution and War. An Ethical Discussion. Prof. Calvin National Taxation. Anti-Monopolist 778, 800 Nature and Eternal Youth. Prof. Georg von Gizycki. 1403 lith. The Universal. In Mem riam Courtlandt Palmer. T. B. Wakeman. 1391 Neighbor, Understanding One's. Xenos Clark 780 Falb's Theory of Earthquake and Le Sage's Theoiy of Gravitation. Nineteenth Century Club and its Founder, The. Moncure D. Conway 1394 Wilheln 804 Nucleus in Micro-Organisms, The Physiological Function of. Alfred Binet 1343 Family, The Historical Development of the Fiction and Truth. The Element of Imagination in the Observation of physiology. The Data of Moral. See Body and Mind.

Meteorites. Dr. M. Wilhelm Meyer, ot Berlin 1451 Plantation Folk. Lore. L. J. Vance 1029, 1074, 1092 Folk-Lore, Plantation. L.J.Vance 1029, 1074,1092 Proctor, Antonio Ricardo, Viro Prsedito Virtute Mnemosynon. M. C. France, Experimental Psychology in. A. Binet 1427 G'Byrne 1232 Free Trade or Protection. Edward C. Hegeler 1283 Protection, Free Trade or. E. C. Hegeler 1283 Free-will a Mechanical Possibility. Xenos Clark 975 Psychic Life of Micro-Organisms. The. A. Binet. 1127, "39, 1151, 1199. 1211 1223, 1235

Gaulish Pantheon, The Hibbert Lectures and the . Arthur Strong. 1297 Psychology in France, Experimental. Alfred Binet 1427 Generation Without Prospects, A. Morrison I. S Psychology ot the Cell, The. Correspondence between M. Alfred Binet Genius, The Development of. Lucien Arr^at and Ch. Richet 1385 Geometry, A Flaw in the Foundation of. Translated from the Serman Public Lite, Ethics and. W. M. Salter 1071 of Hermann Grassmann George, Henry, And Land-Taxation. Wheelbarrow Reason, The Origin of. Ludwig Noir^. Translated from the German 879 "* " " A Study in Folk-Lore. L.J.Vance 1247,1259, Religion, Monism and. D. Theophilus 834 King. Wheelba Religion, Monism and. Reply to D. Theophilus. E.P.Powell 11 God, Mathematical Demonstration of the Existence of. A Study in Religion. Monism and. D. Theophilus 1179, 1192, 1205 Logic. Barr Ferree Religioi ind Philosophy, The Unification of. M. C. O'Byrne 1419 Goethe and the Development Hypothesis. Prof. Calvin Thomas 815, R-ligioi Freedom, The Founding ot Our. Moncure D. Conway. .. . 1163, 1175

Gravitation, Le Sage's Theory of, and Falb's Theory of Earthquakes. Revelat The An 3Sthe i Clark. 104

Wilhelm Stoss Russia i nd the Evangelic All Theodore Stanton oog Gunning, Prof W. D., on Memory. From No. 13 of The Open Court .... Gunning, Professor William D. Memorial Address. Frederick May Hol- land Morrison I. Swift.

209259 THE 0PP:N COURT— Index to Volume II,

ESSAYS AND CONTRIBUTIONS—Continued.

PAGE. Scientific Thought, Transformation and Adaptation in. Prof. Ernst Mach. Trutn and Fiction. The Element of Imagination in the Observation of 1087, ins Meteorites. Dr. M. Wilhelm Meyer, of Berlin 1451 Self-Evident, The. David Newport 1416 Science, How far does give us Causes. Wm. M. Salter .... 12+0, 1253, 1263 and Trusts. Gage 959 Shelley's Atheism. Alvan F. Sanborn 1189 Unions Lyman J. Universal Faith, The. Memorial Address upon Mr. Courtlandt Palmer. Shrinkage of Values, The. Wheelbarrow 1325 A T. B. Wakeman I39l Spiritualists' Confession, The. Moncure D. Conway 1295 Sunday Laws. J. G. Hertwig. Rev. Byron Sunderland, and Rev. E lijti.. 1421 Social Degeneracy, Symptoms of. Moncure D. Conway 1429 Values, The Shrinkage of. Wheelbarrow 1325- Soul, The Animal and the Human. Cams Sterne 945. 1007, 1039

Taxation, National. Anti-Monopolist 778, 800 War and Evolution. An Ethical Discussion. Prof. Calvin Thomas 1355 Trusts and Unions. Lyman J. Gage 959 Women, The International Council ot. Moncure D. Conway 930 EDITORIALS.

PAGE. Abstract Ideas, The Assay of 1422 Free Thought, The Bible and ' 953 Monism and Philology 884 Agnosticism and Religion. A Discussion of Free Will, Determinism and .- 887 Morals, Religion and 981 the Field-Ingersoll Controversy and of Mr. Goethe's Monism 782 Gladstone's Remarks upon the Same. 1042, 1059 Nature Alive, Is ? In Reply to Mr. Salter 1264 Gospels, of the Art, Classical and Romantic 1095 The Source 1079 Gunning, Prof.W. D., The Metnorial Service to 1278 Oneness of Man and Nature, The. The Ethi- Bible and Free Thought, The 953 cal Aspect of Monism 1 107 Idealism, Realism, and Monism BQchner, Prof. L., on Religion 965 919 Ideas, Abstract, The Assay of 1422 Personality, The Problem of Double 1178 Inveniemus, Ignorabimns Causality, The Problem of izoo Ignoramus and not Persons, Natural and Artificial 1339 or Invenimus Causation, Is there Anything Unknowable in? 903 Philology, Monism and 884

Immortality, Death, Love , 1324 the. In Reply to Mr. W. M. Salter 1254 Phonograph, The Mechanical Memory of . 1032 Infinitude Eternity Causes and Natural Laws. In Reply to Mr. W. and 870 Realism, Idealism, and Monism 9>9 M. Salter 1240 Literary Discussion, The Ethics of J230 Agnosticism and 1042, 1059 Celestial Language, The Grammarian of the 782 Lost Manuscript, Gustav Freytag's Novel, The. Religion, Religion, Prof. L. Buchner on 965 Chicken and the Egg, The 854 E. C. Hegeler 999 Religion and Morals 981 Christmas, Yule-Tide and 1367 Love, Death, Immortality 1324 Cognition, Knowledge, and Truth 1458 Religion and Science. A Resume 1217- Cognition, Monism as the Formal Principle of. 1478 Man and Nature, The Oneness of 1107 Marriage Problem and Ethics, The 1364 Sensation and Memory I43r Death, Love, Immortality 1324 Mathematics, The Old and New 1468 Social Problems 822 Determinism and Free Will 887 Matter and Force in Their Relation to Grav Spencer, Herbert, on the Ethics of Kant. 1155, 1165 Double Personality, The Problem of 1178 ity, The Significance of 803 Spiritism and Immorality 1360 Metaphysics—The Use and Meaning of the Stone's Fall, The 1256 Egg, The Chicken and the 854 Word 1313 Superstition in Religion and Science 837 Eternity and Infinitude 870 Mind, The Nature of 999 Trag'edy and the Problem of Life 1120 Ethics, The Marriage Problem and 1364 Monism, Goethe's 782 Monism, The Religious Character of. In Re- Yule-Tide and Christmas 1367

Form and Formal Thought.. 1310, 1336. 1349, 1369 ply to the Criticism of Dr. Gnstav Carus. . . . 1381 Free Thought, The Heroes of 822 Mo.iism as the Formal Principle of Cognition. 1478 Zero in Mathematics, The Function of 1146. CORRESPONDENCE.

PAGE. Anaesthetic Revelation, The. M. C. O'Bvrne 1081 Matter and Form. L. A. Fisher 983 Anesthetic Revelation. The. Xenos Clark 1122 Matter and Reality. C. F. Woodward 1034 Anaesthetic Revelation, The. M. C. O'Byrne 1171 Mechanics. Object of. Henrv H. Higgins 905 Arnold's Criticism. Matthew. M. T 967 Memory, The Problem of. and the Origin of Life. C 1048 Mendacity, The Physical Basis of. H. R Porter, M. D 1482 Causation. With Editorial Notes. A. M. Griflfen 1289 Mind and Consciousness. Edmund Mont|omery 787 Occasion. With Editorial Remarks. Perry Marshall 1291 Cause and Mind. The Physical Basis of. Prof. E. D. Cope in Reply to the Editorial Cause in Science and Religion, Final. E. P. Powell 1241 in No. 40 of The Open Court 1034 Causality, The of. Comments upon the Editorial of No. 55. M. Problem Monism, The Philosophy of. W.W.Richmond 788 A. Griffen. Editorial Remarks upon the Same 1242 Monism, A Reader of "Three- Score-and-Ten briefly Defines his. L. A. Cerebral Science. Rodes Buchanan Jos. 984 Fisher 872 Charity, The Ethical Basis of. Dr. Lindorme mo Monism and Henism. C. T. S 967 Charity, The Ethical Basis of. W. Alexander Johnson 1123 Muller, Max, on the Science of Thought. Rev. H. W. Thomas 1171 Children's Theological Sayings. Xenos Clark S24 Concord School of Philosophy. E. D. Cheney 1123 Natural Religion and Monism. Otto Wettstein 983 Evil Spirits and Punishment of Sin. E. Cowley 982 Newport, Friend David, on Politics and Religion. With Mr. E. C. Hegeler's Answer 1327 G izycki and Determinism, Prof. von. Prof. Wm. James 88g God's Existence, The Moral Argument for. Francis C. Russell and J. B. Obedience and Judgment. E. Cowley 905 Dunn 1170, 1171 Open Court. The Title and its Propriety. A Monist 824 Goethe's Thrill of Awe. Prof. Calvin Thomas 1063 Open Court, or Monist. G. H. Scheel 856 Goethe's Thrill of Awe. Clara B. Colly 1122 Goethe's View of Immanence. Dr. Lindorme 855 philosopher of New England, A meeting with the Transcendental. Gunning, Prof. William D. Mrs. Mary Gunning 127S Wheelbarrow 1170 Gunning, Prof. W. D., and The Open Cojjrt. Mary Gunning 1340 Philosophical Club of Montreal. The. Mary Morgan (Gowan Lea) 1447 Postulates vs. Axioms. Francis C. Russell 1482 Hegeler, Mr. E. Answer to Friend David Newport on Politics and Re- C, Poverty, The Source of. A Reply by Wheelbarrow 1218 ligion 1327 Secularization of. Briefly Reviewed. Immortality, An Inquiry Concerning. S. Brewer 840 Religion, The J. Albert Stowe 786 Income Tax, No Individual. Benj. Doblin 840 Religion of the Friend, The. David Newport 1064 International Council of Women. E. D. C 921 Religion, Conciliation ot, with Science. W. W. Richmond 903

Liberalism and The Open Court. A Liberal 856 Space, An Inquiry about the Infinitude of. L. T. Ives 872 Spiritualistic Life, The Origin of, and the Problem of Memory. C 1048 Comments. T. W. W., and Lay Reader 1362

Marriage, Inequality in. Zekanah 1480 Tax, Is the Single, the Sole Cure? Reply to Mr. Levy. Wheelbarrow.. 1278 Marriage Contracts for Time, Prof Cope's Proposition of M M E 1363 Theology and Morality 982 Marriage Contracts, Mrs. M, M. E. on. Prof. E D. Cope iii 1462 Marriage Contracts, Prof. Cope on. M. M. E 1423 Wheelbarrow, A Criticism of. Sol. Levy 1207 Marriage Time-Contracts. Prof. E. D. Cope 1387 Wheelbarrow, Rejoinder to. Sol. Levy 1278 Marriage, Social Opportunities and. George Wilson 1481 Wheelbarrow, A Series of Questions Addressed to. C. B 1279 Matriarchate, The. Matilda Joslyn Gage 1480 Wheelbarrow in Answer to the above 1279 THE OPEN COURT—Index to Volume II.

POETRY AND FICTION. PAGE. PAGE. Ambition. A Sonnet. Louis Belrose, Jr 1412 Lost Manuscript, The. Continued from Vol. I Sage and Fool. W. D. Lighthall 1351 August 15. 1875. Louis Belrose, Jr 1480 through Vol. II. Shelley. William Brunton 1460 Sonnet. Louis Belrose, Jr 971 Birth of Satan, The. William Schuyler 903 Marriage Problem, The. Louis Belrose, Jr.. 1472 Sonnet, A. Louis Belrose, Jr 1015 Byron. Louis Belrose, Jr 1460 May Day Wishes: Song. To Louis Belrose, Jr. 889 Sonnet. Louis Belrose, Jr 1217 Cervantes. Louis Belrose, Jr 1460 Measure of Time, The. James Buckham 1398 Sonnet. Louis Belrose, Jr 1375 Creed, A. Clifford Lamont Snovvden 781 Midsummer. Louis Belrose, Jr 1183 Sonnet. Louis Belrose, Jr 1398 Death and May. Louis Belrose, Jr 823 Mother Songs, Three. Charles Stuart Pratt. Sonnets of Winter Tide. Mary Morgan (Gowan Dream-Beech. The. A Fairy-Tale. After the From Prang's Baby's Lullaby Book 1376 Lea) 1472 German of Richard Leander 1464 My Three Friends. Carmen Sylva (Elizabeth, Stars, The 1080 Queen of Roumania). Translated from Sub Specie ^ternitatis. Wm. Schuyler 872 Eternity. Louis Belrose, Jr 1135 the German by Mary Morgan (Gowan Lea). 1315 Fable, A. Louis Belrose, Jr 1048 To Death. David Atwood Wasson 807 Future Life, A. Louis Belrose, Jr 1351 Belrose, ir94 Parable, A. Louis Jr Victor Hugo's Creed. Translated by Row 854 Guide-Post, The. A Fable. Hudor Genone.. 1182 Parables. Translated from the Arabian. Henry Byron 839. 1042, rl95 What doth Remain? David Atwood Wasson. 840 Heavenly Rest. Wm. Schuyler 92r Philosophy, My. Louis Belrose, Jr 1033 Wish-Ring, The. A Fairy-Tale. After the Idols. *** 1048 German of Richard Leander 1396 Immortality. Translated from Goethe 1351 Religion, A New. * * * looi Introduction to a Poem. Louis Belrose, Jr. . r302 Rhyme of Thomas the Doubter, A. William Three. From Goethe and Schiller's '*' * Job's Prayer. Clinton Collins r375 Herbert 1422 i-Almanach. By * 1423 BOOK REVIEWS, NOTES, OBITUARIES.* PAGE. Airy, Osmund. The English Restoration and Louh Ladd, G. T. What is the Bible ? 1016 Le Conte, Prof. Joseph. (Note) iii 1402 Alaux, J. E. Esquisse d'une Philosophic de L'Etre., America's Younger Poets 1378 Leroux, Ernest. Eugene Bodichon 1050 Arnold, Matthew. Essays in Criticism 1366 Lowell, James Russel. Political Essays iii 1246 Arr^at, Lucien. Journal d'un Philosophe 825 Lowell, James Russel. Heart's ease and Rue 968 Atkinson, W. P. The Study of Politics Lyon, (iieorges. L'ld^alisme en Angleterre au XVIIIe Sifecle 1291 Mach, Prof. Ernst. (Note) 1082 Bacon, Thos. Scott. The Beginnings of Religion 1017 Margaret Kent, The Author of. Queen Money 1002 Balzac. Modeste Mignon iii 1126 Martineau, James. A Study of Religion 1015 Beaussire, Emile. Les Principes du Droit 1398 Matthews, Brander. Cheap Books and Good Books 1016 Bellamy, Edward. Looking Backward—2000-1887 906 McCulloch, Hugh. Men and Measures of Half a Century 1352 Bierbower, Austin. The Virtues and their Reasons iii 1246 Mead, Edwin D. The Roman Catholic Church and [he School Question.. 1327 Binet, Alfred. Animal Magnetism 984 Meredith, George. Sandra Belloni 1081 Blaisdell, Albert F. First Steps with American and British Authors 1018 Metaphysics. ( Note) iii 1354 F. Picturesque, Politi- Blake, Elizabeth, and Sullivan, Margaret Mexico: Mitchell, Richard M. The Safe Side iii 1246 cal, Progressive 1291 Miller, Olive Thane. In Nesting Time 1050 1183 Boissier, Gaston. Madame de Sevign^ Moscheles, Felix. Felix Mendelssohn's Letters iii 1246 Bray, Rev. Truro. Essays on God and Man 1233 Miiller, F. Max. Biographies of Words and the Home of the Aryas 825 Bret Harte. A Phyllis of the Sierras 841 Miiller, F. Max. My Predecessors 1303 Brigham, William T. Guatemala, the Land of Quetzal 1017 Brinton, Daniel G. Facettes of Love: from Browning iii 1414 Naville, Adrien M. De la Classification des Sciences. Etude Logique. iii 1386 Brown, Alice. Fools of Nature 789 Oliphant, M. O. W., and T. B. Aldrich. The Second Son 857 Brown, Helen Dawes. Two College Girls iii 1126 Oswald, Felix L. Zoological Sketches 1018 Burnett, F. Hodgson. Sara Crewe 1017

Louise. , 1018 Burnham, Clara Next Door Pall Mall Gazette, Prof. Huxley's Letter in iii 1438 Burdick, H. R. The New Statement 968 Palmer, Courtlandt. (Note) iii 1402 Pfleiderer, Otto. Grundriss der Christlichen Glaubens- und Siltenlehre 1002 Cable, George W. Bonaventura (Rudiments of Christian Dogmatics and Ethics) iii 1222 Caro, E. George Sand 1183 Piatt, John JameS. Idyls and Lyrics of the Ohio Valley 856 Suggestions for the Charities, Organized, of Lynn, Mass., Rules and 937 Prang &. Co., L. Baby's Lullaby Book iii 1366 iii Cheney, Ednah D. Louisa May Alcott, "The Children's Friend'' 1270 Prang & Co., L. The Home of Shakespeare ". iii 1366 Clodd, Edward. The Story of Creation iii 1426 Prel, Carl du. Die Monistische Seelenlehre 1016 Conway, Moncure D. Chapters of History in Life of Edmund Randolph, iii 1314 Proudhon, P. J. System of Economical Contradictions or the Philosophy Corvin, Otto v. Weltgeschichte 1017 of Misery 1016 Cusack, Mary Francis Clare. Nun of Kenmare. (Note) iii 1402 Sand, George 1183 Joshee 1082 Sayrs, Mrs. Henry. (Obituary) 939 nd Fire iii 1378 Say, Leon. Turgot iii 1474 Schaff, Philip. History of the Reformation iii 1282

Economic Conferences Between Btftness Men and Working Men. ( Note) 937 Schindler, Rabbi Solomon. Dissolving Views in the History of Judaism. 986 Eltester, H. Materiahen aus dem Kattchumenen-Unterricht lOoi Schopenhauer. A. Le Monde comme Volonte et Representation. Vol. i.. Everett, C. C. Poetry, Comedy, and Duty 1327 Vol. II 1226. iii 1426 Schroter. George Ludwig Edward. (Obituary) 938 F^r6, Charles. D^g^n^rence et Criminality 1065 Schuiz, Fritz. (Obituary) 939 F^r^, Charles. Animal Magnetism 985 Seaver, Horace, Occasional Thoughts of iii 1450 Foote, G. W. Infidel Death-Beds iii 1426 Shaw, Albert. The National Revenues iii 1138 Foote, Mary Hallock. John Bodewin's Testimony 1328 Sill, Edward Rowland. Poems 841 Frederick HI. of Germany. (Note) 1051 Simon, Jules. Victor Cousin iii 1366 Froude, James Anthony. The English in the West Indies 857 Sorel, Albert. Montesquieu iii 1366 Stevenson, Robert Louis. Virginibus, Puerisque and other Papers. Mem- Garafalo, R. La Criminologie 1065 oirs and Portraits; Memoir of Fleeming Jenkin 789 Gerhard, Frederick. The Death Penalty iii 11 14 Sullivan, Margaret F. Mexico: Picturesque, Political, and Progressive. 1291 Gizycki, Prof. Georg von. Moral-Philosophie 1327 Suttner, B. von. Inventarium einer Seele ^ iii 1414 Gizycki, Prof. G. von. Kant and Schopenhauer iii 1210 Taylor, Edward. Is Protection a Benefit? Grassberger, Hans. AUerlei Deutsames 1017 1081 Taylor, Saladin and Joseph. Why am I an Agnostic? t iii Gunlogsen, Prof. Alb. H. (Note) iii 1114 1426 Thickstun. Frederick. A Mexican Girl Gunning, Prof. William D. (Obituary) 938 1233 Thompson. D. The Religious Sentiments of the Guyan, M. Obituary 1002 G. Human Mind 1015 Thoreau. Henry D. From the Journal of lVinte7- 788 Tyler, Moses Coit. Patrick Henry Haberlandt, Michael. Der Alt-Indische Geist 1017 841 Hewes, Fletcher W. Citizens' Atlas of American Politics iii 1258 Vance. L.J. (Note) iii 1366 und Erde. Illustrated iii Himmel Monthly 1450 Watson. John. LL. D. The Philosophy of Kant 1292 Hoernes, Dr. Moritz. Bosnia and Herzegovina iii 1474 Weber, Dr. Alfred. (Note on Religion) iii 1282 Holmes, Nathaniel. Realistic in Itself Idealism Philosophy 1399 Weber, Dr. A. Die Religion als Wille zum Ewigen Leben 1195 Howells, W. D. The Minister's Charge 1018 Webster's Dictionary iii 1210 Howard, Blanche Willis. Aulney Tower 1233 Westbrook, Richard B. Girard's Will and Girard College Theology 1002 Huxley, Prof. T. H. The Struggle for Existence; a Programme go6 Weston, S. Burns. (Note) 1303 Weyer, Otto W. Die Englische Fabrik-Inspektion iii i486 Johnson, Rosseter. A Short History of the War of Secession 1303 Whipple, Edwin Percy. Outlooks on Society, Literature, and Politics.. 890 Wilkie, Frank B. The Gambler 1050 Chas. Kerr, H. A Pure-Souled Liar 1050 Witherspoon. Orlando. Doctor Ben 1302 King, Thomas Starr. Substance and 968 Show Wochenschrift, Naturwissenschaftliche 1376 Klemm, L. R. Chips from a Teacher's Workshop 1017 Work, Henry C. Marching Through Georgia iii Knortz, Karl. Die Deutschen Volkslieder und M^rchen iii 1474 1426 Wright, Julia McNair. Sea-Side and Way Side. No. i 921 Koerner, Ex-Governor. (Note) iii 1414 Krauss, Dr. Friedrich S. Croatia and Slavonia iii 1474 Yonge, Charlotte M. Hannah More iii 1126

* The Roman numerals iii indicate that the articles thus Indexed are to t i sought on the page opposite the one given in Arabian numerals. c^ 1 The Open Court A KORTNIGHTLY JOURNAL, Devoted to the Work of Conciliating Religion with Science.

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Body and Mind, or, The Data of Moral Physiology. Part I. Felix L. Oswald, M. D 771 The Importance of the Lower Courts. Joseph W. Errant 773 The Cope-Montgomery. Discussion. A Summary 776 National Taxation. Anti-Monopolist 778 Understanding One's Neighbor. Xenos Clark 780 EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT. Goethe's Monism 782 The Grammarian of the Celestial Language 782 Notes 783 THE ESSAY. Gustav Robert Kirchhoff. Translated from the German of Robert von Helmholtz 783 POETRY. A Creed. Clifford Lamont Sno"wden 78 CORRESPONDENCE.

"The Secularization of Religion" Briefly Reviewed. J. Albert Stowe 786 Mind and Consciousness. Edmund Montgomery ... 787 The Philosophy of Monism. W. W. Richmond 788 BOOK REVIE^A^S. Winter. From the Journal of Henry D. Thoreau 788 Robert Louis Stevenson's Recent Books 789 Fools of Nature. Alice Brown 789 Periodicals: Unitarian Revie^w—Quarterly Review of the Soci- eties for Ethical Culture 789 FICTION. The Lost Manuscript. Continued. Gustav Freytag 790 — THK OPEN COURT. ^PRANG'S pi9(^»^rt#publi(;atio95.

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in Cambridge, Mass., since 1S37, made historical by being the headquarters for eight months of Washington w hen he look command of the A receptii The house is securely packed in a wooden box, ready for shipment, making it a handsome and convenient present. Ihe chimneys are used for the of postage stamps, and the inside of the cover shows a likeness, in color, of Longfellow and his children, illustrative of his poem, " The Child . ..-- ^/ For sale by all dealers. If not kept by the dealers, we will send it by express, paid on receipt of $2.;- ' - y place--—this side of the Mississippi River and North of Tennessee and North Carolina.

:TCH I NGS. HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE POETS. By W. B. Closson. Five parts (Longfellow, Emerson, Holmes. Whittier and Hawthorne), each containint; six etchintrs of Portrait, Autograph, Birthplace, Homes, etc., of the poets. Price per part, $1.00. All fivein neat portfolio box - $5.50 SCENES IN MARBLEHEAD. By Chas. A. Walker. Six etchings PICTURESQUE CAMBRIDGE. By W. Goodrich Seal. Six etchmgs .-....---. so

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'or Particulars and Full Catalogues and Price Lists, address NEW YORK: & CO., 38 Bond Street. L PRANG Fine Art Publishers, SAN FRANCISCO: 529 Commercial Street. BOSTON, NlASS. The Open Court A. KORTNIQHTLY JOURNAL, Devoted to the Work of Conciliating Religion with Science.

( Three Dollars per Year. (Vol. II.-l.) CHICAGO, MARCH i, i{ No. 27. cts. \ Single Copies, 15

BODY AND MIND, OR, THE DATA OF MORAL tions. The depreciation of physical education opened the PHYSIOLOGY. door to efl^eminacy and all its concomitant vices. The BY FELIX L. OSWALD, M. D. suppression of healthier pastimes became a direct cause Pari I. of intemperance and sexual aberrations. The encourage- introduction. ment of mendicancy and procrastination undermined the Among the nations of the East, tradition has pre- moral basis of industry. The doctrine of passive sub- served the memory of a flood so destructive that the mission to injustice became a main-stay of despotism. present world hesitates to credit the record of its devas- The instinct of truth was crushed out by the dogma of tations. The time may come when our children will salvation by unreasoning faith. The promptings of

find it equally difficult to realize the horrors of the humanity were suppressed by the dogma of eternal moral cataclysm which for nearly fifteen hundred years punishment, and the alleged sinfulness of our natural submerged the homes of the Caucasian race with a affections. The instinct of justice was perverted by the deluge of madness and superstition. dogma of predestination. The highlands of science have emerged from that But the most fruitful cause of the moral degenera- flood, but the foot-hills are still covered with the wrecks tion that made the era of monasteries the darkest page

of a former civilization; the sediment of prejudice still in the history of mankind was, after all, the totaUneglect attests the high- water marks of mental degeneration, and of physical science, especially of that branch ofphysiology the present age can bear witness to the emotions of which teaches the manifold mingled doubt and delight at the appearance of an arc interaction of body and mind. of promise in the form of a religion of science. The first The dualism of ancient moralists proved for centuries gleam of that sunburst has long cheered the friends of a root of baneful delusions. The Brahmins, the priests light with the hope of an ultimate victory over the pow- of Egypt, and many Gnostic philosophers, as well as the ers of darkness. For more than two hundred years the seers and prophets of Islam, considered the " soul " a delusions of anti-naturalism and its utter inefficiency for mere guest of the body, a heterogeneous entity apt to

the regeneration of mankind, have become more and survive the decay of its earthly tabernacle. They more evident to all independent thinkers. They could believed in the existence of a spirit- world extraneous to not fail to perceive that the precepts of a world-despis- material creation and often neglected the revelations of ing Messiah were a fatal obstacle to the material nature in their effort to fathom the mysteries of progress of mankind. They could not ignore the fact ghost-land. that the systematic suppression of secular science had But the apostles of anti-naturalism went further. avenged itself by a far-gone marasmus of intellectual Their moral cosmogony makes the body the enemy of decrepitude. They could not ignore the evidences of the soul and systematically contrasts the interests of physical degeneration, induced by the utter neglect ot earth and the " Kingdom of Heaven." In the language that health-culture that had for ages sustained the of asceticism the " world " and the "flesh" are synonyms

prestige of pagan civilization. The authority of Jesuit- of sin; the suppression of our natural instincts is persist- ism rested almost entirely upon the alleged moral value ently inculcated as a primary condition of salvation; the

of its tenets, a claim sadly at variance with the evidence abasement of the body is distinctly enjoined as the best of practical experience, but still tacitly accepted by a means of securing the promotion of spiritual welfare.

generation inoculated with the dogma of natural deprav- The anti-physical principle of the New Testament is, ity. The apostles of science, however, have begun to indeed, the key to the enigma of the most monstrous aber- question both the premises and the inference of that rations of mediaeval theology, and the keystoneof a world- doctrine, and the last support of the mediaeval delusion redeeming religion of science should be the truth that

. will hopelessly collapse as soon as a plurality of its the highest moral and the highest physical welfare of victims shall realize the fact that the gospel of anti-nat- mankind can be only conjointly attained.

uralism is the most immoral^ as well as the most mind- The empirical knowledgeof that fact has at last been enervating and health-blighting of all known supersti- bought at a price which the world cannot afford to pay 772 THK OPKN COURT. a second time. The unnatural restraint of convent-life benediction of the lawfully anointed sovereign, and a resulted in such hideous nightmares of hysterical super- modern King of Spain endeavored to remedy the bar- stition that their memory still haunts the dreams of the renness of his nuptial couch by embroidering a petticoat Caucasian nation like the after-effect of a brain fever. for an image of the Holy Virgin. Spanish strategists The alcoholic excesses of the mediaeval priesthood even attempted to compensate the inefficiency of their avenged themselves in a depth of intellectual abasement marines by baptizing their line-of-battle ships with ful- that made the name of a monk a by -word among the some-saintly names. The dogmatists of our Southern t mperate nations of Islam. The inhuman oppression of swamp-States still include piotracted prayer-meetings the bondsmen enslaved by the system of clerical feudalism among the specifics for tlie cure of climatic fevers, though bore its fruit in the butcheries of the Peasants' War and in less fervid latitudes the therapeutic use of homilies the French Revolution, and ripens an aftermath in the seems to be limited to their substitution for the soporifics doctrines of Anarchism and Nihilism. The moralists of the drug market. The sinfulness of free inquiry is still that ranted about the golden streets of the New Jeru- illustrated by numerous anecdotes commemorating the salem permitted their own towns to reek with filth till the fate of unbe'ievers struck dumb in the act of abusing " immortal souis," as well as the despised bodies of their their organs of speech to the detriment of clerical in- dupes were assailed by appalling epidemics—plagues, terests. i-courging manias, dancing manias, contortion-fits and The moral effects of physiological predispositions, on manias of suicide. For centuries the insane suppression the other hand, are strangely underrated. Of a thousand of physical recreation on the day when a vast plu- splenetics who bemoan the vanity of earthly existence,, rality of workingmen find their only chance of leisure perhaps not a dozen suspect that their pessimism could has driven millions to drown their misery in the Lethe be cured by a slight change of diet. The carnivorous of mtoxication, and thus, by the direct influence of fanat- missionary who preaches the gospel of meekness to an ical anti-naturalism, produced the very evils which the assembly of Hindoo peasants, hardly dreams that the exponents of that creed denounce as the result of natural vegetarianism of his heareis more than compensates the depravity. lack of dogmatism. The pious father who hopes to For the strictest followers of a Nature-hating protect his boys from worldly temptations by robbing Messiah, the pagan ideal of a "healthy mind in a them of their holiday sports, would be amazed to learn healthy body," has, indeed, been perverted into the para- that his very asceticism is apt to increase the danger of gon of a world- renouncing soul in a crushed body; but secret vices, as naturally as the exclusion of fresh air in- even for the millions who modified that extreme of in- creases the peril of dry-rot. The moral bias of race in- fatuation with some alloy of practical secularism, the im- fluences has hardly begun to be recognized in the aginary antagonism of body and soul remained, and still theories of our international reformers; and men who remains, a source of baneful misconceptions. The science would laugh at the idea of raising a young hyena for of the thousand fold moral effects of physical causes is watch-dog purposes, nevertheless hope to cure the savage still a sealed book to a large plurality of our fellow-men, propensities of a young Hottentot by prayers and and it is curiously characteristic of the anti-physical bias Sunday-school text-books. They would not waste their of their hereditary ethics, that at the same time they are time in trying to gather figs from thorns, yet devote ready, not only to admit, but to exaggerate, the physical years to the attempt of appealing to the sentimental in- effects cf moral causes. A semi-conscious tendency of stincts of men who have been starved into chronic rancor,^ their mental constitution inclines them to emphasize the and who by ages of oppression and imposture have been influence of the " immaterial soul " on the despised, taught to assume the defensive armor of universal mis- earth-begotten body, and to deny, or ignore, the evi- trust. The moral influence of climate is an agency dences of a reflex-influence. The revivalists of medi- equally unknown to the moralists who preach continence aeval phantasms surfeit us with their accounts of on the Senegal and frugality on the banks of the Neva,, miraculous cures effected by the " Christian faith " of and who berate the natives of the Arctic snow-wastes the patient. Our mesmerian miracle-mongers expatiate for their lack of Arcadian trust of the bounty of Provi- upon the physical transformations induced by the mere dence. Nor has their philosophy ever recognized the volition of the magnetiseur. The metamorphoses of intuitive contrasts of youth and old age. "After seeing the Ovidian fairy-tales are rivaled by the portents of his children and children's children," says the law of media3val church-legends. At the mere prayer of an Menu, " a world-weary man shall retire to the peace of orthodox saint blind men regain their sight, cripples their solitude, and devote the end of his life to contemplation lost limbs, beldames their lost youth; consumptives are and daily communion with the spirit of Brahma." But resurrected from their beds of disease, and even corpses our spiritual task-masters attempt to enforce the instincts from their tombs. Thousands of scrofulous natives of of decrepitude upon the mind of earth-loving youth; they mediaeval England hoped to cure their ailments by the darken the morning hours of life with the gloom of THE OPEN COURT. 773

night; the ministers of Quietism gather dead leaves to Alabama State Bar Association, Judge Dillon gave smother the budding flowers. statistics to show that nearly one-half of the modern But the most neglected branch of moral physiology reoorted cases involved corporation law. is certainly the study of the moral and mental effects of It therefore becomes important to consider that sys- pathological tendencies. The contrasts of the psychic tem of courts, in which the people gain their impres- phenomena in health and disease have no place in the sions of justice practically applied. science of our moral philosophers; the traditional prej- Let us then consider the justice of the peace system of udice of dualism seems to shrink from the recognition courts. In Chicago we have also a system of police of the striking analogies of moral and physical changes courts, in which are heard cases brought in by the po- under the influence of abnormal conditions. The lice. Cases involving violations of local ordinances are opponents of Monism are loath to admit that the func- heard in these courts. Justices of the peace are usually tions of the " immortal soul " can be modified by sani- elective officers. In Chicago we have a round-about tary arrangements, that its vigor declines with the vigor method by which the judges of the courts of record of the body, that many of its special faculties can be recommend names to the Governor, and the Governor by stimulated or annihilated by surgical operations; that and with the advice and consent of the Senate appoints. every modification of physiological conditions is accom- Certain justices named by the Mayor and approved by panied by a corresponding change in the disposition of the common council are appointed to preside in the police the "immaterial spirit." The vice-begetting tendency ot courts. For the services there rendered the city pays suppressed physical instincts is still obstinately ignored. them a regular salary. They do not, however, devote The influence of abnormal habits on the vigor of voli- themselves exclusively to the police courts. They carry tion, on the principles of self-respect, of benevolence, and on their private justice of the peace business besides. even of integrity, are unknown factors in the diagnosis The law does not require a justice of the peace to of our moral quacks. possess any special qualifications for the position, nor is

Our entire system of moral education needs, indeed, it necessary that he should be a man who is versed in a thorough revision, and the success of urgent social and the law. If he has any qualifications, or if he is a law- ethical reforms depends on the radical reconstruction of yer, this is simply accidental. Indeed, in the eyes of the moral philosophy on a basis of natural science. profession a lawyer who accepts the office of justice of

the peace is considered to have lowered himself. This THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LOWER COURTS.* sentiment is not at all creditable to the profession, for

BY JOSEPH W. ERRANT. by it men who would honor it are prevented from ac- People of to-day are very much worried about the cepting the office. In fact, such a feeling toward the higher courts, although that system of courts in which position of a justice of the peace is an injustice to those the mass of the people meet the law and become ac- men who accept these positions and endeavor to do their quainted with its practical administration are—to say the duty conscientiously. If things do not go right, it is least—of no less significance. I dislike to use the term often because the system makes them its unwilling vic- lower or lowest courts. To me one court is as important tims as another, and if any distinction is to be made, it should As soon as the justice has received his commission, be in favor of those so-called lowest courts. It all depends he rents and furnishes a room, hires a clerk, hangs out from what standpoint we view the matter. The stand- his sign and announces himself as ready for business. ard to-day is largely the money standard, and the im- If he is his own successor or if he can rent the room of portance of a court seems to be measured by the amount in his predecessor in office he is spared some of the prelim- dollars and cents over which the court has jurisdiction. inary work. He must pay all his expenses and make a

If we could but realize that a claim for $io sometimes living besides. He has no fixed income. He is abso- involves more of human justice than a claim for $ioo,- lutely dependent upon his fees. It is hard to imagine a ooo our views might possibly change. To-day ques- system better calculated to destroy every idea of judicial tions concerning property and property rights occupy dignity or independence. men's minds. When will they allow questions of right A system is wrong which allows Blank, Brown and and justice to men and women to enter into their con- Jones to enter into a scramble for a judicial office, in siderations? In the turmoil of a wonderful material which scramble it is often merely a question of political development, we have thought too little of such ques- influence as to who obtains the office. A system which tions. Only a month ago, in an address before the compels a man to work to obtain a judicial position and to

•The above essay is an abstract of an address entitled "Justice for the work to retain it is wrong. There is a fierce strife for Friendless and the Poor," which was delivered before the Illinois State Bar Association, January nth and before the Society of Ethical Culture ol Chicago,, the position of justice of the peace in Chicago. Every January a9th, i8S8. As a result of the above mentioned address a movemcnthas' been started and is already well under way to organize a bureau of justice iu manner of influence is used to retain positions or to Chicago. As soon as possible an office will be opened in which " the Friend- less and the Poor *' will gratuitously be advised and helped to obtain justice. crowd out present incumbents. Such a system induces 774 THE OPEN COURT. schemes and combinations which are demoralizing to other she finds her way to the office of a justice of the any judicial system. A system of courts in which the peace. She enters a room. The justice may be at leis- services of the judges are paid for by the fees which ure or he may be occupied in the trial of a suit. She is they receive is wrong. The astounding spectacle is not helped either way. There are other men in the presented of a judge asking for patronage. Some of room, a clerk, constables, so-called attorneys, etc. She the justices have a large patronage—others have a small speaks to one of them; he may be the justice, the clerk, a " patronage. There is a direct inducement offered to constable, or one of the numerous shysters" who hang men to attempt to obtain business in some way or other. about every justice's court-room. It is all a matter of Influences are used and promises are made. Every accident. She tells her story. She has no money. favor done him places the justice under obligations to The justice may enter her suit without fee; he some one. may not. She does not know where to obtain two dol- It has occurred to me that we might adopt the idea lars. She goes away discouraged. She may have fallen of the " district courts" of New York City. The juris- into the hands of some shark, who agrees to b^gin suit diction could be raised above that of the present justice for her, because he has an agreement with the justice by of the peace courts and could be extended in other direc- virtue of which the justice only receives a fee in case he tions. In this way the circuit and superior courts could gives judgment for the plaintiff. Suppose she obtains be relieved. " The judicial tribunals of this State will judgment. The execution is placed in the hands of a never possess the dignity or command the confidence constable who may collect the money, or he may be which they should until all our judges are appointed paid by the defendant to wait. At last the money is during good behavior. There should be a chance for a collected. The so-called attorney retains almost all for judicial career just as there is for any other. But what- his services. The remainder is handed over to her. ever plan may be adopted, remember that that system Sick at heart on contemplating the result of all her trouble, of so-called lower courts is just as important as any she resolves never to enter a court-room again. She other. Place there men of wide knowledge, human cannot understand the ways of justice. She had an idea sympathy and special training. Upon the respect felt that all that was necessary was to tell the judge and he toward the so-called lower courts depends the respect would soon have the money for her. But she found felt toward the whole judicial structure. out that she had to come several times, that she had to With an improved system of courts must come a dif- wait for an hour or two about the court-room, that she ferent order of officials to do the work of those courts. had to wait twenty days after judgment was entered The present constable system is a disgracefully irrespon- before an execution could be issued ; that she had to sible system. Nominated at the end of the proceedings wait many weeks before the money was collected, and of a town convention, when most of the delegates have at last when it comes to her it is a third or fourth of gone home, almost any one can have his name placed the original amount. Or suppose the employer appeals, upon the ticket. Very few know or care to know who and thus postpones action for a year or more, as in Chi- the men are. I should be in favor of electing a chief cago, what is she to do? While all this has been going constable. I should hold him responsible and allow him on she has fallen behind in her rent. She may have to appoint his assistants. Either this, or I should be in found a new situation at once. Perhaps she has not. If favor of enlarging the sherifFs duties. the employer had paid the wages due her she could have But there are other questions to be considered. Let lived thereon several weeks. Now she is compelled to us, for instance, suppose the case of a poor girl who has seek charity or worse. Suppose the employer sees fit been discharged from employment by a man who has to fight the case. He engages an attorney, who endeav- not paid her wages for several weeks. He feels that ors to secure numerous continuances in order to weary the poor girl will not be able to compel him to pay the plaintiff. If she is alone, she soon succumbs. If she and he can pocket the wages. There are men who un- has an attorney, she may be pressed by him to settle, for derbid competitors in business, employ help and think he feels that there is very little money in the case for to make up the difference in this way. There are dress- him; he wants what he can get now; he does not wish makers who employ girls for a number of weeks, and to see the case appealed. then send them away, refusing to pay wages on the This is no fancy picture. 1 could go on and give ground that the girls' work was poor. There are fash- you case after case; in which men and women have the ionably-dressed ladies who do not pay a poor dress- same or similar experiences, in their search for justice. maker, and the poor dressmaker cannot spend the time Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of people have heard of which must be devoted to her work in collecting or the experiences of others and carry their wrongs in their suing for her hard-earned money. But let us return to breasts, believing that they cannot obtain justice. They the case of our poor girl. She goes to see the man sev- have lost confidence in the law and its administration eral times, but he refuses to pay. In some way or and will not even attempt to secure justice. The case THE OPEN COURT. 775 above detailed is a case involving a small claim. I have weeks pass and then the poor wage-worker is notified shown you what the collection of such a claim means to that the trial is to take place on such a day. He ap- the poor and friendless. There may be cases involving pears with his witnesses and has to wait until the case is property, reputation or grievous wrong. To ask people called for trial. He may have to wait for several days. to engage an attorney or pay costs when they have no At last the trial is over. The wrong-doer has paid the money, to ask them to follow up a case by themselves penalty. The law has been vindicated, but at what when they have not theslightestideaas to what they shall cost to the wage-worker who can ill afford to lose a do or where they shall go, to allow them in their search single day's wages. for justice to fall into the hands of the unscrupulous, The poor and friendless defendant who is brought when it can be prevented—all this is a practical denial of into the police court with the strong hand of the police- justice. To tell people that a case has been continued man upon him and with no friend or attorney at his side or appealed without any fui'ther explanation, when they is in a sad plight indeed. He is usually hurried off to never heard the words used in that way, is a farce, and the bridewell or the jail. It is simply astounding to think yet that is all the satisfaction people sometimes obtain. of the injustice which is being done under the system of They do not like to ask many questions. They are to-day. The last grand jury in Cook county reported rather timid in a court-room. They go away without thirty-nine true bills and seventy-four no bills. A large understanding what is to be done. Many people are number of the persons covered by the seventy-four no fearful and nervous about entering a court-room. They bills had probably been spending a month or two in the have heard of lawyers' cross-examinations and other jail awaiting the action of the grand jury. things and, rather than submit themselves to such treat- The highest reform idea of the average police official ment, they forego a right or suffer a wrong. of to-day is to arrest a person and place him behind the

As to the higher civil courts, they are almost an un- bars. This is his panacea. I could tell you of cases in known land to the poor and friendless. Appealed cases which police officials have been astonished that any they are compelled to abandon. Suits within the juris- other course should be suggested. All their investiga- diction of the higher courts, they have no means to tions are conducted with an eye to the accomplishment bring. Now and then a damage suit brought by some of their purpose. As a general thing, such investigation poor person on an agreement with an attorney for one- is the only guide the justice has, and hence he becomes half or one-third of the proceeds finds its way into our the victim of the present methods. The police officials higher courts. Unless they are entered on such terms, must be taught differently. Our police officers, and cer- the higher courts are practically closed to the poor and tainly the higher officials, should be selected with a the friendless. special eye to their fitness, their judgment, their powers The justices of the peace in their capacity of exam- of discrimination; with such men to support him, the ining magistrates have many criminal cases brought examining judge could better perform his duties. before them. I shall not have time to consider that In the good old days of the New England colony branch of the subject, nor is it necessary. Let us sup- the people were accustomed to come together and con- pose the case of a poor man whose house has been en- sult about the public welfare. Their affairs were of a tered, and whose hard-earned savings have been stolen. most simple character, and Smith and Brown and Jones He finds his way to a police station and makes com- could easily attend to the duties assigned to them with- plaint. A warrant is issued, the guilty parties arrested out neglecting their own business. A century and more and brought into court. A day is set for the hearing; has passed away, and the town-meeting idea of govern- the complaining witness is told to come with his wit- ment still survives. Brown, Smith and Jones are still

nesses ; he comes, but on some point or other the hearing deemed capable of stepping from their various pursuits is continued. Again he comes; again the case is con- into positions requiring adaptation and training. It is tinued. Finally the hearing takes place, and the defend- time for us to realize that such a state of things cannot ant is bound over to the grand jury. After some time continue. The methods adapted to the wants of the complaining witness is notified to appear before the the New England village will not answer for the grand jury. He has already lost many days' wages, populous cities and States of to-day. At the sug- and his witnesses begin to object. Perhaps he has been gestion of civil service reform the American citizen sees paying them the wages which they were compelled before him the picture of an aristocracy of office-holders. to lose through absence. Perhaps he himself, or some I believe in civil service reform from the bottom to the one of his witnesses, has lost a situation through absence. top. It is the survival of antiquated methods of provid- It may be that he gives up the case at this point. We ing ourselves with public officers which has raised about will suppose that he goes on. He and his witnesses ap- us tyrannies more damnable than any which can possi- pear, the case will not be heard to-day but to-morrow. bly come from the establishment of our public offices on Again they come. The accused is indicted. Some a different basis. I refer to that curse of our day—polit- ; .

776 THE OPKN COURT.

ical influence. The system of to-day, with its many elect- 2. The evidence for the existence of mind is found ive offices and short terms of service, tempts men in in consciousness; first, of ourselves, and second, of other public position to conciliate this interest or that, to be- living beings, whose motions, identical with those which ware of offending this man or that, to listen to the com- we make under the influence of our own consciousness, mands of this political leader or that. Men cannot call convince us of their possession of it. their souls their own. This political influence meets 3. The evidence for the existence of matter is found you everywhere. It makes the wheels of justice go in certain modifications experienced by our conscious- fast or slow, or not at all. It opens doors as by magic, ness, especially in the sensations of extension and resist- or keeps them closed. It sits with the prosecutor in the ance. court-room or visits him in his private office. It com- 4. Since consciousness does not exist apart from mands the judge on the bench. When will the Ameri- the motion of matter, we regard it as a property of the can people do away with the system which has cursed matter in motion, that is, as a property of energy.

us too long.'' You, who are on the outside, sometimes II. FACTA. wonder at this or that failure of justice, at this or that 1. The gross activity of consciousness is immedi- persecution. These things are brought about by influ- ately conditioned by matter. ence. You yourselves are equally responsible with the 2. In certain of its thought-forms consciousness is men who are using the system for their own purposes. not immediately conditioned by matter, but only by its

It is your privilege to reject or retain it. The poor and past experience of matter. the friendless have no influence. 3. The forms of consciousness mentioned under (2) the use of Do not believe that it is simply a question of the control the direction of energy, and hence poor and the friendless against the rich and the influen- matter. is seen in the designed move- tial. It is also a question of the poor and the friendless 4. The proof of (3) against the wicked, the cunning, the dishonest and the ments of animals in which they direct a current of en- unscrupulous, not in one class, but all through the social ergy in order to produce a result more or less exactly sensa- structure. adapted to satisfy the conditions demanded by a

It is then necessary for those who would stand for tion. has been fully justice to stand for it against injustice, wherever it may 5. As soon as a designed movement be found. They should feel with Theodore Parker: acquired, that is, so soon as the animal mechanism necessary for its production has been created, it is performed " Give me the power to labor for mankind, without consciousness of effort, and may be performed Make me tlie moutli of such as cannot speak Eyes let me be, to groping men and blind, unconsciously, or even in a state of general unconscious- A conscience to the base, and to the weak ness. Therefore designed automatic acts originated in hands and fett; and to the foolish, mind. Let me be consciousness.

Who will take up the work of creating conditions 6. Evolution of organic types is the resultant of by which the poor and friendless will be able to contend the interaction of subject and object, or the living or- have on equal terms with those who wronged them? ganism and its environments. These matters must not be left to chance. It is danger- 7. The function of the organism in evolution is to business of to ous to do so. It must be the some one see produce variations in its structure as an effect of its mo- that these things are done. tions. is its and protection to The State now giving money 8. The function of the environment in evolution is existing institutions which pretend to cure maladies. to destroy the organism, or to restrain, permit or en- it will prefer to give its sup- The day will come when courage its use; that is, to exercise natural selection. port to those causes which endeavor to prevent diseased 9. The effect of this interaction, where the move- conditions. ments of the organism are stimulated, is to produce specialized structures and types out of generalized ones. THE COPE-MONTGOMERY DISCUSSION. Where the action of the organism is not stimulated, the

I.—THE THEISM OF EVOLUTION. result is to produce degenerate types.

BY E. D. COPE. 10. It follows that organic evolution is the result,

The following is offered as a synopsis of the leading mediate or immediate, of consciousness; that is, of the opinions maintained by the writer in a series of articles interaction of conscious energy or its residua, the organic furnished by him to The Open Court during 18S7, in vital energies, in interaction with the environment.

reply to articles written by Dr. Edmund Montgomery. 1 1 Organic energies perform chemical syntheses

I. PRINCIPIA. and analyses, demonstrating the control of vital over

I. In the universe there exist both mind and matter, chemical energy.

subject and object. 1 2. Whereas physical and chemical energies dis- TME OPEN COURT. 777

play only as results dissipation of energy and integration matter incapable of naturally acting upon mind—that of matter, the energy of evolution displays complication to escape this dead-lock in the way of a unitary or mo-

of matter for the profitable direction and storage of nistic conception of nature, a theory of cognition is indis- energy. pensable. III. CONCLUSIONES. By help of such a theory we become irrefragably 1. The function of control and construction dis- aware that matter and motion are only perceptual signs played by the energy of evolution (bathmism) leads U'^ within our own consciousness of the presence of a non- to infer that this type of energy can control its condi- mental existent and its activity, which are stimulating tions sufficiently to enable it to have a wide distribution our senses in specific ways. We can be certain that

in space and time in the universe. what thus affects our senses is really wow-mental in its 2. Since the originating and controlling element of nature; for nothing mental has power to affect our senses this special type of energy is consciousness, it is inferred and to awaken specific percepts in us. This non-mental that consciousness has existed prior to any given special existent and its activity cannot possibly, in the remotest inorganic type of energy. degree, resemble their perceptual representation in us;

3. As the condition of consciousness is the unspe- for how can anything non- mental resemble anything

cialized or uncreated condition of energy, it is inferred mental ? Therefore, they are not in themsel ves what we that consciousness is a property of matter in an unspe- perceptually know as mattgr and motion. And thus the cialized or generalized condition in some respect. conception of mind moving matter becomes at once

4. Since protoplasm is not in all respects the most irrelevant. The dualistic opposition of matter and mind

generalized conceivable condition of matter, it is inferred is seen to be superficial, and only due to inadequate con- that there are physical bases of consciousness other than ception on our part.

protoplasm. These truths, yielded by the theory of cognition, I

5. It is inferred from the preceding considerations have used to explain our voluntary movements, upon that the existence of primitive consciousness in primi- which movements the entire question of the influence of

tive forms of matter is not only possible but probable, our "mind" on our body actually centers. and this consciousness constitutes a primitive person or Our veritable being has power so to affect the sen-

Deity. sibility of an observer as to arouse its perceptual representation in him. This II.—EPITOME OF MY CRITICISM OF PROFESSOR perception of the observer, in all COPE'S THEOLOGY OF EVOLUTION. its details, forms clearly part of his own consciousness; BY ED.MUND MONTGOMERY but it representatively corresponds to the characteristics

I will endeavor to comply with the request of the of the non-mental existent, which is stimulating his senses.

president and the editor to give the gist of my contro- Now, it is evidently the transient activity or fttttc- versy with Professor Cope in about a column. tion of that part of the pertnanent living' being which

Professor Cope maintains that mind is the active we perceive as his nerve-system that yields to him all agent in the organization of living beings. I maintain, his conscious states.

on the contrary, that the mind of living beings is itself While this functional play of inner awareness is tak- only a product or outcome of their organization. ing place in the observed organism, the observer himself Professor Cope's view leads him to assume as orig- perceives nothing but motion; motion of molecules inal building-material an entirely "unspecialized" kind in the nerve-system, and dependent movements of of matter, and as builder or organizer a supreme mind peripheral parts of the organism, such as features and or Deity inherent in such matter. limbs.

In this connection I had to point out the great di- " Mind " or consciousness is thus a functional outcome

lemma of modern philosophy ; the impossibility, namely, of the organization of living beings, and its development

of conceiving anything mental imparting motion or is found to keep strict pace with the progressive organ- direction to anything material. Leading thinkers of ization of living forms. almost every school, when seriously contemplating the apparent occurrence of an intercommunication between

mind and matter, have declared it scientifically impos- The only comment which I have to make on Dr. sible and philosophically inconceivable. Yet, Professor Montgomery's argument is this: That while denying Cope's entire theory of organization through mental that consciousness can control energy (matter), he admits

agency rests on the flat assertion of its being a self- that matter controls consciousness. These two positions evident proposition, that our mind moves our body. are logically inconsistent. If the affirmative is true of

I further pointed out that to escape from this distract- consciousness it is true of matter, and vice versa. On ing dilemma of having on the one side a mind incapable other points I can agree fully with Dr. Montgomery. of naturally acting upon matter, and on the other side E. D. Cope. ;

778 THK OPKN COURT.

NATIONAL TAXATION. ment has no right to raise revenue for any other pur-

BY AN ANTI-MONOPOLIST. pose than for its own support and for meeting its legiti-

The United States of America is a free and inde- mate obligations. pendent country, where the State does not mean any- American mechanic and manufacturing industry, by

thing outside of or superior to the citizens forming the the good qualities and cheap prices of its products, same, but a mere compact of the latter for their mutual should protect itself, both at home and abroad, against protection in the full and unabridged enjoyment of all the competition of foreign industry. The American their natural, inherent and inalienable rights. In such a people, what they need of manufactured goods, should, country, where the people govern themselves by laws by all means, produce themselves, as far as the natural

and principles adopted by them, and where all the pub- resources of this country enable them to do so. There

lic officers of the legislative, executive and judicial are heads and hands enough in the United States for branches of the government are not rulers but servants such a purpose. Both self-respect and economy should of the people, public life should be as pure as private cause the people of this country, financially, industri-

life, public affairs should be conducted as truthfully as ally and commercially to emancipate themselves from private affairs, and politics should be strictly moral. Europe and the rest of the globe as soon as possible. With the sanction of our American Constitution, the American mechanic and manufacturing industry

United States was afflicted ^t^ith the institution of negro should have for its products not only a home market,

slavery, up to our late civil war, caused by it, but in but as extensive as possible a market in foreign coun-

return causing the abolition of that fiendish institution tries, too, just as our American agriculture has it for its in this free country. Utterly incongruous with justice, products. Thus, useful employment would be perma- liberty and humanity, negro slavery, while it existed in nently given to a great many men in this country. But

the United States, was in reality or practically a monop- this is prevented, at present, by our protective tariff, ren- oly in favor of the slave- holders and at the expense of dering American goods too dear for consumers abroad.

the slaves. A monopoly means an unjust privilege of a Commerce is a cosmopolitan institution, and nations,

monetary character for the benefit of some men and at like the American people, obstructing its paths to their the expense of others. The former slave-holders of this own fabrics by too high prices of the same, hurt them- country had the right to buy and sell their slaves as selves in their material welfare. Are the artisans and chattels and not to pay them any wages for their work mechanics among the American people less intelligent, while the former slaves of this country were deprived less ingenious, or less industrious than those of other of liberty, of the right of property on their own persons, nations? Not at all! Cheaper prices of American of the right of receiving wages for their labor, of the manufactured goods and a larger and readier sale of right of being educated, and of the right of founding the same, both at home and abroad, could and would homes and families. Our American civil war has clearly only favorably affect the prosperty of this country. shown what ruinous things monopolies are to a free A protective tariff should protect the home industry country. of this country by enhancing the prices of domestic goods

The United States is now afflicted with monopolies and thus the wages of wage earners, and by lessening based upon and being fostered by our American /ro/ec/- or preventing the importation of foreign manufactured ive tariff. By such a tariff duties are meant, our goods, which have also to bear the cost of transporta- national government levies on foreign imported goods, tion to this country. Yet, such a tariff merely benefits

not only for its own support and for the payment of our the proprietors of factories, and not their so-called work- public debt, but also for the so-called protection of our ingmen, too. By the bye, in a free country there should American industry, chiefly of the mechanic and manu- be only workingmen and not drones of society, because

facturing kind. Such a tariff, enhancing the prices of useful employment, not idleness, is life's real problem. foreign imported goods, enables American producers Useful work, however, does not exclude the social

and manufacturers to sell their own goods of the same enjoyment of life, by amusement or recreation, at the sort dearer than they could do otherwise, and compels proper time. the people generally to pay higher prices for such goods, Those proprietors of factories by no means equally, foreign or domestic, than they would have to pay for in a co-operative manner, share their profits with their them without such a tariff. Under the fundamental operatives. They, as a rule, pay the latter what they

laws of this country, the Declaration of Independence please or see fit, and no law of arbitration can compel and the Constitution of the United States, our national them to pursue another course in this respect. In the

government has no business to lend its hand to such a hands of those proprietors, by a protective tariff, capital trick, profitable to certain classes of men, but detrimental unjustly accumulates, rendering them monopolists, and to the American people as a whole. In fact, under at the same time unduly laying the fate of their laborers the fundamental laws referred to, our national govern- into their hands. Favoring the few at the expense THE OPEN COURT. 779

of the mnny, a protective tariff will never be in just stated, could and would not prevent at all the harmony with the free institutions of this country. American people from becoming possessed of as much It opposes the cardinal principle of our American free- gold and silver coin, or, in other words, real money, as

dom, laid down in the Declaration of Independence, possible; a state of affairs which is, of course, very de-

namely, the principle of equal rights for all in all mat- sirable for this country. When our national debt will

ters of public concern, that is, matters affected or to be be finally paid, the United States notes (greenbacks), for affected by law. A protective tariff, producing afflu- forming a portion of the same, and the national bank ence among the manufacturers and pauperism among notes, for being secured by government bonds, will dis- their workingmen, separates, by law, the people of this appear. In their stead, the American people should country into rich and poor, capitalists and laborers, as have an ample amount of paper currency, consisting of classes, and thus practically creates a class distinction. gold and silver certificates, based upon deposits made

Under its operation, the social life and the social educa- by the people with the government of gold and tion of this country will never be what they should be. silver coin, and being redeemable in their respective

It is true, however, that no so-called laborer or work- coin at any time. ingman of this country should consider himself a hired In this connection a few remarks may be ventured

man for life. Every one of them should unceasingly on the silver question. The American silver dollar, as

try, by energy, industry, and circumspection, to become to its bullion value, is at present greatly depreciated, in

independent in business and his own boss, even if he do comparison with our American gold dollar. For this not succeed. Farming, for supporting a man more reason gold coin does not circulate so freely in this

directly than any other kind of work, is doubtless the country as silver coin, the people, when making pay-

most natural and most satisfactory of all human employ- ments, always selecting the intrinsically less valuable ments. For this reason, the farmers of this country are coin of the two, to do so. Congress, therefore, should the most contented and most independent men among make the bullion value of silver dollars, to be coined in the American people. the mints of the United States, as nearly equal to that of

There is no sense or truth in large, overcrowded cities gold dollars as this, in consideration of the fluctuating

of this country, with its yet thinly settled territory, price of silver, can be done. Gold, as the more val-

taken as a whole. Such cities represent wealth very uable of the two metals named, is the standard money unequally distributed, but not necessarily education, of the leading civilized nations of the globe, our own

money being only a means of civilization, and not civili- American nation included, both at home and in their

zation itself. They promote the progress of science and commercial intercourse with each other. It, therefore, of useful arts to a certain extent, but they are also hot- would be an easy thing for the nations referred to to beds of crime and vice. The capital, by unfair and un- unite upon a common or equal ratio between the value

just national legislation, in the shape of a protective of gold and silver. Yet, it appears that they are not

tariff, amassed and amassing in such places, induces poor willing to do so. Money being power, nations are as people to flock there from less favored localities in pur- zealous and jealous in money matters as private individ- suit of their happiness, which they, with few exceptions, uals. The American people, therefore, are compelled can and will not find in those cities. Is this a worthy to find an expedient of their own for coining silver dol- aim of the political economy of this free country? lars in bullion value as nearly equal as possible to gold A protective tariff, for enhancing the prices of for- dollars. How would the following suggestion do in eign and domestic goods, renders the hard-earned money this respect? Let the present compulsory coinage of of the masses of the American people cheap. But dear silver dollars by our national government be stopped money, purchasing a large quantity, not cheap money, forever. Let, in the same manner as we have free coin- purchasing only a small quantity of goods for the same age of gold, also free coinage of silver be established at sum, should be the leading principle of the political our American mints, enabling private parties, defraying economy of this country. It most benefits the masses the necessary expenses, to have as much silver coined of the people. An over-coat keeps a man just as warm there as they choose. Let Congress annually, accord- if it costs only ten dollars, instead of twenty dollars, that ing to the current price of silver, equalize the bullion is, the same over-coat,—and an orange, that is, the same value of the silver dollars, to be coined in our American orange, tastes just as good if it costs only one cent, in- mints, during the fiscal year following, with that of the stead of two cents. The ratio of the purchasing power gold dollar. Let annually, provided it become neces- of money and of the selling power of goods is an in- sary annually, a change be decreed by Congress in the verted one: if money is dear, goods are cheap; if goods coinage of the silver dollar as to its bullion value, are dear, money is cheap. The real value of money whenever the same should have become less or more consists in its circulation for legitimate business pur- valuable by three per cent, than the gold dollar. As to

poses. The observance of the principle of dear money. ascertaining the current price of silver, it may be stated —

780 THK OPKN COURT.

that the United States Treasury Department daily re- UNDERSTANDING ONE'S NEIGHBOR. ceives a cable dispatch from London, England, by which BY XENOS CLARK. it is informed of the price of silver there, which is con- If the proper study of mankind is man, then, as the sidered as the standard for the current price of this metal nearest man, one's neighbor naturally suggests himself in this country. The government would, of course, have as an object of examination and reflection in spare to receive all depreciated silver dollars presented to it in moments. . People ordinarily imagine they know their payment of public dues. Yet, it should make all its own neighbors pretty well, but this is apt to be an illusion; a silver payments in the correct silver dollars described, of neighbor, in fact, is generally an uncomprehended the latest coinage, as far as it might have them on hand, entity; even his hat is different from our hat, and how and it should gradually recoin depreciated silver dollars much more that complex garment, his mind. To under- formerly coined into silver dollars having the latest bul- stand this mind as it is in itself, though a difficult mat- lion value decreed by Congress. Silver dollars over- ter, is, of course, what we all should attempt, instead of valuable, as stated above, as to their bullion contents, thinking it a mere dumb appendage of our own lives. whenever there should be any such in its possession, If, for instance, our neighbor is commonplace, instead of should also be recolned by the government into correct contemning him it may be better to ask why he became silver dollars. The correct silver dollars described might, so, and whether he suspects it, and what effect the sus- to a certain extent, also go to foreign countries. Free picion has on his mind. Is he, for instance, a young coinage of the same would, of course, not prevent at man weakly aware that Nature has clothed him with least as many of them being coined at our American inferiority, and does he walk through life with persist- mints as depreciated standard silver dollars, under com- ent, half-foolish consciousness of being at the foot of the pulsory coinage, are being coined there now. Such an class? For one to comprehend such a life, not from independent, although very tedious financial policy, one's own standpoint, but from the possessor's, is to feel firmly adhered to by the American people, might, in a nameless, mother-like pity for the victim. the course of time, force the European nations to make Or perhaps this neighbor is commonplace in the the desirable agreement, relating to the silver question, conceited way, which thinks it knows everything they now decline to make voluntarily. because it knows nothing. To argue such a neighbor

The bulk of the revenue of our national government out of a misconception is like getting a pig to market, is derived at present from duties levied on foreign im- and so the pig gets anathematized. This, however, is ported goods (customs), and from taxes levied on domes- not comprehending the pig; and if one ceases anathema tic articles; namely, on tobacco, prepared for use, and on and turns to comprehension, it will be seen that the pig alcoholic beverages (beer and whisky) produced in the thinks he is right and cannot help what he does. Per- United States (internal revenue). Strangely, and not haps after all the best way with an ignorantly disputa- in harmony with our American principle of equal rights tious person is to humor him in his conceit. Let him have for all, in all matters of public concern, the internal rev- his pleasure; accept his opinions; confirm them by unsus- enue is derived only from those so-called luxuries and pected instances; poor, conceited fellow! you are the not from other products of this country. Yet, to suc- first person who ever agreed with him; he will blossom ceed in their business, the producers in the United States like a rose with delight, and will greet you with a smile of the luxuries referred to must be as industrious as the for months afterwards.' producers of necessaries of life. Besides, as free men, To a man with theological leanings his neighbor's they are entitled to exactly the same immunities as all creed is always a matter of interest, but this, too, is their American fellow-citizens. Justice, therefore, forbids likely to be viewed in an external and uncomprehending their productions to be taxed and others not. Whisky way ; and what is asked is not. Why does he have his not subject to taxation would not mean free or gratui- creed .'' but, Why does n't he have mine ? This is to forget tous whisky, because the consumer would have to pay that our neighbor is an independent being with a mind

it for also when not taxed to the producer, although a and heart of his own ; with an inner history of which we lower price. In reality, neither of the two sorts of lux- know little; and with perhaps a whole range of feelings uries named— tobacco and alcoholic beverages—seems inscrutable to our experience. Here, for instance, is Mr. to be worth a high price. Matthew Arnold, one of the most rational of neighbors;

From the foregoing discussion it is to be seen that and yet he exasperates his American readers by advo- neither the customs system nor the internal revenue sys- cating the retention of the Church of England, and even tem of our national taxation is very practical or rests its retention as a state church. By an effort at compre- upon a sound and rational foundation. hension, however, it is revealed that what impresses Mr. (TV) be continued.) Arnold is the inestim.able role his English state church

Poetry is more earnest and more philosophical than has played in fostering a cultivated life among the clergy history. Aristotle. and the people; and this role no one can go to England THE OPEN COURT. 781

surprising trait is his or to English literature without observing. It is as much mark. Thus, after all, his most life compelling every one a part of the country as the soft greenness of the land- blindness, for he goes through and yet with- scape, or the impressive prevalence of well-established to deceive him and play upon his vanity, amenities in family life. Moreover, Mr. Arnold knows out once suspecting it. a can derive that the Church of England is a very elastic institution Beyond question the greatest good man his neighbor, a with a power of progressive growth; and he humors it from an unselfish effort to comprehend instance, is the dis- as one humors a good man of great influence but partly commonplace or opinionate one, for mistaken opinions, in order not to lose the influence of covery, sure to come about, that he himself in some par- also. This is a bitter this good man, and with the hope that his opinions will ticular is commonplace or opinionate gradually change for the better. thought, but proves tonic when swallowed frankly. contemplated his neigh- If our neighbor is a commonplace man, his creed, of The old felicity with which one suddenly clouded by the course, is commonplace. Yet in its poor old way how bor's shortcomings is now reflection that if the neighbor is so calmly unsuspicious much it may help him, who perhaps would fare but case with one's self. poorly on our rational diet. Our commonplace neigh- of his faults, such may also be the to one with a sense of humor bor knows little of Truth with a capital T, although he Though disillusioning, any

; and, is more, it marks will give reasons for his creed if you drive him to it, as a this experience is amusing too what the attempt to hen takes to water in extremity, and will even refuse to progress in character. Another effect of is a sudden realization of give up a single one of its particulars. But we shall be see a neighbor's life inwardly world this is; for more commonplace than he if we suppose that he really what a blundering and misconceiving that our neighbor prays to God when he goes to bed every night for these it now occurs to us, like a revelation, pains miscomprehension that reasons. On the contrary, this creed is simply his be- possibly suffers the same of heart. have been cause it was his father's, or because his wife taught it to have been bitter to our own We him, or because when a young man some " experience thought surly when we were simply ill, or proud when driven by a meeting " changed him from a careless youth to a seri- simply hiding trouble, or unfaithful when it with our neighbor ous believer. And since that time he has taken his bath hidden necessity; so, too, may be every Sunday morning, and then gone to church with as we have falsely seen him. A man on realizing this swelling of his heart toward his wife and children, and it makes him feel right and thought feels a sudden says, how blind I good; and so he believes his creed must be right and his neighbor. Dear neighbor, he life; I have not thought of you good, too. have been to your real being at all. I have been wrapt Quite a different person is our opinionate neighbor, as if you were a human own mind, and only just though he too will repay an unselfish effort to compre- up in the narrowness of my discovered it. hend him. An early result of this effort is the percep- now have I this thought is the beginning of a new and tion that it is foolish and useless to argue with him, is Perhaps life in which all humanity time thrown away for no result save exasperation on more comprehending life — a neighbor. both sides. Though a man perhaps of excellent charac- is seen as one's

ter, yet he is to be pitied. All the graces of intellectual A CREED. modesty and self-doubt are lost to him ; all the openings closed; the happiness of giv- for intellectual growth are BY CLIFFORD LAMONT SNOWDEN. ing up an erroneous opinion, the joy of receiving a gift- thought from another he never can know. The mind of Hold Honor with thyself, nor fear this opinionifte neighbor resembles a bin full of crooked That thou shalt others wrong; sticks; intellectual conversation for him consists in ex- Hold Honor with thyself and feel hibiting to you these sticks one by one and insisting on That thou, the weak, art strong. their straightness. Instead of uselessly doubting him,

which will bring on a fight, hammer and tongs, it is Hold Honor with thyself and know better to change the subject happily ; in fact there is no will behold in thee pleasure like the discovery, so frequently possible, that Man inside the crooked fence of his " views " our opinionate A AAIMQN prompting all thy deeds, neighbor has a mellow and blooming plot of ground, a A power just and free. kind heart. And if he has not, then of course it is all the more pitiful, especially in relation to his family; for Hold Honor with thyself and learn to his wife, to his brother, to his children, the obstinately Men bound with Right are strong; opinionate man is a sorry trial indeed. He resembles Right bound with Right in motive pure a crooked gun; the only way any one can obtain what Conquers a world of wrong. any one wishes from him is by aiming away from the 78: THE OPKN COURT

" Gluckselig ! ivem ste nur !" The Open Court. Die dussre Schale iveist Das hor' ich sechzig Jahre wiederholen. A KoRTNiGHTLY Journal. Ich fluche drauf, aber verstohlen. Sage mir tausend-tausendmale: Published every other Thursday at 169 to 175 La Salle Street, (Nixon Building,) corner Monroe Street, by Alles giebt sie reichlich und gem, Natur hat weder Kern THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY. Noch Schale, EDWARD C. HEGELER, .... President. Alles ist sie mit einem Male. DR. PAUL CARUS, Dich prijfe du nur allermeist, Ob du Kern oder Schale seist! This Journal is devoted to the work of conciliating Religion with Science. The fotmder and editor This poem has not yet, as far as we know, been pub- have found this conciliation in Monism, to present lished in an English translation. We present tl e fol- and defend ivhich will be the main object of THE lowing version: OPEN COURT. '•'•Nature's within from mortal mind''' Terms of subscription, including postage, three dollars per year in advance. Philistine, sayest thou,

All communications and business letters should be addressed to '•^Must ever lie concealed?''' The Open Court Publishing Company, To me, my friend, and to my kind p. O. Drawer F, Chicago, Illinois. Repeat this not. We trow Where'er we are that we

THURSDAY, MARCH i, 1888. Within must always be.

GOETHE'S MONISM. ''Thrice blest e'en he to whom she has The famous scientist Haller, who lived in the end of Her outer shell revealed" eighteenth century, was a forerunner of La Marck, the This saying sixty years I heard Treviranus, Karl E. von Baer, and others, who were the Repeated o'er and o'er. first to discover and state that evolution is the universal And in my soul I cursed the word. law of life and growth. In spite of his sound judgment and stupendous knowledge in natural philosophy, Though secretly I swore. Haller had not yet freed himself from the metaphysical Some thousand-thousand times or more skepticism of his time; he believed, as most of his con- Unto myself I witness bore: temporaries did, in the fundamental unknowableness of "Gladly gives Nature all her store. natural phenomena. A verse of his, which expressed She knows not kernel, knows not shell. this at that time popular opinion, was well known and For she is all in one. frequently quoted. It is as follows: But thou, " Nature's 'within' from mortal mind Examine thou thine own self well Must ever lie concealed. If thou art kernel or art shell." Thrice blessed e'en he to whom she has Her outer shell revealed. THE GRAMMARIAN OF THE CELESTIAL Goethe could not be reconciled to this view, which LANGUAGE. splits Nature in twain and places us as well as our in- Similarly as Goethe and Schiller were the most brill- quiring mind outside of Nature, as if we were locked iant twin stars in Germany's poetical galaxy, so also out from her secrets for ever. He replied to Haller's Bunsen's and KirchhofT's names are eternally connected verses in a short little poem, which is not so much with each other in the empire of physical and chemical known as it deserves to be: science. Professor Kirchhoff died lately, and Robert von "/«'5 Innere der Natur"— Helmholtz, one of the disciples of Kirchhoft' and son of O du Philister!— the famous scientist, has published in the latest Rund- ''Dringt kein erschaffner Geistf'' schau (February, 1SS8) an essay on Professor Kirch- Mich und Geschwister hofPs life and merits. Kirchhoff discovered that the Mogt' ihr an solches Wort rays of light from the celestial bodies speak a lan- Nur nicht erinnern; guage which can be understood by an analysis of their spectrums. He was the grammarian deciphered Wir denken : Ort fiir Ort who Sind wir im Innern. the rules of that language, and \vho thus easily ex- : !

THE OPEN COURT. 783 plained the dark Frauenhofer lines in tlie spechum of The unity of nature Is far greater than is generally the sun. imagined. Professor Werner, in Gustav Freytag's We publish in the present number the translation of novel, 77ie Lost Manuscript, dwells on this subject an extract of Robert von Helmholtz's article and here add when speaking of the storm. On page 791 of the pres- a passage from the obituary notice in the Berichte der ent number of The Open Court, he says: " There is Deutschen Chernischen Gesellschaft a secret union between every movement of nature and " In the spectral analysis of the sun as perfected by our own spirits, and all things living, however averse to Bunsen and KirchhofF, analytical chemistry has been individual existence, together form a vast unity. The enriched by a method which, through ease of manipula- conception and recognition of this unity have, at all tion and its accuracy, throws all other methods into the times, been the most sublime feeling of which man was shade. It was a favor of fortune that led the paths of capable." these two investigators together; for only through the GUSTAV ROBERT KIRCHHOFF.* association of one who stood at the head of chetnical learn- BY ROBERT VON HELMHOLTZ. ing and thought with one who was a complete master Gustav KirchhofF was professor of mathematical of the vkdiole field of physical science, could a work be physics. I give this fact precedence, not because its im- accomplished which, with untiring energy, sifted, com- portance would place it at the beginning of an article in pleted and extended the results of previous investigation a biographical dictionary, but because mathematical and formed them into a new system of chemical analy- physics is a science that only those who possess an sis. Only through such an alliance would it have been inborn aptitude for it are qualified for. There are voca- possible for us to have in our possession an apparatus tions in life, there are departments of science, from which, outdoing by far the most powerful microscope, which we can never ascertain what kind of people their can bring under observation vestiges of matter which devotees are. Whosoever intends to enter certain were previously beyond reach of all perception. departments of abstract science, must possess capacities ****** and talents of a definite order and nature; otherwise he "In 1S57 the treatise on solar spectra appeared; in will never get beyond the threshold.

1S59 his work on the Frauenhofer lines, and at last his Such a science is pure mathematics. Daily experi- treatise on the relation between the emission and ab- ence in schools teaches that very few are qualified for it. sorption of light and heat were published. How the Still more difficult is it to determine upon what intel- eyes of physicists were opened ! The puzzle of the lectual faculties it rests. Mathematics is logic applied dark lines which mysteriously cross the solar spectrum to space and quantity. Mathematics therefore requires is solved, and with this solution a new world was great power of abstraction and an intuitive conception or opened to the science of chemistry. The debris of un- magnitudes and their relations. It is certain that the known worlds which from time to time reached the conception, judgment and construction of things by a surface of our planet, had, it is true, informed us of the mathematician must be necessarily of a special kind, existence of telluric elements in the space beyond us; because the mechanism of pure logical reasoning is emi- but that was all that we knew. With the knowledge nently developed in mathematical processes. of the relation between the dark lines of the solar spec- The natural scientist, on the other hand, requires trum and the bright colored lines iij the spectra of tel- quite a different talent, that of observation. Everybody luric elements, the constitution of the bodies of the whose activity necessitates observation belongs, in the heavens could be determined. Seldom has any discov- widest sense of the word, to the investigators of nature; ery exerted a more dazzling fascination upon mankind the physician, the traveler and the collector are all

It had appeared hitherto as the grandest acquisition that natural scientists. Observation consists in noting and by the rays of light a fleeting picture which before was gathering what has been noted. According as the princi- trusted to the eye alone could be permanently retained. ple of collecting is regulated by higher and higher charac-

And now it sounded like revelation when we learned teristics, observation approximates more and more to that the same rays of light, forced into the service of reasoning, collecting more and more to interpreting, and science by Kirchhoff's genius, could unveil to mortals the knowledge of nature more and more to the exact the very nature of the heavenly bodies. science of nature. Its devotees no longer work with the ****** purely asthetical faculty of observation alone, but also " That proud but true saying of the Roman poet, with the logical power of induction. They differ from material for spoken of himself, could never have come from the mathematicians principally in this, that the external world, and they modest lips of the German scholar, and yet none could their thought is placed in the find itthere,whereas the founda- say with better rigjjt: must possess the talent to mathematics are given seemingly a priori. " Non omnis mortar, multaque fars met tions of

Vitabit libitiiiam." P. c. * Translated from the German in the Rundsc/iau, February, i8SS. 784 THE OPEN COURT.

Mathematics is eminently the most convenient aid of idea and instigation of Bunsen. To the most ingenious exact natural science, for the reason that it is the lan- of Bunsen's discoveries belong certain, simple, physical

guage wherein its conclusions may be expressed with methods of qualitative chemical analysis, i. e., the de- greatest conciseness and precision. For this reason all termination and discrimination of chemical elements. natural science is becoming more and more mathemati- He had ascertained as the most characteristic reaction of cal. Physics, next to astronomy, has attained the great- chemical analysis the colors of non-illuminating flames.

est development in this direction, and chemistry is Every chemical element in a non-illuminating flame, e. about to follow it. Thus to-day, that man will be, g. a blue gas-flame, whether volatilized or burnt, lends upon the whole, the greatest physicist who unites the the same a certain tint peculiar to itself. We would ac- faculty of observation with logical acuteness of thought, cordingly be able to distinguish every substance by the who has mastered experimental and mathematical light that its incandescent vapor emitted, were our eyes science. According as the one or the other predomi- capable of distinguishing so many innumerable lines of nates, the rank of the individual investigator, in this color as there are elements in nature. KirchhoflF and competition of abilities, will approach either to that of an Bunsen came to the aid of our vision. By means of the investigator of nature or to a philosopher of nature. prism they analyzed the light of the flame into its ele-

Both are indispensable; the latter is the more uncom- mental constituents and its elemental colors. In this mon, for there are always more good observers than way arose the spectrum of light produced by a flame. good reasoners. Gustav KirchhofF belongs naturally The rainbow is a natural spectrum of the sun's light rather to the great thinkers, and yet his most celebrated projected through drops of rain. But this, as well as and grandest discovery was an observation. He is the spectrum of all incandescent solid bodies, jjresents therefore, as a mathematical physicist, one of the great- quite a difl^erent appearance from that of a flame, viz.: est of natural philosophers, for having united the facul- that of an incandescent gas. The former is made up of ties of observation and abstract reasoning. continuous colors blending with one another in imperceptible gradations; the latter entirely of bright, sepa- KirchhofPs most popular work is the spectrum analy- rate lines which, separated by dark spaces, not only sis. It has involved results most extraordinary and possess their characteristic colors, but lie in certain universal; it has come to be of the greatest significance to positions and at certain distances, each element having all branches of science; it has aroused the wonder and its own. imagination of man as has seldom been done by any dis- As in the heavens we recognize the constellations by covery, for it has opened to view worlds that seemed to the respective position and brightness of the single stars, be closed to us forever. It has thus become'the gi-eatest so do we distinguish the spectrum of iron from that of and most renowned of KirchhofPs works. copper by the respective distances and tints of their But wonderful as these results are, we think the spectral lines. In fact we could dispense entirely with truly master-like work, the uncommon acuteness, the the colors; it would suffice to measure by a scale the ingeniousness and assiduous spirit of the method in positions of the separate lines, in order to ascertain from which Kirchhofi, from an accidental observation, Kirchhofl''s and Bunsen's tables the chemical element induced, step by step, a universal theoretical law and we had to deal with. It is marvelous, but true. A per- with it those astonishing consequences, demonstrating son totally color-blind could determine in this way with all with rigid accuracy—we think this to be a greater absolute certainty what colors a flame emits. The great- work and more worthy of our admiration. Great men est excellence of a natural scientific method, namely, in- before him had had the threads of this discovery in their dependence of subjective judgment, has been given to hands, without being able to unravel them. French- spectrum analysis by its discoverers. The chief work men and Englishmen have asserted and still maintain and the chief merit of KirchhofF and Bunsen was, how- rights of priority. Kirchhoff quietly, but firmly, ever, to have elaborated the proof of the correctness of refused to acknowledge them. They had all seen, all their method. They have proven that the position of surmised and conjectured something as possible or prob- the lines depends upon the chemical nature of the light- able, without KirchhofT's having known it at the time. emitting incandescent vapor alone, and not upon its tem- A safe basis, a strong proof had been given by none. It perature, or on other foreign elements present, or on reserved was for the acuteness, thoroughness and perse- the nature of the flame wherein the substance is volatil- verance of German scientists to elevate this idea, the ized, or on any other secondary conditions. This dem- result of a fortunate incident, to the domain of scientific onstration was given experimentally, and with great certainty. care and pains. Bunsen could therefore, very soon Spectrum analysis in the narrower sense, that is the after his discovery, make the positive^tatement that he analysis of chemical elements by spectral observations, had discovered by spectrum analysis a new element, hav- if any distinction is to be made, is to be credited to the ing found a salt in a certain mineral spring that showed THB OPKN COURT. 78s unknown lines. The most sensitive method of chemi- These words prove that Kirchhoff himself inferred cal analysis to-day is that by spectrum analysis. at once the most wonderful application of his law.

Still more wonderful are the further discoveries The Frauenhofer lines mentioned here, are, as is by Kirchhoff and based on the method that he and well known, the fine dark lines that cross the solar

Bunsen established. Kirchhoff, partly by accident, once spectrum proper, that is when not seen through a flame. let a ray of sunlight pass through a flame colored with The nature of these lines had been formerly an impen- natrium, and then through a prism, so that the spectra of etrable mystery. The experiment of Kirchhoff just the sun and the flame coincided. It was to be expected given, showed that artificial Frauenhofer lines also that the well-known yellow line of the natrium would could be produced by letting a ray pass through a flame. stand out, bright and clear, from the solar spectrum. The inference was at hand that the natural lines were Just the opposite happened; exactly at the spot where produced by the same cause as the artificial ones, that the bright line had to show, a dark line appeared. To they were " reversed " spectra of gaseous bodies, and Kirchhoff this" reversal of the natrium line" was remark- that the light of the incandescent solar mass must have able in the highest degree, and he at once surmised that somewhere or other passed through incandescent gases a fundamental law must lie at the bottom of this fact. before reaching the earth. Still more follows. If the

It was learned later that others had observed the very artificial lines coincide with Frauenhofer's lines, as same thing, and in fact, men of the greatest authority. Kirchhoff for example proved in the case of the lines of But the genius of Kirchhoff alone succeeded in divining iron, natrium and nickel, we might infer, upon the and exposing the treasured truths that lay concealed basis of the Bunsen-Kirchhoff investigation, that these within. On the day after the experiment he was already chemical elements were also contained in the supposed able to derive and explain the observed phenomenon incandescent gases mentioned. The fact that the sun from a much more universal principle which, strange consists of a dense, molten mass enclosed by a light- to say, belongs not to Optics but to Heat. From the giving envelope, and above all, that it contains those apparently remote principle that heat passes only from telluric elements whose spectral lines coincide with the a body of a higher temperature to a body of a lower tem- Frauenhofer lines, this fact resulted " with a certainty perature and not vice versa, he induced by purely log- as great," says Kirchhoff, " as is at all attainable in ical inferences the fact of the " reversal of the natrium natural sciences." line." The link of the process constitutes the cele- It is characteristic of Kirchhoff that he computed this brated " Kirchhoff's Law of the Emission and Ab- certainty mathematically. It might after all have been sorption of Light and Heat," which states that all possible that the coincidence of the bright lines of iron with bodies absorb the very rays and very colors that they Frauenhofer's lines was accidental. But the probabil- themselves emit, and that the proportion between the ity' of this resulted only' as = light absorbed and emitted is one and the same with all 1 ,000,000,000,000,000,000, bodies. The treatise in which this was demonstrated that is equivalent to zero. " There must be a cause is perhaps the most beautiful that Kirchhoff has written, that effects these coincidences," says Kirchhoff. "A although the least mathematical. The history of this cause can be adduced which is absolutely efficient; the law may serv,e as a model for the investigations of nat- phenomenon is explained, if the rays of light that pro- ural scientists; the law has been rigorously induced from duce the solar spectrum have passed through iron vapors more general and known principles; the law aflirms some- and there suffered absorption by the iron vapors. thing new in itself; the law covers the most diverse and Furthermore, this is the only adducible cause of these special cases which may be established by experiment. coincidences; its acceptance appears therefore necessary."

It will fall to the lot of very few to make such dis- We may introduce a story here that Kirchhoff him- coveries, but all should take pattern by his industry, self liked to tell. The question was being discussed as logic and carefulness, and no less by the modesty with to whether Frauenhofer's lines proved the presence of " which Kirchhoff made known his discovery to the gold in the sun. Kirchhoff's banker remarked : Ot

is in the if I it Berlin Academy : " Upon occasion of an investigation what use gold sun to me, can't get down of the spectra of colored flames, conducted in common here?" Kirchhoff received in recognition of his discov- by Bunsen and me, whereby we were enabled to de- ery a medal from England and the value of the same in termine the qualitative composition of complex com- gold. As he brought this to the banker, he said: "My pounds from the appearance of the spectra of their blow- friend, I've gotten gold from the sun after all." pipe flame, I made some observations which unexpect- As we already remarked, it had been a matter of edly explain the origin of Frauenhofer's lines and war- entire indifference to Kirchhoff in his own estimate of rant conclusions from these as to the elemental con- the importance of his law, whether anything definite as stitution of the solar atmosphere and perhaps to that of to the nature of the sun and fixed stars accidentally result- the brighter fixed stars." ed therefrom, or whether it possessed for the time being :

786 THE OPEN COURT.

conceptions only a theoretical interest. It is highly characteristic of ter in motion. With thpse three fundamental him that he makes no mention whatever in his theoret- of space, time and matter, Kirchhoff endeavors to accom- in the description of the facts of experience. ical lecture of all that great region which his discovery plish his object made accessible, and that in his collected essays he has He goes beyond his predecessors in so far as to repre- in geometrical form the conceptions of "force" placed it at the end. sent purely * * * and " mass," which were held to be fundamentally log-

In his inaugural address upon entering the rector- ical. "Force" appears to him primarily as the accelera- particle of matter ac- ship at Heidelberg in 1865 he says: "There is a tion (change in velocity) which a science, mechanics, whose business it is to determine quires in a unit of time, and the knowledge of all these the motion of bodies, when the causes that condition it "accelerating forces" at any one point of time would Experience has are known. .... Mechanics is closely related to suffice for a description of the world. geometry. Both sciences are applications of pure math- shown, that the description gains in simplicity, if we ematics. The theorems of both as regards their cer- multiply the accelerations by a "determinate positive constant;" this constant is called the "mass" of "the tainty, stand exactly on the same level ; we may with as much right attribute absolute certainty to the particle in motion." * * * theorems of mechanics as to those of geometry." And he adds further: " Did we know all the forces Kirchhoff 's aspirations after light and truth in every- of nature and did we know what the condition of mat- thing, are prominently marked in his philosophical atti- in science ter at any one point of time is, we would be able by the tude, and caused him to interpret his mission science of mechanics to deduce and determine its condi- rather too rigorously to admit even the semblance of tion at every succeeding point of time. The highest dogma in it, as perhaps the uniformity of nature sug- object that natural sciences have to strive to attain, is the gests. And yet it is not only as a critical thinker that realization of the hypothesis just presented, namely, to he analyzed nature. His greatest discovery shows that that ardent investi- refer all natural phenomena to the science of mechanics. he possessed that quick discernment, This object of natural science will never be fully gation, that intuitive insight into the workings of nature's suc- attained, but the fact that it is recognized as such, tend- forces, without which the true scientist can never ers a certain satisfaction, and in the approximation to cessfully work. We repeat: Kirchhoff ranks among as a mathe- this lies the highest pleasure that the study of natural the first of natural philosophers because, phenomena can afford." matical physicist, he united the faculties of observation In contrast to these statements let me quote the and abstract reasoning. words which have since gained celebrity and with which Kirchhoff begins his " Mechanics," published in 1875: CORRESPONDENCE. " of motion. Its object we Mechanics is the science "THE SECULARIZATION OF RELIGION" BRIEFLY thorough- define to be this : To describe with exhaustive REVIEWED. ness and the greatest attainable simplicity the motions To the Editor: that Court is open to any rational that are taking place in nature." Assuming The Open and courteous rejoinder to any of its contents the following is re- The difference between this definition of mechanics spectfully submitted and the first one is worthy of attention. There, then In the article captioned as above in the November issue are and before that large audience Kirchhoff spoke of the some striking truths mixed with and marred by some equally " causes" of motion. Here, now and in this rigorously evident misapprehensions. To begin with, I agree with the au- mathematical work the word and conception of " cause" .thor that, so far as any proof or demonstration known to me will go, the brain is the seat and organ of mind and that the existence no longer occurs. The " explanation" of nature is given of a spiritual essence in man, commonly called the soul, and of up, the simplest possible " description" of nature is now which independent existence is predicated, is a pure assumption, in his " sought. Those words of introduction Mechan- a philosophical speculation. This " irrational hypothesis of a ics" and their elaboration in the work itself are a most vital principle," by which I suppose is meant a deathless prin- pregnant and comprehensive expression of KirchhofF's ciple, does not, however, underlie Christianity; it has been foisted upon Christianity and its influence therein has been insidious conception of nature. Of the possibility of the deter- and destructive. The author's concluding sentence: "Modern mination of things as such, it makes no sort of an Christianity is something very different from that of its founder, to hypothesis or supposition. Its object is portray phe- being, indeed, mainly Alexandrian neo-Platonism, metamorphosed nomena in a logically determined form. According to and blundered by nescient emotionalists," contains also much de- I wish to be entirely Kant, in the external world the theorems of geometry plorable truth. Myself an ardent Christian, impartial, to acknowledge errors and claim only what facts re- and mechanics only are logical, that is a priori, the quire. The dift'erence s'tated above has occurred to the doctrinal principles of the latter diflfering from those of the former bases of Christianity. It may have impaired its ethical value, but of space, only in this, that, besides the three dimensions the self-sacrifice and benevolence which are to-day the attributes it needs a fourth, that of time, and the conception of mat- of every one worthy the name of Christian have found exem- :

THR OPEN COURT. 787

plars in the Church even in the darkest and grossest centuries. That the bruised body of Jesus, in which he showed himself

In its ethical character Christianity is nearer its founder than in after his resurrection, was his true and glorious one is not likely. its eschatology. To mortal eyes that could bear no other, and for the confirming

Jesus did not say what is so often attributed to him, viz. of their faith, he thus appeared, but he was "raised a spiritual " The kingdom of God is within us." The true translation of body," descriptions of which are found in Daniel x. and in the Luke 17—21 is: "in the midst" or "among," and referred to his Revelation. It is to that "perfection of lite" the spiritual body

own presence, as the succeeding context plainly shows. And he or being like unto the risen Jesus that his followers hope to at- did not say "us," but "you," referring to the Pharisees, who ap- tain. To say that they are immortal now is to throw the whole peared to possess no seed of heavenly truth. system into confusion.

In accepting the author's closing paragraph in its doctrinal Our author argues that to prove that "mind is brain function sense I wish emphatically to except from its sweeping statement and nothing more" is "fatal to every form of supernaturalism."

a very considerable portion of the Church, of whose number the If he will explain the latter phrase by saying that it means the writer is one. We may not dogmatically declare that the man, popular immortal-soulism of the nominal Church I will agree the whole man, the ego, the thinking, willing and executing mani with him. If he desires to extend the definition beyond that is an organization of matter and nothing more, though we are point and claim that his demonstration forbids belief in a possible able to discover nothing else but the life principle common to all future recreation of man, such as the proven resurrection of Jesus, grades of animals. We, however, unhesitatingly reject the half with his infinitely sublimated powers, and the angelic appearances platonic theory that man is an immortal spirit. The original and point to them, I say that he is stretching his evidence to cover a complete speculation was that man had neither beginning nor case that is wholly beyond its scope. The speculative errors end. The half-converted Greeks who foisted the mutilated the- which the Church embraced so long ago, and which she has not ory upon the Church and through the hands of Augustine suc- yet become strong enough to slough ofl^, though hundreds of her ceeded in riveting it there, greatly damaged but did not destroy pulpits and many thousands of her members reject them, subject the Christian system. They were actuated by the motive that her to righteous criticism. For one, I welcome these from any prompts men to-day, both inside the Church and out, the desire quarter, but those who claim to be rational and of superior wis- to have a more " lofty philosophy." There are many who can- dom should not fail to be well informed as to the real teaching of not endure the sort of faith that Job had. He knew nothing of the scriptures or the progress of truth in the Church, nor should immortality, but believed in God. He expected to die and they lack in fairness in expounding the views they endeavor to

moulder to naught, but he knew that every intelligent being supplant. J. Albert Stowk. " loved its own creations, and so he says : Thou wilt have a desire to the work of thine hands. Thou shalt call and I will answer MIND AND CONSCIOUSNESS.

Thee." All known heathen peoples have believed in a life be- To the Editor: Hempstead, Texas, Feb. 4, 18S8.

yond the grave as a continuance or a consequent of this life, You and Mr. Hegeler have expressed the desire (in a letter

many in an endless life. It is singular that the Hebrews alone of December 31st, 1SS7) to know how it happened that in mv believed in revivification only by resurrection at the will and friendly contention with Professor Cope I have used "conscious- " " pleasure of God. The fact that Jesus and Paul and John teach ness and " mind synonymously. I did so, partly out of courtesy precisely the same doctrine and that science to this day has been to my adversary, who habitually makes use of the phrase " mind

unable to discover any other road to the much-coveted future life or consciousness," and partly to carry on the discussion as much looks a little like a consensus. as possible on the basis given by himself.

The author is right in saying that the Bible nowhere teaches Allow me, however, to indicate as briefly as possible how I

man's natural immortality; he is totally wrong in saying that it myself distinguish "consciousness" from "mind." "Conscious- " does teach that the identical body which died and decayed, and ness is that state of our being in which we are aware of what is

which science teaches is resolved into its constituent elements, usually classified as sensations, perceptions, emotions, thoughts and

will be literally restored. Let him read Corinthians 15, in which volitions. When we are thoroughly asleep or in a swoon we are

Paul distinctly declares that it is not the same body. Those of not aware of such affections, and are consequently not conscious. the Church, who believe that man is a spiritual being no-d.\ speak Consciousness, of course, can be only a fresent phenomenon, of the "resurrection of the body." A more accurate phraseology a manifestation taking place within us at the very moment. When is the " resurrection of the man." Resurrection means "raising we are conscious of something that has occurred in the past, this

up to perfection of life," and is practically understood as re-crea- retrospective consciousness takes place likewise only in the mo-

tion without loss of identity. Paul plainly says it is a mystery, ment of present awareness. The same holds good with prospect-

and I suppose the most " advanced " rationalist will accept a well ive consciousness. We foresee the future only as content of our authenticated fact, however mysterious it may be. Paul plainly present consciousness. hinges faith in the resurrection of the faithful on the already I have called this one, all-comprising moment of conscious proved return from death of the Savior. There stood the indis- realization " the mental presence," and have repeatedly pointed putable fact, attested by over five hundred persons who knew out that its contents vanish from moment to moment into noth- Jesus " after the flesh." Our author seems to scoft" at the " stig- ingness, and are as constantly reconstituted, under kaleidoscopic

mata of nail-marks," and says that faith in the resurrection is not changes, from a persistent vital matrix. Consciousness is always

a " lofty philosophy." That is true. The world has been sur- the effect or outcome of some underlying activity., never itself the feited and confused with too many lofty philosophies that tickled manifesting substrate. and pufted up and deluded poor humanity up to the brink of the The underlying vital matrix is perceived by us as the nerve- grave and then deserted the hopeless wretches, leaving them to system of organic beings. And all the functional activities of this flounder in vague and sounding phrases or to sink in despair. nerve-system contribute toward the production of the mental

Jesus returned bearing the nail-marks that every carping mouth presence, though many phases of it may remain unconscious ; and

should be closed forever. Had he come without them it would this not only from their not attaining a sufficient degree of intensity, have afforded a pretext for unbelief, as in the case of Thomas. It but also by dint of normal disposition (see "Space and Touch," is scarcely gracious or scientific to object to the proof which would Mind, No. XL.). surely have been demanded if absent When the term consciousness is used collectively for a series : THK OPBN COURT. of mental states which we experience during an hour or a life- and souls in perfect solution and compels every atom to serve an time, it does not denote an actual phenomenon or veritable exist- universal end and which secures that all is made of one kind. " ent, but stands merely as a general name, in the same way as In astronomy is vast space, but no foreign system ; in geology "animal "or "plant." vast time, but the same laws to-day. The term " mind " signifies to most persons some active, im- " Why should we be afraid of nature, which is no other than material agent within us, capable of producing or manifesting philosophy and theology embodied.' Law rules throughout exis- conscious states. As I do not believe in such an agent, I can tence, a law which is not intelligent, but intelligence, not personal

" it rightly speak of mind only adjectively, as when I say : mental nor impersonal— it disdains words and passes understanding, states," and then "mental" is really synonymous with "con- dissolves persons, it vivifies nature; yet solicits the pure in heart scious." Or I can speak of it, at most, as an attribute of our be- to draw on all its omnipotence." ing, as when I say: "our mentality," which is not synonymous The Philosophy of Monism gives me intellectual satisfaction, with "our consciousness," as it includes also the unconscious because of its ability to unify and reconcile heretofore discordant working of the brain toward the production of consciousness. theories of things. For instance, by monism, both the a priori and " We can, moreover, not well avoid using the term " mental a posteriori ideas of the mind are recognized and their differences as an opposite to "physical." This distinction is felt by every one satisfactorily explained. Also the doctrines of animal types and to be legitimate. Yet it is incontestable that everything phys- animal descent are reconciled, and Cuvier and Darwin were both ical —all matter and all motion—is realized by us solely as per- needed, and both were right if also a little wrong. Monism ception of our own. We become aware of it as a peculiar kind of makes life worth living—makes existence the highest boon, and conscious event within our own mental presence. A physical teaches that next to non-existence anti-naturalism, as inculcated

fact is, consequently, itself of mental consistency, for it forms part by the pessimistic religions, is the greatest calamity. of our own consciousness. And the only essential difference be- W. W. Richmond.

tween it and other constituents of our consciousness lies in the fact of its being aroused in us through compulsory sense-stimula- BOOK REVIEWS. tion, while other conscious states arise in us without any compulsory influence working upon us from outside our own being. Winter. From the Journal of Henry D. Thoreau. Boston To become, however, fully alive to the radical contrast ob- Houghton, Mifilin & Co., 1888. taining between what we call a " physical " and what we call a Somewhere Thoreau wrote: "I desire so to love wisdom as " mental " fact, we need only realize that mental facts, as such, to live according to its dictates a life of simplicity, independence,

are entirely imperceptible through sensory channels, while it is magnanimity and trust." And surely there are but few men who the very characteristic of physical facts to be thus perceptible. I can boast greater success in the achievement of their desires. can touch your physical being, hear your voice, and see your To such an extent was he successful, that on his death-bed he body move and gesticulate; but I cannot touch, hear or see any could say, "I regret nothing." of your sensations, perceptions, emotions, thoughts or volitions. It is but natural that a man who both in his life and in his These are inwardly or retrospectively realized by yourself alone. writings waged such open war against society and all its estab- hos- The distinction here established is essential. It excludes first lished laws and customs should incur the dislike, not to say of all the possibility of our entire being consisting of mind-stuff, tility, of many—unsympathetic critics in particular—who were all detract as believed by idealists of all shades. And it excludes also the too ready to call him a "prig" and a "humbug," and to from possibility of anything mental being in the remotest degree akin him in every possible way until their detraction necessarily re- to physical forces, as taught by materialistic thinkers, for no one flected upon themselves. But those who knew him (and they

can deny that we give the name of "force " only to that which is are the ones whose judgment all unprejudiced people will

capable of affecting our senses in some way or other, and this is accept) agree in pronouncing him to have been as sincere and as exactly the kind of effect that nothing purely mental can produce. pure a man as could be met with. He certainly was a man of Yours, very truly, extraordinary parts. His whole life was devoted to self-develop- Edmund Montgomery. ment and self-improvement. He cultivated all his powers and in whatever he undertook to do he was successful. His senses were THE PHILOSOPHY OF MONISM. the most acute conceivable, eyes and ears, nose and tongue,—and To the Editor: Atlanta, III., Feb. i8, 1888. his mind was equally acute. " He saw as with microscope, heard

The Philosophy of Monism, as I understand it, explains the as with ear trumpet, and his memory was a photographic register unity and the simplicity of the supreme laws of nature. of all he saw and heard," So far as society and its artificial para- It is in accord with Monotheism as well as Pantheism, if they phernalia were concerned, he was essentially a negative spirit; are rightly interpreted. It unifies all phenomena, both material but in the realm of nature and in the domain of truth he was an and spiritual. It reconciles and unites God and nature, spirit and enthusiastic, bold and fearless champion. matter, and makes them consubstantial and correlative. I believe No matter in what phase of his career we view Thoreau, in a natural religion, in adoration and in the immortality whether as poet, philosopher or naturalist, what everywhere " of the soul. I believe with Goethe, when he says : Cer- impresses us most strongly is his pei'sonality. He was the indi- tainly there does not exist a more beautiful worship of God vidualist of individualists. His existence was the practical dem-

than that which needs no image, but which arises in our hearts onstration of his theory of life. Such absolute independence, from converse with nature." It is through this kind of worship, such self-poise, such self-reliance as he everywhere exhibited enlightened by science as interpreted by the Monistic Philoso- could be produced only in this country. He felt no obligations phy, that we are led to the sublime idea of the unity of God and to any one; to himself alone he felt accountable. His mind was nature. quick ; he knew his own convictions, and when the occasion arose Monism is supported by our most advanced science; it is he said what he had to say and not what he might be expected to. optimistic and, unlike dualism, it introduces no intellectual con- After the arrest of John Brown, when Massachusetts and indeed

fusion, no antagonisms into science and religion. Emerson must the whole North were still doubtful and undecided, it was " have believed in monism when he said : I,et us build altars to Thoreau who first had the courage to step forward and raise his the Blessed Unity and the beautiful necessity which holds nature voice in defence of the hero of Harper's Ferry. — — — ;

THK OPEN COURT. 789

It is much to be regretted that hitherto no adequate biography of The memoir of his friend, Fleeming Jenkin, is a well—we Thoreau has been published. All the accountsof his life that have may even say artistically—written account of a man who seems been written are at best unsatisfactory. His inner life is fully in every respect worthy of such a tribute. h. a. l. and strongly depicted in his writings. Not a page that does not unmistakably bear his stamp. Fools of Nature. Alice Brown. Boston : Ticknor & Co. Tliis last volume, made up of further extracts from his jour- The author makes definition in her book of Fools of Nature nal, will be welcomed by all who have in any way come in con- as all those in whom a sensitive ideality is combined with that tact with the individuality of Thoreau. It is as characteristic and love of the marvelous which leads them to seek help and instruc- as interesting as any one of its predecessors. It is full of those origi- tion from unusual and supposed supernatural sources. The par- nal, pithy sayings for which he is famous, and in the thought and ticular form of the marvelous here dealt with is modern spiritual- construction of which he ranked second to none—Emerson, per- ism. In Ben Adams and the professional medium and impostor. " haps, excepted. We quote the following at random : I do not Professor Riker, we have excellently drawn an opposite specimen think much of that chemistry that can extract corn and potatoes of the advocates of this particular belief The love story which out of a barren soil, compared with that which can extract thought runs through the book, and which, after the first few chapters, com- and sentiment out of the life of a man on any soil." " It is in mands the reader's chief attention, is of singular power; but we vain to write of the seasons unless you have the seasons in you." think the main problem which the author attempts to settle in the

" Man's noblest gift to man is his sincerity, for it embraces his in- marriage of the divorced hero is treated with a somewhat morbid " tegrity also." I would be in society as in the landscape ; in the fancy and straining after the impracticable, albeit with much pro- presence of nature there is no reserve nor effrontery." found moral insight and purity of aim. The scene between We are accustomed to think of Thoreau chiefly as a natural- Stephen and Sarah, when she feels compelled to leave him, ist; and all the titles of his books would lead us to infer that such reaches the height of moral sacrifice and a sublime devotion to was the case. But he was much more than that. He was above the ideal in Stephen's words: "I haven't cared for some things all a humanist. All of his endeavors were directed toward estab- you care for," he began, hoarsely, making sudden pauses between lishing the relation of life to nature, and toward discovering the the words. " I am contented to live along and be happy. Your analogies between our existence and the rest of creation. As nature is so high that your happiness lies in renunciation. I Emerson said: "His soul was made for the noblest society; can't bring myself up to your level, but there is one way in which I won't fail shall your right, I will help wherever there is knowledge, wherever there is virtue, wherever you ; you choose and you

there is beauty, he will find a home." h. f. to do it." There are many other quotable passages worth repeat- ing, both for style and matter, if space permitted. c. P. w. ViRGINIBUS PUERISQUE, AND OtHER PaPERS.—MEMORIES AND Portraits.—Memoir of Fleeming Jenkin. By Robert The Unitarian Revietv for February contains, among other

Louis Stevenson. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons. articles, " St. Paul's Doctrine of Salvation," by Conrad Mascol Rarely has an author achieved such sudden and phenomenal "The Persistence of Caste," by Alfred H. Peters; " The Religion success as has Mr. Stevenson. Ever since the appearance of of Zoroaster," by David G. Hubbard, and " The Anglo-Irish Ques- Dr. yekyll and Mr. Hyde, Mr. Stevenson's name, although well- tion," by Francis William Newman. Among the editor's notes known long before that, has become a household word wherever are some striking remarks of the Persian Minister at the Court of the English language is spoken. The addition of the above three St. James, quoted from the Pall Mall Gazette. They are an ap- titles to the already extensive list of this author's writings will peal for the introduction of a liberalized Christianity among the contribute not a little to make him still dearer, if that be possible, Asiatic peoples. "Believe me, neither immortality nor sectarian-

to those who have learned to admire him. ism is the true cause of your failure to push your civilization in The first two mentioned volumes are collections o£ Mr. Ste- Asia and Mohammedan countries. It is your Christian dogmas venson's early essays. The main feature which lends to them that offend us. We can coin dogmas, like you—better than you. their great charm is the perfect honesty displayed by the author We will not have them. We will have your benevolence, your and the manner in which he takes his readers into his confidence. charity, your justice and truth, your science of health, your rail-

From cover to cover there runs an undercurrent which is, through roads, telegraphs and manufactures." and through, autobiographical. It is as though we met the author face to face and as though he, endeavoring to interest and enter- A ^arterly Revietv of the work of the Societies for Ethical tain each one of us individually', were in the most confidentiai Culture will be published in April, July, October and January of manner acquainting us with the past events of his life. We must each year, beginning with April, 1888. It is the purpose of this acknowledge ourselves under the spell of personal magnetism Review to present news of the Ethical Movement at large, but or, perhaps better, the magnetism of personality. It is the pre- especially of the work in progress in the different societies be- dominance of the subjective element without the obtrusion of ex- longing to the Union of Societies for Ethical Culture. The gen- cessive egotism that immediately attracts us so strongly. The eral spirit and aim of the movement will receive expression in

writei is a keen observer, and he does not hesitate to tell what he selected addresses by the lecturers of the different Ethical socie- sees and feels. That is another of his strong points. He is gen- ties. One such address will be given in each number of the .ffew'ew. uine. Although we can by no means agree with all his views, The members of the societies and the friends of the Ethical we must give him credit for having the courage of his con- Movement everywhere should remember that the success of this

victions. But in one of his views we heartily concur, and that is publication depends upon their support. Subscriptions and orders Philadelphia. where, speaking of Mr. W. D. Howells, he says: "None ever should be addressed to E. J. Oslar, P. O. Box 772, couched a lance with narrower convictions. His own work and with another in and kicking; but those of his pupils and masters singly occupy his mind; he is the Men contend one punching of virtue. Diogenes. bond-slave, the zealot of his school; he dreams of an advance in no one shows any emulation in the pursuit

art like what there is in science; he thinks of past things as rad- The richest genius, like the most fertile soil, when unculti- ically dead; he thinks a thing can be outlived—a strange immer- vated, shoots up into the rankest weeds; and, instead of vines and sion in his own history! a strange forgetfulness of the history of olives for the pleasure and use of man, produce to its slothful the race!" owner the most abundant crop of poisons. Hume. 79° THE OPEN COURT.

THE LOST MANUSCRIPT* though they were great rogues. Originally they BY GUSTAV FREYTAG. were Egyptians, but also Indians." CHAPTER VI.— Concluded. "How could they be Indians?" exclaimed Hans, Frau Rollmaus, however, sat smiling and contented disrespectfully; "the Indians live in America. We also

with the philosophical system of her neighbor. have an encyclopedia, and we will examine it immedi- Again the Professor turned to her, and spoke of the ately." difficulty of doing, good to the helpless in the right way. " Yes, yes," cried the children, and ran with their Frau Rollmaus acknowledged that uneducated people brother to the book-shelf. Each of them brought

had a way of their own, "But one can easily get on a volume with new binding, and placed it among the with them, if they only know that one means well by coffee cups before Frau Rollmaus, who looked by no them." means pleased at seeing the secret source of her intelli-

The Professor afterward gave rise to a slight mis- gence laid bare before all eyes. understanding, when he respectfully observed to the "And ours is newer than yours," cried little Franz, lady : " You are right, for in this field patient love is waving his hand. In vain did Use endeavor by signs requisite to produce fruitful results." of disapprobation to suppress this outbreak of family "Yes," acquiesced Frau Rollmaus, puzzled, "to be pride. Hans held the last volume firmly in his hands sure, these results which you mention are not want- seeking the word gypsy, and the overthrow of Frau ing among us, and they marry for the most part just at Rollmaus, according to human calculations, could no the right time; but the patient love which you so truly longer be averted. But suddenly Hans jumped up, and speak of as requisite is not always forthcoming among holding the book aloft, exclaimed: " The Professor is our country people, for in marriage they frequently con- put down here!" sider money more than love." " Our Herr Professor in the encyclopedia?" cried the. If, however, the notes in the concert at the upper children. table were not quite in tune, yet the turkey and custard- Family feuds and gypsies were all forgotten. Use pudding—a masterpiece of Use's kitchen—vanished took the book from her brother's hand, Frau Rollmaus without any adverse concussion of learned wisdom. All stood up in order to read the remarkable passage over rose well pleased with one another; only the chil- Use's shoulder, all the children's heads gathered round dren, whose innocent mischief is most enduring, found the book, so that they looked like a cluster of buds on a with displeasure that Frau Rollmaus would not on this fruit tree, and all peeped curiously at the lines which occasion enter into any contest in which the encyclope- were so glorious for their guest and themselves. dia could rule as umpire. While the men drank their In the article there was the usual short notice con- coffee in the next room, Frau Rollmaus again sat on the cerning living scholars, which contained the place and sofa, and Use had a difficult task to satisfy her curiosity day of the Professor's birth, and the titles—mostly in in answering all the questions with which she was over- Latin—of his works. All these titles were, in spite of whelmed concerning the two strangers. Meanwhile their unreadable language, read aloud, with the dates the children besieged the sofa, lying in wait for an op- and size of the volumes. Use looked into the book for

portunity to undertake a small campaign against the a long time, and then handed it to the astonished Frau

unsuspecting Frau Rollmaus. Rollmaus, then the children passed it from one to the " So they are making researches, and in our district. other. The event made a greater impression here, on

It cannot be about the Indians. I did not know that both young and old, than it ever did in literary circles. any had ever come to these parts. It must be a mis- Happiest of all was Frau Rollmaus: she had sat next to take; and they must mean gypsies, who do make their a man who not only could refer to books, but was re- appearance here. Only think, dear Use, a man and two ferred to himself. Her admiration of him was un-

women, each with a child, have come within the last bounded; she found, for the first time in her life, that fortnigVit. The women tell fortunes. What they have she could hold agreeable intercourse with a man of this prophesied to the house-maids is truly remarkable; and stamp. in the morning two hens disappeared. Can it be con- "What a distinguished scholar!" she exclaimed. cerning these gypsies? But that I cannot believe, as they " What were the titles of his works, dear Use?" are mere tinkers and good-for-nothing people. No, Use did not know; her eyes and thoughts were fixed

they are not making investigations concerning them." on the short notice of his life. "But who are the gypsies?" asked Clara. This discovery had the good result of causing Frau " Dear child, they are vagabonds who formerly were Rollmaus to lay down her weapons entirely this day, a nation, and now spread themselves everywhere. and be content not to display any knowledge, for she They had a king, and manuscript*, an! hounds, al- saw that on this occasion a competition with the family

•Copyright. was impossible, and she condescended to an unpretend- THE OPEN COURT 791 ing conversation over household events. But the chil- vigorous life into frightful deformity ; but the children dren arranged themselves at a respectful distance from pressed on into the thicket shouting, seized upon the the Professor, and examined him curiously once more scaly cones of the past year, and cut branches from the carry off the greatest clusters from top to toe ; and Hans imparted the news in a low top, each endeavoring to voice to the Doctor, and was much surprised that he of the scaly fruit. thought nothing of it. " It is only one of a hundred," said the proprietor

After coffee, the proprietor proposed to his guests to gloomily; "but it is painful to contemplate such devas ascend the nearest hill, in order to examine the damage tation, contrary to the usual order of Providence, and to which had been done by the lightning. Use loaded a think of the destruction that impended over our heads.' maid with provisions for supper, and some flasks of " Does this recollection cause you only discomfort?' " wine, and the party started. They went down from asked the Professor; "is it not also exalting? the rock into the valley, over the strip of meadow and the " The horns of the ram are hanging on the branches,' brook, then up the hill, through underbrush, amid the said Use, in a low tone, to her father; "he was the sac shadow of the lofty pines. The rain had washed away rifice by which we were saved." the steep path, and irregular water-channels furrowed « I think, also," added the Professor, " that any one the gravel; nevertheless, the women walked valiantly thus struck by lightning might, if time were left him for over the wet places. But if any one should have a last thought, say to himself it is the will of Providence. failed to perceive from the dress and bearing of the Pro- We soon forget, in the comforts of daily life, what we fessor that he walked in the confidence of manhood, should always thankfully bear in our hearts, that we only they might have imagined that he was a delicately -shod live, like all other creatures, under certain conditions. lady, and Frau Rollmaus a gentleman in disguise, for Countless forces and heterogeneous powers unceasingly she hovered round him reverently, and would not leave work according to their own fixed laws, maintaining, his side. She directed his attention to the stones, and, supporting, or injuring our life. The cold which checks with the end of her umbrella, pointed out the dry places the course of our blood, the breaking waves in which to him, and stopped at times, expressing her fear that the human body sinks, the injurious vapors from the earth he would find this jaunt too fatiguing. The Professor which poison our breath, are no accidental phenomena; submitted, though much surprised, to the homage of the the laws by which they act upon us are as ancient and little lady, sometimes looking enquiringly at Use, over holy as our need of food and drink, of sleep and light; whose face flitted a roguish smile. On the height the and when man weighs his position among the powers of path became eiisier, and some trees of lighter foliage earth, he must consider his life only as a struggle varied the dark green of the pines. The summit itself against them and an endeavor to understand them. was clear; the heather, on which the fading blossoms of Whoever provides the bread that nourishes us, and who- the year still hung, spread itself thickly among the ever grows the wood that warms us—every useful activ- stones. On all sides lay the view of the landscape, ity has no other purpose than by subduing and wisely with its heights and valleys, the deep glen, and brook utilizing these forces to strengthen and to protect us. with its green border, the fields and the valley of Ros- In this work we also observe that there is a secret union sau. In the direction of the setting sun there rose, o:ie between every movement of nature and our own spirits, behind another, long waves of undulating ground, and that all things living, however adverse to individ- tinted with the purple hue of twilight, passing off into ual existence, together form a vast unity. The con- the delicate gray of the mountains in the horizon. It ception and recognition of this unity have, at all times, was a delightful prospect, under a clear sky, in the been the most sublime feeling of which man was midst of pure mountain air, and the party enjoyed a rest capable. From this proceeds another impulse, an over- on the soft heather. whelming desire and an irresistible longing to divine the After a short stay, they proceeded, led by Hans, to deeper relations of these forces. And it is this that the spot where the tree had been struck by lightning. gives us faith. The method of procedure rnay vary in A belt of high fir-trees was the plage of the devastation. different individuals, but the goal is the same. Some, A strong, vigorous pine had been struck and prostrated; possessed of deep feeling, see only eternal wisdom in a desolate confusion of branches and gigantic splinters everything that to them seems incomprehensible; and of the white wood lay all around the broken trunk, in child-like faith they apply to it the most reverent and which, without its head, blackened and cloven, still rose affectionate name. Others earnestly endeavor to observe out of its ruins as high as a house. From the confusion the various laws and forces of nature and reverently to of branches on the ground, it could be seen that the earth comprehend their relations to each other. These latter also had been torn up even under the roots of the neigh- are the men of science. The men of faith and the men boring trees. The older members of the party looked of science essentially do the same thing. Their attitude seriously on the spot where one moment had turned is very modest; for both recognize that all individual 792 THE OPEN COURT. life, both subjective and objective, is very insignificant very instructive. He is right; one ought to struggle as compared with the great All. He who could, when against the powers and seek the connecting link. But struck by lightning, stop to think, ' I am going to my I assure you it is difficult for a woman. For Rollmaus, Heavenly Father,' and he who could at such a moment who is the first power of nature for me, has a hatred of intently observe the cessation of the activity of his nerv- principles ; he is always for doing everything according to ous system, both would have a blissful end." his own ideas, and, as an independent man, he has a right Thus spoke the Professor. The Crown-Inspector to do so; but he is not very much in favor of science, looked at the speaker in astonishment, suspecting him and even as regards a piano for the children I have to be one of that new class of apostles who at that time trouble with him. But I seek after principles and made their appearance in various parts, and traveled powers, and what is called the connecting link ; and I around the country preaching to the people. Frau read what I can, for one likes to know what passes in Rollmaus stood reverently with folded hands, occasion- the world, and to raise oneself above ordinary people. ally nodding her assent. Presently she nudged the pro- But often one does not understand a thing even when prietor, whispering: read twice; and when it is at last understood it may " That belongs to the philosophy of which we spoke." have become obsolete and no longer worth anything, The proprietor did not answer, but listened with and so one might as well give up all researches." bowed head. Use never turned her eyes from the "You should not do that," exclaimed the Doctor; speaker; his observations sounded strange to her, and " there is always a secret pleasure in knowing some- excited a secret uneasiness, she knew not why. But she thing." could say nothing against them, for the spring of genial " Not so," continued the lady; " if I lived in town I life that issued from this noble soul entranced her. The would devote myself to learning, but in the country one choice of words, the new thoughts, the noble expression is too much isolated, and there is the housekeeping and of his countenance, captivated her irresistibly. one's husband, who is hard to please. You have no

The party returned to their resting place on the idea what a good farmer he is. Rollmaus, hold your height; the sun sank behind the hills, and the soft even- torch aside, all the smoke blows in the Doctor's face." ing glow gilded first the tips of the heather, then rose Rollmaus turned the torch away grumbling. His above their heads to the lops of the trees, and purple wife drew close to him, seized his arm and whispered to shadows covered the ground, the stems of the trees, and him : " Before we go away you must invite these gen- the distant prospect. But small light clouds of gold and tlemen to visit us; it is the right thing to do." purple floated in the heaven above, till there also the "He is a hedge priest," answered the husband, peev- glowing colors faded into rosy twilight; the mist rose ishly. from the depths below, and the colors of the earth and " For God's sake, Rollmaus, don't do anything fool- the heavens died away into a uniform gray. ish; above all, do not blaspheme," she continued, press-

Long did the party gaze on the changing lights of ing his arm; "he is mentioned in the encyclopedia." the evening. At last the proprietor called for the con- "In yours?" asked the husband. tents of the basket; the children were busy unpacking "In the one here," replied the wife, "which amounts and passing the cold meats to the assembled circle. The to the same thing." proprietor poured out the wine and pledged his guests " There are many things in books that are of less and rejoiced in the fine evening. At a sign from his value than others which are not there," said the hus- father, Hans ran into the thicket and fetched some pine band, unmoved. torches. " I am not to be put off in that way. You will not

" There is no danger to-day," said the proprietor to confute me by that," replied the wife. " I tell you that

Herr Rollmaus whilst lighting the torches. he is a man of renown, and propriety demands that we The children pressed forward to be torch-bearers, should take that into consideration, and you know that but only Hans was trusted with this honorable office. so far as propriety is concerned." The gentlemen carried the others. " Only be quiet," said Rollmaus, soothingly. " I say

Slowly did the procession wind down the hill-path; nothing to the contrary, if needs be; I have eaten many the torches threw a glaring light on copse and stones, a sour apple on your account." and on the faces of the men, which in the curves of the "On my account!" cried the wife, offended. "Have road were lighted up with a glow like the rising moon, I been unreasonable—am I a tyrant—am I an Eve who and again disappeared in the darkness. Frau Rollmaus has stood with her husband under the tree, with loose had endeavored several times to draw the other illus- hair, and not. even a chemise? Will you compare your- trious stranger into conversation; she now at last suc- self and me with such a state of things?" ceeded, when in a bad part of the road. She began: "No," said Rollmaus. "Only be content; you know

" What your friend said was very good, for it was how we get on together." THE OPKN COURT. 793

" Don't you see that I am right," replied the wife, from home." But Franz stumbled, and, half asleep, soothed. "Believe me, I know also how others get on declared that his legs ached. together, and I tell you I iiave a presentiment that "Up with you, little man," said the Professor;

something is brewing." "let me carry you."

"What is brewing?" asked Rollmaus. Use, distressed, tried to prevent it. " I cannot allow

"Something between Use and the Professor." that; it is only sleep that makes him so lazy."

"The devil there is!" exclaimed Herr Rollmaus, " Only till we reach the valley," said the Professor, with more vivacity than he had shown the whole day. raising the child on his shoulder, Franz clasped his arms "Quiet, Rollmaus, you will be heard; do not lose round the Professor's neck, and, clinging close to him, was all discretion." soon fast asleep. When they came to a steep turn of the Use had remained behind; she led her youngest' road, the Professor offered the arm which was free to brother, who was tired. The Professor chivalrously his companion; but she refused, only supporting herself lingered by her. He pointed out to her how well the a little with his offered hand. Thus hand in hand they procession looked; the torches, like large glow-worms, walked down the last part of the hill into the valley, in front; behind, the sharply-illuminated figures, and the neither of them speaking a word. When they arrived flickering of the gleaming light upon the trunks and at the bottom. Use gently withdrew her hand, and he green branches of the trees. Use listened to him long released it without word or pressure; but these few in silence. At last she said : " The most charming thing minutes comprised for both a world of happy feelings. of the day has been your speaking so kindly to our " Come down, Franz," said Use, taking her sleeping neighbor. When she was seated by you, I felt troubled in brother from the arm of her friend. She bent down to spirit, for I thought it would annoy you to listen to the in- the little one to encourage him, and they went on to appropriate questions of our friend, and it all at once join the party, who were waiting for them at the brook. struck me that with respect to us also you must use con- The carriage of the Crown-Inspector drew up. The stant consideration, and that tormented me. But when parting greetings of his wife were very verbose, and her

I saw that you so kindly recognized the good that is to representations had mitigated his obstinacy, so that, cap be found in our friend, I felt that it would cost you no in hand, he made up his mind to take, with tolerable great effort of self-command to hold intercourse with decorum, a bite of the aforementioned sour apple. He us simple folk." approached the literary gentlemen, and asked them to " Dear young lady," exclaimed the Professor, anx- grant him also the pleasure of a visit; and even the iously, " I hope you are convinced that I only said to the utterance of these friendly words had a softening influ- worthy lady what came sincerely from my heart?" ence on his honest spirit. He now held out his hand to

" I know it," said Use, with vivacity, " and the honest them, and receiving a hearty' shake, he began to think soul felt it also herself—she has been quieter and more that the strangers were not in reality so bad as might be cheerful than usual the whole day—and therefore I supposed. The proprietor accompanied his guests to thank you. Yes, from my heart," she added, softly. the carriage, Hans passed the bandbox in, and the two

Praise from the lips of a beloved one is not among country-gentlemen, as they bade each other good night, the least of the pleasures that a man enjoys. The Pro- watched the starting of the two horses with the eyes of fessor looked beaming with happiness at his neighbor, connoisseurs. who now in the darkness followed her brother at a quicker pace. He did not venture to break the silence; CHAPTER VII. the pure hearts of both were revealed, and, without NEW HOSTILITIES. speaking a word, they became conscious of a stream of Whilst a bright female form was intervening be- warm feeling passing from one to the other. tween the Professor and the Doctor, fate decreed that a "The pedantic habit of reading," began the Profes- new feud should arise betwixt the two neighboring houses sor, at last, " makes it easier, perhaps, for one to gather in the city. It happened thus: from a different style of life what may be serviceable to Herr Hahn had availed himself of the absence of his one's own; for there is something estimable about every son to beautify his property. His garden ran in a point

mode of life, although it may be somewhat veiled by up to the park, and he had bethought him much ho^w certain peculiarities." this corner might be turned to good' account; for the "We are commanded to love our neighbors," said little elevation which he had thrown up there, and Use, "and we endeavor to do so; but when one finds planted with roses, seemed unsatisfactory. He deter-

that this love is given so cheerfully and nobly, it is mined, therefore, to erect a water-proof summer-house

touching; and when one sees such feeling displayed, it for such visitors as were not inclined in bad weather to becomes an example and elevates the heart. Come, resort to the house. Everything had been wisely consid-

Franz," she said, turning to her brother, " it is not far ered before the departure of his son. The following day : : '

794 THE OPEN COURT. he caused a jlender wooden structure to be erected, with " What crazy fancy is this?" small windows toward the street, and above, instead of " It is inexplicable, Herr Hummel," exclaimed Herr a roof, a platform with benches ; the laths of the roof Hahn, across the street, in a conciliatory tone. projected boldly into the air, over the wooden walls and "Nothing is inexplicable," cried out Herr Hummel, garden palings. The thing looked well; but when " but the mischievous folly of hanging bells in the open Herr Hahn, with hearty satisfaction, led his wife up the air over a public street." small side steps on to the platform, and the plump lady, " I resent your attack," called out Herr Hahn, deeply not anticipating anything wrong, sat down on the airy wounded. " I have a right to hang up what I like on bench, and from thence looked with admiration on the my own piece of ground." world beneath her, it became apparent that the passen- Now there began a conflict of opposing views across gers in the street passed directly under her, and the sky the street. There Hummel's bass, here Hahn's sharp above them was darkened to whoever passed along the voice, which gradually rose into a counter-tenor; both fence by the plumage of the great bird that, perched on figures in long night-dresses, divided by the street and her high seat, turned her back to the street. Before a railings, but like two heroes of antiquity fighting one quarter of an hour, therefore, had passed, such sharp another with strong language. If one failed to per- remarks were heard that the ino.ffensive Frau Hahn was ceive the wild effect given to Herr Hahn by the red on the point of weeping, and declared to her lord, with color of his night dress, yet he might be seen towering unwonted energy, that she would never again allow upon the height near his Chinese temple, raising his herself to be treated as a hen, or ascend the platform arm imposingly from the misty horizon ; but Herr any more. The family frame of mind was not improved Hummel stood in the darkness, overshadowed by the either by the part that Herr Hummel had taken, for wild vine. he had stood by the fence of his neighbor's garden dur- " I will have you before the police court, because you ing this exhibition of Frau Hahn, and had laughed in- disturb the repose of the citizens," cried Herr Hummel sultingly at the vile speeches of the people. at last, but felt the small hand of his wife at his back, Hahn, however, after a short struggle between pride who seized him by his night dress, turned him round, and discretion, listened to the voice of his better self, and gently entreated him not to make a scene. removed the benches and the platform, and erected over " And I will inquire before the court who gave you a the summer-house a beautiful Chinese roof; but on the right to heap abuse upon me across the street," called projections of this roof he hung small bells, which out Herr Hahn, likewise in the act of retiring, for sounded softly when the wind rose. This idea would amidst the noise of the fight he had occasionally heard have been a decided improvement; but, alas! the wick- the soft words, " Come back, Hahn," and seen his wife edness of man gave no rest" to this work of an; for the behind him wringing her hands. But he was not in a urchins in the street diverted themselves by keeping some disposition to abandon the field of battle. of the bells in movement by means of long switches. " A light and ladder here,J' he exclaimed, " I will On the first night, therefore, the neighborhood was find out this shameful trick." awakened from its slumbers by a concert of many bells. The ladder and lanterns speedily made their appear- It appeared to Herr Hahn in his sleep that winter ance, brought by the frightened maid-servant. Herr was come, and that a merry party of sleighs were pass- Hahn mounted up to his bells, and sought long in vain; ing round his house; he listened, and indignantly dis- at last he discovered some one had contrived to unite the covered that his own bells had been excited into activ- separate bells by a plait of horse-hair, and thus had ity. He hastened into the garden in his night-dress, and rung them from the outside by one rope. called out, angrily This wild night was followed by a dreary morning.

" Who is there?" " Go to the man across the street, Gabriel," said Herr In a moment the ringing ceased, deep silence and Hummel, "and ask if, for the sake of peace, he is will- peaceful quiet reigned around. He went up to the ing to take away the bells immediately. I require my garden-house, and looked at his bells, which might be sleep, and I will not suffer that this night rabble should seen swinging under the darkened sky; but all around be allured to my house, make inroads upon the fence, no one was to be discovered. He went back to his bed; steal my plums and break into my factory. This man, but scarcely had he laid himself down when the noise by his ringing, calls together all the rogues of the neigh- began again, quick and loud, as if pealing for a Christ- borhood." mas gift. Again he rushed out of the house, and again Gabriel replied : " I will go over there for the sake the noise ceased; but when he raised himself above the of peace; but only if I may say with civility what I railing and looked around, he saw in the garden oppo- think fit." site the broad figure of Herr Hummel standing by the " With civility?" repeated Hummel, winking slyly at hedge, and heard a threatening voice call out his confidant. " You do not understand your own inter- '

THE OPEN COURT. 795

est. So fine an opportunity of making yourself impor- ders and go thus into the counting-house, he would still

tant will not occur soon again, and it would be a pity to remain a respectable citizen so far as this street rabble is

let it escape you. But I foresee, Gabriel, that, civil or concerned. Only, as regards myself, it is another thing. not, we shall be unable to deal with the man. He's I am his neighbor day and night, and if he gets into malicious and obstinate and bitter. He is a bulldog, trouble I also have to suffer. For the rest, I object to Gabriel. There, you have his character." all calumnies on my fellow-men. What must be said is Gabriel proceeded to poor Herr Hahn, who sat, still my business alone, without associates; remember that." suffering, before his untasted breakfast, and looked sus- A few evenings later, Gabriel was standing before piciously at the inmate of the hostile house. the house-door, looking up to the heavens and watching "I come only to inquire," began Gabriel, adroitly, whether a small black cloud, which was slowly floating "whether you may, perhaps, have received intelligence past, would cover the face of the moon. Just as this through your son of my master?"* took place, and the street and both houses lay in dark- " None," answered Herr Hahn, sorrowfully; " there ness, a carriage drove up to the house, and the voice of are times when everything goes wrong, dear Gabriel." the master called out: "Is all well?" " Yes, what a- roguish trick was played Jast night," " All well," answered Gabriel, and unbuttoned the said Gabriel, pityingly. apron. Herr Hahn sprang up. Herr Hummel descended heavily, and behind him " He called me insane and a coxcomb. Am I to put up was heard an angry growl.

with that? I, a man of business, and in my own gar- "What have you got there in the dark?" asked den! As regards the plaything, you may be right Gabriel, with much curiosity, putting his hands into the enough; one must not put too much confidence in men. carriage, but he quickly withdrew them. " Will the

But now my honor is touched, and I tell you the bells rough beast bite?" shall remain, and I shall place a watchman there every "Yes, I hope so," replied Herr Hummel. "I mean it night." to bite. I have brought some watch-dogs against the In vain did Gabriel speak rationally to him. Herr bell-ringers." Hahn was inexorable, and called after him again as he He pulled out with a rope two indistinct figures, was leaving: which rushed about yelping hoarsely, circled round " Tell him we shall meet again in court." Gabriel's legs viciously, and drew the cord round him Accordingly he went to his attorney, and insisted like a noose. upon bringing a suit on account of abusive language at "Need you bring such a multitude?" cried out Ga- night. briel; " there are two of them." " Good," said Hummel, when Gabriel returned from The clouds had passed away, and the moon shone his fruitless mission. " These people compel me to take upon both dogs. measures of security for myself. I will take care that "They are strange beasts, Herr Hummel; they are a no strange horse- hair shall be attached to my house. curious race—evidently mongrels," he continued, in a When the rogues sound the bells there, the dogs shall depreciating tone; "hardly medium size, thick in form, bark here. Measure for measure, Gabriel." and with shaggy hair; the bristles hangover the muzzle He went gloomily to his factory, and paced about like mustachios. The mother must have been a poodle,

wildly. His bookkeeper, who appeared to be a much-op- the father a spitz ; there must also have been some re- pressed man, because he never could obtain his rights lationship with the pug, and the great-grandfather must

from Herr Hummel, thought it was his duty, and that have been a terrier. A fine production, Herr Hummel,

it was a fitting time to speak. and somewhat rare. How did you come by these " The ideas of A. C. Hahn are absurd; all the world moon-calves?" finds fault with them." "That was a peculiar accident. I could not obtain a But the speech did him no good. dog in the village to-day; but when I was returning " What do this man's ideas signify to you ?" cried through the wood, the horses shied and would not move Hummel. " Are you the householder, and are you or I on. While the coachman was handling them, I sud-

head of this business? If I choose to be angry it is my denly perceived near the carriage a large black man, affair and not yours. His new clerk, Knips, wears his standing as if he had sprung from the ground. He was hair in frizzy curls, and perfumes himself with eau de holding the two dogs by a rope, and laughed jeeringly cologne; you may make fun of him about that, this is at the abuse of the coachman. 'What are you?' I called your right. As to what concerns the rest of the world, out to him; 'where are you taking the dogs?

your blame of this man's devices is worth about as much " 'To him who wishes to have them,' said the black as the twittering of the sparrow on the house-top; and if man.

he should every day hang a peal of bells on his shoul- " ' Lift them into the carriage,' said I. 796 THE OPEN COURT.

" ' I do nothing,' growled out the stranger; 'you "Who speaks of the devil?" replied Gabriel, quickly. must fetch them.' "There is no devil—that the Professor will never allow; " I descended and asked, 'What do you ask for them ?' but of dogs we have cases." " 'Nothing,' said the man. So saying, Gabriel took the animals into the hall.

" The matter appeared suspicious to me, but I thought Herr Hummel called out into the room: "Good even-

one might at least try them. I lifted the beasts into the ing, Phillippine; here, I have brought you something." carriage; they were quiet as lambs. 'What do you call Frau Hummel came to the door with a light, and the dogs.'' I cried out from the carriage. looked astonished at the present, which whined at her " 'Brauhahn and Goslar,' said the man, laughing like feet. This humility disposed the lady to regard them a devil." with benevolence. " Those are not dogs' names, Herr Hummel," inter- " But they are frightful," she said, dubiously, as the posed Gabriel, shaking his head. red and the black sat down on each side of her, wagging

" I said that to the man, and he replied, 'They have their tails and looking up at her from under their shaggy not been baptised.' 'But the rope is yours,' I said; and eyebrows. "And why are there two?" only think, Gabriel, this black fellow answered me: " They are not intended for exhibition," returned

« Keep it; you may hang yourself with it.' I wished to Herr Hummel in a pacifying tone; "they are country throw the dogs out of the carriage again, but the man stock—one is only a deputy." had vanished into the wood like a will-o'-the-wisp." After this presentation they were carried off to a

"That is a bad story," said Gabriel, much troubled; shed. Gabriel once more tried their capacity of eating "these dogs have been reared in no Christian house. and drinking; they showed themselves thoroughly satis- And will you really keep such hobgoblins?" factory in this respect, though not distinguished dogs as "I will make the attempt," said Herr Hummel. regards personal beauty, and Gabriel went to his room

"After all, a dog is a dog." free from anxiety.

" Be careful, Herr Hummel, there is something mys- When the clock struck ten, and the gate which di- terious in the beasts." vided the court-yard from the street was closed, Herr " Nonsense!" Hummel went down himself to the dogs' shed in order " They are monsters," continued Gabriel, counting to initiate these new watchers in their calling. He was -on his fingers; "first, they have not the names of earthly much astonished, on opening the door, to find that they dogs; secondly, they are offered without money; thirdly, did not require any encouraging words from him—both no man knows what these beasts will eat." creatures rushed between his legs out into the yard.

" As to their appetite, you will not have to wait long," As if driven by an invisible whip, they coursed round replied the master of the house. the house and factory without ceasing—always together, Gabriel drew a bit of bread out of his pocket, and and never silent. Hitherto they had been depressed the dogs snapped at it. "In this respect they are of the and quiet; now, either on account of the good food they right species," he said, a little tranquilized; "but what had devoured or because their night watch had come, are they to be called in your house?" they became so noisy that even Herr Hummel drew " The Brauhahn I shall call Fighthahn," replied back in astonishment. Their hoarse short bark over-

Herr Hummel ; "and in my family no dog shall be called powered the horn of the night watchman and the call Goslar. I cannot bear this drink." He cast a hostile of their master, who wished to recommend moderation look at the neighboring house. "Other people have such to them. They chased wildly round the court inces- stuff fetched every day across the street, but that is no santly, and a continuous yelping accompanied their reason why I should suffer such a word in my house- stormy race. The windows of the house were opened. hold. The black shall from this day forth be called " This will be a stormy night, Herr Hummel," cried Fight/^a^^ and the red Spite/iaAn—that is settled. out Gabriel.

" But, Herr Hummel, those are clearly offensive " But, Henry, this is insupportable," cried out his names," exclaimed Gabriel ; "that will make the matter wife from her bedroom. worse." " It is only their first joy," said Herr Hummel, con- " That is my affair," said Herr Hummel, decidedly. solingly, and withdrawing into the house. night "At they shall remain in the yard ; they must But this view appeared to be an error. Throughout guard the house." the whole night the barking of the dogs sounded from " So long as they do but preserve their bodies," said the court-yard. In the houses of the neighborhood,

Gabriel, warningly ; "but this kind come and vanish as also, shutters were thrown open, and loud words of re- they please—not as we wish." proach addressed to Herr Hummel. The following " Yet they are not of the devil," rejoined Herr Hum- morning he arose in a state of uncertainty. Even his mel, laughing. own sound sleep had been disturbed by the reproaches " ; !;

THE OPEN COURT. 797 of his wife, who now sat at breakfast angry and afflicted " My dear pa, good morrow The dogs cause great sorrow, with a headache. When he entered the court-yard, and They are not delightful gathered from his people the complaints they had heard Their bark is just frightful from the neighbors, even he hesitated for a moment Their ardor and sanguinity whether he should keep the dogs as an addition to his Disturb the vicinity. household. For the sake of our neighborhood, Be noble, generous and good." Ill luck would have it that just at this moment the porter of Herr Hahn entered the court-yard, and with Hummel laughed so heartily that the work in the defiant mien announced that Herr Hahn must insist factory stopped, and every one was amazed at his good humor. its upon Herr Hummel removing this outrageous barking, Then he marked the note with the date of reception, it or he should be obliged to seek redress at the police put in his pocket-book, and after the examination court. of the letters which arrived, he betook himself into his This attack of his opponent decided the inward the garden. He looked at little daughter struggle of Herr Hummel. sprinkling the beds with her watering-pot, and his heart swelled with a father's pride. With what grace she " If I can bear the barking of my dogs, other people turned and bent, and her dark locks round can do so. The bells play there and the dogs sing how hung the blooming face, and how actively she raised and here, and if any one wishes to hear my views before the police court he will hear enough." swung the watering-pot; and, on perceiving him, when she put it held her finger threateningly He returned into the house and stepped up with down and at him, he quite enchanted. dignity to his suffering wife. " You are my wife, was Phillippine; you are a clever woman, and I will yield "Verses again," he called out to her, "I have re- to you in everything wherein you show a rational ceived Number Nine." will." "And you will be my good papa," cried Laura,, " Shall two dogs come between you and me?" asked hastening toward him and stroking his chin; "send the wife, with faltering voice. them away." " Never," replied Herr Hummel; "there must be do- "Look you, child," said the father, composedly. "I mestic peace, and I am sorry that you have a headache, have already spoken to your mother about it, and I have and to please you I would remove the beasts. But I already explained to her why I cannot dispose of them.. have come into contact again with this coxcomb. For Now, I cannot do, to please you, what I have not the second time he threatens me with justice and police. yielded to your mother; that would be contrary to all family rule. Respect your mother, little girl. My honor is at stake, and I can no longer give in. " Be a good wife, Phillippine, and try to bear it some You are a hard-hearted father," replied the nights with cotton in your ears, till the dogs have got daughter, pouting; "and see, you are unjust in this accustomed to their work." affair." " " Henry," replied the wife, wearily, "I have never " Oh, oh! cried the father, " is that the way you ap- doubted your heart; but your character is rough, and proach me? the voices of the dogs are too horrible. Can you, in "What harm does that ringing of the bells up there order to establish your jvill, see your wife suffer, and do to us? The little summer-house is pretty, and when evening, there is become seriously ill, from sleeplessness? Will you, in we sit in the garden in the and a order to maintain your character, sacrifice peace with breeze, and the bells tinkle gently, that sounds well—it the neighborhood ?" is like Mozart's Magic Flute." " " I do not desire that you should be ill, but I will There is no opera here," cried Hummel, angrily, not give away the dogs," replied Herr Hummel, seizing "but public streets; and when my little dogs bark his felt hat, and going to the factory with heavy steps. you can equally have your theatrical ideas, and imagine If Herr Hummel indulged in the hope that he had that you are in the wolf's den —in the Freischiitz." ended the domestic struggle as conqueror, he was " No, my father," answered the daughter, eagerly, greatly in error. There was still another power in his " you are unjust to these people ; for you wish to play home, who opened the campaign in a different manner. them a trick, and that vexes me to my heart's core. It When Hummel approached his desk in his litttle is not worthy of my father." counting-house, he saw near the inkstand a nosegay of " Yet you must bear it," replied Hummel, doggedly, flowers. Attached to the pink ribbon hung a note, " for this is a quarrel between men. Police regulations which was sealed with a forget-me-not, and addressed settle such affairs, and your verses are altogether out of

—" To my dear Father." place. And as regards the names, it is possible that

" That is my bright-eyed girl," he murmured, and other words like Adolar, Ingomar, and Marquis Posa, opening the note read the following lines: might sound better to you women. But this is no —

798 THK OPEN COURT. reason for me; my names are practical. As regards had correctly noted in her diary, when the ball of mis- flowers and books, I will do much to please you, but in chief has been thrown amongst men, it mercilessly hits the matter of dogs I cannot take poetry into considera- the good as well as the bad. The dog was supplied tion." So saying, he turned his back upon his daughter, with the most inoffensive name that ever was given; in order to avoid protracting the dispute. but through a wonderful complication of circumstances,

Laura, however, hastened to her mother's room, and which bid defiance to all human sagacity, it happened the ladies took counsel together. that Herr Hahn himself bore the name of Andreas. " The noise was bad enough," complained Laura, Thus the double name of the animal became a double " but the names are terrible. I cannot use these words, affront to the neighboring house, and bad and good in- and you ought not to suffer our people to do so, either." tentions mingled together in a thick, black soup of " Dear child," answered the experienced mother, hatred.

" one has to pass through much in this world which is Early in the morning Herr Hummel appeared at the unpleasant, but what most grieves me is that which is door, and defiantly, like Ajax, called the two dogs by done against the dignity of women in their own houses. their hostile names. The porter, Ruddy, heard the call I shall say no more on the subject. I agree with you in the cellar, hastened to his master's room, and informed that both the names by which the dogs are called are him of this horrible affront. Frau Hahn endeavored an insult to our neighbor. But if your father were to not to believe the thing, and maintained that they should, discover that behind his back we called them Phoebus at least, wait for the confirmation of it. This confirma- and Azor, it would make matters worse." tion did not fail to come; for at noonday Gabriel opened " No one at least must give utterance to the other the door of the place where the dogs were confined, and names who cares for my friendship," said Laura, made the creatures come out for a quarter of an hour's decidedly, and entered into the court-yard. sunning in the garden. Laura, who was sitting among Gabriel was employing his leisure in making obser- her flowers, and was just looking out for her secret vations on the new comers. He was frequently attracted ideal—a famous singer, who, with his glossy black hair to the dogs' shed in order to establish the certainty of and military gait was just passing by—determined, like the earthly nature of the strangers. a courageous maiden, not to peer after her favorite "What is your opinion?" asked Laura, approaching through the foliage of the vine arbor, and turned toward him. the dogs. In order to accustom the red one to his new " I have my opinion," answered the servant, peering name, she enticed him with a bit of cake, and called him into the interior of the shed, " namely, that there is some- several times by the unfortunate name, " Andres." At thing suspicious about them. Did you remark the song of the same moment, Dorchen rushed to Frau Hahn, say- those ravens the other night? No real dog barks like ing: "It is true; now even Fraulein Laura calls it by that; they whine and moan and occasionally groan and the Christian name of our master." speak like little children. They eat like other dogs, but Frau Hahn stepped to the window much shocked, their mode of life is unusual. See, now they cower and herself heard the name of her dear husband. down, as if they had been struck on the mouth because She retreated quickly, for this insult of her neighbor's the sun shines on them. And then, dear young lady, brought tears into her eyes, and she sought for her the name!" pocket-handkerchief to wipe them away unperceived by Laura looked with curiosity at the beasts. her maid. Madame Hahn was a good woman, calm " We will alter the names secretly, Gabriel ; this one and agreeable, with a tendency to plumpness and shall only be called Ruddy." an inclination quietly to do anything for the sake of

" That would certainly be better; it would at least peace. But this heartlessness of the daughter roused not be an insult to Herr Hahn, but only to the tenant of her anger. She instantly fetched her cloak from the the basement." closet, and went with the utmost determination across "What do you mean by that?" the street to the garden of the hostile neighbors. " The porter who lives out there is called Ruddy." ( To be continued.) "Then," decided Laura, "the red monster shall from henceforth be named The Other; our people shall The richest genius, like the most fertile soil, when call him Andres.* Tell this to the workmen in the uncultivated, shoots up into the rankest weeds; and, in- factory." stead of vines and olives for the pleasure and use of man, "Andres!" replied Gabriel. "The name will just produces to its slothful owner the most abundant crop suit him. It will be too much honor to him." of poisons. Hume. Thus were kind hearts occupied in preventing the From nature we possess no defect that could not be- bad signification of the name; but in vain, for, as Laura come a virtue, and no virtue that could not become a M wi/rui means " the other." fault.— Goethe. — THK OPKN COURT. BOOKS RECEIVED. [The Open Court acknowledges the receipt of all hooks, but the editor Otto ^Wettstein's cannot pledge liitnselj to have all revieTi/ed.'\

Physiography. By W. Mawer, F. G. S. London: John Marshall & Co. Geological Evidences of Evolution. By Ang-elo Heilprin. Phila- delphia: By the Author. The Man Who Was Guilty. By Flora Haines Longhead. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Winter. From the Journal of Henry D. Thoreau. Boston: Houg-hton, Jewelry Store, Mifflin & Co. A Home Study IN Natural History. By Dr. Felix P. Oswald. Cin- Established in 1867 cinnati. Thomas Paine; The Author-Hero of the Revolution. By Juliet H. ILXj. Severance. Chicag-o: The Alarm Company. The Study of Religion. By James Martineau. Two vols. London; Henry Frowde. New York: MacMillan & Co. Devoted to the work of establishing ethics in commerce, evolution in trade A Dissertation on Theism. By Hy. Truro Bray, M. A., LL.D. Boone- and distributing, throughout the world, honest goods upon an economic basis in giving to the public the matured experience of a life-time of practical appli- ville, Mo. : By the Author. cation to the Horologer's Art and Jeweler's Profe=;sion at The Trial of the Judgment; A Review of the Anarchist Case. By Gen. M. M. Trumbull. Chicago: Health and Home Publishing Company. COST. Annual Report of the Trustees of the Perkins Institution. Bos- MINIMUM ton: Wright & Potter Printing Company. Kindergarten for the Blind. Boston: Rand- Avery Company. WATCHES! WATCHESI WATCHES!

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Herbert Spencer, a Mr. Abbot. p. S.—Also Designer and Patentee of L'exposition est exacte et complete, la discussion pendtrante. L'auteur, tout en se maintenant dans son role d'historien et de The New and Beautiful Freethought Badge. critique, ne s'interdit pas d'avoir une opinion motivee sur des " A pin, whose torch and golden sheen Would grace the breast of Sheba's queen, problemes dont aucun qui pense ne saurait se ddsinteres- homme And will lend grace in coming time ser. II combat le scepticisme religieux de Hume, aussi bien que To queens of beauty more sublime." (From autograph letter, written by Hon. Elizur Wright, aged Si years, I'evolutionisme et la theorie de I'inconnaissable de Spencer, et eight days before his death.) dans une conclusion courte mais substantielle, il expose les raisons '/<-^ philosophiques qu'il croit avoir d'admettre un Dieu crdateur et personnel; le style est toujours clair et permet de suivre ais^ment Respectfully ded- Design patented icated to all inde- la pens^e; sans rien dissimuler de la difficulte des problemes, il Feb. 24, 1SS5. Ex- pendent and en rend I'accfes possible-a ceux-la qui n'ont pas fait des mSme act size and model. thoughtful minds of questions philosophiques I'objet exclusif de leurs Etudes. Warranted solid every shade of re- spiritual gold, artistic and ligious, and scientific thought ••• ••• beautiful, enameled Revue Philosophique. throughou t the in five colors.

NO. DE JANVIER, 1888. -HoireHjj

TH. RIBOT, Directeur. Represents in artistically wrought gold and two shades of blue enamel Freethought and the Rising Sun of Science. The burning Torch of Reason flame enameled in fire colors; and in contrasts the Light and Day of Knowledge vs. the Night and Darkness of Superstition in black enamel and gold. Svmbolizes the evolution of the world from the night of superstition A. £SP/JVAS, revolution mentale chez les animaux. to the light of freethought, science and reason. Is made in two sizes, as above, and about two-thirds size. Both in pins, J^. PA ULHAN, I'associationnisme et I'a synthase psychique. scarf-pins, sleeve-buttons, charms, etc. Charms combined on the reverse side ADAM, Pascal et Descartes. with lodge emblems, U. M. L., monograms, lockets, etc., if desired. Prices:—Large pins, 10k, $3; 14K, $^.50, $4; extra heavy, $5; Small pins, Analyses et comptes rendus. P^riodiques Strangers. lok, gz; 14k, $2.75; extra heavy, $3.75. For diamond in sun, add $2 and S5, according to size. Charms: small $3 and elaborate, with ornamented top Abonnements, Paris, 30 fr. Ddpartements et Etranger, 33 fr. $5; and diamond, S5 to $10; larger, $5, %S, $10 to S25. Special designs made to order. All guaranteed solid gold, and sent prepaid by mail, and cash refunded FELIX ALCAN, Editeur, Paris. if not satisfactory. THE • OPEN • COURT PUBLISHED BY THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO. EDWARD C. HEGELER, Pr,siJein. DR. PAUL CARL'S, Editor..

The Open Court is a fortnightly journal devoted to the work of conciliating Relip:ion with Science. The founder and editor have found this conciliation in Monism—to present and defend which is the main object of Thb Open Court. It contains in its recent numbers:

The Specific Energies of the Nervous System, - - - dr. ewald hering. In Nos. 22 avd 23. Ewald Hering", Professor of Physiolog-y at the University of Prague—the same to whom the£«cyc. ffriV., under the heading of Physiologv, devotes several col- umns- pres nts in this essay, in most popularlanguage, the lea'ding ideas in the recent investigations of physiology. His essay on Memory is contained in Nos. 6 and 7.

The Education of Parents by their Children, - - - carus sterne. In Nos. 22 and 2j. An essay full of fine thoug^ht and psychological depth.

The Fool in the Drama, franz helbig- /« Nns. 22 and 23. Franz Helbig, an able scholar, whose attainments as an author on historical subjects, especially in the domain of the history of civilizafon, are much- appreciated, contrasts in this article folly and wisdom and shows the philosophical significance of the fool as a character on the sta^e.

Evolution and Idealism, ...... prof. e. d. cope. In No. 23. A very able statement of Positivism and scientific inquirv versus the imagination of a wrong Idealism. Prof. Cope treats this subject with perspicuity and strength. Social The Problem and the Church, ..... morrison i. swift. In No. 23. The .luthor of this article asks the Churches to boldly face the problem of the day, and expects them to do their duty in the field of social reform.

The Ethics of Economics, geo. m. gould. In Nos. 24, 25 and 26.

It will save us much distress if in political economy we begin with ethics instead of being driven to it by painful experience. Labor is the life-blood of man, and the ethical significan-'e of money is that it represents labor. The author inculcates that labor and money paid for labor should be equivalent.

' The Process of Progress, - rudolf weyler. In No. 24, The problem of death treated in connection with the progress oi evolution.

Language, g. p. powell.. In Nos, 24 and 26. This essay of the American scholar should be compared with the essays by Max MUUer. The study of language is of interest to the lawyer as weir as the clergyman, the scientist as well as the teacher.

Reflex Motions, g. h. Schneider. In No. 24. G. H. Schneider's book, Der Menschlicke JVtVe, is one of the most prominent delineations of modern psychological research. The essay on Reflex Motion contains the fundamental propositions of physiological psychology.

The Value of Doubt in the Study of History, - - - gen. m. m. trumbull- /n J^o. 2J. It will be interesting lo the veterans of 1861-65 to read the article of their famous comrade. The essay of General Trumbull may serve as an introduction to the many war accounts and memoirs. Teachers can read the article with their students as an instructive lesson for historical 'research.

Determinism versus Indeterminism, prof, georg von gizycki. In Kos. 2y and 2b. George Von Gizycki is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Berlin. His name is well known beyond the boundary of his country. The problem of the Freedom of the Will has perhaps never been treated in a clearer and more forcible

To Arms, and ------, T',. o^ „ ^ T T V wheelbarrow. iHE FoETS OF Liberty and Labor, :[ In Nos. 22 and 2b. Wheelbarrow has rapidly gained a well deserved reputation as an author. He treats the social question from the standpoint of a laborer and speaks ' " " " from his own experience. He unites in his writings Old Saxon simplicity,nplicity, sincerity of heart, the truthfulnesstruthfi of honesty and warm sympathy for justice- and right. The Simplicity of Language,

The Identity of Language and Thought, - - - - max mDller. Persona, ...... J-

,'. - In Nos. Q'll, 12-r4 and iq~20. Max MUller's essays mu.st not only he reatlji they must be studied; and we should be very greatful that the eminent philologist uses so simple language. In spite of all the simplicity of Max MilUcr's style_, it takes much careful study to fathom the depth of his thoughts. Gustav Freytag's novel, The Lost Manuscript, commences in No. 22. Reference is made to the significance of this famous work of fiction in Editoral ' * Notes of No. 22 and No. 26.

The Open Court's definition of Religion is found in a letter of Mr. E. C. Hegeler's, published in No. 35, and in the editorial of No. 24, "Monism and Religion."

The editorial of No. 25, "Anarchism and Socialism," is an impartial and objective review of the social questic The editorial of No. 25, "Evolution and Immortality," grapples with the probUms of death and immortality in their mutual relation and proposes their solution by the evolutionary doctrine, as viewed from the standpoint of Monism. TRADE SUPPLIED BT THE WES'JERN NEWS COMPANY.