LETTERS in the WAR BETWEEN ROME and JUDAEA Ryan S

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

LETTERS in the WAR BETWEEN ROME and JUDAEA Ryan S LETTERS IN THE WAR BETWEEN ROME AND JUDAEA Ryan S. Olson Well into a seven-week battle, the Jews at Jotapata were desperate for relief from their Roman besiegers. The city the Jews defended was north of Judaea in Galilee, a region that the Jewish general Josephus had forti ed before he arrived at Jotapata in the spring of ad67 after political leaders in Jerusalem failed to answer a frantic letter seeking new military orders. Long before his epistolary summons at the dénouement of the Jotapata battle to end the siege in triumph, the Roman general Vespasian welcomed Josephus’ arrival at the walled city sprawled across a spoon-shaped hill with its south- facing handle. The estimated 5,000 people from surrounding towns who sought refuge with the 2,000 residents before the siege did not seem to have over-extended its supply of corn, but their ability to withstand a long siege depended more urgently on the supply of water.1 The city (modern day Tel Yodfat, east of Moshav Yodfat) had no subterranean source and its typical internal source, rainwater, dried up during the summer, so the Jotapatans’ mental warfare tactic of pouring water over the city walls provoked another attack from Vespasian, who could scarcely believe the audacity of those who would apparently have preferred to die by sword than by dehydration. Letters requesting resources were carried by messengers to allies outside the city through a steep ravine that the Romans had ignored on the city’s west side. Concealing themselves with eeces and moving on all fours to look like dogs at night, the messengers eluded detection for some time. But as was the case with all such tactics employed by Jewish forces, success was short-lived: the Romans discovered the tactic and blocked the communication channel. Losing the ability to communicate by letter with allies outside the besieged city hastened the siege’s outcome. It was at this moment of epis- tolary silence that Josephus, responsible for military operations in Galilee beginning the previous year and, a decade later, author of the seven-book history of the war with Rome, said he realized the inevitable outcome of this battle. But he fought on despite the obstacles. Concluding a pre- battle speech typical of Graeco-Roman commanders, he matched words 1 On population, Aviam 2002: 131. 350 ryan s. olson with deeds and led a multi-day guerrilla campaign into the Roman camp, destroying tents and turning siege works into cinders. The Jews’ determina- tion was remarkable not only because they were overmatched, as we will see; their general Josephus also had failed in his attempt to communicate with political leaders in Jerusalem before the battle commenced, meaning that orders and priorities were unclear.2 It was this breakdown that revealed a key diference in the institutions that comprised Judaea’s culture and those that made up Rome’s. Elsewhere in Josephus’ works, there is not epistolary silence. In fact, Josephus embedded hundreds of letters by quotation or brief mention. In this way, Josephus’ literary works have features similar to those of Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Polybius, Diodorus, Plutarch or even, briey, Euripides, and in some cases these authors’ works might provide important intertexts for Josephus.3 This is not surprising, as Jewish authors had already been embedding letters in texts as far back as the Hebrew Bible. But Josephus’ level of sophistication when he embeds letters exceeds other Jewish texts, and even innovates upon other Greek-language ones. Adding the time dimension illustrates that Josephus is part of the epistolary tradi- tion’s growing popularity that continued into Late Antiquity. Despite the literary similarity, what is surprising is the diference between Judaea and Rome that becomes apparent when the two cultures confront each other in war. This literary similarity obscures deeper cultural diferences between Judaea and Rome. The diferences become evident when embedded letters are read as indicators of the cultures from which they come, as I will argue below. In war, letters worked—from Josephus to Jerusalem’s political leaders at the inception of the battle; from Josephus to Jews outside Jotapata at the ini- tiation of tactical manoeuvring; and, after a long period without epistolary communication, from Trajan to Vespasian for the purpose of sending Titus to conclude military operations in Jotapata—as a technology that directed destinies. This epistolary technology at this time in history afected the lives of Jews and Romans,4 the future of Josephus’ career and of a Roman imperial 2 B.J. 3.140: ὁ µὲν οὖν ταῦτ’ ἐπιστείλας πέµπει διὰ τάχους ἐπὶ ῾Ιεροσολύµων τοὺς τὰ γράµµατα κοµίζοντας. All Greek quotations of Josephus are from Niese 1894, vol. 6. 3 Argued at length in Olson 2010; Josephus’ level of nuance with epistolary material is not dissimilar to that described in Moles 2006: 143–148, of Plutarch’s use of Greek letters in the Brutus. For discussions of letters embedded in ctional and historical narratives, see Costa 2001: xiv, and Trapp 2003: 33–34; narrative epistolography as a eld of inquiry leapt forward with the seminal work of Rosenmeyer 2001 and Rosenmeyer 2006. 4 A wider view of how the availability of epistolary technology afected the lives of a broad range of people, including women, is presented in chapter two of Bagnall and Cribiore 2006..
Recommended publications
  • Tisha B'av Through Josephus's Eyes Rabbi Melanie Aron August 9, 2019
    Tisha B’Av through Josephus’s Eyes Rabbi Melanie Aron August 9, 2019 When something goes terribly wrong, it is likely that someone will ask why. Figuring out how things went south is important in order to prevent similar disasters in the future. So, when the Romans destroyed the Temple in the year 70 CE and brought an end to Jewish independence, we can imagine inquiries into what caused this tragedy. The answers found in the Talmud blame the destruction of the Temple on the baseless hatred said to have existed at that time and are the most frequently shared explanations. These answers even tell a story of an invitation delivered to the wrong person, resulting in an unwanted guest being embarrassingly evicted from a gathering. According to the rabbis, the revenge of the shunned guest is what sets in motion the process that ultimately leads to the Roman destruction of the Temple. One concern you might have with this explanation is that it is found in a text written 300–500 years after the churban, or the burning, occurred. Skeptics say this explanation may reflect more about concerns in the later era than about the true history of the original time period. But what if we had records from someone who lived at the time? Perhaps even from someone who was there at the gates of Jerusalem as the Roman army advanced? Well actually, we do have these records. They are the histories written by one Yosef ben Matityahu, later called Flavius Josephus. He was originally a general in the Judean army in the Galilee, but after being captured, he defected and became an aide-de-camp to the Romans and, eventually, an important historian.
    [Show full text]
  • Masada National Park Sources Jews Brought Water to the Troops, Apparently from En Gedi, As Well As Food
    Welcome to The History of Masada the mountain. The legion, consisting of 8,000 troops among which were night, on the 15th of Nissan, the first day of Passover. ENGLISH auxiliary forces, built eight camps around the base, a siege wall, and a ramp The fall of Masada was the final act in the Roman conquest of Judea. A made of earth and wooden supports on a natural slope to the west. Captive Roman auxiliary unit remained at the site until the beginning of the second Masada National Park Sources Jews brought water to the troops, apparently from En Gedi, as well as food. century CE. The story of Masada was recorded by Josephus Flavius, who was the After a siege that lasted a few months, the Romans brought a tower with a commander of the Galilee during the Great Revolt and later surrendered to battering ram up the ramp with which they began to batter the wall. The The Byzantine Period the Romans at Yodfat. At the time of Masada’s conquest he was in Rome, rebels constructed an inner support wall out of wood and earth, which the where he devoted himself to chronicling the revolt. In spite of the debate Romans then set ablaze. As Josephus describes it, when the hope of the rebels After the Romans left Masada, the fortress remained uninhabited for a few surrounding the accuracy of his accounts, its main features seem to have been dwindled, Eleazar Ben Yair gave two speeches in which he convinced the centuries. During the fifth century CE, in the Byzantine period, a monastery born out by excavation.
    [Show full text]
  • Association Members
    Local Map & Boutique Tourism > Western Galilee Now (NGO) 22. Shefi’s 41. Meaningful Jewels 1. Stern Winery Meat Restaurant, Brewery & Boutique Coin & Silver Jewelry, Old Akko Boutique Winery, Tuval 054-3034361 0 10Km Vineyard 052-6487800 / 054-8111305 054-4993792 / 054-8185614 2. Yiftah’el Winery 23. Turkiz 42. AV Design Studio Boutique Winery, Alon HaGalil Café and Restaurant Regba 054-6517977 / 04-9529146 052-6838184 / 052-4641850 Old Akko 04-6021200 17 6 32 24 43. Tom Attias 3. Kishor Winery 24. Shula from Shtula Woodcraft - Workshops, Art & Woodwork, Boutique Winery, Kishorit Kurdish Home Cooking, Shtula Abirim 052-559619 04-9085198 052-8366818 44. TIN-TIME 4. Lotem Winery 25. Hagit Lidror Studio for sustainability, art & Boutique Organic Winery, Lotem Cooking Classes & Home-Cooked imagination 04-6214972 / 054-7915868 Vegetarian & Vegan Food, Klil Gilon 054-7949429 47 052-6464884 5. Malka Brewery 45. Zikit Theater 14 38 a. Malka Queen’s Court, Yehiam 22 26. Galil Eat Theater & Workshops, Tefen 43 36 b. The House of Malka, Tefen Cooking Classes & Galilean meals, Arcross 04-9872111 12 54 050-9957489 the Galilee, 055-8810727 Groove N’ Wood KANDU .46 9ב 27 6. Jullius Craft Distillery 27. Brioche Design, Hand-made manufacturing & Kibbutz Hanita 050-8880858 Catering and Workshops Workshops of musical & Percussion 40 Nahariya 054-9445490 Instruments Ma’ale Ztvia, 04-6619201 Dairy Alto .7 9א 13 Goat Cheese & Cafe, Shomrat 28. Janet’s Kitchen 47. Hefer Ranch 04-9854802, 054-5614644 Druze Home Hospitality ATV and Rangers, Outdoor Training 37 25 Jat, 04-9561720/054-6503090 Abirim, 052-5832532 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Map & Boutique Tourism > Western Galilee
    Local Map & Boutique Tourism > Western Galilee Now (NGO) 1. Stern Winery 22. Shefi’s 41. Meaningful Jewels Boutique Winery, Tuval 072-3957695 Meat Restaurant, Brewery & Boutique Coin & Silver Jewelry, Old Akko 0 10Km Vineyard 072-3957540 072-3971234 2. Yiftah’el Winery Boutique Winery, Alon HaGalil 23. Turkiz 42. AV Design Studio 072-3957567 Café and Restaurant Regba 072-3957545 17 6 32 24 Old Akko 072-3971189 3. Kishor Winery 43. Tom Attias Boutique Winery, Kishorit 24. Shula from Shtula Woodcraft - Workshops, Art & Woodwork, 072-3957565 Kurdish Home Cooking, Shtula Abirim 072-3971237 072-3970929 4. Lotem Winery 44. TIN-TIME Boutique Organic Winery, Lotem 25. Hagit Lidror Studio for sustainability, art & 072-3957544 Cooking Classes & Home-Cooked imagination 47 Vegetarian & Vegan Food, Klil Gilon 072-3971600 5. Malka Brewery 072-3957564 14 38 a. Malka Queen’s Court, Yehiam 22 45. Zikit Theater 43 36 b. The House of Malka, Tefen 26. Galil Eat Theater & Workshops, Tefen 12 54 072-3971214 Cooking Classes & Galilean meals, Arcross 072-3970930 072-3957568 Galilee, the 9ב 27 6. Jullius Craft Distillery 46. KANDU Wood N’ Groove Kibbutz Hanita 072-3957696 27. Brioche Design, Hand-made manufacturing & 40 Catering and Workshops Workshops of musical & Percussion 072-3971239 Ztvia, Ma’ale Instruments 072-3957679 Nahariya Dairy Alto .7 9א 13 Goat Cheese & Cafe, Shomrat 072-3957552, 072-3957618 28. Janet’s Kitchen 47. Hefer Ranch 37 25 Druze Home Hospitality ATV and Rangers, Outdoor Training 8. Shirat Roim Dairy Jat, 072-3957619 Abirim, 072-3971193 Kibbutz dairy, Cheese Goat Boutique 18 5א 31 Lotem 072-3957566 29.
    [Show full text]
  • Liliislittlilf Original Contains Color Illustrations
    liliiSlittlilf original contains color illustrations ENERGY 93 Energy in Israel: Data, Activities, Policies and Programs Editors: DANSHILO DAN BAR MASHIAH Dr. JOSEPH ER- EL Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure Jerusalem, 1993 Front Cover: First windfarm in Israel - inaugurated at the Golan Heights, in 1993 The editors wish to thank the Director-General and all other officials concerned, including those from Government companies and institutions in the energy sector, for their cooperation. The contributions of Dr. Irving Spiewak, Nissim Ben-Aderet, Rachel P. Cohen, Yitzhak Shomron, Vladimir Zeldes and Yossi Sheelo (Government Advertising Department) are acknowledged. Thanks are also extended to the Eilat-Ashkelon Pipeline Co., the Israel Electric Corporation, the National Coal Supply Co., Mei Golan - Wind Energy Co., Environmental Technologies, and Lapidot - Israel Oil Prospectors for providing photographic material. TABLE OF CONTENTS OVERVIEW 4 1. ISRAEL'S ENERGY ECONOMY - DATA AND POLICY 8 2. ENERGY AND PEACE 21 3. THE OIL AND GAS SECTOR 23 4. THE COAL SECTOR 29 5. THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR 34 6. OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION. 42 7. RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION 46 8. ENERGY CONSERVATION 55 9. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. 60 OVERVIEW Since 1992. Israel has been for electricity production. The latter off-shore drillings represer involved, for the first time in its fuel is considered as one of the for sizable oil findings in I: short history, in intensive peace cleanest combustible fuels, and may Oil shale is the only fossil i talks with its neighbors. At the time become a major substitute for have been discovered in Isi this report is being written, initial petroleum-based fuels in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • JAMF: Part 1 the Josephus Problem Joseph Ben Matityahu Was Born
    JAMF: Part 1 The Josephus Problem Joseph ben Matityahu was born during Caius Caesar’s reign in the first century. Joseph descended from a royal lineage of monarchs and high priests. His paternal legacy developed from a sacerdotal heritage highly esteemed for moral fortitude and spiritual empathy. Matthias, father of Joseph, was eminently noble and righteously reputed. Maternally, the aristocracy of his mother claimed the Hasmonean dynasty as their point of origination, yielding to the Roman Republic in 37 BCE with the appointment of the Roman client king Herod, progenitor of the Herodian dynasty. The time of Joseph was one of ceaseless tumult. Political upheaval, social strife, and persecution spawned cultural desecration for all of posterity. Perpetual discord unraveled the fabric of humanity by societal threads leaving only fringes of hope. This was the age of Joseph ben Matityahu. Favorably recognized from the social ranks, the privilege of Joseph afforded him a higher education, shaping his perception of the world around him. Joseph discarded hypothetical conjecture in favor of truth and documented fact. His acquisition of knowledge was voluminous, exceeded only by his fervor for true understanding. Joseph grew wise. He learned and understood. He knew. Joseph achieved clarity through edification with an enlightened social consciousness. His sense of purpose developed from profound faith. Consequently, Joseph became many things. Wealthy, aristocratic, and educated, he was a cultural scholar, a military historian, and a Roman citizen whose status contradicted his heritage. More importantly, Joseph was a witness. Joseph was a military commander until surrendering to Rome during the Siege of Yodfat in 67 CE.
    [Show full text]
  • Kehilla & Rabbi Address Chair/Contact Jerusalem Region
    Kehilla & Rabbi Address Chair/Contact Jerusalem Region (18 congregations) Moreshet Yisrael 4 Agron Street [email protected] www.moreshetyisrael.com Rehavia 02 625 3539 Jerusalem 9426504 Sara li Sharl Fox HaYovel 1 Abraham Sharon St. Orna Nir Kiryat Yovel [email protected] Jerusalem9678701 0547941300 Ramot Zion 68 Bar Kochba Street Haraba Chaya Beker www.masorti.org.il/ramotzion French Hill chayabaker@gmail .com Rabbi Chaya Baker Jerusalem 9787538 054-5532393 [email protected] Adi Polak 054-6856661 Masortit Mishpachtit Beit 137 Herzl Boulevard Rabba Sandra Kochmann HaKerem Matnas Zieff [email protected] Rabba Sandra Kochmann Beit HaKerem 054-6100057 [email protected] Jerusalem 9622818 Ya'ar Ramot 16A Even Shmuel St. Rabbi Arni Ben-Dor Rabbi Arni Ben- Dor Ramot [email protected] Jerusalem 9723485 052-6147769 Moreshet Avraham 22 Adam Street Bella Ramot Rabbi Yosef Kleiner East Talpiyot [email protected] [email protected] Jerusalem 9378234 02-6737183 Akexis Silverman 054-8033357 Mayanot Arnona HaTzeira Community [email protected] www.mayanot.info Center Rena Magun 052-8897368 11 Israel Eldad St. Arnona HaTzeira, Jerusalem9339915 Shevet Achim TALI School Hen Bengano Gilo 62 Arie Ben Eliezer St. [email protected] Gilo, Jerusalem Amy Simon (co-chair) 9382642 [email protected] Shani Ben David (co-chair) [email protected] Zion, Kehilla Eretz Israelit Bakka Community Center, 3 Gili Rei http://zion-jerusalem.org.il/ Issachar Street, Jerusalem. [email protected] Rabbi Tamar Elad Appleboum 9362918 054-5999262 Ein Karem Homat hatslafim 32 Rabbi Yarachmiel Meirsdorf Jerusalem 9574250 [email protected] 050-4209789 Nava Meirsdorf(rabbanit) 052-7460444 Shirat Hayam – Ma'aleh 3 Derech Midbar Yehuda St.
    [Show full text]
  • Perceptions of the Ancient Jews As a Nation in the Greek and Roman Worlds
    Perceptions of the Ancient Jews as a Nation in the Greek and Roman Worlds By Keaton Arksey A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Classics University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2016 by Keaton Arksey Abstract The question of what made one Jewish in the ancient world remains a fraught topic for scholars. The current communis opinio is that Jewish communities had more in common with the Greeks and Romans than previously thought. Throughout the Diaspora, Jewish communities struggled with how to live amongst their Greco-Roman majority while continuing to practise their faith and thereby remain identifiably ‘Jewish’. To describe a unified Jewish identity in the Mediterranean in the period between 200 BCE and 200 CE is incorrect, since each Jewish community approached its identity in unique ways. These varied on the basis of time, place, and how the non-Jewish population reacted to the Jews and interpreted Judaism. This thesis examines the three major centres of Jewish life in the ancient world - Rome, Alexandria in Egypt, and Judaea - demonstrate that Jewish identity was remarkably and surprisingly fluid. By examining the available Jewish, Roman, and Greek literary and archaeological sources, one can learn how Jewish identity evolved in the Greco-Roman world. The Jews interacted with non-Jews daily, and adapted their neighbours’ practices while retaining what they considered a distinctive Jewish identity. Each chapter of this thesis examines a Jewish community in a different region of the ancient Mediterranean.
    [Show full text]
  • Cv Prof. Yehuda Shoenfeld
    1 CV YEHUDA SHOENFELD, M.D., FRCP (Hon.) .MaACR CURRICULUM VITAE 2 0 2 0 Chaim Sheba Medical Center The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases Tel Hashomer 5265601, Israel. Former Incumbent of the Laura Schwarz-Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. Tel: 03-5308070 Fax: 03-5352855 Mobile: 052-6669020 Tel. Home: 03- 5344877 Home Address: 26 Sapir St. Ramat-Gan 5265601 E-mail: [email protected] 2 CURRICULUM VITAE YEHUDA SHOENFELD, M.D. Date and place of birth: February 14, 1948, Slovakia. Marital Status: Married to Irit + 3 (Nettea, Amir, Guy) EDUCATION AND APPOINTMENTS 1965 - 1972 Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 1972 - M.D. Thesis: "Osteogenesis Imperfecta" (Advisor: Prof. A. Fried) cum laude 1976 - 1978 Diploma cum laude upon completion of post graduate studies in internal medicine, Postgraduate Medical School, Tel Aviv University 1976 - 1978 Senior resident, Department of Internal Medicine "D" and Out-Patient Clinic of Hematology and Immunology, Beilinson Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel 1978 (3m) - Clinical Fellowship, Hematology/Oncology, Department of Hematology, City of Hope, Duarte, California (Director: Prof. E. Beutler) 1979 (3m) - Clinical Fellowship Hematology/Oncology, Tufts New England Medical Center, Boston, Mass. (Director: Prof. Robert S. Schwartz) 1980 (3m) - Clinical Fellowship Hematology/Oncology, Cornell Medical Center, New York Hospital (Director: Prof. R. Nachman) 1980 - Master in Internal Medicine, Postgraduate
    [Show full text]
  • Return of Organization Exempt from Income
    Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax Form 990 Under section 501 (c), 527, or 4947( a)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code (except black lung benefit trust or private foundation) 2005 Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service ► The o rganization may have to use a copy of this return to satisfy state re porting requirements. A For the 2005 calendar year , or tax year be and B Check If C Name of organization D Employer Identification number applicable Please use IRS change ta Qachange RICA IS RAEL CULTURAL FOUNDATION 13-1664048 E; a11gne ^ci See Number and street (or P 0. box if mail is not delivered to street address) Room/suite E Telephone number 0jretum specific 1 EAST 42ND STREET 1400 212-557-1600 Instruo retum uons City or town , state or country, and ZIP + 4 F nocounwro memos 0 Cash [X ,camel ded On° EW YORK , NY 10017 (sped ► [l^PP°ca"on pending • Section 501 (Il)c 3 organizations and 4947(a)(1) nonexempt charitable trusts H and I are not applicable to section 527 organizations. must attach a completed Schedule A ( Form 990 or 990-EZ). H(a) Is this a group return for affiliates ? Yes OX No G Website : : / /AICF . WEBNET . ORG/ H(b) If 'Yes ,* enter number of affiliates' N/A J Organization type (deckonIyone) ► [ 501(c) ( 3 ) I (insert no ) ] 4947(a)(1) or L] 527 H(c) Are all affiliates included ? N/A Yes E__1 No Is(ITthis , attach a list) K Check here Q the organization' s gross receipts are normally not The 110- if more than $25 ,000 .
    [Show full text]
  • YEHUDA SHOENFELD, MD, FRCP(Hon.)
    YEHUDA SHOENFELD, M.D., FRCP(Hon.) CURRICULUM VITAE 2013 Chaim Sheba Medical Center The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel Incumbent of the Laura Schwarz-Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. Tel: 03-5302661 Fax: 03-5352855 E-mail: [email protected] - 2 - CURRICULUM VITAE YEHUDA SHOENFELD, M.D. Date and place of birth: February 14, 1948, Slovakia. Marital Status: Married + 3 (Nettea, Amir, Guy) EDUCATION 1965 - 1972 Hadassa Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 1972 - M.D. Thesis: "Osteogenesis Imperfecta" (Advisor: Prof. A. Fried) cum laude 1976 - 1978 Diploma cum laude upon completion of post graduate studies in internal medicine, Postgraduate Medical School, Tel Aviv University 1976 - Senior resident, Department of Internal Medicine "D" and Out-Patient Clinic of Hematology and Immunology, Beilinson Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel 1978 (3m) - Clinical Fellowship, Hematology/Oncology, Department of Hematology, City of Hope, Duarte, California (Director: Prof. E. Beutler) 1979 (3m) - Clinical Fellowship Hematology/Oncology, Tufts New England Medical Center, Boston, Mass. (Director: Prof. Robert S. Schwartz) 1980 (3m) - Clinical Fellowship Hematology/Oncology, Cornell Medical Center, New York Hospital (Director: Prof. R. Nachman) 1980 - Master in Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Medical School, Tel-Aviv University 1983 - 1984 Senior Physician, department of Internal Medicine "D", Beilinson Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel 1985 - Head, Department of Medicine "D" and Outpatient Clinic for Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel 1985 - Head of the Hybridoma Unit and Research Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Soroka Medical Center, and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel 1989 - Head of Department of Medicine "B" Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
    [Show full text]
  • Kehilla & Rabbi Address Chair/Contact Jerusalem Region (14)
    Kehilla & Rabbi Address Chair/Contact Jerusalem Region (14) Moreshet Yisrael 4 Agron Street Eve Jacobs www.moreshetyisrael.com Rehavia [email protected] Rabbi Adam Frank Jerusalem 94265 02 625 3539 [email protected] HaYovel 1 Abraham Sharon St. Orna Nir Kiryat Yovel [email protected] Jerusalem 0547941300 Ramot Zion 68 Bar Kochba Street Betina Malka-Eiglebuch www.masorti.org.il/ramotzion French Hill [email protected] Rabbi Chaya Baker Jerusalem 97875 02-5816303 [email protected] Masortit Mishpachtit Beit 137 Herzl Boulevard Rabbi Sandra Kochmann HaKerem Matnas Zieff [email protected] Rabbi Sandra Kochmann Beit HaKerem 054-6100057 [email protected] Jerusalem Ya'ar Ramot 16A Even Shmuel St. Rabbi Arni Ben-Dor Rabbi Arni Ben- Dor Ramot [email protected] Jerusalem 91231 052-6147769 Moreshet Avraham 22 Adam Street Bella Ramot Rabbi Yosef Kleiner East Talpiyot [email protected] [email protected] Jerusalem 93782 02-6737183 Mayanot Arnona HaTzeira Community Josh Schumann www.mayanot.info Center [email protected] 11 Israel Eldad St. Arnona 054-4985833 HaTzeira, Jerusalem Shevet Achim TALI School Amy Simon 62 Arie Ben Eliezer St. [email protected] Gilo, Jerusalem 054-5277211 Zion, Kehilla Eretz Israelit Bakka Community Center, 3 Sara Miriam Liban http://zion-jerusalem.org.il/ Issachar Street, Jerusalem. [email protected] Rabbi Tamar Elad Appleboum 058-5893005 Kehillat Shorashim Har Adar Naomi Ariel [email protected] 054-5467106 Shirat Hayam – Ma'aleh 3 Derech Midbar Yehuda St.
    [Show full text]