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Women and Meliponiculture in Corozo Community, Nicaragua

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Women and Meliponiculture in Corozo Community, Nicaragua Food Sovereignty: Women and Meliponiculture in Corozo community, Nicaragua Nidia Arauz A thesis submitted to the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy of Central European University in part fulfilment of the Degree of Master of Science Supervisor: Professor Guntra Aistara October, 2020 Budapest, Hungary CEU eTD Collection i Notes on copyright and the ownership of intellectual property rights: (1) Copyright in text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies (by any process) either in full, or of extracts, may be made only in accordance with instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European University Library. Details may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. Further copies (by any process) of copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the permission (in writing) of the Author. (2) The ownership of any intellectual property rights which may be described in this thesis is vested in the Central European University, subject to any prior agreement to the contrary, and may not be made available for use by third parties without the written permission of the University, which will prescribe the terms and conditions of any such agreement. (3) For bibliographic and reference purposes this thesis should be referred to as: Arauz, N. 2020. Food Sovereignty: Women and Meliponiculture in Corozo community, Nicaragua. Master of Science thesis, Central European University, Budapest. Further information on the conditions under which disclosures and exploitation may take place is available from the Head of the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Central European University. ollection CEU eTD Collection CEU eTDCEU C ii Author’s declaration No portion of the work referred to in this thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. Nidia Arauz CEU eTD Collection CEU eTDCEU Collection iii CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY Abstract of Thesis Submitted by: Nidia Arauz for the degree of Master of Science and entitled: Food Sovereignty: Women and Meliponiculture in Corozo community, Nicaragua. October 2020. Food sovereignty is the right to healthy food based on agroecological production, placing those who produce, distribute, and consume food at the center of food policies. In Nicaragua, peasant agriculture faces great challenges due to climate changes and policy making in the political sphere. Since ancient times, Nicaraguan women have been the protagonists in the story of achieving food sovereignty. NGOs and women’s work in conservation of traditional seed, Indigenous customs and knowledge, along with their willingness to adapt new technologies and science-based agro-ecological methods suggest that autonomy can be obtained in ways that lead to food sovereignty. In this study, I include a case study that shows that Meliponiculture has the potential to contribute to family farming production, crop diversification and the rescue of native bees, a practice that returns women to community heritage protection. Keywords: Food sovereignty, knowledge, agroecology, practices, politics, Nicaragua, climate change, diversification, Meliponiculture, bees, traditional, gardeners, seeds, conservation, pollination, community, indigenous CEU eTD Collection CEU eTDCEU Collection iv Acknowledgments For inspiration and life that comes from being born on the lands now called Corozo, Nicaragua, I acknowledge and thank God. I also thank all the people who lived on this land before I was born and my mother, father and sister Elioena, all inspirations in this thesis because of their commitment to the environment, to the Corozo community, and to our family. My gratitude and special mention to Judith Nichols for the support through her work with El Corozo Community and for being my inspiration as I continue working to the Indigenous communities of Nicaragua. I am grateful seeing new opportunities to give voice to women of Corozo, who show us, through their work, how to survive and protect the earth. Thank you for your support, motivation, and for making me part of the Artist for Soup family "Chicas de Accion e Ideas,” and for believing in me more than I can believe in myself and accompanying me in times that I have needed you the most. I thank the women of Corozo and surrounding regions who took time from their days of cultivating, washing clothes, carrying water from the river, collecting firewood, cooking, caring for children and elderly parents, for the time they took talking with me about their lives and their work. Thank you Mercedes Alvarez for your example, inspiration, and willingness to share resources with Nicaraguan sisters in Corozo. Thanks to Eban Goodstein, for recognizing that I would be capable of graduate level work and helping me pursue this dream first at Bard, in the United States, and then at the Central European University in Budapest. I am grateful to my professors and advisors in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Central European University for this opportunity to study and do research in an environment support and academic rigor. Thank you especially to Guntra Aistara for encouragement and ongoing critical feedback, dedication and insightful guidance and Laszlo Pinter for your support during this research thesis. CEU eTD Collection CEU eTDCEU Collection v Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Political context: a brief history ............................................................................................ 2 1.2 Ongoing pressures for lives of Nicaraguan women............................................................. 11 1.3 Climate and agroecological conditions................................................................................ 13 1.4 Aims and Objectives of the Research .................................................................................. 15 1.5 Outline ................................................................................................................................. 16 2 Literature Review........................................................................................................................ 18 2.1 Smallholder family farming, and the agricultural problems................................................ 19 2.2 Food sovereignty approach .................................................................................................. 21 2.3 Agroecology as a fundamental pillar of food sovereignty .................................................. 22 3 Theoretical framework ................................................................................................................ 27 3.1 Agroecology ........................................................................................................................ 27 3.1.1 The Principles of Agroecology .................................................................................... 30 3.2 Principles of Food Sovereignty ........................................................................................... 31 3.3 Meliponiculture as a tool of agroecology ............................................................................ 32 4 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 34 4.1 Study Area ........................................................................................................................... 35 4.1.1 Location ........................................................................................................................ 35 4.1.2 Climate ......................................................................................................................... 36 4.1.3 Ethnicity ....................................................................................................................... 36 4.1.4 Relief and soil characteristics ....................................................................................... 38 4.1.5 Economy....................................................................................................................... 38 4.1.6 Transportation .............................................................................................................. 42 4.2 Research strategies .............................................................................................................. 42 4.2.1 Semi-structured interviews and content analysis ......................................................... 44 CEU eTD Collection CEU eTDCEU Collection 4.2.2 Document analysis ....................................................................................................... 47 4.3 Ethical .................................................................................................................................. 47 4.3.1 Consent ......................................................................................................................... 47 4.4 Limitations ........................................................................................................................... 48 vi 5 Results and Discussion .............................................................................................................. 49 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................
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