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Cetartiodactyla Updating a Time-Calibrated Molecular Phylogeny

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Cetartiodactyla Updating a Time-Calibrated Molecular Phylogeny Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 133 (2019) 256–262 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Cetartiodactyla: Updating a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny T ⁎ Juan P. Zuranoa,1, , Felipe M. Magalhãesa,1, Ana E. Asatob, Gabriel Silvab, Claudio J. Bidauc, Daniel O. Mesquitad, Gabriel C. Costae a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba-UFPB, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, CEP 58000-000, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Norte-UFRN, Centro de Biociências, DECOL, CEP 59078-900, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil c Paraná y Los claveles, 3304 Garupá, Misiones, Argentina d Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba-UFPB, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, CEP 58000-000, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil e Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36124, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Cetartiodactyla comprises one of the most diverse mammal radiations. Currently, 23 families, 131 genera and Mammals more than 330 species are recognized. Several studies have been trying to resolve its phylogenetic relationships. Cetacea The most comprehensive dated phylogenetic hypothesis available includes only 55% of the extant species, Artiodactyla precluding a clear understanding of ecological and evolutionary patterns in Cetartiodactyla. Here, we gathered Mitogenomics all mitochondrial genetic data available in GenBank to build a robust Cetartiodactyla calibrated phylogenetic Phylogenetic relationships tree using 21 fossil calibration points. We found mitogenomic data for 225 species and included other 93 species from which there was at least one mitochondrial gene available. Using a Bayesian approach, we generated a dated tree comprising 90% of the extant Cetartiodactyla species (n = 318). The major lineages showed robust support and families divergence times are congruent with the available fossil evidence and with previously published phylogenetic hypotheses. By making available a dated phylogeny with extensively sampled clades, we expect to foster future studies on the origin, tempo and mode of Cetartiodactyla diversification. 1. Introduction genera and over 330 species (IUCN, 2018). This order represents an impressive example of adaptive radiation, and is a well-studied group Understanding the tempo and mode of diversification has been of regarding its morphology, ecology and behavior (Berta et al., 2015; utmost interest in evolutionary biology. Efforts from researchers to Prothero and Foss, 2007). The close relationship between Artiodactyla accurately estimate phylogenetic relationships, and the ever-growing and Cetacea, both taxa currently included within Cetartiodactyla order, availability of molecular sequences and paleontological data boosted has been recovered in previous studies using molecular (mitochondrial the development of sophisticated tree reconstruction methods (e.g. dos and nuclear DNA) and paleontological data (e.g. Gatesy et al., 1999; Reis et al., 2015). Likewise, continuum development on molecular clock Graur and Higgins, 1994; Montgelard et al., 1997). Since then, mole- methods has increased the availability of more accurate phylogenetic cular phylogenetic studies have focused on the resolution of the re- dated trees (Bromham et al., 2018). Calibrated trees allows inference of lationships at the suprafamilial level without considering taxa diversity diversification patterns and are essential for macroevolutionary studies within the order (Zhou et al., 2011). Another goal of more recent stu- and comparative phylogenetic methods (e.g. Garamszegi et al., 2014). dies has been the reconstruction of major Cetartiodactyla lineages (e.g. As an example of their resourcefulness, the use of dated trees revealed Bovidae: Bibi, 2013; Ancodonta: Boisserie et al., 2011; Ruminantia: that diversification rates can explain differences in species richness Fernández and Vrba, 2005; Suina: Frantz et al., 2016; Cervidae: among clades (Scholl et al., 2016), and helped to understand the role of Gutiérrez et al., 2017; Cetacea: Steeman et al., 2009; McGowen et al., historical factors on evolutionary radiations events (Meredith et al., 2009). 2011). Molecular data for Cetartiodactyla has increased in the last ten The order Cetartiodactyla currently comprises 23 families, 131 years, and sequences of extinct species (e.g. Bison priscus, Bos ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (J.P. Zurano), [email protected] (D.O. Mesquita), [email protected] (G.C. Costa). 1 These authors also contributed equally to this work. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.12.015 Received 11 May 2018; Received in revised form 11 December 2018; Accepted 12 December 2018 Available online 15 December 2018 1055-7903/ © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. J.P. Zurano et al. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 133 (2019) 256–262 primigenius) and recently described species (e.g., Inia araguaiaensis, 2.2. Phylogenetic analyses and divergence time estimation Tursiops australis) are now available. Additionally, fossil records are also abundant and representative for almost all Cetartiodactyla clades which We aligned the sequences using MAFFT algorithm default config- certainly improve estimates of divergence time (Bibi, 2013). The work uration (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/). We used Geneious by Hassanin et al., (2012) is currently the most comprehensive mole- v1.7.9 program (Kearse et al., 2012) to manually eliminate mitochon- cular phylogenetic study in terms of species representativeness drial genome poorly aligned regions (non-coding genes and D-loop re- (∼55%). Our goal is to use all mitochondrial information available gion). The final DNA alignment of 14,935 bp was split into five parti- coupled with fossil information to generate a dated tree covering more tions according to transcript type (tRNA, 1443 bp; rRNA 2134 bp; than 90% of Cetartiodactyla extant species. We hope that our results protein-coding mRNA, 11358 bp) and all protein-coding genes sub- will contribute to a better understanding of Cetartiodactyla diversifi- divided into codon position (CODP1; CODP2; and CODP3, 3786 bp cation patterns, and also foster studies in diverse fields such as mac- each). To acknowledge if the addition of missing data may have any roevolution, biogeography and ecological studies relying on compara- impact on tree topology, node support and divergence time estimates, tive phylogenetic methods. we created two datasets for all subsequent analyses: (i) dataset1 in- cluding all mitochondrial information available in Genbank (321 spe- cies with OU), being 23% of this dataset composed by missing data, and 2. Methods (ii) dataset2 maintaining only taxa with full mitogenome data (228 species with OU; Table 1). To account for evolutionary rate hetero- 2.1. Sampling of species and data collection geneity among partitions, we used PartitionFinder2 (PF) with the greedy algorithm, linked branch lengths along with Bayesian Informa- We collected all mitochondrial (mtDNA) available in GenBank for tion Criterion to select the best-fit partitioning scheme model of nu- Cetartiodactyla (until June 2018). We aimed for complete mitochon- cleotide substitution (Lanfear et al., 2016). For both datasets, PF sug- drial genomes (mitogenomes) keeping only one per species. To favor gested four partitions (tRNA + rRNA, CODP1, CODP2 and CODP3) and comparisons with previously published mitogenomic phylogenetic in- selected the GTR + Г + I as best-fit model of nucleotide substitution for ferences, we prioritize mitogenomes used in Hassanin et al. (2012).We all four partitions. Finally, we estimated phylogenetic relationships gathered mitogenomes for 225 Cetartiodactyla species, and found at along with divergence time under Bayesian approach using BEAST least one mtDNA gene for other 93 species (Table 1, Table S1 in v.1.10.1 (Suchard et al., 2018). We analyzed both datasets under a Appendix A for GenBank accession numbers). We included the domestic relaxed uncorrelated lognormal clock (Drummond et al., 2006) al- species Bubalus bubalis (domestic form of wild B. arnee) and Camelus lowing branches to have independent substitution rates. Because we dromedarius, because wild forms sequences of those species were not implemented multiple fossil calibrations (see below), we let BEAST available. Furthermore, our study includes 6 species not listed in the calculate the relative mean clock rate for each partition without pro- IUCN database and that were not included in any previous Cetartio- viding prior information. Additionally, because extinction has a major dactyla published phylogenetic hypothesis; an extinct species (Bison impact on lineage diversification patterns (Quental and Marshall, fi priscus) and ve recently described species (Inia araguaiaensis, Tursiops 2010), we used a birth-death speciation model as tree prior. ff ff ff ff australis, Gira a gira a, Gira a reticulata, and Gira a tippelskirchi). As To date the tree, we used 21 fossils (see Table S1 in Appendix B for outgroup (OU), we used three mitogenomes of Perissodactyla (Rhino- prior distributions and fossil sources) that were either incorporated in ceros unicornis, Equus zebra and Tapirus indicus), which shares a most phylogenetic analyses or recommended as calibration points by pre- recent common ancestor with Cetartiodactyla
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