Notes Introduction 1. The literature on globalization can be split among relatively balanced stud- ies and those that are either decidedly optimistic or pessimistic about its nature and consequences. For broad overviews, see J. Martin Rochester, Between Two Epochs: What Is Ahead for America, the World, and Global Politics in the 21st Century (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2002); David Held and Anthony McGrew, eds., The Global Transformations Reader (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press/Blackwell, 2003); K.J. Holsti, Taming the Sovereigns: International Change in International Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Peter Singer, One World: The Ethics of Globalization (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2004); Edward Cornish, Futuring: The Exploration of the Future (Bethesda, Md.: World Future Society, 2004); Marvin J. Cetron and Owen Davies, 53 Trends Now Shaping the Future (Bethesda, Md.: World Future Society, 2005); Charles W. Kegley and Gregory A. Raymond, The Global Future (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning, 2006). For pessimists, see Yale H. Ferguson and Richard W. Mansbach, Remapping Global Politics: History’s Revenge and Future Shock (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004); Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Viking, 2005); Louise Amoore, ed., The Global Resistance Reader: Concepts and Issues (New York: Routledge, 2005); Jan Aart Scholte, Globalization: A Critical Introduction (London: Palgrave, 2005); Worldwatch Institute, State of the World 2007 (New York: W.W. Norton, 2007). For optimists, see Jadish Bhagwati, In Defense of Globalization (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Thomas Friedman, The Earth Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2005); John F. Stack and Luis Hebron, Globalization: Debunking the Myths (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2006). 1 Theories and Realities of Global Wealth and Power 1. For excellent overviews, see Robert Rothstein, ed., The Evolution of Theory in International Relations (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 252 NOTES 1991); Charles Kegley, ed., Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995); Robert Jackson and Georg Sorenson, Introduction to International Relations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999); Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly et al., Theories of International Relations (New York: Palgrave, 2001); James Dougherty and Robert Pfaltzgraff, Contending Theories of International Relations (New York: Addison-Wesley-Longman, 2001); Colin Elman and Miriam Elman, eds., Progress in International Relations Theory: Appraising the Field (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003; Yale Ferguson and Richard Mansbach, The Elusive Quest Continuities: Theory and Global Politics (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2003); Marc Genest, Conflict and Cooperation: Evolving Theories of International Relations (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning, 2004); Zeev Maoz et al., eds., Multiple Paths to Knowledge in International Relations (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 2004); Cynthia Weber, International Relations Theory (New York: Routledge, 2005); Jennifer Sterling-Folker, ed., Making Sense of International Relations Theory (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2006). 2. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), 175. See also, Gary Gutting, ed., Paradigms and Revolutions: Appraisals and Applications of Thomas Kuhn’s Philosophy of Science (South Bend, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1980). 3. Kenneth Waltz, Man, the State, and War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959). 4. James Rosenau, The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy (New York: Free Press, 1973), vii. 5. Although the behavioralist paradigm has thousands of professional adherents, perhaps the two most important twentieth-century theo- rists who argued that humans can and should be studied scientifically just like the nonhuman natural world were Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (London: Hutchinson, 1935); and Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970). See also Heinz Eulau, The Behavioral Persuasion in Politics (New York: Random House, 1963); Bernard Crick, The American Science of Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960); Alan Ryan, The Philosophy of the Social Sciences (New York: Pantheon Books, 1970); Steve Smith, Ken Booth, and Marysia Zalewksi, eds., International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). 6. Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War (London: Penguin, 1979); Nicolo Machiavelli, The Prince (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984); Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan (Oxford: Blackwell, 1946); Hans Morgenthau, Power among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 6th ed. (New York: Knopf, 1985). For an excellent overview of the development of real- ist theory, see John Vasquez, The Power of Power Politics: From Classical Realism to Neotraditionalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). NOTES 253 7. Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979); Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980). For a good overview of critiques, see Robert Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); For a more nuanced and sophisticated neoreal- ist approach see, Barry Buzan, Charles Jones, and Richard Little, The Logic of Anarchy: Neorealism to Structural Realism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993). 8. Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977); Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World (New York: Basic Books, 1986); Ernst Haas, The Obsolescence of Regional Integration Theory (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1975); Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1995); James Rosenau and Ernst Otto Czempiel, eds., Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). 9. Jacob Cooke, ed., The Reports of Alexander Hamilton (New York: Harper & Row, 1964); Friedrich List, The National System of Political Economy (New York: Kelly, 1966); Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982); Laura Tyson, Who’s Bashing Whom?: Trade Conflict in High Technology Industries (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1992); William Nester, Japanese Industrial Targeting: The Neomercantilist Path to Economic Superpower (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991); William Nester, American Power, the New World Order, and the Japanese Challenge (London: Macmillan, 1993); William Nester, Power across the Pacific: A Diplomatic History of American Relations with Japan (New York: New York University Press, 1996); Clyde Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth and Power to the East (New York: Basic Books, 2005). 10. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1937); David Ricardo, The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (London: Dent, 1973); G. Himmelfarb, ed., Essays on Politics and Culture: John Stuart Mill (New York: Anchor, 1963); Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1962). 11. Vladimir I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1939); Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974); Fernando Enrique Cardoso, Dependency and Development in Latin America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Andre Gunter Frank, Crisis in the World Economy (London: Heinemann, 1980). 12. Charles Kindleberger, The World in Depression, 1929–1939 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Susan Strange, States and Markets: An Introduction to International Political 254 NOTES Economy (London: Pinter, 1988); Robert Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984); Stephen Krasner, International Regimes (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983). 13. Richard Cox with T.J. Sinclair, Approaches to World Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Andrew Linklater, Beyond Realism and Marxism: Critical Theory and International Relations (Basingstoke, Eng.: Macmillan, 1990); J.-F. Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984); J. Vasquez, Classics of International Relations (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1996). 14. J.G. Ruggie, Constructing the World Polity: Essays on International Institutionalization (London: Routledge, 1998); Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Base: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); V. Spike Peterson, Gendered States: Feminist (Re)Visions of International Relations Theory (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1992); Christine Sylvester, Feminist Theory and International Relations