Eastern Africa Climate-Smart Agriculture Scoping Study
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Eastern Africa Climate-Smart Agriculture Scoping Study: ETHIOPIA, KENYA AND UGANDA Cover image: ©FAO/Sarah Elliott Eastern Africa Climate-Smart Agriculture Scoping Study: ETHIOPIA, KENYA AND UGANDA Esther Njeru, Sebastian Grey and Edward Kilawe FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Addis Ababa, 2016 DISCLAIMER Recommended citation: FAO, 2016. Eastern Africa Climate-Smart Agriculture Scoping Study: Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda. By Njeru, E., Grey, S. and Kilawe, E. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 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CONTENTS preface v ACKNOWledgements vi Acronyms vii EXECUTIVE Summary xi INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objective 2 1 1.3 Methodology and Approach 2 1.4 Scope of the Study 2 T2 HE EASTERN AFRICAN CONTEXT 3 3 WHAT IS CLIMAte-SMART AGRICULTURE? 6 COUNTRY STUDY 1: ETHIOPIA 11 4.1 Overview of the Agriculture Sector in Ethiopia 11 4.2 CSA Technologies and Practices: Adoption and Implementation 13 4 4.3 CSA Stakeholders, Programmes and Projects in Ethiopia 16 4.3.1 Government Programmes 16 4.3.2 Development Agencies and Non-Governmental Organizations 20 4.3.3 Research and Academic Institutions 23 4.3.4 Private Sector 24 4.4 Key Policies Relevant to CSA in Ethiopia 25 4.5 Gender Issues for CSA in Ethiopia 28 4.6 Constraints to CSA Promotion and Adoption in Ethiopia 29 4.7 Opportunities for CSA Promotion in Ethiopia 29 COUNTRY STUDY 2: KENYA 31 5.1 Overview of the Agriculture Sector in Kenya 31 5.2 CSA Technologies and Practices: Adoption and Implementation 33 5 5.3 CSA Stakeholders, Programmes and Projects in Kenya 36 5.3.1 Government Programmes 36 5.3.2 Development Agencies and Non-Governmental Organizations 39 5.3.3 Research and Academic Institutions 44 5.3.4 Private Sector 45 5.4 Key Policies and Institutions Relevant to CSA in Kenya 45 5.5 Gender Issues for CSA in Kenya 50 5.6 Constraints to CSA Adoption in Kenya 52 5.7 Opportunities for CSA Promotion in Kenya 53 ETHIOPIA, KENYA AND UGANDA | iii COUNTRY STUDY 3: UGANDA 55 6.1 Overview of the Agriculture Sector in Uganda 55 6.2 CSA Technologies and Practices: Adoption and Implementation 57 6 6.3 CSA Stakeholders, Programmes and Projects in Uganda 58 6.3.1 Government Programmes 58 6.3.2 Development Agencies and Non-Governmental Organizations 60 6.3.3 Research and Academic Institutions 65 6.3.4 Private Sector 65 6.4 Key Policies and Institutions Relevant to CSA in Uganda 67 6.5 Gender Issues for CSA in Uganda 72 6.6 Constraints to CSA Adoption in Uganda 73 6.7 Opportunities for CSA Adoption in Uganda 74 SUB-REGIONAL OVERVIEW 75 7.1 Summary of Sub-regional Findings 75 7.2 Challenges to CSA Adoption and Promotion in Eastern Africa 79 7 7.3 Opportunities for CSA Promotion in Eastern Africa 81 7.4 Recommendations 82 References 85 Annexure 1: Summary of Hudumakwa Mkulima (HKM) 25 Project in Kenya 87 Annexure 2: Selected Case Studies of Integrated Watershed Management in Uganda 88 Annexure 3: Faith-Based CSA-Related Activities by UFNEA Uganda 89 Annexure 4: Conservation Agriculture Training Conducted by Makobu Enterprises in Ethiopia (2012 – 2014) 93 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Steps in undertaking the study 2 Figure 2: Agricultural greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 equivalent) in seven Eastern African countries 4 Figure 3: Importance of smallholder farming systems in Ethiopia 12 Figure 4: GHG emissions in Ethiopian agriculture in 2012 (FAOSTAT, 2015) 13 Figure 5: GHG emissions in Kenyan agriculture in 2012 (FAOSTAT, 2015) 32 Figure 6: GHG emissions in Ugandan agriculture in 2012 (FAOSTAT 2015) 56 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Summary of key policies relevant to CSA in Ethiopia 27 Table 2: Summary of the key CSA-related policies in Kenya 49 Table 3: Summary of the key CSA-related policies in Uganda 71 Table 4: Summary of the key CSA-related policies in Eastern Africa 76 Table 5: CSA-Related Programmes, Policies and Strategies in Eastern Africa 76 Table 6: CSA Promotion Methods in the Sub-Region 78 Table 7: Training in Farming God’s Way (FGW), Islamic Farming (IF) and conservation agriculture (CA) 90 LIST OF BOXES Box 1: Conservation agriculture principles, practices and technologies in Ethiopia 15 Box 2: FAO MICCA Project in Kenya 43 Box 3: Farmer field schools (FFS) in climate-smart agriculture 50 Box 4: Women’s success story from the FAO MICCA project in Kaptumo, Kenya 51 Box 5: Faith-based climate-smart agriculture activities by UFNEA Uganda 62 Box 6: Evaluating climate-smartness of national agricultural investment plans 69 iv | EASTERN AFRICA CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE SCOPING STUDY PREFACE One of the main challenges to achieving food security in Eastern Africa has been related to unfavourable weather and climate conditions, including the occurrence of droughts and floods as well as increasingly unreliable rainfall and gradually increasing temperatures. Climate-smart agriculture, as defined and presented by FAO at the Hague Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change in 2010, contributes to the achievement of sustainable development goals. It integrates the three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) by jointly addressing food security and climate challenges. CSA is composed of three main pillars – sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes; adapting and building resilience to climate change; and reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, where possible. This study was commissioned by the FAO Sub-regional Office for Eastern Africa under the auspices of the project “FAO Technical Support to the COMESA-EAC-SADC Programme on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSRO/RAF/307/COM)”. The study had the major objective of identifying and documenting CSA initiatives, technologies, practices and stakeholders in the Eastern African Sub-region with a special focus on Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda, so as to produce a report that would enable stakeholders to understand the opportunities and constraints associated with adopting particular CSA technologies and practices, the scale of CSA adoption and the drivers and bottlenecks to CSA adoption in the sub-region as stipulated in the terms of reference. There is opportunity to use this information to inform agricultural related policies, programmes and projects in the sub-region with the aim of sustainably increasing agricultural production and productivity; building resilience to climate-related hazards; and contributing to climate change mitigation. ETHIOPIA, KENYA AND UGANDA | v ACKNOWledgements The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) acknowledges the support of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) through the project “FAO Technical Support to the COMESA- EAC-SADC Programme on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in the Eastern and Southern African Region (OSRO/RAF/307/COM)”, which has enabled this study and is providing support to other activities promoting the scale up and scale out of conservation agriculture and other climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices in Eastern and Southern Africa. This report has been prepared by Esther Njeru, working as an independent consultant for FAO in conjunction with Edward Kilawe and Sebastian Grey of the FAO Sub-regional Office for Eastern Africa (FAOSFE). Acknowledgement is given to Amare Mengiste of FAO Ethiopia (FAOET), Wilson Ronno and Barrack Okoba of FAO Kenya (FAOKE) and Martin Ameu of FAO Uganda (FAOUG), the FAO national focal persons on CSA who assisted in organizing various aspects of the study in their respective countries. The FAO also expresses its gratitude and appreciation to all the respondents in Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda for their invaluable contributions towards the realization of this study. The authors express their gratitude to Mitzi du Plessis for managing the editing, design and layout of the publication in collaboration with graphic designer Elke Momberg. ©FAO vi | EASTERN AFRICA CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE SCOPING STUDY ABBREViations/acronyms ACT African Conservation Tillage