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The Aesthetics in the Poems of Patience of Imam Shafi'i

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The Aesthetics in the Poems of Patience of Imam Shafi'i International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 8 , No. 9, Sept. 2018, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2018 HRMARS The Aesthetics in the Poems of Patience of Imam Shafi’i Rahimahullah Khazri Osman & Faizol Azham Mohamed To Link this Article: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i9/4868 DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i9/4868 Received: 22 August 2018, Revised: 14 Sept 2018, Accepted: 23 Sept 2018 Published Online: 07 October 2018 In-Text Citation: (Osman & Mohamed, 2018) To Cite this Article: Osman, K., & Mohamed, F. A. (2018). The Aesthetics in the Poems of Patience of Imam Shafi’i Rahimahullah. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(9), 1874–1883. Copyright: © 2018 The Author(s) Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com) This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode Vol. 8, No. 9, September 2018, Pg. 1874 - 1883 http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/IJARBSS JOURNAL HOMEPAGE Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/publication-ethics 1874 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 8 , No. 9, Sept. 2018, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2018 HRMARS The Aesthetics in the Poems of Patience of Imam Shafi’i Rahimahullah Khazri Osman & Faizol Azham Mohamed Lecturer, Faculty of Islamic Studies, National Universiti of Malaysia Abstract Aesthetics is regarded as the finest value in a piece of literature that is not only measured through its explicit expressions, but also includes the implicit expressions. Each element involved that makes the literature so artistic is bonded to each other to explain the purpose intended. Therefore, the study of Imam Shafi’i poetry was carried out to show these elements. This matter is important because Imam Shafi’iis a knowledgeable icon that dominated the field of fiqh (Jurisprudence) and poetry. However, majority of people know him as a faqih (Jurist) rather than a poet, but in fact, Arabic literature is one of the areas mastered by him. His skills in the field of Arabic language were and are also recognised by the scholars of the past and the present, respectively. This study used qualitative methods to make a content analysis study design. Data were collected from poem verses related with patience, then these data were subsequently analysed from the perspective of their aesthetics. The results showed that the background and life experience of Imam Shafi’iwere closely related to the aesthetics in his poetry. He also used expressions that are characterised as balaghah (Eloquence), such as taqdim (Putting forward), ta’khir (Delaying), majaz (Figurative speech), and ijaz (concise), which reinforced the aesthetic values. Keywords: Aesthetics, Imam Shafi’i, Patience, Poetry, Balaghah Introduction The study of language is not only limited to the study of syntax or morphology; instead, it extends to the study of whether the meaning of a phrase is expressed or implied. This matter is interesting to analyse because readers generally well perceive the beautiful expressions found in literature. Each element in the aesthetics should be linked to each other by the poet to produce beautiful and interesting verses of poetry. The poems of an eminent scholar, who was competent in all branches of Arabic language knowledge, Imam Shafi’i, met the characteristics of a high-grade poetry. Besides his own school of Fiqh that the majority of the population in Malaysia follows, he has also left a rich literature that proves his pre-eminence of the Arabic language, which is the Diwan of Imam Shafi’i. 1875 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 8 , No. 9, Sept. 2018, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2018 HRMARS Methods Research findings are presented from deduction analysis on data gained from scholarly documents related to the concept of esthetics. The primary sources come from related manuscripts discussing the topics of balaghah and Arabic Morphology. Secondary sources consist of journals, books, articles, and other related materials. All of these materials are discussed thoroughly in this paper using content, deductive, and inductive analysis. Problem Statement The Arabic words are divided into two types, manzum (structured) and manthur (dispersed). In terms of significance, every manzum is better than manthur, as a manthur may sound beautiful but is unable to attract attention. Scholars agree that the manthur words are numerous in the Arab community, but it lacks charm. It cannot be compared with the manzum in terms of numbers, but the manzum is best in quality (Ibn Rashiq, 1981). Poetry with manzum characteristics comes in an organised form and contains rhythm and pace. On the other hand, proses are categorised as manthur because they do not contain the features above. It is a human nature to express what is in the heart or the mind, whether it is good or bad. To portray this, poems are created as a way to describe what is buried inside the heart. When the expression of the heart is organised in the form of beautiful words and added to a pleasing rhyme, then the result is an attractive verse of poetry that is able to leave a lasting impression on its followers. When the aesthetic value in a poem is appreciated, it will help people to be more joyful, happy, and calm. In literature, aesthetics must be present because of the artistic nature of literature. The artistry of it covers many aspects including language, thought, and expression techniques used (Arbai'e Sujud and Madiawati Mamat @ Mustaffa, 2011). Nik Safiah Karim believes that one of the forms of its artistry is language, which becomes a means to express thoughts and feelings through the structure of words and sentences (Arbai'e Sujud, 1999). Hence, verses in a poem must be examined one by one to find the aesthetic value contained therein. Ideas in the mind cannot be translated without using appropriate words, whereas the purpose will only exist in the mind with the presence of language. Thus, the artistry of the literature is closely associated with the poet’s language skills and his expression’s flexibility and sighah (form). These factors are important to present an interesting piece of work, intertwined with the artist’s imagination (Chorian, 1997). Based on these criteria, it is appropriate to analyse the aesthetic values in the poems of Imam Shafi’i. His ability was recognised by Azhari (n.d.) in compiling his work related to the odd lafz (pronunciation) of Shafi’i. He found that Imam Shafii was very knowledgeable, with a sharp basirah (Insight), clever in explaining the meanings, and had an eloquent speech and a sound lafz. Aesthetics in Literature The aesthetic aspect or artistry is one of the fundamentals in the world of literature. Since the old times, the aesthetic aspect has become the charm and magic to the audience. The concept of aesthetics assesses the literary text with reference to the aspect of artistry and strength. Aesthetics is a sense of artistry, joy, and happiness that refers to something valuable and useful. Along with a dazzling enjoyment or a breathtaking seen that quickly captures the feeling and etches the mind. In 1876 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 8 , No. 9, Sept. 2018, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2018 HRMARS the art of literature, when discussing artistry, it will always refer to the beauty associated with the effect of the writer’s language. The way the writer digests, blends, and processes his work also highlights the sense of artistry (Mana Sikana,2009). According to the theory of artistry, the artistry of a fine literature generally should account for about two aspects, external or physical and internal or content. The external artistry revolves around the aspect of language, the order of ideas, the choice of the roles, the background and time. The internal artistry is also about the effect and the purpose behind the creation of the work, which eventually leads to the good impression of the audience (Hazami Jahari, 2014). The portrait of the exquisiteness or the artistry of a work can be judged by the words and verses composed by the poet in his distinctive design by using all branches of the language knowledge such as dilalah (Connotation), majaz (Figure of speech), antonyms, synonyms, muqabalah (Comparison), jinas (Counterparts), and so on (Qatt, 1988). Clearly, poets use whatever means possible including balaghah (eloquence) to produce works that have an aesthetic impression. Background Imam Shafi’i He is Muhammad ibn Idris ibn al-’Abbas bin Uthman bin Shafi bin al-Saib bin Ubayd bin Abd Yazid bin Hashim bin Abd al-Muttalib bin Abd Manaf (Asbahani, 1974). He descended from Bani Hashim by relating with the Prophet SAW in his fourth grandfather, Abd Manaf. Sayyid (1984: 24) states that his surname is Abu Abdullah, while his kunya (nickname) is al-Muttalib, al-Qurashi, al-Hashimi, and al- Makki. He was born in 150 A.H. (767 A.D.) in Gaza, Palestine. He had the opportunity to acquire knowledge from many scholars of his time. His teachers came from diverse backgrounds. Among them are experts in Hadith, Shi’ite, and Mu’tazili affiliates, and scholars of Mazahib who are of different opinions. This is a key factor for his credibility in all branches of knowledge. Rabi bin Sulayman, one of Imam Shafi’istudents in Baghdad, reported he died on a Friday night, on the last day of the month of Rajab 204 A.H.
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