DOCSLIB.ORG

Artificial Nests Maintain Diversity of Arboreal Ants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Artificial Nests Maintain Diversity of Arboreal Ants Ecological Applications, 15(4), 2005, pp. 1478-1485 © 2005 by the Ecological Society of America NEST-SITE LIMITATION IN COFFEE AGROECOSYSTEMS: ARTIFICIAL NESTS MAINTAIN DIVERSITY OF ARBOREAL ANTS STACY M. PHILPOTT' AND PAUL F. FOSTER Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 830 N. University Avenue, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048 USA Abstract. Nest sites are a limiting resource for arboreal twig-nesting ants, and nest sites may be increasingly limited with habitat modification. One such habitat modification is the conversion of traditional coffee farms, where coffee is cultivated under a dense, diverse shade canopy, to more intensive production systems with reduced canopy cover and lower diversity, height, and density of shade trees. As a result of such management intensification, ant diversity declines. We ask here if: (1) nest sites are a limiting resource for arboreal twig-nesting ants in coffee farms, especially in intensively managed systems and (2) nest-site limitation is a mechanism causing loss of ant diversity with coffee man- agement intensification. During 2000-2003, we investigated occupancy, species richness, and species composition of arboreal twig-nesting ants using natural (hollow coffee twig) and artificial (bamboo stem) nests in farms either with high or low diversity and density of shade trees. In both high- and low-shade sites ants occupied a majority (>55%) of natural nests and occupied some (>15%) artificial nests, and significantly more artificial nests were occupied in low-shade sites. In both high- and low-shade sites, ant richness was higher in artificial than in natural nests. More species occupied natural nests in low-shade sites, and more species occupied artificial nests in high-shade sites. Furthermore, species composition differed between nest types, with more ant species found more often or only in artificial nests. These results indicate that, although ants are not strongly nest-site limited in coffee agroecosystems, nest limitation increases somewhat with increasing management intensi- fication. Reductions in numbers of nest sites may be a mechanism causing ant diversity loss with coffee management intensification. Interestingly, because relatively fewer species colonized artificial nests in the low-shade site, ants may be recruitment limited in the low- shade sites, possibly maintaining low ant richness in these sites. Key words: biodiversity loss; biological control; Chiapas, Mexico; coffee agroecosystem; nest- site limitation; recruitment limitation; twig-nesting ants. INTRODUCTION nest-site limitation is suggested when ants: (1) occupy Ants are diverse and abundant in tropical habitats, "^^^"^ proportions of available nests (Torres 1984, Byrne sometimes making up >85% of arthropod biomass in 1^94), (2) occupy artificial nests implying natural nests forest canopies (Hölldobler and Wilson 1990, Davidson ^""^ "«t abundant enough (Berbers 1986, Perfecto and 1997, Davidson et al. 2003). Ants use many nest sub- Vandermeer 1994, Andresen 2003), (3) compete for strates including soil, leaf litter, tree stumps, plant dom- "^st sites (Davidson et al. 1989, Way and Bolton 1997, atia, and dry or fallen twigs (Hölldobler and Wilson Stanton et al. 2002, Solano et al. 2003), and (4) ag- 1990) and are frequently assumed to be nest-site lim- gressively take over nests occupied by other ants (Brian ited. Although litter twig-nesting ants may be limited 1952, Yamaguchi 1992, Hasegawa 1993, Vasconcelos by either size or availability of twig nests (Berbers 1993, Cerda and Retana 1998). Although distributions 1986, Kaspari 1996, Foitzik and Heinze 1998, Fonseca of some species are not determined by competitive in- 1999), relatively less is known about nest Kmitation in teractions (Fernandez-Escudero and Tinaut 1999, Ribas arboreal twig-nesters (Carroll 1979). Nest-space limi- and Schoereder 2002) and nest colonization by some tation may mean that only larger ants can occupy larger ants is not affected by ant presence on the same plants nests (i.e., those with greater volume or larger entrañe- (Byrne 1994), nest-site limitation is arguably the stron- es); (Fonseca 1999), and smaller ants dominate smaller gest factor by which the number and size of arboreal nests (Carroll 1979, but see Byrne 1994). Evidence for twig-nesting ant colonies are limited (Carroll 1979), a factor which may be exacerbated by habitat modifi- Manuscript received 28 September 2004; accepted 8 Novem- cations, ber 2004; Final version received 21 January 2005. Corresponding Converting natural ecosystems to agroecosystems or Editor: J. A. Logan. • ^ -c • ^ • 4- -t ,• ,? • ., • ... •• ,^ •T intensifying agroecosystems may increase nest-site ' Present address: Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, Na- ./ o 0 tional Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Wash- limitation resulting in lower ant abundance and diver- ington, D.C. 20008 USA. E-mail: [email protected] sity. Normally, as natural ecosystems are converted to 1478 August 2005 ARTIFICIAL NESTS PROMOTE ANT DIVERSITY 1479 agroecosystems (or as agroecosystems are intensified), density, and percent cover (Belen Rustic [BR] and Ir- trees are eliminated or pruned. Coffee was traditionally landa Restoration [IR]) and another area of low shade cultivated under a diverse, dense shade canopy, but tree diversity, height, density, and percent cover (Belen recent production is characterized by increased man- Production [BP] and Irlanda Production [IP]) (Mas and agement intensity•namely removing or reducing the Dietsch 2003, Perfecto et al. 2003). We thus examined density and diversity of shade trees, shade tree pruning, natural and artificial nest densities and occupation in and intensive use of agrochemicals and fertilizers (Mo- two high- and two low-shade sites. guel and Toledo 1999). Coffee intensification is also We first examined abundance and ant occupation of associated with lower ant diversity (Nestel and available twig nests defined as naturally occurring hol- Dickschen 1990, Perfecto and Snelling 1995, Perfecto low coffee twigs. On 13 dates, approximately every et al. 1996, 1997, Roberts et al. 2000, Perfecto and two months from July 2000 to June 2001 and again Vandermeer 2002, Armbrecht and Perfecto 2003). Ar- from December 2001 to March 2003, we broke off all boreal twig-nesting ants use dry hollow twigs in trees dry twigs from 10 previously unsampled coffee bushes and other vegetation as nests. As shade trees are pruned in each site for a total of 560 coffee plants (101 in BR, or removed, the total number of available nest sites 140 in IR, 120 in BP, and 199 in IP) and 9323 individual decreases, and arboreal ants may be increasingly forced twigs. For each coffee bush sampled, we counted total into the coffee layer where ant nest-site limitation numbers of dry twigs, hollow twigs, ant-occupied should increase. Furthermore, as the number of avail- twigs, and recorded the identity of each ant species able nest sites declines, ant diversity and abundance found. We considered a nest to be occupied if it con- may decline because inferior competitors may not per- tained alates (males or queens), brood, and/ or workers. sist in intensively managed farms. Thus one mechanism We calculated proportion of available nests (hollow underlying the loss of ant diversity may be increased twigs) occupied by ants for each shade type (high and nest-site limitation due to a decrease in the number of low) and sampling date. available nest sites. To study artificial nest use by twig-nesting ants, we We investigated if arboreal twig-nesting ants in cof- attached hollow bamboo twigs in coffee bushes with fee agroecosystems are nest-site limited by measuring twist ties and later checked artificial nests for ant oc- ant use of natural and artificial nests. We specifically cupants. Every two months between July 2000 and June tested if (1) nest sites are a limiting resource for twig- 2001 and December 2001 to January 2003, we placed nesting ants, (2) nest sites become more limiting with five bamboo twigs (10-20 cm long with 3-10 mm di- coffee management intensification, and (3) nest-site ameter openings at one end) on each of 20 coffee bush- limitation is a mechanism for loss of ant diversity with es, flush with branches, 0.5-2.0 m above ground. We coffee intensification. We predicted that (1) ants would used bamboo of these varying sizes to best approximate occupy most natural and artificial nests sites and (2) a the size and size variation of nests in hollow coffee higher proportion of natural and artificial nests would twigs. After two months, for a total of 14 harvests, we be occupied in more intensively managed (low-shade) removed and opened all nests and recorded the number sites because of a lower availability of nest sites in of nests recovered, number occupied, and the identity low-shade sites. Furthermore, it is possible that some of the species occupying the nest. Voucher specimens ant species (inferior competitors) will have been ex- of all ants that could not be identified to species will cluded from natural nests due to competition such that be deposited in collections at the Smithsonian Insti- natural nests are primarily occupied by a few species tution. Some nests (7.6%) fell or were lost during the of competitive dominants. We thus expected that in- two-month period, but we harvested a total of 4605 creasing nest availability would increase ant diversity artificial nests (1122 in BR, 1213 in IR, 1094 in BP, so that (1) ant richness would be greater in artificial and 1176 in IP). Again, all nests with alates, brood, nests (i.e., after less time for competitive exclusion), and/or workers were included as occupied. We calcu- and (2) ant species composition would differ between lated occupancy as the total number of occupied arti- nest types where more species occur in a higher pro- ficial nests per total nests recovered, standardized as portion of artificial nests than natural nests (i.e., natural nest occupancy per 60 days. For both natural and ar- nests are dominated by a few species).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Forest and Savanna in the Biosphere Reserve Beni, Bolivia 199-214 ©Staatl
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Andrias Jahr/Year: 1994 Band/Volume: 13 Autor(en)/Author(s): Verhaagh Manfred, Rosciszewski Krzysztof Artikel/Article: Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of forest and savanna in the Biosphere Reserve Beni, Bolivia 199-214 ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at andrias, 13: 199-214; Karlsruhe, 30. 9. 1994 199 Manfred V erhaagh & K rzysztof RoéciszEWSKi Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of forest and savanna in the Biosphere Reserve Beni, Bolivia Abstract siete dias: 121 en islas forestales, 74 en bosque de tierra During an expedition to Bolivia in 1993 ants have been collec­ firme y 59 en la sabana. 29 especies y un género fueron ted in different habitats (terra firme forest, inundation savanna, encontrados por la primera vez en Bolivia. Los géneros los and forest islands in savanna) in the Biosphere Reserve mas ricos en especies fueron Camponotus (28 spp.), Pheidole „Estación Biológica del Beni" Intense, mainly hand collecting (25 spp.) y Pseudomyrmex (20 spp.). La comparación de los yielded a total of 188 ant species within seven days. 121 spe­ tres biotopos monstró que la fauna de las islas forestales cies were collected from forest islands, 74 from terra firme entre sí fue la mas similar (S orensen cociente: S < 40%). forest and 59 from savanna. 21 species and one genus are Islas forestales y bosque de tierra firme o sea islas forestales recorded for the first time from Bolivia. Most diverse ant gene­ y sabana (incluido arboles) monstraron una similitud de S = ra were Camponotus (28 spp.), Pheidole (25 spp.) and Pseu- 30-40%.
    [Show full text]
  • Twignesting Ants: the Hidden Predators of the Coffee Berry Borer
    BIOTROPICA 42(3): 342–347 2010 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00603.x Twig-Nesting Ants: The Hidden Predators of the Coffee Berry Borer in Chiapas, Mexico Ashley Larsen1,3 and Stacy M. Philpott2 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 830 N. University, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48195, U.S.A. 2 Department of Environmental Sciences, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Mail stop 604, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Coffee is a globally important crop that is subject to numerous pest problems, many of which are partially controlled by predatory ants. Yet several studies have proposed that these ecosystem services may be reduced where agricultural systems are more intensively managed. Here we investigate the predatory ability of twig- nesting ants on the main pest of coffee, the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) under different management systems in southwest Chiapas, Mexico. We conducted both laboratory and field experiments to examine which twig-nesting ant species, if any, can prey on free-living borers or can remove borers embedded in coffee fruits and whether the effects of the twig-nesting ant community differ with habitat type. Results indicate that several species of twig-nesting ants are effective predators of both free-living borers and those embedded in coffee fruits. In the lab, Pseudomyrmex ejectus, Pseudomyrmex simplex, and Pseudomyrmex PSW-53 effectively removed free-living and embedded borers. In the field, abundance, but not diversity, of twig-nesting ant colonies was influenced by shade management techniques, with the highest colony abundance present in the sites where shade trees were recently pruned.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Arboreal Ants Form Dominance Hierarchies Over Nesting Resources in Agroecosystems
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/442632; this version posted October 13, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Tropical arboreal ants form dominance hierarchies over nesting resources in 2 agroecosystems. 3 4 Senay Yibarek1§ 5 Stacy M. Philpott2 6 7 1Department of Integrative Biology 8 University of California, Berkeley 9 VLSB 5017, Berkeley, California 94720 10 11 2Environmental Studies Department 12 University of California, Santa Cruz 13 1156 High Street 14 Santa Cruz, CA 95064 15 16 17 18 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/442632; this version posted October 13, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 19 Abstract 20 Interspecific dominance hierarchies have been widely reported across animal systems. While 21 some dominant individuals (winners) get to monopolize resources, during dyadic interactions, 22 they can increase their relative fitness as compared to subdominant individuals (losers). In some 23 ant species, dominance hierarchies have been used to explain species coexistence and 24 community structure. However, it remains unclear whether or in what contexts dominance 25 hierarchies occur in tropical ant communities. Furthermore, it can be challenging to infer and 26 quantify reliable dominance hierarchies from observed interactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Strong Influences of a Dominant, Ground‐Nesting Ant on Recruitment
    UC Santa Cruz UC Santa Cruz Previously Published Works Title Strong influences of a dominant, groundânesting ant on recruitment, and establishment of ant colonies and communities Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3hp7d2fc Journal Biotropica., 49(4) ISSN 0006-3606 Authors Ennis, Katherine K Stacy M. Philpott Publication Date 2017-07-01 DOI 10.1111/btp.12347 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California BIOTROPICA 0(0): 1–10 2017 10.1111/btp.12347 Strong influences of a dominant, ground-nesting ant on recruitment, and establishment of ant colonies and communities Katherine K. Ennis1, and Stacy M. Philpott Environmental Studies Department, University of California, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Many factors drive the organization of communities including environmental factors, dispersal abilities, and competition. In particular, ant communities have high levels of interspecific competition and dominance that may affect community assembly processes. We used a combination of surveys and nest supplementation experiments to examine effects of a dominant ground-nesting ant (Pheidole synanthrop- ica) on (1) arboreal twig-nesting, (2) ground-foraging, and (3) coffee-foraging ant communities in coffee agroecosystems. We surveyed these communities in high- and low-density areas of P. synanthropica over 2 years. To test for effects on twig ant recruitment, we placed artificial nesting resources on coffee plants in areas with and without P. synanthropica.Thefirst sampling period revealed differences in ant species composition on the ground, in coffee plants, and artificial nests between high- and low-density sites of P. synanthropica. High- density sites also had significantly lower recruitment of twig ants and had species-specific effects on twig ant species.
    [Show full text]
  • V. 15 N. 1 Janeiro/Abril De 2020
    v. 15 n. 1 janeiro/abril de 2020 Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Ciências Naturais v. 15, n. 1 janeiro-abril 2020 BOLETIM DO MUSEU PARAENSE EMÍLIO GOELDI. CIÊNCIAS NATURAIS (ISSN 2317-6237) O Boletim do Museu Paraense de História Natural e Ethnographia foi criado por Emílio Goeldi e o primeiro fascículo surgiu em 1894. O atual Boletim é sucedâneo daquele. IMAGEM DA CAPA Elaborada por Rony Peterson The Boletim do Museu Paraense de História Natural e Ethnographia was created by Santos Almeida e Lívia Pires Emilio Goeldi, and the first number was issued in 1894. The present one is the do Prado. successor to this publication. EDITOR CIENTÍFICO Fernando da Silva Carvalho Filho EDITORES DO NÚMERO ESPECIAL Lívia Pires do Prado Rony Peterson Santos Almeida EDITORES ASSOCIADOS Adriano Oliveira Maciel Alexandra Maria Ramos Bezerra Aluísio José Fernandes Júnior Débora Rodrigues de Souza Campana José Nazareno Araújo dos Santos Junior Valéria Juliete da Silva William Leslie Overal CONSELHO EDITORIAL CIENTÍFICO Ana Maria Giulietti - Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana - Feira de Santana - Brasil Augusto Shinya Abe - Universidade Estadual Paulista - Rio Claro - Brasil Carlos Afonso Nobre - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - São José dos Campos - Brasil Douglas C. Daly - New York Botanical Garden - New York - USA Hans ter Steege - Utrecht University - Utrecht - Netherlands Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira - Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi - Belém - Brasil John Bates - Field Museum of Natural History - Chicago - USA José Maria Cardoso da
    [Show full text]
  • A Metacommmunity Approach to Co-Occurrence Patterns and the Core-Satellite Hypothesis in a Community of Tropical Arboreal Ants
    Ecol Res (2010) 25: 1129–1140 DOI 10.1007/s11284-010-0738-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE George F. Livingston • Stacy M. Philpott A metacommmunity approach to co-occurrence patterns and the core-satellite hypothesis in a community of tropical arboreal ants Received: 6 April 2010 / Accepted: 31 May 2010 / Published online: 15 July 2010 Ó The Ecological Society of Japan 2010 Abstract Inferring mechanisms of community assembly included in the co-occurrence matrix, patterns become from co-occurrence patterns is difficult in systems where aggregated for all three species groupings. This suggests assembly processes occur at multiple spatial scales and that P. simplex ‘‘assembles’’ the community by providing a among species with heterogeneous dispersal abilities. core metapopulation that other species track. Analyzing Here, we demonstrate that local scale analysis of co-occurrence patterns among candidate subsets of spe- co-occurrence patterns is inadequate to fully describe cies, at multiple spatial scales, and linking them to species assembly mechanisms and instead utilize a metacommu- traits substantially improves the explanatory power of nity and core-satellite approach. We generated a co-occurrence analyses in complex metacommunities. co-occurrence and life-history data set for a community of twig-nesting ants on coffee plants across 36 sites within a Keywords Assembly Æ Core-satellite hypothesis Æ tropical agroecosystem to test the following three Metacommunity Æ Tropical ecology Æ Co-occurrence hypotheses: (1) twig-nesting ant species compete for nest-sites, (2) they are structured as a metacommunity, and (3) core species show segregated patterns, while satellite species show random patterns of co-occurrence. Species Introduction were divided into four groups: core species that are well distributed regionally and dominant locally, regional do- Species co-occurrence patterns have been used to infer a minants that are well distributed regionally but do not range of mechanisms assembling ecological communi- dominate locally, local dominants that are dominant ties.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of an Epiphytic Orchid on Arboreal Ant Community Structure in Panama
    BIOTROPICA 43(6): 731–737 2011 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00764.x Effects of an Epiphytic Orchid on Arboreal Ant Community Structure in Panama Stephen P. Yanoviak1,5, Stefanie M. Berghoff2, K. Eduard Linsenmair2, and Gerhard Zotz3,4 1 Department of Biology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, U.S.A. 2 Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Theodor Boveri Institut, University of Wurzburg,¨ Am Hubland, 97074 Wurzburg,¨ Germany 3 Functional Ecology, University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany 4 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apdo 2072, Balboa, Panama ABSTRACT Epiphytes are conspicuous structural elements of tropical forest canopies. Individual tree crowns in lowland forests may support more than 30 ant species, yet we know little about the effects of epiphytes on ant diversity. We examined the composition of arboreal ant communities on Annona glabra trees and their interactions with the epiphytic orchid Caularthron bilamellatum in Panama. We surveyed the ants on 73 trees (45 with C. bilamellatum and 28 lacking epiphytes) and recorded their nest sites and behavioral dominance at baits. We found a total of 49 ant species (in 20 genera), ranging 1–9 species per tree. Trees with C. bilamellatum had higher average ( Æ SD) ant species richness (4.2 Æ 2.28) than trees without epiphytes (2.7 Æ 1.21). Hollow pseudobulbs (PBs) of C. bilamellatum were used as nest sites by 32 ant species, but only 43 percent of suitable PBs were occupied. Ant species richness increased with PB abundance in trees, but nest sites did not appear to be a limiting resource on A.
    [Show full text]
  • Synonymic List of Neotropical Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
    BIOTA COLOMBIANA Special Issue: List of Neotropical Ants Número monográfico: Lista de las hormigas neotropicales Fernando Fernández Sebastián Sendoya Volumen 5 - Número 1 (monográfico), Junio de 2004 Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Biota Colombiana 5 (1) 3 -105, 2004 Synonymic list of Neotropical ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Fernando Fernández1 and Sebastián Sendoya2 1Profesor Asociado, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, AA 7495, Bogotá D.C, Colombia. [email protected] 2 Programa de Becas ABC, Sistema de Información en Biodiversidad y Proyecto Atlas de la Biodiversidad de Colombia, Instituto Alexander von Humboldt. [email protected] Key words: Formicidae, Ants, Taxa list, Neotropical Region, Synopsis Introduction Ant Phylogeny Ants are conspicuous and dominant all over the All ants belong to the family Formicidae, in the superfamily globe. Their diversity and abundance both peak in the tro- Vespoidea, within the order Hymenoptera. The most widely pical regions of the world and gradually decline towards accepted phylogentic schemes for the superfamily temperate latitudes. Nonetheless, certain species such as Vespoidea place the ants as a sister group to Vespidae + Formica can be locally abundant in some temperate Scoliidae (Brother & Carpenter 1993; Brothers 1999). countries. In the tropical and subtropical regions numerous Numerous studies have demonstrated the monophyletic species have been described, but many more remain to be nature of ants (Bolton 1994, 2003; Fernández 2003). Among discovered. Multiple studies have shown that ants represent the most widely accepted characters used to define ants as a high percentage of the biomass and individual count in a group are the presence of a metapleural gland in females canopy forests.
    [Show full text]
  • First Standardized Inventory of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Natural Grasslands of Paraná: New Records for Southern Brazil
    First standardized inventory of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the natural grasslands of Paraná: New records for Southern Brazil Weslly Franco¹² & Rodrigo Machado Feitosa¹³ ¹ Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Departamento de Zoologia (DZOO), Laboratório de Sistemática e Biologia de Formigas (LSBF). Curitiba, PR, Brasil. ² ORCID: 0000-0003-2670-4527. E-mail: [email protected] (corresponding author) ³ ORCID: 0000-0001-9042-0129. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Despite the large number of studies investigating ant diversity in Brazilian biomes, no ant-related studies have been carried out in Campos Gerais, a grassland physiognomy in Paraná state. The present study is the first inventory of the ant fauna in one of the few conservation units protecting the Campos Gerais landscape, the Guartelá State Park (PEG). Sixty samples were collected from different habitats within PEG using pitfall traps. Qualitative samples of leaf litter were collected from forest frag- ments and submitted to Winkler extractors. In addition, manual qualitative sampling was carried out in the various physiogno- mies within the PEG. A total of 163 species was collected and sorted into 43 genera and nine subfamilies. Five genera and 28 species were recorded for the first time in the state of Paraná. Out of these, 17 species were also recorded for the first time in the Southern Region of Brazil and two were recorded for the first time to the country. The significant species richness in the PEG and the high number of new records is a strong sign of this ecosystem’s potential to reveal taxonomic novelties. These results suggest that PEG, and the Campos Gerais as a whole, should be the target of greater conservation efforts to preserve native remnants.
    [Show full text]
  • Nectar As Fuel for Plant Protectors
    //INTEGRAS/TEMPLATES/F:/3-PAGINATION/PPF/2-FIRST_PROOF/3B2/0521819415C03.3D – 75 – [75–108/34] 19.1.2005 2:31PM 3 Nectar as fuel for plant protectors SUZANNE KOPTUR Introduction Nectar is a sweet liquid produced by plants on various parts of the plant body. Most people are familiar with nectar in flowers, collected by bees to make honey, and utilized by a variety of floral visitors, some of whom serve as pollinators for the plant. Less familiar is extrafloral nectar, produced outside the flowers in extrafloral nectaries and usually not associated with pollination. Plants produce nectar in various ways (Elias 1983; Koptur 1992a), and whether they do it purposefully (secretion) or passively (excretion) has been the subject of debate between physiologists and evolutionary ecologists for many years (reviewed in Bentley 1977; see also Sabelis et al., Chapter 4). Over evolutionary time, myriad selective forces have shaped not only the morphology and func- tion of nectaries, but also the composition of the substances secreted and whether or not the structures secrete under different circumstances. Thompson’s (1994) synthetic theory of the ‘‘co-evolutionary mosaic,’’ in which different populations of a given species experience different interactions over space and time, helps to explain the variable findings researchers encounter in studying interactions between plants and predatory insects, especially those mediated by nectar (or other direct or indirect food rewards from plants). Carnivorous organisms, which can benefit plants as protectors, may rely on nectar as an energy source. If ants, wasps, other predators, and parasitoids are more likely to encounter their herbivore prey if they utilize a plant’s nectar, mutualisms are thus promoted.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Special Issue
    Psyche Advances in Neotropical Myrmecology Guest Editors: Jacques Hubert Charles Delabie, Fernando Fernández, and Jonathan Majer Advances in Neotropical Myrmecology Psyche Advances in Neotropical Myrmecology Guest Editors: Jacques Hubert Charles Delabie, Fernando Fernandez,´ and Jonathan Majer Copyright © 2012 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in “Psyche.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Editorial Board Arthur G. Appel, USA John Heraty, USA Mary Rankin, USA Guy Bloch, Israel DavidG.James,USA David Roubik, USA D. Bruce Conn, USA Russell Jurenka, USA Coby Schal, USA G. B. Dunphy, Canada Bethia King, USA James Traniello, USA JayD.Evans,USA Ai-Ping Liang, China Martin H. Villet, South Africa Brian Forschler, USA Robert Matthews, USA William T. Wcislo, Panama Howard S. Ginsberg, USA Donald Mullins, USA DianaE.Wheeler,USA Abraham Hefetz, Israel Subba Reddy Palli, USA Contents Advances in Neotropical Myrmecology, Jacques Hubert Charles Delabie, Fernando Fernandez,´ and Jonathan Majer Volume 2012, Article ID 286273, 3 pages Tatuidris kapasi sp. nov.: A New Armadillo Ant from French Guiana (Formicidae: Agroecomyrmecinae), Sebastien´ Lacau, Sarah Groc, Alain Dejean, Muriel L. de Oliveira, and Jacques H. C. Delabie Volume 2012, Article ID 926089, 6 pages Ants as Indicators in Brazil: A Review with Suggestions
    [Show full text]
  • Penelope Gillette Date
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ CHANGES IN SPECIES RICHNESS, ABUNDANCE, AND COMMUNITY COMPOSITION OF ARBOREAL TWIG-NESTING ANTS ALONG AN ELEVATIONAL GRADIENT A Senior Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS in ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES by Penelope Noel Gillette May 2014 ADVISOR: Stacy M. Philpott, Environmental Studies ABSTRACT: The distribution, diversity, and assembly of tropical insects has long intrigued ecologists, and for tropical ants, can be affected by competitive interactions, microhabitat requirements, dispersal, and availability and diversity of nesting sites. Arboreal twig-nesting ants are limited by the number of hollow twigs available, especially in intensive agricultural systems. Elevation may impact ant diversity and abundance, but no studies have examined if nest-site limitation or richness of arboreal twig-nesting ants varies with elevation. In coffee agroecosystems, there are ~40 species of arboreal twig-nesting ants. I examined communities of twig-nesting ants in coffee plants along an elevational gradient to answer the following questions: (1) Does nest-site limitation change with elevation? (2) Do species richness and colony abundance change with elevation? (3) Does community composition change with elevation? (4) Is elevation among the more important predictors of changes in the ant community and how do changes in coffee management interact with changes in elevation? I collected data in 2013 across several farms in a coffee landscape in Chiapas, Mexico. I surveyed forty-two 10 x10 m plots from 450-1550 m elevation. I sampled a total of 2211 hollow coffee twigs, 77.1% of which were occupied by one of 28 species of ants.
    [Show full text]