DOCSLIB.ORG

Iboga / Ibogaine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Iboga / Ibogaine Iboga / Ibogaine An Overview with a Semi-Academic Approach 1 2. November 2008 Table of contents INTRODUCTION 6 IBOGA: GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 8 SHORT OVERVIEW 8 TRADITIONAL USE / HISTORY 9 BWITI CULTURE 10 CONTEMPORARY USE – BY SASHA SHULGIN FROM THIKAL 21 TABERNANTHE IBOGA USED BY ANIMALS 22 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE 23 IBOGAINE HCL 23 SYNTHESIS 25 BIOLOGY: OTERH FORMS OF IBOGAINE AVAILABLE 26 TABERNANTHE IBOGA 26 VOACANGA AFRICANA 28 TABERNAEMONTANA 31 PLANTS CONTAINING IBOGAINE ACCORDING TO THIKAL 31 METHODS OF EXTRACTION 32 MAKING A TABERNANTHE IBOGA EXTRACT 32 ISOLATION OF IBOGAINE FROM TABERNANTHE IBOGA 33 EXTRACTION STUDIES OF TABERNANTHE IBOGA AND VOACANGA AFRICANA 34 PREPARATION OF V.AFRICANA EXTRACT 35 IBOGAINE FROM TRACHELOSPERMUM JASMINOIDES 35 18-METHOXYCORONARIDINE 26 PHARMACOLOGY 36 PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM 41 IBOGAINE ACTS AT THE NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR TO INHIBIT CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE 42 EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS 42 EFFECTS 50 DURATION AND TYPICAL STAGES OF THE IBOGA EXPERIENCE 50 MECHANISMS OF ACTION 52 IBOGAINE FOR SELF-DEVELOPMENT 53 IBOGA VISIONS 54 THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF IBOGAINE VISIONS 56 STIMULATING EFFECTS 57 VOMITTING 57 NEAR DEATH EXPERIENCES 59 SIDE-EFFECTS 60 IBOGAINE RELATED FATALITIES 60 2 U.S. MAN DIES AT ALTERNATIVE DETOX CLINIC IN TIJUANA 66 LETHALITY AND NEUROTOXIC EFFECTS 68 IBOGAINE NEUROTOXICITY 69 TOXICOLOGY 70 IBOGAINE NEUROTOXICITY: A RE-EVALUATION. 71 USAGE 72 SAFETY-RELATED INFORMATION 72 WOMEN 73 THOUGHTS ON SAFETY - EXCLUSION/INCLUSION REQUIREMENTS 74 BAD TRIPS 76 ADMINISTRATION 77 MINI-SESSIONS 79 INGESTING IBOGA/IBOGAINE 79 DOSAGE 80 IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR THOSE THINKING OF TAKING IBOGAINE 80 TREATMENT REGIMEN AND DOSE 83 PRODUCT IDENTITY 85 INTAKE AND SAFETY ISSUES 88 INCLUSION CRITERIA 93 OTHER INCLUSION CRITERIA 94 EXCLUSION CRITERIA 95 OTHER EXCLUSION CRITERIA 96 TREATMENT LOCATION 98 SET AND SETTING 98 ADDICTION TREATMENT 99 FEAR OF DETOXIFICATION 99 OBSTACLES WITHIN TRADITIONAL TREATMENT 99 USE AGAINST ADDICTION 100 USE AS AN ANTI-ADDICTIVE 101 HISTORY OF ANTI-ADDICTIVE USE 102 IBOGAINE IN THE TREATMENT OF HEROIN WITHDRAWAL 104 IBOGAINE FOR COMBATTING DRUG DEPENDENCIES ACCORDING TO HOWARD LOTSOF 104 INTERESTING STUDIES CONCERNING IBOGAINE AND ADDICTION 109 DECREASED DRUG CRAVING DURING INPATIENT DETOXIFICATION WITH IBOGAINE 109 FACILITATION OF MEMORY RETRIEVAL BY THE “ANTI-ADDICTIVE” ALKALOID IBOGAINE 110 DEVELOPMENT OF IBOGAINE AS A PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR DRUG DEPENDENCE 111 TREATMENT OF ACUTE OPIOID WITHDRAWAL WITH IBOGAINE. 112 MECHANISMS OF ANTIADDICTIVE ACTIONS OF IBOGAINE. 112 FIGHTING THE URGE TO DRINK: MOLECULE MODERATES HEAVY-DRINKING RATS 113 OBSERVATIONS ON TREATMENT WITH IBOGAINE 115 PREPARATION OF A TREATMENT 116 THE PATIENT 116 3 TREATMENT PREPATATION 117 THE EXPERIENCE 118 OPTIMIZING THE IBOGAINE TREATMENT SETTING 121 AN IBOGAINE TREATMENT PROTOCOL 121 IMPORTANT RECOVERY TIPS THAT CAN HELP YOU STAY CLEAN 130 OTHER TIPS THAT ARE VERY HELPFUL 131 IBOGAINE VERSUS OTHER TREATMENT MODALITIES 131 IBOGAINE AND METHADONE 133 IBOGAINE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY: PSYCHOANALYSIS ACCORDING TO NARANJO 134 AFTER EFFECTS 139 POST IBOGAINE 139 POST IBOGAINE REHAB AND THERAPY 139 SEVEN MONTH POST-IBOGAINE-SESSION TIMELINE. 140 POST IBOGAINE PROBLEMS 143 PSYCHOLOGICAL AFTEREFFECTS 144 POST IBOGAINE TREATMENT THERAPY 144 IMMEDIATE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS FOLLOWING IBOGAINE TREATMENT 147 FURTHER STUDIES: ADDICTION TREATMENT, EFFECTS & SAFETY 149 ANIMAL STUDIES 149 1. LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY. 149 2. TREMOR. 150 3. ANXIETY AND FEAR. 151 4. EFFECTS ON SELF-ADMINISTRATION OF OTHER DRUGS. 151 5. EFFECTS ON DRUG DEPENDENCE. 152 6. PAIN AND ANALGESIA. 153 7. AGGRESSION. 153 8. INTEROCEPTIVE PROPERTIES. 154 9. REINFORCING EFFECTS. 154 10. EFFECTS ON LEARNING AND MEMORY. 155 11. CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIONS. 155 EFFECTS OF IBOGA ALKALOIDS ON MORPHINE AND COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN RATS: RELATIONSHIP TO TREMORIGENIC EFFECTS AND TO EFFECTS ON DOPAMINE RELEASE IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AND STRIATUM. 155 IBOGAINE EFFECTS ON SWEET PREFERENCE AND AMPHETAMINE INDUCED LOCOMOTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR DRUG ADDICTION. 156 ACUTE AND PROLONGED EFFECTS OF IBOGAINE ON BRAIN DOPAMINE METABOLISM AND MORPHINE-INDUCED LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY IN RATS. 157 EFFECTS AND AFTEREFFECTS OF IBOGAINE ON MORPHINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN RATS. 157 EFFECTS OF IBOGAINE ON ACUTE SIGNS OF MORPHINE WITHDRAWAL IN RATS: INDEPENDENCE FROM TREMOR. 158 LONG-LASTING IBOGAINE PROTECTION AGAINST NMDA-INDUCED CONVULSIONS IN MICE. 158 ENHANCEMENT OF MORPHINE ANTINOCICEPTION BY IBOGAINE AND NORIBOGAINE IN MORPHINE- TOLERANT MICE. 159 THE EFFECTS OF SIGMA, PCP, AND OPIATE RECEPTOR LIGANDS IN RATS TRAINED WITH IBOGAINE AS A DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS. 159 4 HUMAN STUDIES. 160 PHARMACOKINETICS, SAFETY, AND PRELIMINARY EFFICACY MEASURES 161 MODULATION OF MORPHINE-INDUCED ANTINOCICEPTION BY IBOGAINE AND NORIBOGAINE. 166 REPORTS & REVIEWS OF USERS 166 LINKS ON REPORTS / EXPERIENCES OF T.IBOGA USE 166 USE OF IBOGAINE HCL: REPORTS/EXPERIENCES 167 VOCANGA AFRICANA EXPERIENCES / REPORTS 168 EXPERIENCES / REPORTS OF TABERNAEMONTANA USE 168 ART INSPIRED BY IBOGA 180 "THE RISE AND FALL OF ADDICTION" - IN MEMORY OF THE LATE PAUL KATAN 180 LEGAL STATUS 182 INSURANCE 182 LEGALITY 182 DRUG TESTING 183 PATENTS ON IBOGA 184 OPTIONS FOR TREATMENT 184 FURTHER LITERATURE 189 WEBSITES ABOUT IBOGA 189 BOOKS 189 ARTICLES 190 ARTICLES ON 18-METHOXYCORONARIDINE 219 5 Introduction "The Catholic church is a beautiful theory for Sunday, the iboga on the contrary is the practice of everyday living. In church, they speak of God, with iboga, you live God" (Nengue Me Ndjoung Isidore, ecumenical Bwitist religious leader)1 Ibogaine's development as a putative treatment of substance-use disorders may certainly be described as unusual. In Western Europe and the United States, the use of ibogaine originated among individuals using drugs for the purpose of altering consciousness in the early 1960s, a period identified historically with the widespread introduction, and ethnographic and ethnobotanical studies of hallucinogens. The work of Timothy Leary and R. Gordon Wasson , as well as the media attention focused on psychedelics, led to the establishment of the group, in which ibogaine's apparent utility to treat opiate, cocaine, and amphetamine dependence was first described. Historically, the lines of this research can be traced to Aldous Huxley and Lewis Lewin and, with some liberty, into prehistory. This chapter reviews the use of ibogaine in three different contexts; a drug user group, a self-help organization, and a clinical research setting. Each section is followed by the self-report of a subject who has taken ibogaine within the setting being reviewed. These settings contrast with the use of iboga in Gabon, Africa as a practice of the Bwiti, an African religion sometimes referred to as an initiation society, as documented by Fernandez and Gollnhofer, during which ibogaine-containing plants are provided in rites to assist in the transition from adolescence into adulthood, for psychiatric healing, or for other purposes.2 Ibogaine therapy has emerged in the last twenty years as a viable option for motivated chemically dependent individuals who wish to cease their dependence. The extremely costly regulatory approval process and the reluctance by major pharmaceutical firms to pursue regulatory approval in the West has led to the formation of non-medical ibogaine treatment movements in many countries. This document is intended for medical doctors as well as, for lay-healers who have little or no medical experience, but who are nevertheless concerned with patient safety and the outcome of Ibogaine treatments. The NIDA draft clinical protocol, however, may be useful to researchers in formal drug development. It is the responsibility of those treatment providers to safely conduct the procedure despite possible limitations of clinical knowledge, patient compliance, money, time etc. The safety of Ibogaine treated patients is the primary objective of this document. Reported Ibogaine-related problems or fatalities might very likely be avoided if simple screening, dosing and monitoring guidelines are adhered to. However, this must be taken 1 http://www.ebando.org/en/EN.iboga.htm 2 http://www.doraweiner.org/alexanderlotsof.html 6 in some context as, in 1999 there were 116,000 drug related fatalities in United States hospitals associated with FDA approved medications. This manual includes selected portions of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Draft Ibogaine Clinical Protocol obtained under a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request. Selections are principally directed towards safety issues. Aspects of the therapeutic sessions from the NIDA protocol are included as well as, bibliographical citations relevant to the sections from the protocol. More recent reports providing updated information are included in the Additional Documents section. Any comments of the author(s) within the selected protocol text are indicated by "[ ]" brackets. The "*" asterisk is used to indicate tests procedures or surveys not included in NIDA's 1993, draft protocol but, suggested either in discussion with the FDA or by later publication. In a memorandum dated March 10, 1995, Dr. Curtis Wright, Medical Review Officer, Pilot Drug Evaluation Unit, FDA wrote, "I think that ibogaine research will be propelled forward by its advocates, as it will be very hard to make a case that it is unsafe to take a drug into man when there is such substantial documented human
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Interview with Pierre Pichot
    PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND THE HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY PIERRE PICHOT Could we begin with your recollections of the 1955 Paris meeting, which was effectively the first world wide meeting on chlorpromazine. The meeting was organised in Paris by Jean Delay. It was supported by Specia, the pharmaceutical firm which had produced chlorpromazine, which was a branch of the Rhone Poulenc Group. For the first time people engaged in what was called psychopharmacology came together. They came from many countries, including the United States. The efficacy of the drug and the mechanism of action were discussed. However, at that time the biochemistry of the brain, as it exists now, was unknown. It was only at the beginning of the 60s, that we began to speak of the role of the neurotransmitters in the action of both neuroleptic drugs and antidepressants and of their potential abnormalities in the disease process. So in practice 1955 was only a meeting on therapy with chlorpromazine. I have always been very much impressed by the fact that chlorpromazine, which had been introduced only 3 years before, was already used all over the world. Theoretical ideas take usually a very long time to travel from one country to another, and sometimes they never make it. I quote always, the case of Karl Jaspers’ General Psychopathology, which is considered in the German speaking world as one of the basic books of psychiatry. This was published in 1913 but appeared in English translation only in 1963, 50 years later and, even then, a paper published in the American Journal of Psychiatry wrote ingenuously that, until this publication, many psychiatrists in the United States had not realised that Jaspers was not only a philosopher, but also a psychiatrist.
    [Show full text]
  • Tihkal Free Download Tihkal: the Continuation PDF Book by Alexander Shulgin (1997) Download Or Read Online
    tihkal free download Tihkal: The Continuation PDF Book by Alexander Shulgin (1997) Download or Read Online. Tihkal: The Continuation PDF book by Alexander Shulgin Read Online or Free Download in ePUB, PDF or MOBI eBooks. Published in September 9th 1997 the book become immediate popular and critical acclaim in science, non fiction books. The main characters of Tihkal: The Continuation novel are John, Emma. The book has been awarded with Booker Prize, Edgar Awards and many others. One of the Best Works of Alexander Shulgin. published in multiple languages including English, consists of 804 pages and is available in Paperback format for offline reading. Tihkal: The Continuation PDF Details. Author: Alexander Shulgin Book Format: Paperback Original Title: Tihkal: The Continuation Number Of Pages: 804 pages First Published in: September 9th 1997 Latest Edition: May 1st 2002 Language: English Generes: Science, Non Fiction, Psychology, Science, Chemistry, Reference, Philosophy, Biography, Spirituality, Anthologies, Collections, History, Formats: audible mp3, ePUB(Android), kindle, and audiobook. The book can be easily translated to readable Russian, English, Hindi, Spanish, Chinese, Bengali, Malaysian, French, Portuguese, Indonesian, German, Arabic, Japanese and many others. Please note that the characters, names or techniques listed in Tihkal: The Continuation is a work of fiction and is meant for entertainment purposes only, except for biography and other cases. we do not intend to hurt the sentiments of any community, individual, sect or religion. DMCA and Copyright : Dear all, most of the website is community built, users are uploading hundred of books everyday, which makes really hard for us to identify copyrighted material, please contact us if you want any material removed.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Neurotoxicity of Drugs of Abuse
    National Institute on Drug Abuse RESEARCH MONOGRAPH SERIES Assessing Neurotoxicity of Drugs of Abuse 136 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services • Public Health Service • National Institutes of Health Assessing Neurotoxicity of Drugs of Abuse Editor: Lynda Erinoff, Ph.D. NIDA Research Monograph 136 1993 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is based on the papers and discussions from a technical review on “Assessing Neurotoxicity of Drugs of Abuse” held on May 20-21, 1991, in Bethesda, MD. The technical review was sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). COPYRIGHT STATUS NIDA has obtained permission from the copyright holders to reproduce certain previously published material as noted in the text. Further reproduction of this copyrighted material is permitted only as part of a reprinting of the entire publication or chapter. For any other use, the copyright holder’s permission is required. All other material in this volume except quoted passages from copyrighted sources is in the public domain and may be used or reproduced without permission from the Institute or the authors. Citation of the source is appreciated. Opinions expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions or official policy of the National Institute on Drug Abuse or any other part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The U.S. Government does not endorse or favor any specific commercial product or company.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,940,728 B2
    USOO894.0728B2 (12) UnitedO States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,940,728 B2 Mash et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jan. 27, 2015 (54) SUBSTITUTED NORIBOGAINE 5,152.994. A 10/1992 Lotsof 5,283,247 A 2f1994 Dwivedi et al. (71) Applicant: DemeRx, Inc., Miami, FL (US) 5,316,7595,290,784. A 3/19945/1994 Quetal.Rose et al. 5,382,657 A 1/1995 K. tal. (72) Inventors: Deborah C. Mash, Miami, FL (US); 5,426,112 A 6, 1995 ity a Richard D. Gless, Jr., Oakland, CA 5,552,406 A 9, 1996 Mendelson et al. (US); Robert M. Moriarty, Michiana 5,574,052 A 1 1/1996 Rose et al. Shores, IN (US) 5,578,645 A 11/1996 Askanazi et al. s 5,580,876 A 12/1996 Crain et al. 5,591,738 A 1, 1997 LotSof (73) Assignee: DemeRx, Inc., Miami, FL (US) 5,618,555 A 4/1997 Tokuda et al. - 5,703,101 A 12/1997 Rose et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 5,726, 190 A 3, 1998 Rose et al. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 S.S.; A s 3. th. 1 U.S.C. 154(b)(b) bybV 144 davs.ayS 5,865.444.wwk A 2/1999 KempfetOSe et al. al. 5,925,634 A 7/1999 Olney (21) Appl. No.: 13/732,751 5,935,975 A 8/1999 Rose et al. 6,211,360 B1 4/2001 Glicket al. (22) Filed: Jan. 2, 2013 6,291.675 B1 9/2001 Coop et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology
    CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin. B. EMMANUEL AKINSHOLA (135), Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, eakinshola@ howard.edu NORMA E. ALEXANDER (293), NDA International, 46 Oxford Place, Staten Island, NY 10301, [email protected] SYED F. ALI (79, 135), Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, [email protected] KENNETH R. ALPER (1, 249), Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, [email protected] MICHAEL H. BAUMANN (79), Clinical Psychopharmacology Section, Intra- mural Research Program, NIDA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, [email protected] DANA BEAL (249), Cures-not-Wars, 9 Bleecker Street, New York, NY 10012, [email protected] ZBIGNIEW K. BINIENDA (193), Division of Neurotoxicology, National Cen- ter for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, [email protected] WAYNE D. BOWEN (173), Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Building 8 B1-23, 8 Center Drive, MSC 0820, Bethesda, MD 20892, [email protected] FRANK R. ERVIN (155), Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T5, Canada, md18@musica. mcgill.ca JAMES W. FERNANDEZ (235), Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, 1126 E. 59th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, jwfi@midway. uchicago.edu xi xii CONTRIBUTORS RENATE L. FERNANDEZ (235), Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, 1126 E. 59th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, rlf2@midway. uchicago.edu GEERTE FRENKEN (283), INTASH, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Multiple Sites of Action of Ibogaine
    ——Chapter 6—— CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTIPLE SITES OF ACTION OF IBOGAINE Henry Sershen, Audrey Hashim, And Abel Lajtha Nathan Kline Institute Orangeburg, New York 10962 I. Introduction.................................................................................................................. II. Issues Related to Ibogaine in the Treatment of Drug Dependence............................. A. Dopamine as a Primary Site of Drug-Mediated Responses .................................. B. Ibogaine or Its Metabolite and Acute versus Long-Term Effect........................... C. Single or Multiple Sites of Action of Ibogaine ..................................................... III. Effect of Ibogaine on Drug-Induced Behavior............................................................ IV. Binding Site Activity ................................................................................................... A. Relevant Site of Action.......................................................................................... V. Functional Activity ...................................................................................................... VI. Stimulant Drug Actions/Behaviors.............................................................................. VII. Current Non-Ibogaine Drug Treatment Protocols ....................................................... VIII. Conclusions.................................................................................................................. References...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Alkaloids with Anti-Onchocercal Activity from Voacanga Africana Stapf (Apocynaceae): Identification and Molecular Modeling
    molecules Article Alkaloids with Anti-Onchocercal Activity from Voacanga africana Stapf (Apocynaceae): Identification and Molecular Modeling Smith B. Babiaka 1,2,*, Conrad V. Simoben 3 , Kennedy O. Abuga 4, James A. Mbah 1, Rajshekhar Karpoormath 5 , Dennis Ongarora 4 , Hannington Mugo 4, Elvis Monya 6, Fidelis Cho-Ngwa 6, Wolfgang Sippl 3 , Edric Joel Loveridge 7,* and Fidele Ntie-Kang 1,3,8,* 1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea CM-00237, Cameroon; [email protected] 2 AgroEco Health Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Abomey-Calavi BEN-00229, Benin 3 Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany; [email protected] (C.V.S.); [email protected] (W.S.) 4 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 19676–00202, Kenya; [email protected] (K.O.A.); [email protected] (D.O.); [email protected] (H.M.) 5 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; [email protected] 6 ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea CM-00237, Cameroon; [email protected] (E.M.); fi[email protected] (F.C.-N.) 7 Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK 8 Institute of Botany, Technical University of Dresden, 01217 Dresden, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] (S.B.B.); Citation: Babiaka, S.B.; Simoben, C.V.; [email protected] (E.J.L.); ntiekfi[email protected] or fi[email protected] (F.N.-K.) Abuga, K.O.; Mbah, J.A.; Karpoormath, R.; Ongarora, D.; Abstract: A new iboga-vobasine-type isomeric bisindole alkaloid named voacamine A (1), along with Mugo, H.; Monya, E.; Cho-Ngwa, F.; eight known compounds—voacangine (2), voacristine (3), coronaridine (4), tabernanthine (5), iboxy- Sippl, W.; et al.
    [Show full text]
  • (DMT), Harmine, Harmaline and Tetrahydroharmine: Clinical and Forensic Impact
    pharmaceuticals Review Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics of Ayahuasca Alkaloids N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), Harmine, Harmaline and Tetrahydroharmine: Clinical and Forensic Impact Andreia Machado Brito-da-Costa 1 , Diana Dias-da-Silva 1,2,* , Nelson G. M. Gomes 1,3 , Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira 1,2,4,* and Áurea Madureira-Carvalho 1,3 1 Department of Sciences, IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; [email protected] (A.M.B.-d.-C.); ngomes@ff.up.pt (N.G.M.G.); [email protected] (Á.M.-C.) 2 UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal 3 LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal 4 Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.D.-d.-S.); [email protected] (R.J.D.-O.); Tel.: +351-224-157-216 (R.J.D.-O.) Received: 21 September 2020; Accepted: 20 October 2020; Published: 23 October 2020 Abstract: Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic botanical beverage originally used by indigenous Amazonian tribes in religious ceremonies and therapeutic practices. While ethnobotanical surveys still indicate its spiritual and medicinal uses, consumption of ayahuasca has been progressively related with a recreational purpose, particularly in Western societies. The ayahuasca aqueous concoction is typically prepared from the leaves of the N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)-containing Psychotria viridis, and the stem and bark of Banisteriopsis caapi, the plant source of harmala alkaloids.
    [Show full text]
  • The Iboga Alkaloids
    The Iboga Alkaloids Catherine Lavaud and Georges Massiot Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................. 90 2 Biosynthesis ................................................................................. 92 3 Structural Elucidation and Reactivity ...................................................... 93 4 New Molecules .............................................................................. 97 4.1 Monomers ............................................................................. 99 4.1.1 Ibogamine and Coronaridine Derivatives .................................... 99 4.1.2 3-Alkyl- or 3-Oxo-ibogamine/-coronaridine Derivatives . 102 4.1.3 5- and/or 6-Oxo-ibogamine/-coronaridine Derivatives ...................... 104 4.1.4 Rearranged Ibogamine/Coronaridine Alkaloids .. ........................... 105 4.1.5 Catharanthine and Pseudoeburnamonine Derivatives .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. 106 4.1.6 Miscellaneous Representatives and Another Enigma . ..................... 107 4.2 Dimers ................................................................................. 108 4.2.1 Bisindoles with an Ibogamine Moiety ....................................... 110 4.2.2 Bisindoles with a Voacangine (10-Methoxy-coronaridine) Moiety ........ 111 4.2.3 Bisindoles with an Isovoacangine (11-Methoxy-coronaridine) Moiety . 111 4.2.4 Bisindoles with an Iboga-Indolenine or Rearranged Moiety ................ 116 4.2.5 Bisindoles with a Chippiine Moiety ... .....................................
    [Show full text]
  • Microgram Journal, Vol 3, Number 2
    MICROGRAM Laboratory Operations Division Office Of Science And Drug Abuse Prevention BUREAU OF NARCOTICS & DANGEROUS DRUGS / U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE / WASHINGTION, D.C. 20537 Vol.III, No. 2 March-April, 1970 STP (4-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) hydrochloride was found coating the inside of capsules sent to BNDDfrom Germany. The capsules were clear, hard gelatin, standard shape size No. o. Average weight was 114 milligrams. Each capsule had a white crystalline coating on inner surface of capsule body. Apparently a measu~ed amount of solution had been placedin the cap·sule body, after which it was rotated to spread the solution on the inner surface. The substance contained 8. 7 milli­ grams STP (DOM)HCl per ca·psule. · These were the first STP capsules of this type seen by our laboratory. A few years ago, capsules were ob­ tained in the U.S. similarly coated with LSD. STP (Free Base) on laboratory filter paper, also from Germany, was seen for the first time in our laboratory. The STP spots, containing approxi­ mately 8 miliigrams STP base each, were 5/8 to 3/4 inch in diameter. The paper was 1\ inches square. Phencyclidine (Free Base) was recently analyzed on parsley leaves. Called "Angel DUst, 11 the phencyclidine on two samples of leaves was 2.6% and 3.6%. Approximately thirty pounds of 94% pure powder was also analyzed. (For identification of phencyclidine base, see Microgram, II, 1, p.3 (Jan 1969). IMITATIONSof well-known drug products are examined frequently in our Special Testing and Research Laboratory. Many of these are well made preparations and closely resemble the imitated product.
    [Show full text]
  • Update of the Generic Definition for Tryptamines
    ACMD Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs Chair: Professor Les Iversen Secretary: Zahi Sulaiman 2nd Floor (NW), Seacole Building 2 Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF Tel: 020 7035 1121 [email protected] Norman Baker MP, Minister for Crime Prevention Home Office 2 Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF 10 June 2014 Dear Minister, In December 2013, you commissioned the ACMD to begin a regular review of generic definitions under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, with the aim of capturing emerging new psychoactive substances. These drugs are variants of controlled drugs and fall outside the existing scope of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. The ACMD has considered evidence available on tryptamines in the context of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and I enclose the Advisory Council’s advice and an expanded definition for tryptamine compounds with this letter. The ACMD’s NPS Committee has firstly reviewed previous research and existing controls to identify those tryptamines now seen to evade the existing controls. The ACMD has also reviewed data provided by the Home Office’s early warning systems and networks, clinical toxicology, prevalence and neuropharmacology in arriving at the expanded generic definition. This expanded generic definition will bring drugs such as alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT) as well as 5-MeO-DALT within the scope of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. These are highly potent hallucinogens which act on the 5HT2A receptor, in the same way as LSD. The ACMD therefore recommends that the tryptamines covered by the proposed expanded generic definition in this report, are controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act (1971) as Class A substances.
    [Show full text]
  • Test Purchase of New Synthetic Tryptamines Via the Internet: Identity Check by GC-MS and Separation by HPLC
    Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 6 (01), pp. 028-034, January, 2016 Available online at http://www.japsonline.com DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.600105 ISSN 2231-3354 Test purchase of new synthetic tryptamines via the Internet: Identity check by GC-MS and separation by HPLC Magdalena Taschwer, Edith Ebner, Martin G Schmid* Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria. ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO Article history: Over the past few years, a continuous alteration of the recreational drug market took place. Among other novel Received on: 25/09/2015 psychoactive drugs, new synthetic tryptamine derivatives appeared on the market. These compounds are mainly Revised on: 18/10/2015 traded via the Internet, which has become an important marketplace for the sale of recreational drugs. The goal of Accepted on: 08/11/2015 our research was to check, if 13 new synthetic tryptamines obtained by test purchase via different online vendors Available online: 26/01/2016 meet the promised identity. Analysis was performed by GC-MS, using a common 30 m HP-5MS capillary column as stationary phase. Subsequently, a simple HPLC method for the separation of these tryptamines was Key words: developed. Therefore, the aim was to establish a method to separate a broad spectrum of trypamines Tryptamines, Legal highs, simultaneously within short time. Measurements were performed by a LiChrospher® RP-18e column and a Novel psychoactive drugs, mobile phase consisting of 0.1% triethylammonium acetate buffer, methanol and acetonitrile. Both presented HPLC, GC-MS. methods were found to be suitable for the identification as well as separation of tryptamines as the analysis times were short and the selectivity sufficient.
    [Show full text]