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Home , Jared Diamond, Peter Mayer, Thomas Friedman

Notes

Introduction 1. The literature on can be split among relatively balanced stud- ies and those that are either decidedly optimistic or pessimistic about its nature and consequences. For broad overviews, see J. Martin Rochester, Between Two Epochs: What Is Ahead for America, the World, and in the 21st Century (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2002); and Anthony McGrew, eds., The Global Transformations Reader (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press/Blackwell, 2003); K.J. Holsti, Taming the Sovereigns: International Change in International Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Peter Singer, One World: The Ethics of Globalization (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2004); Edward Cornish, Futuring: The Exploration of the Future (Bethesda, Md.: World Future Society, 2004); Marvin J. Cetron and Owen Davies, 53 Trends Now Shaping the Future (Bethesda, Md.: World Future Society, 2005); Charles W. Kegley and Gregory A. Raymond, The Global Future (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning, 2006). For pessimists, see Yale H. Ferguson and Richard W. Mansbach, Remapping Global Politics: ’s Revenge and Future Shock (New York: Press, 2004); Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Viking, 2005); Louise Amoore, ed., The Global Resistance Reader: Concepts and Issues (New York: Routledge, 2005); Jan Aart Scholte, Globalization: A Critical Introduction (: Palgrave, 2005); Worldwatch Institute, State of the World 2007 (New York: W.W. Norton, 2007). For optimists, see Jadish Bhagwati, In Defense of Globalization (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Thomas Friedman, The Earth Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2005); John F. Stack and Luis Hebron, Globalization: Debunking the Myths (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2006).

1 Theories and Realities of Global Wealth and Power 1. For excellent overviews, see Robert Rothstein, ed., The Evolution of Theory in International Relations (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 252 NOTES

1991); Charles Kegley, ed., Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995); Robert Jackson and Georg Sorenson, Introduction to International Relations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999); Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly et al., Theories of International Relations (New York: Palgrave, 2001); James Dougherty and Robert Pfaltzgraff, Contending Theories of International Relations (New York: Addison-Wesley-Longman, 2001); Colin Elman and Miriam Elman, eds., Progress in International Relations Theory: Appraising the Field (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003; Yale Ferguson and Richard Mansbach, The Elusive Quest Continuities: Theory and Global Politics (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2003); Marc Genest, Conflict and Cooperation: Evolving Theories of International Relations (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning, 2004); Zeev Maoz et al., eds., Multiple Paths to Knowledge in International Relations (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 2004); Cynthia Weber, International Relations Theory (New York: Routledge, 2005); Jennifer Sterling-Folker, ed., Making Sense of International Relations Theory (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2006). 2. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), 175. See also, Gary Gutting, ed., Paradigms and Revolutions: Appraisals and Applications of Thomas Kuhn’s Philosophy of Science (South Bend, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1980). 3. Kenneth Waltz, Man, the State, and War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959). 4. James Rosenau, The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy (New York: Free Press, 1973), vii. 5. Although the behavioralist paradigm has thousands of professional adherents, perhaps the two most important twentieth-century theo- rists who argued that can and should be studied scientifically just like the nonhuman natural world were Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (London: Hutchinson, 1935); and Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970). See also Heinz Eulau, The Behavioral Persuasion in Politics (New York: Random House, 1963); Bernard Crick, The American Science of Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960); Alan Ryan, The Philosophy of the Social Sciences (New York: Pantheon Books, 1970); Steve Smith, Ken Booth, and Marysia Zalewksi, eds., International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). 6. Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War (London: Penguin, 1979); Nicolo Machiavelli, The Prince (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984); Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan (Oxford: Blackwell, 1946); Hans Morgenthau, Power among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 6th ed. (New York: Knopf, 1985). For an excellent overview of the development of real- ist theory, see John Vasquez, The Power of Power Politics: From Classical Realism to Neotraditionalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). NOTES 253

7. Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979); Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass.: Press, 1980). For a good overview of critiques, see Robert Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); For a more nuanced and sophisticated neoreal- ist approach see, Barry Buzan, Charles Jones, and Richard Little, The Logic of Anarchy: Neorealism to Structural Realism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993). 8. Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (: Little, Brown, 1977); Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World (New York: Basic Books, 1986); Ernst Haas, The Obsolescence of Regional Integration Theory (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1975); Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1995); James Rosenau and Ernst Otto Czempiel, eds., Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). 9. Jacob Cooke, ed., The Reports of Alexander Hamilton (New York: Harper & Row, 1964); Friedrich List, The National System of Political Economy (New York: Kelly, 1966); Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy (Stanford: Press, 1982); Laura Tyson, Who’s Bashing Whom?: Trade Conflict in High Technology Industries (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International , 1992); William Nester, Japanese Industrial Targeting: The Neomercantilist Path to Economic Superpower (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991); William Nester, American Power, the New World Order, and the Japanese Challenge (London: Macmillan, 1993); William Nester, Power across the Pacific: A Diplomatic History of American Relations with Japan (New York: New York University Press, 1996); Clyde Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth and Power to the East (New York: Basic Books, 2005). 10. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1937); David Ricardo, The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (London: Dent, 1973); G. Himmelfarb, ed., Essays on Politics and Culture: John Stuart Mill (New York: Anchor, 1963); , Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1962). 11. Vladimir I. Lenin, : The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1939); , The Modern World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974); Fernando Enrique Cardoso, Dependency and Development in Latin America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Andre Gunter Frank, Crisis in the (London: Heinemann, 1980). 12. Charles Kindleberger, The World in Depression, 1929–1939 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); , States and Markets: An Introduction to International Political 254 NOTES

Economy (London: Pinter, 1988); Robert Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984); Stephen Krasner, International Regimes (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983). 13. Richard Cox with T.J. Sinclair, Approaches to World Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Andrew Linklater, Beyond Realism and Marxism: Critical Theory and International Relations (Basingstoke, Eng.: Macmillan, 1990); J.-F. Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984); J. Vasquez, Classics of International Relations (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1996). 14. J.G. Ruggie, Constructing the World Polity: Essays on International Institutionalization (London: Routledge, 1998); Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Base: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); V. Spike Peterson, Gendered States: Feminist (Re)Visions of International Relations Theory (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1992); Christine Sylvester, Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). 15. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1987), 439. 16. Kennedy, Rise and Fall of Great Powers, 440. 17. Robert Reich, “The Quiet Path to Technological Preeminence,” Scientific America, October 1989, 43. 18. Sam Dillon, “U.S. Slips in Luring World’s Brightest,” International Herald Tribune, December 22, 2004. 19. Alan Kotok, “Foreign Students Return to U.S. Colleges,” Information Agency Alumni Newsletter, January 6, 2007. 20. Dillon, “U.S. Slips in Luring World’s Brightest”; Kristen Lee, “State Department Visa Rules for Some Scientists and Students,” New York Times, February 14, 2005. 21. Robert Gilpin, France in the Age of the Scientific State (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968), 25. 22. Klaus Knorr, The Power of Nations: The Political Economy of International Relations (New York: Basic Books, 1975), 3. 23. Knorr, Power of Nations, 4–5. 24. Nye, Understanding International Conflicts, 99. 25. Gary C. Hufbauer et al. Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1990). See the very good recent overview, David Cortright and George Lopez, eds., Smart Sanctions: Targeting Economic Sanctions (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002). 26. Shintaro Ishihara and Akio Morita, The Japan That Can Say “No” (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), 18. NOTES 255

27. Charles Ferguson, “America’s High Tech Decline,” Foreign Policy, Spring 1989, 129. 28. Clyde Prestowitz, Trading Places: How We Allowed Japan to Take the Lead (New York: Basic Books, 1988), 11, 27. 29. Pat Choate, Agents of Influence: How Japan’s Lobbyists in the United States Manipulate America’s Political and Economic System (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1990). 30. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, 9.

2 Who Are You?: Identity and Globalization 1. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Touchstone Books, 1997). 2. Ted Gurr and James R. Scarritt, “Minorities at Risk: A Global Survey,” Rights Quarterly, 1, 1989:375–405; See also Ted Gurr, “Ethnic Warfare and the Changing Priorities of Global Security,” Mediterranean Quarterly, 1, 1990:81–98. 3. Theodore Von Laue, The World Revolution of (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 375. See also Adda Bozeman, Politics and Culture in International Relations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1960); Peter Worsley, The Three Worlds: Culture and World Development (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984); Ronald Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990); Peter Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Countries (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997); Yosef Lapid and Friedrich Kratochwil, eds., The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1996). 4. Lyman Sargent, Contemporary Political Ideologies (Pacific Grove, Calif.: Brooks/Cole, 1990), 10–11. 5. John Stoessinger, The Might of Nations (New York: Random House, 1989), 10. See also John Armstrong, Nations before Nationalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982); Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983); Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983); Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986); E.J. Hobswawn, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Program, Myth, Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992); Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power: The Rise of Classes and Nation- States, 1760–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Yale Ferguson and Richard Mansbach, Polities: Authorities, Identities, 256 NOTES

and Change (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996); Rodney Bruce Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). 6. Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975); Henri Claessen and Peter Skalnik, eds., The Early State (The Hague: Mouton, 1978); Ronald Cohen and Elman Service, eds., The Origins of the State: The of Political Evolution (Philadelphia: ISHI, 1978); Jonathan Haas, The Evolution of the Prehistoric State (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982); John Hall, ed., States in History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Yale Ferguson and Richard Mansbach, The State, Conceptual Chaos, and the Future of International Relations (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1989); Janice Thompson, Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns: State-Building and Extraterritorial in Early Modern Europe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994); Martin Van Creveld, The Rise and Decline of the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 176–78; Yale Ferguson and Richard Mansbach, The Elusive Quest Continues: Theory and Global Politics (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2003), Chapter 5. 7. Hed ley Bu l l, Anarchial Society (London: Macmillan, 1977), 8. See also Bertrand Badie and Pierre Bertrand, The Sociology of the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); F.H. Hinsley, Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Allan James, Sovereign Statehood: The Basis of International Society (London: Allen & Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruypt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994); Thomas Biersteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Martin van Creveld, The Rise and Decline of the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999). 8. Charles Tilly, The Formation of Nation-States in Western Europe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975); William H. McNeil, The Pursuit of Power (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Hedley Bull and Adam Watson, ed., The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Allen & Unwin, 1986); Michael Mann, States, War, and Capitalism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988); Yale Ferguson and Richard Mansbach, The State, Conceptual Choas, and the Future of International Relations (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reinner, 1989); Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, A.D. 990–1990 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990); Charles Gochman and Alan Ned Sabrosky, eds., Prisoners of War? Nation-States and the Modern Era (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1990). 9. Huntington, Clash of Civilizations. See also Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History, 12 vols. (London: Oxford University Press, 1934–1961); Carroll Quigley, The Nature of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis NOTES 257

(New York: Macmillan, 1961); Matthew Melko, The Nature of Civilizations (Boston: Porter Sargent, 1969). 10. Huntington, Clash of Civilizations, 20. 11. Huntington, Clash of Civilizations, 20. 12. Huntington, Clash of Civilizations, 20–21. 13. Huntington, Clash of Civilizations, 318.

3 National Interests, Foreign Policy, and Global Politics 1. For some excellent overviews of foreign policy making, see Wolfram Hanrieder, ed., Comparative Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays (New York: McKay, 1971); Charles Kegley and James Rosenau, eds., New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987); Irving Janis, Crucial Decisions: Leadership in Policymaking and Crisis Management (New York: Free Press, 1989); Jonathan Roberts, Decision-Making during International Crises (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988); Paul Hart, Eric Stern, and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policymaking (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997); Joe Hagan and Margaret Hermann, Leaders, Groups, Coalitions: Understanding the People and Processes in Foreign Policymaking (Boston: Blackwell, 2001); Charles Kegley and Gregory Raymond, From War to Peace: Fateful Decisions in International Politics (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2002); Jeanne Hey, ed., Small States in World Politics: Expanding Foreign Policy Behavior (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2003); Richard Snyder, H.W. Bruck, Burton Sapin, and Valerie Hudson, Foreign Policy Decision Making (London: Palgrave, 2003); Margaret Hermann and Bengt Sundelius, eds., Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis: Theories and Methods (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2006). 2. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1988). 3. For other realist and rational choice works, see Hans Morganthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Knopf, 1978); Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960); Hermann Kahn, Thinking about the Unthinkable (New York: Horizon Press, 1962); Glenn Synder and Paul Diesing, Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision Making, and System Structure in International Relations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1977); Steven Brams and D. Marc Kilgour, Game Theory and National Security (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988); Michael Nicholson, Rationality and the Analysis of International Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); K.I. Manktelow and D.E. Over, eds., Rationality, Psychological and Philosophical Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 1993). 4. Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 37. 258 NOTES

5. Ted Sorensen, Decision-Making in the White House (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), 19–20. 6. Stephen Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987). For other critics of realism, see Sidney Verba, “Assumptions of Rationality and Non-Rationality in Models of the International System,” in Klaus Knorr and Sidney Verba, eds., The International System (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961); Herbert Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1982); Jack Levy, “Prospect Theory, Rational Choice, and International Relations, International Studies Quarterly, 41, 1, 1997:87–112; Miles Kahler, “Rationality in International Relations,” International Organization, 52, 1, 1998:919–41. 7. George Kennan, American Diplomacy, 1900–1950 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), 65–66. 8. Quoted in Winston Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948), 315. 9. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (New York: Macmillan, 1948), 1314–15. 10. Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow, The Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York: Longman, 1999). 11. Kenneth Waltz, The Theory of International Politics (Reading, Penns.: Addison-Wesley, 1979), 15. 12. In addition to the books cited in note 5, for a good overview of realism, see John Vasquez, The Power of Power Politics: From Classical Realism to Neotraditionalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). 13. For prominent organizational behavior books, see John Steinbrunner, The Cybernetic Theory of Decision: New Dimensions of Political Analysis (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974); Jeffrey Pressman and Aaron Wildavsky, Implementation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983); Edward Laumann and David Knoke, The Organizational State: Social Choice in National Policy Domains (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987); James Q. Wilson, Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It (New York: Basic Books, 1989); Walter Powell and Paul Dimaggio, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991). 14. For government politics model books, see William Bacchus, Foreign Policy and the Bureaucratic Process: The State Department’s Country Director System (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974); Morton Halperin, Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute, 1974); Zeev Maov, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Peter Evans, Harold Jacobson, and Robert Putnam, eds., Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Kenneth Shepsle and Mark Bonchek, Analyzing Politics: Rationality, Behavior, and Institutions (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997). 15. Allison and Zelikow, Essence of Decision, 338. NOTES 259

16. Allison and Zelikow, Essence of Decision, 404. 17. Among the more prominent works on the relationship between psychol- ogy, policymaking, and politics, see Richard Synder, H.W. Bruck, and Burton Sapin, eds., Foreign Policy Decision-Making (New York: Free Press, 1962); Joseph De Rivera, The Psychological Dimensions of Foreign Policy (Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill, 1968); James David Barber, The Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1972); Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976); Margaret Hermann and Thomas Milburn, eds., A Psychological Examination of Political Leaders (New York: Free Press, 1977); Richard Cottam, Foreign Policy Motivation (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977); Ir ving Janis and L eon Mann, Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict, Choice, and Commitment (New York: Free Press, 1977); Lloyd Etheridge, A World of Men: The Private Sources of America Foreign Policy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1978); Raymond Cohen, Threat Perception in International Crisis (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979); Richard Nisbett and Lee Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgement (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1980); Robert Issaak, Individual and World Politics (North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press, 1981); Richard Lebow, Between Peace and War: The Nature of International Crisis (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1981); Chister Jonsson, ed., Cognitive Dynamics and International Politics (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982); Yaacov Vertzberger, The World in Their Minds: Information Processing, Cognition, and Perception in Foreign Policy Decision-Making (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1990); Robert Jervis, System Effect: Complexity in Political and Social Life (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997). 18. Kenneth Boulding, “National Images and International Systems,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 3, June 1959:120–31. 19. Herbert Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963). 20. Arthur Stein, “The Limits of Strategic Choice: Constrained Rationality and Incomplete Explanations,” in David Lake and Robert Powell, eds., Strategic Choice and International Relations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999), 197–228. 21. John Steinbrunner, The Cybernetic Theory of Decision: New Dimensions of Political Analysis (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974), 136. 22. Alexander George, “The Operational Code,” International Studies Quarterly, 13, 2, 1969, 190–222. 23. Ole Hosti, “The ‘Operational Code’ Approach to the Study of Political Leaders: John Foster Dulles’ Philosophical and Instrumental Beliefs,” Canadian Journal of Political Science, 3, 1, March 1970:123–57. 24. Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 264. 25. Kissinger, White House Years, 1202. 260 NOTES

26. Irving Janis, Group Think: A Psychological Study of Foreign Policy Decisions and Fiascos (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982). 27. Glenn Hastedt, “Controlling Intelligence: Values and Perspectives of Administration,” paper presented at the International Studies Association, Washington, D.C., April 1987; James Risen, “C.I.A. Counters Critics of Its Cold War Work,” New York Times, November 21, 1999; James Bamford, A Pretext for War (New York: Anchor Books, 2004); Felicity Barringer, “White House Refused to Open E-Mail on Pollutants,” New York Times, June 25, 2008. 28. Pat Choate, Agents of Influence (New York: Basic Books, 1991). 29. Thomas Risse-Kappen, “Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Security Policy in Liberal Democracies: France, Japan, West Germany, and the United States,” paper presented at the International Studies Association, Washington, D.C., April 1990. 30. Kenneth Waltz, “Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory,” in Robert Rothstein, ed., The Evolution of Theory in International Relations (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991), 21–38. 31. John Ruggie, “Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis,” World Politics, 35, January 1983:261–85. 32. Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, Mass.: Addison- Wesley, 1979), 17. 33. Quoted in Arthur Schlesinger, A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Greenwich, Ct.: Fawcett, 1967), 395. 34. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, 17.

4 Wealth, Power, and the Global Community 1. For some good books on international organizations see Margaret P. Karst and Karen Mingst, International Organizations: The Politics and Processes of (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2004); Michael Barnett and Martha Finnermore, Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2004); Joseph Baratta, The Politics of World Federation: From World Federalism to Global Governance (New York: Praeger, 2005); Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall, eds., Power in Global Governance (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005); Donald J. Puchala, Katie Verlin Laatikainen, and Roger A. Coate, United Nations Politics: International Organizations in a Divided World (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2006). 2. For an excellent recent study, see Christopher C. Joyner, International Law in the Twenty-First Century (Lanham, Mid.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005); J. Martin Rochester, Between Peril and Promise: The Politics of International Law (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2006); Cathal Nolan, ed., Ethics and Statecraft: The Moral Dimensions of International Affairs (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2004); R ichard Lebow, The Tragic Vision of Politics: Ethics, Interests, and Orders (Cambridge: Cambridge University NOTES 261

Press, 2003). For fine older studies, see Antonio Cassese, International Law in a Divided World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); David Forsythe, The Politics of International Law: U.S. Foreign Policy Reconsidered (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990); Werner Levi, Contemporary International Law: A Concise Introduction (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1990); Daniel Patrick Moynihan, On the Law of Nations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990). 3. Gerhard von Glahn, Law among Nations (New York: Macmillan, 1992), 32. 4. David Mitrany, A Working Peace (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1966), 11. 5. See the Yearbook of International Organizations (Brussels: Union of International Organizations, 2004/2005), 33. 6. Mitrany, Working Peace, 11. 7. Irving Janis, Crucial Decisions: Leadership in Policymaking and Crisis Management (New York: Free Press, 1989), 142. 8. Janis, Crucial Decisions, 38.

5 Strategies for Success in the Global Economy 1. For good overviews, see Robert Gilpin, with Jean Gilpin, Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001); C. Roe Goddard, Patrick Cronin, and Kishore C. Dash, eds., International Political Economy: State-Market Relations in a Changing Global Order (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2003); Joseph Grieco and G. John Ikenberry, State Power and World Markets: The International Political Economy (New York: W.W. Norton, 2003); Neil Fligstein, The Architecture of Markets (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004); Benjamin Cohen, ed., International Political Economy (Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2005); Benjamin Friedman, The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth (New York: Knopf, 2005). 2. For recent liberal works, see , Economics (New York: McGraw Hill, 1980), 651. For recent some books espousing liberal economic theory, see Milton Friedman, Free to Choose (New York: Harvest Books, 1990); Russell A. Roberts, The Choice: A Fable of and Protectionism (Englewood Cliff, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2000); Jagdish N. Bagwati, Free Trade Today (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003); Cheryl Schonhardt Bailey, From the Corn Laws to Free Trade: Interests, Ideas, and Institution in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2006); Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007). 3. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1937), 314. 4. Quoted in Peter Kenen, The International Economy (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1985), 6. 262 NOTES

5. Smith, Wealth of Nations, 37. 6. For critiques of liberalism, see such leading economic realist theorists as Kenneth Waltz, Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1954); Edward Hallett Carr, The Twenty Year’s Crisis, 1919–1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1962); Charles Kindelberger, Power and Money: The Economics of International Politics and the Politics of International Economics (New York: Basic Books, 1970); David Calleo and Benjamin M. Rowland, American and the World Political Economy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1973); Klaus Knorr, Power and Wealth: The Political Economy of International Power (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Peter Katzenstein, Between Power and Plenty (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1978); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987); Martin and Susan Tolchin, Selling Our Security: The Erosion of America’s Assets (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1992); William Nester, American Power, the New World Order, and the Japanese Challenge (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993); Alan Tonelson, The : Why a Worldwide Worker Surplus and Uncontrolled Free Trade are Sinking American Living Standards (New York: Basic Books, 2002); Douglas A. Irwin, Free Trade under Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005); Sherrod Brown, The Myths of Free Trade: Why American Trade Policy Has Failed (New York: New Press, 2006); and Andrew Charlton, for All: How Trade Can Promote Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007). 7. R ober t Kut t ner, End of Laissez-Faire (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), 141. 8. Friedrich List quoted in John Spanier, Games Nations Play: Analyzing International Politics (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984), 354. 9. John Spanier, Games Nations Play (Washington, D.C.:, CQ Press, 1996), 355. 10. Bruce Scott and George Lodge, U.S. Competitiveness in the World Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard School of Business Press, 1987), 94. 11. David Blake and Robert Walters, The Politics of Global Economic Relations (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1987), 67. For an interesting dis- cussion of different theoretical perspectives on American foreign and eco- nomic policymaking and policies, see chapter 8. 12. For some classic works on mercantilism, see Eli F. Hecksher, Mercantilism, trans. Mendel Shapiro, 2 vols. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1936); Jacob Viner, “Power Versus Plenty As Objectives of Foreign Policy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” World Politics, October 1948, 1:1–29. For some more recent works, see Helmut Schoek, ed., Central Planning and Mercantilism (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand, 1964); R.J. Barry Jones, Conflict and Control in the World Economy: Contemporary Economic NOTES 263

Realism and the New Mercantilism (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1986); Robert G. Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987); Michael E. Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations (New York: Free Press, 1998); Meredith Woo-Cumings, The Developmental State (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999); Rondo Cameron, A Concise Economic History of the World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Jeffrey A. Frieden, Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century (New York: W.W. Norton, 2006). 13. Jacob Viner, Studies in the Theory of (New York: Augustus M. Kelly, 1965), 286. 14. Kuttner, End of Laissez Faire, 173. 15. For recent works on social market states, see Isabella Mares, The Politics of Social Risk: Business and Welfare State Development (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Peter Taylor-Goodby, New Risks, New Welfare: The Transformation of the European Welfare State (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); Josefina Figuera-Mcdonough, The Welfare State and Social Work: Pursuing Social Justice (New York: Sage, 2006); Peter Pestieau, The Welfare State in the European Union: Economic and Social Perspectives (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006); Bruce Jaansson, The Reluctant Welfare State: Emerging History to Advance Social Work Practice in Contemporary Society (New York: Brooks Cole, 2008). 16. Wolfram Hanrieder, “Dissolving International Politics: Reflections on the Nation-State,” American Political Science Review, December 1978, 72/4:1278. 17. Richard Stevenson, “Swedes Facing Rigors of Welfare Cuts,” New York Times, March 14, 1993; “Nordic Countries Survey,” Economist, January 23, 1999; CIA World Fact Book, 2008. For recent works on social mar- ket capitalism, see Bertell Ollman, Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists (London: Routledge, 1997); Robert E. Goodin, Bruce Headey, Ruud Muffels, and Henk-Jan Dirven, The Real Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Donald Busky, Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2000); Robert Corfe, Reinventing Democratic Socialism (New York: Arena Books 2001). 18. W.W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), p. 189. For the classic American argument for a rational national industrial policy, see Alexander Hamilton, “Report on the Subject of Manufactures,” in Arthur Harrison Cole, ed., Industrial and Commercial Correspondence of Alexander Hamilton Anticipating His Report on Manufactures (New York: A.M. Kelley, 1968). 19. Hugh Patrick and Larry Meissner, eds., Japan’s High Technology Industries: Lessons and Limitations of Industrial Policy (: University of Washington Press, 1986), xiii; Chalmers Johnson, ed., The Industrial Policy Debate (San Francisco: ICS Press, 1984), 3. 20. Scott and Lodge, U.S. Competitiveness, 80–95. 264 NOTES

21. Clemens Boonekamp, “Voluntary Export Restraints,” Finance and Development, December 1987, 23:3. 22. World Development Report, 1991, 104–5. 23. Paul Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectations (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), 105. See also Michael Mastanduno, David Lake, and G. John Ikenberry, “Toward a Realist Theory of State Action,” International Studies Quarterly, December 1989, 33:457–75; Michael Mastanduno, “Do Relative Gains Matter? America’s Response to Japanese Industrial Policy,” International Security, Summer 1991, 16:73–113; Duncan Snidal, “International Cooperation Among Relative Gains Maximizers,” International Studies Quarterly, December 1991, 35:387–402. 24. James Bovard, “Fair Trade Is Unfair,” Newsweek, December 9, 1991, 13. 25. Charles Linblom, Politics and Markets: The World’s Political Economic Systems (New York: Basic Books, 1977), ix. 26. Robert Isaak, International Political Economy: Managing World Economic Change (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1991), 15.

 Global Battles among the Economic Superpowers 1. For the classic work on complex interdependence, see Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman/Little Brown, 1989). Some recent good analyses include Thomas Oatley, International Political Economy: Interests and Institutions in the Global Economy (New York: Pearson Longman, 2004); James Petras and Henry Veltmeyer, A System in Crisis: The Dynamics of Free Market Capitalism (London: Palgrave, 2004); Bjorn Lomborg, ed., Global Crises, Global Solutions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004); John Ravenhill, ed., Global Political Economy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); Nicola Phillips, ed., Globalizing International Political Economy (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006). 2. The founder of this perspective was Charles Kindleberger, The World in Depression, 1929–1939 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973). See also Robert Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political System (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005); Barry Eichengreen, Hegemonic Stability Theory and Economic Analysis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996); Ilan Peleg, Democratizing the Hegemonic State: Political Transformation in the Age of Identity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007); Peter Mayer and Volker Rittberger, Theories of International Regimes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008). 3. Stephen Krasner, “Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables,” International Organization, Spring 1982:36/185; Stephen D. Krasner, International Regimes (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983); Daniel Drezner, All Politics Is Global: NOTES 265

Explaining International Regulatory Regimes (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008). 4. For excellent accounts of American leadership of the global political econ- omy, see Kindleberger, World in Depression; David P. Calleo and Benjamin Rowland, America and the World Political Economy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1973); Joan Spero, The Politics of International Economic Relations (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990). 5. William Nester, A Short History of American Industrial Policies (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998); William Nester, American Industrial Policy: Free or Managed Markets? (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997); William Nester, The War for America’s Natural Resources (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997); Jeffrey J. Schott, Free Trade Agreements: United States Strategies and Priorities (New York: Peterson Institute, 2004). 6. For an excellent argument that Smoot-Hawley simply exacerbated an existing global depression, see Susan Strange, “Protectionism and World Politics,” in Kendall Stiles and Tsuneo Akaha, eds., International Political Economy (New York: Harper Collins, 1991), 133–56. 7. Martin and Susan Tolchin, Selling Our Security: The Erosion of America’s Assets (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992), 132. 8. Among the more prominent studies of Japan’s development, see Ira Magaziner and Thomas Hout, Japanese Industrial Policy (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1980); John Zysman, Governments, Markets, and Growth (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983); Ed Lincoln, Japan’s Industrial Policies (Washington, D.C.: Japan Economic Institute of America, 1984); William Nester, The Foundations of Japanese Power: Continuities, Changes, Challenges (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1990); William Nester, Japanese Industrial Targeting: The Neomercantilist Path to Economic Superpower (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991); Penelope Francks, Japanese Economic Development: Theory and Practice (London: Routledge, 1999); Carl Mosk, Japanese Economic Development: Markets, Norms, Structures (London: Routledge, 2007). 9. See Chalmers Johnson, John Zysman, and Laura Tyson, Politics and Productivity: The Real Story of Why Japan’s Economy Works (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1989), Chapter 1. 10. See Selig Harrison and Clyde Prestowitz, “Pacific Agenda: Defense or Economics?” Foreign Policy, Summer 1990, 79:56–57. 11. See Ernst Haas, The Uniting of Europe (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1957); William Nester, European Power and the Japanese Challenge (London: Macmillan, 1993); M. Burgess, Federalism and European Union: The Building of Union (London: Routledge, 2000); Helen and William Wallace, Policymaking in the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); K.H. Goetz and S. Hix, eds., Europeanized Politics: European Integration and National Political Systems (London: Frank Cass, 2001); John McCormick, The European Union: Politics and Policies (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2007); Andreas Staab, The European Union Explained: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008); Elizabeth Bomberg, 266 NOTES

John Peterson, and Alexander Stubb, eds., The European Union: How Does It Work? (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008). 12. See Ted Fishman, China Inc: How the Rise of the Next Superpower Challenges America and the World (New York: Scribners, 2005); Oded Shenkar, The Chinese Century: The Rising Chinese Economy and Its Impact on the Global Economy, the Balance of Power, and Your Job (Philadelphia: Wharton School, 2006); David Shambaugh, Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006); David Lampton, The Three Faces of Chinese Power: Might, Money, and Minds (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008). 13. Unless otherwise cited, the following statistics come from nationmaster. com. 14. See Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, The American Challenge (New York: Atheneum, 1968). 15. Martin and Susan Tolchin, Buying into America: How Foreign Money Is Changing the Face of Our Nation (New York: Times Books, 1988); Pat Choate, Agents of Influence (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1990). 16. Jonathan Crystal, Unwanted Company: Foreign Investment in American Industries (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003); David Marchick and Alan Larson, Foreign Investment and National Security: Getting the Balance Right (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2007); Ralph Folsom et al., International Transactions: Foreign Investment (New York: West, 2008); Bruno Solnik and Dennis McLeavey, Global Investments (New York: Pearson, 2008); John Dunning and Philippe Gugler, Foreign Direct Investment: Location and Competitiveness (New York: JAI Press, 2008); Mitchell King, Foreign Investment in U.S. Securities (New York: Nova Science, 2010).

7 The Global Development of Underdevelopment 1. See Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1947). See also, David Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York: W.W. Norton, 1998); Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner, ed., The Foreign Policies of the Global South (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2003); Howard Wiarda, Political Development in Emerging Countries (Belmont, Ca.: Wadsworth, 2003); James Petras, The New Development Politics (Willison, Vt.: Ashgate, 2004); December Green and Laura Luehrmann, Comparative Politics of the Third World (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2004); Joseph Wetherby et al., The Other World: Issues and Politics of the Developing World (New York: Allyn & Bacon/Longman, 2004); , The End of Poverty (New York: Penguin Press, 2005); Atul, Kohli, State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Robert Griffiths, ed., Developing World (Dubuque, Iowa: McGraw-Hill, 2006). NOTES 267

2. Quoted by Charles Lane, “Let’s Abolish the Third World,” Newsweek, April 27, 1992, 43. 3. World Bank, World Development Report, 1991 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). 4. For two classic dependency studies focusing on Latin America, see Raul Prebisch, The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems (New York: United Nations, 1950); Andre Gunter Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969). 5. For a sweeping exploration of this perspective, see , Essays in Development Economics: Wealth and Poverty, vol. 1, and Dependence and Interdependence, vol. 2 (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1985). 6. Monte Palmer, Political Development: Dilemmas and Challenges (Itasca, Il.: Peacock, 1997), 20. 7. M a x Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Free Press, 1947). 8. See Palmer, Political Development, 180–81. 9. Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968), 78. 10. Robert Clark, Power and Policy in the Third World (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982), 111. 11. See Crane Brinton, Anatomy of Revolution (New York: W.W. Norton, 1938); Jack Goldstone, Revolutions: Theoretical, Comparative, and Historical Studies (New York: Wadsworth, 2002): Hannah Arendt and Jonathan Schell, On Revolution (New York: Penguin Classics, 2006); James Defronzo, Revolutions and Revolutionary Movements (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2007). 12. The literature on economic development is vast. Some recent leading text- books include Michael Todaro and Stephen Smith, Economic Development (New York: Addison-Wesley, 2005); Gerald Meier and James Raunch, Leading Issues in Economic Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); Dwight Perkins et al., The Economics of Development (New York: W.W. Norton, 2006). 13. Theodore Von Laue, The World Revolution of Westernization (New York: Oxford University, 1987), 31. 14. W. Theodore de Bary, ed., Sources of Indian Tradition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958), 803. 15. Von Laue, World Revolution, 315–16. 16. John Kie-Chaing Oh, Korean Politics: The Quest for and Economic Development (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999); Diane Davis, Discipline and Development: Middle Classes and Prosperity in East Asia and Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Leela Fernandez, ’s New Middle Class: Democratic Politics in an Age of Economic Reform (ST. Paul: , 2006). 17. Von Laue, World Revolution, 314. 268 NOTES

18. Arab Development Report, 2002: Creating Opportunities fo Future Generations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). 19. Tim Golden, “Sweeping Political Changes Leave Latin Poor Still Poor,” New York Times, May 30, 1992. 20. Golden, “Sweeping Political Changes.” 21. Bela Belassa, “The ‘New Protectionism’ and the International Economy,” Journal of World Trade Laws, 1975, 12/5:15. 22. David Blake and Robert Walters, The Politics of International Economic Relations (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1991), 162. 23. Bruce Russet and Harvey Star, World Politics: The Menu for Choice (New York: Freeman, 1989), 435. 24. Monte Palmer, Political Development: Dilemmas and Challenges (Ithasca, Il.: Peacock, 1997), 326.

8 Rich versus Poor in the Global Economy 1. World Bank 2000, Entering the 21st Century: World Development Report 1999/2000 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 26. 2. For some excellent recent studies, see Richard Feinberg and Delia Boylan, Modular Multilateralism: North-South Economic Relations in the 1990s (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1991); Ivan Head, On a Hinge of History: The Mutual Vulnerability of South and North (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991); G.K. Helleiner, The New Global Economy and the Developing Countries (Brookfield, Vt.: Edward Elgar, 1990); Edward Weisband, ed., Poverty Amidst Plenty (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1989); William Felice, The Global New Deal: Economic and Social in World Politics (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003); Justin Robertson and Maurice East, eds., Diplomacy and Developing Nations (London: Routledge, 2005); David Satler, and the Post-Colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2005). The same question haunts the issues of personal development, and the relative prosperity of different ethnic, religious, and racial groups in the United States and elsewhere. Does one’s material status depend more on individual or cultural endowments or does the answer lie elsewhere? Is it nature or nurture? 3. Irene Brown, “Studies in Non-Alignment,” Journal of Modern Africa Studies, December 1966, 4/4:517–27. 4. Dale Johnson, ed., Middle Classes in Dependent Countries (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1984), 537. 5. United Nations General Assembly, 18th Session, Official Records: Eighteenth Session, Supplement No. 7 (A 5507), 24. 6. See Paul Prebisch, Towards a New Trade Policy for Development, report by the Secretary-General of the United Nations conference on Trade and Development, E/CONF.46/3, New York: United Nations, 1964. NOTES 269

7. For the definitive study of oil, see , The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991). For a recent study, see Toyin Falola and Ann Genova, The Politics of the Global Oil Industry (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2008). 8. Joan Spero, The Politics of International Economic Relations (New York: Macmillan, 1990), 161. 9. A.W. Clausen, “The Internationalized Corporation: An Executive’s View,” Annals, American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1972, 403: 21.

9 The Global Environmental Crises 1. Garret Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science, December 1970, 162:1243–48. For some good recent analyses of the global envi- ronmental crises, see John Firon and Judith Jacobsen, The Crowded Greenhouse: Population, , and Creating a Sustainable World (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2004); Jennifer Clapps and Peter Dauvergne, Paths to a Green World: The Political Economy of the Global Environment (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2005); Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Viking, 2005); John Dyszek and David Scholosberg, eds., Debating the Earth: The Environmental Politics Reader (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); Worldwatch Institute, State of the World 2007 (New York: W.W. Norton, 2007). 2. John Harte and Richard Norgaard, “The Debts of Nations and the Destruction of Ecological Impacts from Human Impacts,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, January 2008. 3. Lester Brown, ed., The World Watch Reader: On Global Environmental Issues (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), 13. 4. For these and other population statistics see World Bank 2000, Entering the 21st Century: World Development Report 1999/2000 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 46, 139–55, 214. 5. , Population Matters: People, Resources, Environment, and Immigration (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Press, 1990). 6. UN Population Fund Report, 2008. 7. Stern Review of the Economic Costs of Climate Change, , 2006. 8. Culled from various WHO and World Bank reports, 1999–2008. 9. Hilary French, “Eastern Europe’s Clean Break with the Past,” in Brown, World Watch Reader, 20. 10. Unless otherwise indicated that all statistics come from Alan Durning, “Cradles of Life” and John Ryan, “Sustainable Forestry,” in Brown, World Watch Reader, and Kenton Miller et al., “ and Species Loss,” in Matthews, Preserving the Global Environment, 78–111. 11. Miller, Deforestation and Species Loss, 79–80. 270 NOTES

12. Brown, World Watch Reader, 148; Other information in paragraph culled from various UNEP and FOA reports. 13. For an excellent account of the causes and effects of ocean pollu- tion, see Nicholas Lassen, “The Ocean Blues,” in Brown, World Watch Reader. Unless otherwise indicated, the statistics from this section come from his chapter; William Broad and Andrew Revkin, “Over-fishing Imposes a Heavy Toll,” New York Times, July 29, 2003.

10 Consequences 1. Taken from George Modelski, “Is World Politics Evolutionary Learning?” International Organization, 44, 1, Winter 1990:2–24. Immanuel Kant distinguished between the warlike tendencies of democratic and authori- tarian countries almost 200 years ago, when he argued that democratic nations, tied together by trade and a respect for international law, would be unlikely to go to war. In his 1795 essay entitled “Perpetual Peace,” Kant asserts that “if the consent of citizens is required in order to decide that war should be declared . . . , nothing is more natural than they would be very cautious in commencing such a poor game, decreeing for them- selves the calamities of war . . . In a constitution which is not republican, and under which the subjects are not citizens, a declaration of war is the easiest thing in the world to decide on.” (Immanuel Kant, “Perpetual Peace,” in Peter Gay, ed., The Enlightenment (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974), 790–92. 2. Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World (New York: Basic Books, 1986), 62. Index

Adriatic Sea 238 East Asia/Far East 73, 101, Afghanistan 1, 2, 30, 45, 89, 157 113, 136–37, 147, 165, Africa 36, 45, 54, 81, 167, 168, 174, 196, 198 182, 216, 231 South Asia 147, 165 North Africa 147, 191 Southeast Asia 47, 74, 136–37, Sahara Desert 225 196, 198 Sahel 225 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Sub-Saharan 42, 147, 165, 178 (APEC) 3, 82 African Union (Organization of Asia Watch 89 African States) 45, 187 Association of Southeast Asia Nations Airbus 125 (ASEAN) 82, 187 4 Assyria 78 Al Qaeda 2, 4, 66, 68 184, 234 Albania 178 Austria 37, 44, 122, 123 Algeria 26, 82, 190, 193 Auto-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Allende, Salvador 173 (AIDS) 216, 248 Allison, Graham 57, 59, 61 Azerbaijan 43 America American Indians 36 Bacon, Francis 211 Central America 166, 230 Ball, George 61 Latin America 35, 41, 81, 147, Baltic Sea 238 154, 163, 166, 168, 173, 182, Bandung Conference 186 185–86, 198, 204, 230 Bangladesh 31, 147, 148, 236 North America 47, 182, 190 Bay of Pigs 60 America Watch 89 Behavioralism 8, 14 American Arbitration Association 86 Belassa, Bela 175 Amnesty International 4, 82, 89 Belgium 19, 33, 40, 122, 123 Andean Group Belgrade Conference 186 Anglo-Iranian Oil 190 Belorussia 43 Angola 30, 174, 193 Bentham, Jeremy 10 Antarctica 213, 219, 239 Berlin Arab League 83 Berlin Wall 45 Arabs 26, 165, 171–73, 200 West Berlin 59 Aral Sea 236 Biotechnology Revolution 237 Argentina 81, 148, 174, 196 Bismarck, Otto von 101 Armenia 43 Bitar, Sergio 173 Asia 54, 81, 168, 182, 214 Blake, David 98 Central Asia 147, 235, 236 Bodin, Jean 36 272 INDEX

Bolivia 81, 178 Charter of Economic Rights and Boskin, Michael 93, 97 Duties of Countries 205 Boulding, Kenneth 63 Chavez, Hugo 174 Brahmaputra River 236 Chernobyl 213 Brazil 20, 21, 81, 86, 147, 148, 174, Chevron 190 175, 178, 192, 196, 197, 204, Chiang Kai-shek 72 206, 230 Chile 148, 173, 174, 196, 206, 207 Bretton Woods Conference 12 China 4, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, Brezhnev Doctrine 45 21–22, 27, 36, 38, 39, 41, 69, 70, Britain 12, 15, 19, 21, 22, 23, 40, 43, 72, 74, 110, 112, 113, 115, 116, 54, 56, 70, 86, 87, 93, 95, 96, 118, 126–32, 132, 140, 140–42, 107, 108, 122, 123, 135, 165, 147, 163, 165, 175, 176, 178, 174, 193, 199, 213 179, 185, 187, 193, 204, 206, England 35, 167 214, 215, 220, 224, 235, 236, Northern Ireland 30 246, 247–48 British Petroleum 190 Communist Party 38, 126–27, Brown, Lester 211, 212 130, 131 Brunei 140 Ming 16 Buddhism 32, 34, 41, 42 Overseas Chinese 31 Hinayana 42 Population Policy 216–17 Bulgaria 122, 123 Choate, Pat 69–70, 134 Bull, Hedley 11, 37 Christianity 32, 33–34, 166 Burma/Myanmar 178 Catholicism 34, 36, 89–90 Bush, George H. W. 52, 216, 232–33 Orthodox 41 Bush, George W. 52, 64, 65, 66, 70, Protestantism 34, 36 71, 105–106, 130, 135, 141, Chrysler 51 142, 157, 213, 216, 220, 227, Churchill, Winston 50, 56, 65 240, 247 Cicerone, Ralph 223 Clinton, Bill 64, 137, 141, 142, 216, Cable News Network (CNN) 4, 88 220, 240 Calvo Doctrine 204 Cold War 44–45, 51–52, 56, 57–61, Cambodia/Kampuchea 164 63, 64, 81, 123, 163, 173, 174, Campaign to Ban Landmines 89 186–87, 207, 212, 244 Canada 4, 18, 19, 33, 39, 40, 81, 93, Columbia 81, 173 113, 136–39, 184, 213, FARC 173 223, 228 Commission/Center on Transnational Quebec 41 Corporations 205 Cardoso, Fernando 12 Committee for Nuclear Disarmament Caribbean Sea/Basin 147 (CND) 88 Carter, Jimmy 24, 64, 66 Commonwealth of Independent Casey, Bill 68 States 44 Castro, Fidel 59 Communist Party 52 Castroism 151 Comunita di Sant’Egidio 89 Central American Common Market Confucian Capitalism 176 (CACM) 81 Confucianism 32 Chad 30, 148 Congo 2 Chamberlain, Neville 56, 64 Constructivism 13 Chamorro, Violetta 164 Cook Islands 39 INDEX 273

Coordinating Committee on Central Copenhagen Conference 208, Controls (COCOM) 24 213, 220 Cortez, Hernando 166 Deforestation 5, 212, 229–33 Costa Rica 81, 145, 148, 169 Desertification 4, 212, 233–38 Cox, Robert 13 Geneva Convention on Long- Cray 25 Range Trans-Boundary Air Critical Theory 13 Pollution 228 Cuba 24, 59–61, 163, 173–74, 178 Global Warming 4–5, 212, Cuban Missile Crisis 50, 57–61 217–22, 239, 248 Cyprus 122, 123 Global Warming Treaty/ Czech Republic 122, 123 Framework Convention on Czechoslovakia 44, 56, 64, 164 Climate Change 219–20, 221, 228 Helsinki Convention for the Market Darwinism 94, 96 Protection of the Baltic 228 Social Darwinism 79 International Conference on Declaration of Rights of Indigenous Population 216 Peoples 40 International Panel on Climate Deconstructivism 13 Change (IPCC) 217–18, 221 Deng, Xiaoping 126 International Tropical Timber Denmark 122, 123, 124, 199, 223 Organization (ITTO) 232 12, 148–50, Kyoto Protocol 208, 213, 247 182–83, 245 London Protocol 224 Dobrynin, Anatoly 61 Montreal Protocol 224 Doctors Without Borders 89 Nairobi Conference 236 Dulles, John Foster 63 Ozone Depletion 212, 222–25 Dumbarton Oaks Conference 87 Paris Convention for the Protection Dutch Royal Shell 190 of the North Sea 228 Duvalier, Papa Doc and Baby Plan of Action to Combat Doc 157 Desertification 236–37 Population Explosion 4, 212, 214–17 East India Company 134 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 89, Eban, Abba 77, 80 208, 213, 216, 232, 233, 247 Economic Community of West Sofia Convention on Air Africa 82 Pollution 228 Ecuador 26, 81, 190, 193 Stockholm Conference 212, 213 Egypt 52, 78, 176, 191, 235–36 Tropical Forest Action Plan 232 Eisenhower, Dwight 68 Vienna Convention on the El Salvador 81, 89, 164, 169, 173 Protection of the Ozone Environmental Catastrophes 2, 128, Layer 224 211–42, 247–49 World Conference on the Changing Barcelona Convention for Atmosphere 219 the Protection of the Estonia 43, 44, 122, 123 Mediterranean 228 Ethiopia 147, 174, 236 Biocide 5, 212 Euroatom 123 Treaty 233 Europe 35, 41, 47, 54, 55, 121, 165, Bonn Convention for the 191, 199, 223, 247 Protection of the Rhine 228 East Europe 65, 147, 163 274 INDEX

Europe—Continued Freedom House 33–34, 89 West Europe 24, 65, 70 Friedman, Milton 12 European Coal and Steel Friedman, Thomas 1, 7, 245–46 Community 123 Friends of the Earth 89 European Community 123, 223 Fuentes, Carlos 173 European Economic Community 81, Fuggers 134 110, 123 Functionalism 81 European Union 3, 4, 11, 16, 19, 36, 46, 73, 81, 82, 83, 90, 109–10, Gabon 2, 190 113, 115, 116, 121, 122–26, Game Theory 58 128, 133, 135, 136–37, 140–42, Gandhi, Mahatma 167 201, 224, 225, 226, 228, 244 Ganges River 236 European Union/Community Garibaldi, Giuseppe 29, 35 Government Institutions General Agreement on Trade and European Council 123, 126 Tariffs (GATT) 85, 114, European Court of Justice 124 132–33, 183, 184, European Parliament 124 187–88, 204 European Union/Community Tokyo Round 132, 189 Policies/Programs Uruguay Round 132, 189 Common Agricultural Fund General Electric 100 (CAP) 125 General System of Preferences European Monetary System 124 (GSP) 188 European Space Agency 225 Geneva Convention of 1954 45 Research and Development Gentili, Alberico 78 Advanced Communications Georgia 43 Technology (RACE) 125 Germany 3, 11, 20, 22, 35, 36, 40, Strategic Program for Research and 44, 50, 54, 56, 64, 70, 93, 101, Development (ESPRIT) 125 106–107, 108, 112, 113, 122, European Union/Community 123, 126, 135, 199, 213 Treaties East Germany 44, 45 Lisbon 126 West Germany 44, 45, 123 Maastricht 123, 126 Gilpin, Robert 13, 22 Paris 123 Gorbachev, Mikhail 43, 45, 153 Rome 123 Gore, Al 211 Exxon 190 Grant, Ulysses 86 Great Depression 101, 116–17 Fascism 2, 36, 50 Greece 36, 122, 123, 228 Feminist Theory 13 Green Revolution 237 Ferguson, Charles 25 Green Theory 13–14 Fiji 40 219 Finland 122, 123, 223 Greenpeace 4, 82, 88–89 Ford 106–107 Greenspan, Alan 12 89 Grotius, Hugo 10, 37, 78 France 3, 15, 19, 35, 39, 40, 43, 54, Group of Seven 196 55, 70, 88–89, 94–95, 108–109, Group of Seventy-Seven 145, 187, 110, 122, 123, 124, 135, 163, 188–89, 201, 213 174, 199, 213 Group of Twenty 4 Frank, Andre Gunter 12 Guatemala 81, 164, 169, 206 INDEX 275

Gulf of Mexico 236 International Court of Justice Gulf Oil 190 (ICJ) 79, 83, 86, 87, 90 International Energy Agency 191 Haas, Ernst 11 International Federation of Airline Hague Conventions 86 Pilots (IFAP) 88 Haiti 45, 157 International Law of the Sea Hamilton, Alexander 11, 108 Treaty 240 Hansen, James 213, 217 International Monetary Fund Hardin, Garrett 211 (IMF) 4, 23, 74, 84–85, 87, Havana Charter 205 114, 183, 187, 196–98, Hegel, George 7 201–202, 244 Hegemonic Stability Theory 11, 114 International Planned Hezbollah 4 Parenthood 216 Himalaya Mountains 236 International Red Cross 4, 82, 89 Hinduism 32, 34, 41, 78 International Telephone and Hitler, Adolf 44, 56, 64, 65 Telegraph (ITT) 207 Ho Chi Minh 163 International Trade Organization Hobbes, Thomas 9, 37 (ITO) 184, 205 Holy Roman Empire 36 International Honduras 81, 169, 206 Commission 240 Hong Kong 20, 21 Iran 2, 24, 26, 27, 52, 55, 66, 159, Hoover, Herbert 117 190, 192–93, 194 Hudson Bay Company 134 Persia 36 Hull, Cordell 56, 113 1, 2, 26, 30, 39, 45, 50, 52, 70, Humanism 8–9, 14 157, 190, 192, 193 Hungary 122, 123, 164 Ireland 122, 123, 228 Huntington, Samuel 29, 41, 152 Irredentism 44 Ishihara, Shintaro 25 Iceland 31, 122, 123 Islam 3, 32, 34, 41, 42 India 4, 16, 20, 22, 39, 40, 42–43, House of Islam 41 93, 145, 147, 167, 175, 178, 185, House of War 41 187, 206, 214, 220, 224, 230, Shiite 39 236, 246 2, 26, 27, 35, 42, 44, 51, 74, Congress Party 145 191 Indonesia 26, 82, 140, 175, 186, Labor Party 44, 51 190, 192, 193, 197, 204 Likud Party 44, 51 Indus River 236 Italy 2, 19, 35, 36, 39, 40, 50, 54, 86, Intel 100 93, 113, 122, 123, 134, 213 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Japan 2, 3, 11, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21–22, (IBRD, World Bank) 4, 87, 114, 24–26, 31, 36, 38, 41, 44, 50, 148, 183, 196–98, 201–202, 244 54, 64, 69–70, 72–73, 74, 93, International Business Machine 94, 95, 101, 107, 108, 109–10, (IBM) 206 112, 113, 115, 116, 118–22, International Chamber of 126, 128, 132, 135, 136, 140, Commerce 86 140–42, 163, 165, 176, 191, International Council of Scientific 196, 197, 198, 199, 200–201, Unions 88 213, 223, 226, 238, 239, 240–41 276 INDEX

Japan—Continued Lenin, Vladimir 12, 16 Ainu 31 Level of Analysis Matrix 61–74 American Occupation 120–21 Li Peng 130 Bank of Japan 107 Liberalism 11–12, 14, 17 Burakumin 31 Economic Liberalism 11, 12, 94, Foreign Exchange Control 95–98, 99–101, 111–12, 245 Law 119 Neoliberalism 10–11, 56 Foreign Investment Law 119 Utopian Liberalism 10 Konketsujin 31 Liberia 45, 147 Ministry of Finance (MOF) 119, 120 Libya 26, 82, 190, 193 Ministry of International Trade and Lichtenstein 39 Industry (MITI) 119, 121 Lincoln, Abraham 93 Okinawa 31 Linklater, Andrew 13 Tokugawa 36 List, Friedrich 97, 113 Jay Treaty 86 Lithuania 43, 122, 123 Jefferson, Thomas 12, 37 Locke, John 10, 37 Jiang Zemin 130 Lodge, George 97 Johnson, Lyndon 64, 66, 70, 72 Luther, Martin 36 Jordan 44 Luxembourg 21, 122, 123, 199, 201 Jordan River 235 Lyotard, Jean-Francois 13 Judaism 32, 34, 42 Machiavelli, Nicolo 9 Kant, Immanuel 10, 243–44, 245 Malaysia 112, 140, 147, 193, 197 Kazakhstan 43 Malta 122 Kennan, George 54–55 Malthus, Thomas 214, 238, 246 Kennedy, John 24, 49, 57, 59–61, 72, Mao Zedong 56, 163 74, 181 Maoism 151 Kennedy, Paul 15–16, 50 Marcos, Ferdinand 157 Kennedy, Robert 61 Marshall Islands 39 Kenya 236 Marx, Karl 7, 16 Keohane, Robert 11, 13 Marxism 8, 11, 12, 148–49, 204, 245 Keyes, Maynard 104 Marxist Leninist 17, 73, 163, 173 Khomeini, Ruhollah 192 McCone, John 61 Khrushchev, Nikita 59–61, 199 McNamara, Robert 66 Kindleberger, Charles 12 Medicis 134 Kissinger, Henry 53, 65, 243 Mercantilism 11, 17, 98–99 Knorr, Klaus 23 Mercosur 81 Korea 31, 44 Mexico 4, 18, 40, 81, 113, 136–39, Krasner, Stephen 13 154, 166, 169, 174, 175, 185, Kuln, Thomas 7 192, 193, 195–96, 204, 206, 39 216, 228 Kuttner, Robert 96 Party of the Institutionalized Kuwait 24, 26, 39, 50, 192, 193 Revolution 154 Micronesia 39 Laos 164 Microsoft 100 Latvia 43, 122, 123 54, 147, 182, 191 League of Nations 10, 86, 87 Mill, John Stuart 12 Lebanon 30, 44, 56 Mitrany, David 81 INDEX 277

Mitsubish 100 Nobel Peace Prize 89 Mobil Oil 190 Non-Aligned Movement 186–89 Mobuto, Seko 157 Noriega, Manuel 24, 52 Modavia 43 North American Free Trade Models Association (NAFTA) 4, 73, 81, Government Politics Model 57, 82, 83, 136–37, 138–39, 58–59, 61 228, 244 Organizational Process Model 57, North Atlantic Treaty Organization 58, 61 (NATO) 3, 59, 83 Rational Choice Model 57–58, North Korea 2, 45, 69, 178, 204 61, 63 Norway 21, 193, 199, 223 149, Nye, Joseph 11, 23 182–83, 245 Nyerere, Julius 45, 187 Molina, Mario 223 Monaco 39 Obama, Barack 51, 117, 141, Monnet, Jean 123 213, 247 Morganthau, Henry 9, 53 Olympics 89, 131 Multifiber Agreement 109 Organization of Arab Petroleum Multinationalism 39–41 Exporting Countries (OAPEC) 191 Naipaul, Shiva 147 Organization for Economic Napoleon Bonaparte 163 Cooperation and Development Nasserism 151 (OECD) 93, 146, 201, 205 Nationalism 35–36 Development Assistance Neocolonialism 12 Committee (DAC) 201 Neoconservatism 68 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Neofunctionalism 81 Countries (OPEC) 4, 20, Neomercantilism 11, 17, 24–26, 74, 26–27, 82, 141, 170, 187, 188, 94–95, 99–101, 109–12, 190–93, 194–95, 200, 201, 207, 126–28, 129–30, 131–32 208, 222 Nester, William 11 Oslo Accord 51 Netherlands 15, 19, 35, 38, 122, Ottoman Empire 43 123, 191, 199 Oxfam 89 New International Economic Order (NEIO) 188–89 Pacific Ocean/Basin 4, 147 New Zealand 184 Pahlavi, Reza Shah 159, 190, 192 Newly Industrializing Countries Paine, Thomas 37 (NICs) 110, 112, 175–76 Pakistan 176, 187, 236 Nicaragua 81, 157, 164, 173 Palestine 44, 51 Sandinista Party 164 Gaza 44, 51 Niger 148 44, 51 Nigeria 26, 27, 30, 40, 42–43, 82, Palestinian Liberation Organization 169, 175, 192, 193, 230 (PLO) 44 Biafra 43 Panama 24, 176 Nihilism 13 Paz, Octavia 173 Nile River 235–36 Peace of Augsburg 36 Nixon, Richard 64, 120 Peace/Treaty of Westphalia 36, 46, 78 Nkrumahism 151 Penn, William 10 278 INDEX

Permanent Court of Arbitration Ruggie, John 13 (PCA) 86 Rusk, John 61 Permanent Court of International Russia 20, 21, 36, 37, 39, 43, 44, 50, Justice (PCIJ) 86, 87 55, 72, 162, 197, 223 Persian Gulf 26, 190, 194 Rwanda 45 Peru 81, 178 Peter the Great 72 Saddam, Hussein 39, 52, 65, 68 Philippines 140, 157, 176, 197 Saint Lawrence Seaway 239 Philips 206 San Marino 39 Plaza Accord 107 Saudi Arabia 26, 82, 147, 148, 170, Poland 37, 44, 90, 122, 164 190, 192, 193, 216 Popper, Karl 7 Saurez, Francisco 78 Portugal 15, 31, 122, 123, Scandinavia 94, 201 191, 228 Schumacher, E.M. 211 Positivism 8 Scott, Bruce 97 Postmodernism 13 Scripps Institute of Powell, Colin 66, 130 Oceanography 217 Prebisch, Paul 187 September 11, 2001 71 Prestowitz, Clyde 11 Seven Sisters 190 Prussia 37 Shelling, Thomas 9 Pufendorf, Samuel 78 Sierra Club 89 Putin, Vladimir 72 Sierra Leone 45 Simon, Julian 214 Qaddafi, Muammar al 191 Singapore 20, 112, 140, 197, 206 Qatar 82, 190, 193 Slavic 43 Slovakia 122, 123 Reagan, Ronald 24, 51, 64, 66, 68, Slovenia 123 93, 97, 100, 105–106, 135, 142, Smith, Adam 10, 12, 16, 95–96 216, 240 Social Democracy 102 Reaganomics 105–106 Social Markets 94, 101–103 Realism 9–10, 14, 244 Somalia 45, 174 Classic Realism 9 Somazas 157 Neorealism 9, 53, 54, 55 Sony 100 Reformation 36 Sorensen, Ted 54 Regan, Don 106 South Africa 148, 204 Renaissance 36 South Korea 19, 20, 45, 70, 93, 110, Ricardo, David 12, 16, 96 112, 140, 174, 175, Rio Grande 236 176–77, 178, 197, 238 Rockefeller Foundation 89 South Pacific Forum 82 Roman Empire 36, 78 Southern Africa Development Romania 43, 122, 123 Community 82 Roosevelt, Franklin 64, 65, 87, 117 Soviet Union 11, 24, 25, 38, 43, 45, Roosevelt, Theodore 64 51–52, 54, 55, 64, 65, 66, 69, Rosecrance, Richard 11, 244 87, 89, 140, 162, 163–64, 173, Rosenau, James 8 190, 200, 204, 213, 236 Rostow, Walt 12 Spain 15, 19, 38, 40, 122, 123, 147 Rousseau, Jean Jacques 37 Catalonia 40 Rowland, Sherwood 223 Spanier, John 97 INDEX 279

Sri Lanka 30 U.N. Food and Agricultural Stalin, Joseph 16, 43, 44, 65, 66 Organization (FAO) 232 Stern, Nicolas 219 U.N. Population Fund 214, 215 Storlarski, Richard 223 World Health Organization Strange, Susan 13 (WHO) 226 Sudan 2, 236 World Meteorological Sukarno 181, 186 Organizations (WMO) 217 Sukarnoism 151 United States 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12, 16, Sweden 102–103, 122, 123, 199, 223 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24–25, Switzerland 33, 39, 86, 93 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 45, 50, 51, Syria 44, 191 52, 54, 55, 64, 65, 66–68, 69–70, 71–72, 74, 85, 86, 87, 89, 19, 20, 38, 110, 112, 129, 93, 94, 95, 98, 102, 106–107, 140, 175, 176–77, 178, 238 108, 109–10, 113–14, 115–18, Tajikstan 43 120–21, 124, 127, 128, 129–31, Tanzania 45 133, 135–36, 136–39, 140, Tenet, George 66 141–42, 148, 161, 163, 165, 169, Texaco 190 173, 174, 176–77, 184, 185–86, Thailand 42, 112, 140, 147, 190, 192, 196–97, 198–202, 196–97, 215 206, 207, 213, 214, 220, 221–22, Thatcher, Margaret 213, 224, 225 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 238, Third World 27, 55, 146–47, 247, 248 148–50, 151–79, 181–208, California 40 214, 230 Central Intelligence Agency Thucydides 9 (CIA) 61, 65, 66, 67, 68, 169 Tolchin, Martin and Susan 118, 135 Clean Air Acts 226 Toyota 100, 206 Congress 69, 94, 105, 108, Truman, Harry 64, 68 117, 205 Turkey 59, 61, 147, 206 Conservatives 105 Tyson, Laura 11 Cuban-Americans 69 Defense Department 71 Ukraine 43, 44 Defense Intelligence Agency 26, 170, 190, (DIA) 67 192, 193 Democratic Party 70 United Fruit Company 169, 206, 207 Environmental Protection Agency United Nations 24, 82, 87–88, (EPA) 66, 226 244–45 Federal Reserve 21, 104–105, 124 Charter 77, 87 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 205 General Assembly 38, 40, 87, Great Plains 236 208, 219 Idaho 230 International Fund for Agricultural Jewish-Americans 69 Development 237 National Aeronautics and Space Security Council 38, 39, 84, 87 Agency (NASA) 213, 217, 224 U.N. Commission on Trade and New England 40 Development (UNCTAD) New Mexico 236 187–89, 205, 208 North Dakota 236 U.N. Environmental Program 212, Ogallala Aquifer 236 223–24 Omibus Trade Bill 135 280 INDEX

United States—Continued Persian 52 Reciprocal Trade Act 117 Thirty Years War 36, 78 Republican Party 70, 240 Vietnam War 64, 66, 70, 72 Right to Know Laws 227 I 10, 162 South 40 World War II 10, 16, 35, 56, 64, Southwest 40 72, 83, 87, 117 Texas 236 Yom Kippur War 26, 191 Uruguay Round 110 Weber, Max 150 Uzbekistan 43 Wendt, Alexander 13 Whitman, Christine 66 Vance, Cyrus 66 Williams, Jodi 89 Vanuatu 39 Wilson, Woodrow 10, 35, 64, Vasquez, John 13 65, 87 Vatican 89–90 World Health Organization Vattel, Emmerich von 78–79 (WHO) 82 Venezuela 26, 81, 82, 174, 190, 192, World Intellectual Property 193, 196, 223 Organization (WIPO) 189 Versailles Peace Conference 35, 65 World Systems Theory 12, Victoria, Francisco de 78 148–50, 245 Vienna Convention on Treaties 79 World Trade Organization (WTO) 3, Vietnam 50, 129, 140, 163, 204 4, 12, 23, 82, 84, 85–86, 87, 88, North Vietnam 45 114, 127, 132–33, 183–86, 187, South Vietnam 45 189, 244 Viner, Jacob 98–99 World Wildlife Fund 89 Volkswagen 106–107 Wye Accord 51 Von Laue, Theodore 30, 168, 171 Yalta Conference 65 Wallerstein, Immanuel 12 Yeltsin, Boris 43 Walters, Robert 98 Yemen 147 Waltz, Kenneth 8, 9, 57, 73, 74, 75 Yugoslavia 30, 38, 45, 129, 204 Wars 1967 War 44 Zaire 157 Afghanistan War 200 Zakaria, Fareed 145 American Civil War 86 Zelikow, Philip 57, 59, 61 52, 70, 200 Zhu Rongji 130 Peloponnesian War 9 Zimbabwe 148