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1960 North American Cemetery and Memorial American Battle onM uments Commission

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Recommended Citation American Battle onM uments Commission, "North Africa American Cemetery and Memorial" (1960). Books and Publications. 112. https://digicom.bpl.lib.me.us/books_pubs/112

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2 Rorth 2lfrira 2lmrriran Q:cmtttrH and mrmorial

LOCATION well as in the vicinity of the cemetery North Africa American Cemetery and at . It is likely to be quite Memorial is situated 10 miles northeast hot during the summer months, and of the city of , , and 5 cold on occasion during the winter. miles northeast of its airport (El Aouina). It may be reached by taxi­ THE SITE cab from the city or the airport. There The cemetery site covers 27 acres of is also an interurban streetcar from the plateau lying between the Mediter­ Tunis-the nearest stop is at Amilcar ranean and the Bay of Tunis, both of station, from which the cemetery is which are a mile or so distant. It is only two or three hundred yards located in close proximity to the site distant. There are hotels in Tunis as of the ancient Carthaginian city, de-

View of Memorial and Garden From Burial Area.

3 Aerial View of Cemetery.

stroyed by the Romans in 146 B.C., North Africa and also in Iran. A high and lies over part of the site of Roman proportion of these gave their lives in Carthage. Some 200 yards to the east the landings in, and occupation of, are remnants of Roman houses and Morocco and Algeria, and subsequent streets-the whole region hereabout fighting which culminated in the lib­ contains vestiges of the Roman city as eration of Tunisia. Others died as well as some remains of the Cartha­ a result of accident or sickness in these gm1an era. and other parts of North Africa, or After the end of World War II a while serving in the Persian Gulf Com­ survey made jointly by representatives mand in Iran. of the Secretary of War and the Ameri­ can Battle Monuments Commission ARCHITECTS revealed that all of the sites of the tem­ Architects for the Cemetery and Me­ porary cemeteries established in North morial were Moore and Hutchins of Africa during the war had major dis­ New York. The Landscape Architect advantages. The present new site was was Bryan J. Lynch also of New York. therefore selected and was established in 1948. It lay in the sector of the British First Army which liberated the GENERAL LAYOUT Tunis area in May 1943. The main entrance from the eucalyp­ Here rest 2,840 of our Military tus-bordered highway is at the south­ Dead, representing 39 percent of the east corner of the cemetery. To the burials which were originally made in right of the entrance is one of the

4 Location of Cemetery Features.

Superintendents' houses; beyond is the of it is the flagpole. On the west ?val forecourt. Beneath the green plot facade of the Visitors' Building is this m the center of the forecourt is the inscription taken from General Eisen­ reservoir which stores the water for the hower's dedication of the Golden Book cemetery needs, as well as the pumps now enshrined in St. Paul's Cathedral which operate the high pressure in London: sprinkling system. All of the water HERE WE AND ALL WHO SHALL HERE­ comes from municipal supply for which AFTER LIVE IN FREEDOM WILL BE RE­ the storage area is located some miles MINDED THAT TO THESE MEN AND to the south of the city of Tunis. THEIR COMRADES WE OWE A DEBT TO Down the hill and beyond the fore­ BE PAID WITH GRATEFUL REMEM­ court is the utilities area. BRANCE OF THEIR SACRIFICE AND WITH In the forecourt are rows of Euca­ THE HIGH RESOLVE THAT THE CAUSE lyptus and ornamental India laurel fig FOR WHICH THEY DIED SHALL LIVE. (Ficus nitida) trees; the beds include Pittosporum tobira, Rosemary (Ros­ Within the Visitors' Building is a marinus officinalis), Hibiscus, Lan­ Roman mosaic discovered in the re­ tana, English Ivy, Pelargonium, and gion and donated, in 1959, by Presi­ other shrubs and vines. dent Bourguiba of Tunisia to Ambas­ Extending to the left (west) of the sador G. Lewis Jones, who in turn forecourt and parking area is the mall. presented it to the American Military At the head of the steps leading to the Cemetery. mall, and at the right (north) is the On the south side of the mall is the Visitors' Building, built of Roman Wall of the Missing; at its far (west) Travertine imported from Italy; west end is the Memorial Chapel. North 5 of the mall is the graves area which it "'(:( "'(:( "'(:( 1941-1945 "'(:( "'(:( "'(:( INTO THY overlooks. South of the highway is an HANDS 0 LORD. additional area used for service pur­ poses only. Near the foot of the steps leading down from the forecourt is a pool and THE WALL OF THE MISSING a figure of HONOR about to bestow a laurel branch upon those who ga~e This wall, 364 feet long, is of local their lives. The pedestal bears this Nahli limestone, with local Gathouna inscription: limestone copings. Built into it are panels of Trani marble, imported from HONOR TO THEM THAT TROD THE PATH Italy, on which are inscribed the names OF HONOR. and particulars of 3, 724 of our Missing: Along the wall are two other sculp­ tured figures: MEMORY and RECOLLEC­ Army and Army Air TION, the latter holding a book with Forces ( 3 ,095) * the inscription PRO PATRIA. Between United States Navy (615) these figures are oak leaf wreaths United States Coast Guard ( 14) within which are engraved the names of battles on land, sea and in the air, These men gave their lives in the serv­ in which the American forces partici­ ice of their Country but their remains pated. All of this sculpture is of have not been identified or they were Bianco Caldo stone from near Foggia lost or buried in the waters surrounding in Italy; it was designed by Henry the African continent. Their names Kreis of Essex, Connecticut, and exe­ include men from all the States, except cuted by Pietro Bibolotti, Pietrasanta, Alaska and Hawaii, as well as from Italy. the District of Columbia. Planted in front of the Wall of the At each end of the wall is this in­ Missing are rows of India laurel fig scription: trees (Ficus nitida) in beds of peri­ winkle (Vinca major) . On the north HERE ARE RECORDED THE NAMES OF side of the mall are rows of sweet AMERICANS WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN orange (Citrus sinensis) and potted THE SERVICE OF THEIR COUNTRY AND African Agapanthus adjacent to beds WHO SLEEP IN UNKNOWN GRAVES of Gazania.

'l:hc memorial

EXTERIOR SOME THERE BE WHICH HAVE NO SEP­ The Memorial consists of the Court of ULCHRE. THEIR NAME LIVETH FOR­ Honor and the Chapel. The Court of EVERMORE. Honor is in the form of a cloister. Within it is a large rectangular Stone The rectangular pylons of the clois­ of Remembrance, of black Diorite ter are of San Gottardo limestone from d'Anzola quarried in northwest Italy; the vicinity of Viccnza in Italy; the this inscription, adapted from Ecclesi­ main part of the structure of the asticus XLIV, is worked into the de­ *It will be recalled that during World sign of the mosaic panel surrounding War II the Air Forces still formed part of its base: the . 6 "Memory" and Wall of the Missing.

Memorial is faced with Roman Trav­ At the south end of the cloister are ertine. The pavement is of Sienite the maps. These are of ceramic, de­ della Baima granite from northwest signed and fabricated by Paul D. Hol­ Italy. In the southwest corner is a leman of Roxbury, Massachusetts, Russian olive tree ( Elaeagnus angusti­ from information supplied by the folia) . On the west wall of the cloister American Battle Monuments Com­ facing the mall is this inscription, with mission. translations in French and Arabic: The large map on the end (south) wall records the military operations of IN PROUD REMEMBRANCE OF THE the American forces and those of the ACHIEVEMENTS OF HER SONS AND IN Allies in Morocco, Algeria, and HUMBLE TRIBUTE TO THEIR SACRIFICES Tunisia from the initial "Torch" land­ THIS MEMORIAL HAS BEEN ERECTED BY ings on 8 November 1942 to the Axis THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA tr --tl tr surrender on 13 May 1943. The de­ 1941-1945. scriptive text is in English, Arabic, and 7

Map-Military Operations in Southern Tunisia.

French, of which this is the English THE LANDINGS, THE ALLIED NAVAL version: FORCES KEPT THE SEA LANES OPEN FOR AN UNINTERRUPTED FLOW OF SUP­ ON 8 NOVEMBER 1942, IN A MAJOR PLIES AND ALSO PROVIDED FIRE SUP­ OPERATION COVERED BY NAVAL GUN­ PORT TO THE TROOPS ASHORE. ON I I FIRE AND AIRCRAFT, UNITED STATES NOVEMBER AN ARMISTICE PROCLAMA­ AND BRITISH TROOPS WERE LANDED TION ENDED VICHY FRENCH RESIST­ SIMULTANEOUSLY IN THREE WIDELY ANCE THROUGHOUT ALGERIA AND SEPARATED AREAS ON THE SHORES OF MOROCCO. NORTH AFRICA. THE AMERICAN .WEST­ THE ALLIED FORCES THEN TURNED ERN NAVAL TASK FORCE, SAILING FROM EASTWARD TOWARD TUNISIA INTO THE UNITED STATES, LANDED AMERI­ WHICH AXIS TROOPS WERE STEADILY CAN TROOPS AT FEDALA, MEHDIA, AND STREAMING. MOVING RAPIDLY, AMERI­ SAFI FOR THE ASSAULT ON CASABLANCA. CAN AND BRITISH UNITS ADVANCED OTHER AMERICAN UNITS ESCORTED ACROSS THE FRONTIER TOWARD TUNIS. FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM BY THE STRONG RESISTANCE, COUPLED WITH BRITISH CENTER NAVAL TASK FORCE UNFAVORABLE WEATHER AND DIFFI­ WENT ASHORE NEAR ORAN AND IN TWO CULT SUPPLY CONDITIONS, CHECKED DAYS OCCUPIED THAT CITY. SHIPS OF THIS ADVANCE JUST 16 MILES FROM THE BRITISH EASTERN NAVAL TASK ITS GOAL. DURING THE FIRST WEEK OF FORCE, COMING ALSO FROM THE BRIT­ DECEMBER A COUNTEROFFENSIVE IN ISH ISLES, LANDED UNITED STATES AND THE -CHOUIGUI AREA PUSHED BRITISH TROOPS NEAR ALGIERS WHICH BACK THE ALLIED LINE BETWEEN JEFNA WAS OCCUPIED THAT DAY. FOLLOWING AND MEDJEZ EL BAB.

5~4081 0 - 60 - z 9 Map-Military Operations in Northern Tunisia.

IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE LANDINGS, TAR. (Details are shown on the map ALLIED AIR UNITS HAD OCCUPIED EXIST- to the left.) ING NORTH AFRICA BASES AND HAD BY MARCH I 9 4 3 THE ALLIES HAD AIDED THE EASTWARD ADVANCE, BUT GAINED CONTROL OF THE SKIES OVER LACK OF SUITABLE FORWARD AIRFIELDS AFRICA. THE FINAL CAMPAIGN OPENED AND SHORTAGES OF PERSONNEL AND IN NORTHWEST TUNISIA ON 2 2 APRIL AIRCRAFT HAMPERED THEIR OPERA­ 1943. THE UNITED STATES II , TIONS. NOW ON THE ALLIED LEFT FLANK, DURING DECEMBER AND JANUARY PUSHED EASTWARD, REDUCING SUC­ AXIS FORCES, WHICH HAD BEEN CESSIVE DEFENSIVE POSITIONS IN DIF­ STRONGLY REINFORCED BY SEA AND AIR, FICULT HILLY TERRAIN, LIBERATING WERE AGGRESSIVE IN CENTRAL AND , FERRYVILLE, AND . SOUTHERN TUNISIA. IN MID-FEBRUARY MEANWHILE THE BRITISH 5 AND 9 THEY LAUNCHED A PINCERS ATTACK CORPS WERE ENGAGED IN A DETERMINED AIMED AT LE KEF WHICH PENETRATED ASSAULT DOWN THE MEDJERDA RIVER UNITED STATES II CORPS POSITIONS, WHICH CULMINATED IN FREEING THE PUSHED THROUGH A PASS NORTHWEST CITY OF TUNIS. IN THE II CORPS AREA OF BUT WAS HALTED ON THE ENEMY CAPITULATED ON 9 MAY. 2 2 FEBRUARY BEFORE THALA. ONE BY 13 MAY, DENIED ESCAPE BY ALLIED MONTH LATER THE BRITISH EIGHTH MASTERY OF THE SEA AND AIR, ONE ARMY TURNED THE WESTERN FLANK OF THE LINE AND DROVE THE QUARTER OF A MILLION AXIS TROOPS ENEMY NORTHWARD TO ENFIDAVILLE. THEN REMAINING IN TUNISIA BECAME THE FRENCH XIX CORPS HELD FAST IN PRISONERS OF WAR. (Details are ITS MOUNTAIN POSITIONS NEAR MAK- shown on the map to the right.)

10 Map-Air Transport and Supplies to Russia.

On this wall also are the two series OF WORLD WAR II, ALSO AIDED ITS of Key maps- The War Against Ger­ MANY ALLIES BY FURNISHING MILI­ many and the War Against Japan. TARY EQUPMENT AND SUPPLIES. ITEMS As indicated by the texts, the map OF ALL KINDS WERE CARRIED BY VAST on the east wall records in greater FLEETS OF STEAMSHIPS TO EVERY detail the operations in central and AVAILABLE PORT. IN THIS EFFORT southern Tunisia, while that on the ALSO, AIRCRAFT WERE FERRIED FROM opposite west wall covers the final THE UNITED STATES ACROSS THE AT­ stages, in northern Tunisia. LANTIC OCEAN AND CENTRAL AFRICA The map on the West pylon portrays TO CAIRO, KARACHI, AND BASRA. most of Africa, the Mediterranean, and THROUGH THE PERSIAN GULF COM­ the Middle East. It records the Air MAND AREA, THE UNITED STATES DE­ Ferry routes across Africa as well as LIVERED, FROM 1942 TO 1945, NEARLY the operations of the Persian Gulf 4 0i MILLION TONS OF SUPPLIES TO THE Command. The descriptive text for this map, U.S.S.R. THESE INCLUDED 4,8 74 AIR­ also in English, French, and Arabic, CRAFT OF WHICH 9 9 5 WERE FLOWN is on the face of the corresponding IN; OVER 160,000 TANKS, ARMORED East pylon. The English text follows: CARS AND TRUCKS; 140,000 TONS OF GUNS, AMMUNITION, AND EXPLOSIVES; THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 550,000 TONS OF PETROLEUM PROD­ WHILE CONTRIBUTING ITS LAND, SEA, UCTS; 950, 000 TONS OF FOOD; AND AND AIR FORCES TO THE PROSECUTION I,000,000 TONS OF METAL AND METAL

11 PRODUCTS. THE UNITED STATES ALSO THE GRAVES AREA FURNISHED TO THE U.S.S.R., THROUGH The 2,832 headstones in the rectangu­ OTHER PORTS, MORE THAN 1 3 MILLION lar graves area are divided into nine TONS OF ADDITIONAL SUPPLIES. plots designated A to I. They are arranged in rectangular lines harm~­ THE CHAPEL nizing with the rectangular composi­ The bronze doors and the windows of tion of the Cemetery and Memorial. the Chapel were fabricated by the These Dead who gave their lives in Morris Singer Company of London, their Country's service came from all England. At the far end of the of the States except Alaska, also from Chapel, which is lighted by the tall the District of Columbia; a few came window on the right and a row of from foreign countries. Among the lower windows on the left is the altar headstones is one which marks the of white Carrara marble, with this in­ tomb of seven Americans whose iden­ scription from St. John X, 28: 1 GIVE tity is unknown; also, two adjacent UNTO THEM ETERNAL LIFE AND THEY headstones mark the graves of four SHALL NEVER PERISH. The wall be­ men whose names are known but whose hind the altar is of polished Rosso remains could not be separately iden­ Porfirico marble from near U dine in tified; a bronze tablet between these northeastern Italy. graves records their names. In this Facing the door, on the wing wall cemetery also, in three instances, two projecting from the right, is the sculp­ brothers are buried side by side. ture SACRIFICE carved in Italian Bianco In the burial area are four fountains Galdo stone, also designed by Henry and pools of Roman Travertine, which, Kreis and executed by Pietro Bibolot­ with their surrounding vegetation of ti. With it is this inscription from Rosemary, Oleander, and Tipuana Shelley's ode "Adonais": HE HATH trees form small and welcome oases in OUTSOARED THE SHADOW OF OUR this frequently hot climate. NIGHT. The paths are lined by Ficus nitida To the left of the altar are the or California pepper trees ( Schinus United States National flag and Chris­ Molle). The border masses contain tian and Jewish chapel flags. Pro­ a wide variety of trees and shrubs in jecting from the east wall above the which oleanders, jasmines, and hibiscus pews are the flags of combat arms, are conspicuous. viz.: Infantry; Field Artillery; Navy Infantry Battalion; Air Corps; and PLANTINGS Armor. Beneath the flags is this The grass in the cemetery is KIKUYU prayer: ALMIGHTY GOD, RECEIVE THESE (Pennisetum clandestinum). It can THY HEROIC SERVANTS INTO THY sustain the heat of this region with KINGDOM. minimum need for water. The ceiling is of Moroccan Cedar; The entire graves and Memorial the pews and prie-dieu are of walnut. areas are surrounded beyond the inner Three flower boxes of teak wood, with walls by a mass of trees and shrubbery bronze appurtenances, are located un­ in which these predominate: pyrami­ der the west windows of the Chapel. dal cypress ( C. pyramidalis), Aleppo North of the Chapel, down a flight pine ( P. halepensis), Eucalyptus ( E. of steps from the cloister, is the Me­ gomocephala), Casuarina tenuissima, morial garden with its fountain; the Ficus macrophylla, Acacia pycnantha, plants include lantana (L. Camara), as well as Weaver's broom (Spartium Japanese privet, and a Jerusalem thorn junceum) and some 3,000 oleanders. tree (Parkinsonia aculeata). Beyond Construction of the Cemetery and is the graves area. Memorial was completed in 1960. 12 Youth Triumphing Over Evil-Brittany Memorial. (Lee Lawrie, Sculptor.)

AMERICAN MILITARY Q:cmrtrrirs & memorials OF WORLD WAR II

THE AMERICAN BATTLE MONUMENTS for construction, maintenance, or op­ CoMMISSION is responsible to the peo­ eration of cemeteries in the continental ple of the United States for the con­ United States or its Territories and struction and permanent maintenance possessions. of military cemeteries and memorials After the American built by the United States Government Battle Monuments Commission erected on foreign soil. It is not responsible a memorial chapel in each of the eight

13 To the Missing-World War II Loggia-Suresnes. (Lewis Iselin, Sculptor. ) military cemeteries already established cemeteries at Honolulu, Sitka and by the War Department, as well as Puerto Rico (which remain under eleven monuments and two bronze Army control). tablets on the battlefields and else­ Fourteen sites in foreign countries where, to record the achievements of were selected as permanent cemeteries our Armed Forces.1 in 1947 by the Secretary of the Army, By the end of World War II several with the assistance of the American hundred temporary cemeteries had Battle Monuments Commission. Their been established by the American locations reflect the progress of the Graves Registration Service of the United States Army. During the years 1 These were: Cemeteries: Brookwood, 1947 to 1954 that Service, complying England; Suresnes, Oise-Aisne ( Fere-en­ Tardenois), Aisne-Marne (Be 11 ea u ) , with the expressed wishes of the next­ Somme (Bony), St. Mihiel (Thiaucourt), of-kin, and by authority of law, repa­ Meuse-Argonne (Ro m a g n e), France; triated the remains of some 171,000, Warcgcm, Belgium. Monuments: Brest, representing 61 per cent of the recov­ Cantigny, Bellicourt, Chatcau-Thierry, Somme-Py, Montfaucon, Montsec, Tours, ered bodies. The remaining 39 per France; Kemme!, Audenarde, Belgium; cent were given final interment in the Gibraltar. Tablets: Chaumont, Souilly, cemeteries on foreign soil; and in the France.

14 military operations; they were selected cemetery sites reverted to the landown­ with a view to their accessibility, as­ ers upon completion of reburial opera­ pect, prospect, drainage, and other tions. practical considerations. In every case The fourteen permanent World War use of the site in perpetuity was granted II cemeteries with numbers of graves by the host government to the United including Unknowns, and the numbers States, free of cost, rent, and taxes. of Missing recorded at the Memorials The remainder of the "temporary" are:

List of Dead Unknown Missing Cambridge, England ...... 3,811 including .... . 24 5, 125 Normandy (near St. Laurent-sur­ 9,386 including .... . 307 1, 557 Mer, Calvados), France. Brittany (near St. James, Manche), 4,410 including .... . 95 498 France. Epinal, France ...... 5,255 including .... . 69 424 Lorraine (at St. Avoid, Moselle), 10, 489 including ... . 151 444 France. Rhone (at Draguignan, Var), 861 including ...... 62 293 France. Netherlands (near Margraten), Hol­ 8,301 including. 105 1, 720 land. Henri-Chapelle, Belgium ...... 7,989 including.... . 89 451 Ardennes (near Neuville-en-Con- 5,250 including.... . 744 462 droz), Belgium. Luxembourg, Luxembourg ...... 5,076 including.... . 101 370 Florence, Italy ...... 4,402 including.... . 212 1, 409 Sicily-Rome (Nettuno, near Rome), 7,862 including.... . 488 3,094 Italy. North Africa (near Carthage), 2,840 including.... . 240 3, 724 Tunisia. Philippines (near Manila) ...... 17,182 including.... 3, 744 36,279

In addition, 24 Unknowns of World The following World War II ceme­ War II were interred in the World teries are maintained by the Depart­ War I cemetery at Suresnes, near ment of the Army: Paris. 2 List of Dead Unknown Missing Honolulu, T. H.3 ...... 13,510 including .. . 2,009 18, 106 Puerto Rico ...... 69 ...... Sitka, Alaska ...... 72 including ...... 5

In 1947 the American Battle Monu­ to design one of the cemeteries, con­ ments Commission selected fourteen ceiving the graves plots and a monu­ outstanding American architects, each ment as complementary elements of an

'See page 18 concerning World War II memorial. 3 See page 21 concerning memorial.

15 •CAMBRIDGE BEDFORD e

BROOKWOOD Ill E N G L A

i.. WA I j'-· KEM!j, ' * r' BOU LOG NE "-,..(. f, v LILLE N cJ-IAN

CANT!GNY * FRANC_3;(

FERE·EN·TARD BELLE •ST LO

eFALAISE •AVRANCHES rt_ eARGENTAN MT ST MICHEL .sr JAMES , t MILES 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 KILOMETERS

integral memorial to the services and in making the permanent burials of sacrifices of the American Armed those remains which, by decision of the Services who fought in the respective next-of-kin, were to remain overseas. regions. Upon approval of the general This timely cooperation of the two schemes by the Commission, and by agencies contributed appreciably to agreement with the Secretary of the the coherence of the development of Army, the architects' plans of the the cemetery designs. graves plots were followed by the Beginning in the latter half of 1949, American Graves Registration Service the permanent interments having been

16 ,. ,J..I t WORLD WAR ff CEMETERIES "'··:> Ill WORLD WAR I CEMETERIES ,,""""'./ ..S'""-.S" * WORLD WAR I MONUMENTS

,../ y ~ ·.... , EGEMll! AUDENARDE MAASTRICHT MAkGRAT N (EL * • · • r ~ \ BRUSSELS t·-·'4.• AACHEN HENRI·CHAPE LE t. "\ j i B E L G I U M uEGEY • •rnPF.Nr i NEUV/LLE·"'t VERVIE0~°'$ \.,,,.."'")"...... ,...\ AEN·CONDROZ ) ~l

~ I i .~~.r ffJBONY .... r r BELL!COURT; ·-·;;'~o~1 ~ ~ S ~j \...._''\., LUf~MBOURG ' r '· LUXEMBOURG• '· ' ~ SOMMEPY RO,W:AGN~ • ..J·'lf'·\-..~.~-:~_.:•f":,\ SAARLAUTERN EN01s eREIMS'* ffi *MO\NTFAUCON \. r· \ ./"? AU ii! ei VERDUN METZ .~· r.~. ''"-,_,...... _ ST A VOLD '""'· ~HIERRY * fJJTH!AUCOURT ' MONTSEC

VOSGES

virtually completed, the cemeteries to maintain the levels and alignments were progressively transferred to the of the headstones; fabrication and in­ American Battle Monuments Commis­ stallation of the headstones; construc­ sion by Executive Order, for construc­ tion of water-supply and distribution tion and maintenance. Thereupon systems; utilities buildings; roads and the remaining portions of the archi­ paths; plantings; and the erection of tects' designs were carried out, step by the memorials. step--grading; installation of a system To provide against dry seasons and of reinforced-concrete beams on piles the occasional real drought, each ceme-

17 tery is equipped with storage reservoirs sculptor and an American muralist ~r and a high-pressure sprinkling system. painter ordinarily collaborated. Their For the design of the various me­ talents have made a major contribution morials no specific requirement was to the beauty and dignity of the Mem­ imposed upon the architects beyond orials all of which are dedicated to the budgeted cost, except that each the memory of the achievements of 5hould embody these features: those who served and of the sacrifices of those who died. The construction A small devotional chapel. of the cemeteries and memorials, as Inscription of the names and well as of most of the works of art, was particulars of the Missing in the effected by local contractors and artists region. ~nder the supervision of the Commis­ A graphic record, in permanent s10n. form, of the services of our troops. Each grave is marked by a headstone of white marble, of the same designs These requirements have been inter­ as those used in the overseas cemeteries preted in a wide, and interesting, va­ of World War I-a Star of David for riety of forms. those of Jewish faith, a Latin Cross for An important motive for the con­ all others. These headstor.es were struction of the memorials was the quarried and fabricated in the Italian implied undertaking by our Govern­ Tyrol northwest of Venice, except ment to record by monuments the about' one-half of those at the Philip­ achievements of our Armed Services, pines cemetery which came from the since, by Department orders, the erec­ region of Carrara in western Italy. tion of monuments by the troops Each headstone bears the deceased's (which unfortunately have been found name rank service number, organiza­ to be often poorly-designed, poorly tion date of death, and State or Terri­ constructed and lacking provision for tory'from which he entered the military maintenance) was expressly forbidden. service. Headstones of the Unknowns, The "permanent graphic" record takes i. e. those remains which could not be the form of maps, usually quite large ide~tified, bear the inscription: HERE murals, amplified by descriptive texts RESTS IN HONORED GLORY A COMRADE in English as well as the language of JN ARMS KNOWN BUT TO GOD. the country in which the cemetery is The lists of Missing (which include situated. The historical data (in the the unidentified and those lost and form of map layouts and texts) were buried at sea) give name, rank, organi­ prepared by the American Battle Mon­ zation and State; the conditions under uments Commission; the maps were which death occurred were usually rendered in tasteful presentation by such as to deny the possibility of re­ experienced artists. In no two cases cording the exact date. is the method-or even the materials­ In addition to the fourteen World the same; the map may be of layered War II cemeteries and Memorials, the marbles, or in fresco, perhaps in bronze American Battle Monuments Commis­ relief, or in ceramics. Another feature sion program includes the following: of interest at each memorial is the two sets of "Key-Maps": "The War SURESNES Against Germany" and "The War Against Japan". Each set consists of As previously stated, 24 World War II three maps, each covering about one­ Unknowns were interred in this World third of the period of our participation War I cemetery. Here, where senior in the war. By these Key-Maps each representatives of the French and major battle may be related to all United States Governments on cere­ others in time and space. monial occasions pay homage to our With each architect an American Dead, the World War I chapel was, landscape architect, an American hy addition of two loggias, converted

18 ,,. ___ "(. SWITZERLAND((,... ;,'" S ~v-·--),.'·.. .- ,.., ./p ';) HUNGARY.N ..._, RUMANIA ...:._,.- ... ~1. H / t . a ~\,,·~ '· " ... ..,..,4'4- 1 < ~ GRENOBLE.-· •1 eMILAN ~ . 0:.TURIN (. MONTELIMAR ~ f F R A \ ...... ;:\ YUGOSLAVIA

<}~ TYRRHENIAN 0 SEA M E D I T e • ~~ •• ••'

C;\ MILES .s~ 0 50 100 150 200 ...... <'{a.... (.0 0 50 100 150 200 ALGERIA • ~MALTA1 KILOMETERS •et "Memory"-World War II Memorial Chamber-Suresnes. (Lewis lselin, Sculptor.) 20 into a shrine to commemorate our HONOLULU MEMORIAL Dead of both wars. The wall of the World War II loggia Although the military cemetery at bears this inscription: Honolulu is maintained by the Depart­ ment of the Army, the American Battle TO THE ETERNAL MEMORY OF 360,817 Monuments Commission, by agree­ AMERICANS WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN ment with the Secretary of the Army, THE SERVICE OF THEIR COUNTRY DUR­ is erecting a memorial therein, similar ING WORLD WAR II. OF THIS HOST to those built in the other overseas 106,808 REST IN EIGHTEEN OVERSEAS cemeteries. Buried here are 13,507 MILITARY CEMETERIES. THE REMAINS Dead of World War II who died in OF 1 7 5, 1 1 O WERE RETURNED TO THEIR the military operations in the Pacific HOMELAND. OF THOSE RESTING IN Ocean area. The memorial records THE OVERSEAS MILITARY CEMETERIES the names of 18,093 Missing of World 8, 4 8 3 HAVE NOT BEEN IDENTIFIED. War II and 8,107 Missing in Korea. THEIRS ARE AMONG THE 78,91 7 NAMES The memorial will also embody the OF THOSE MISSING IN ACTION OR LOST customary chapel and maps. OR BURIED AT SEA WHICH ARE RE­ CORDED UPON THE WALLS OF THE MAINTENANCE CEMETERY MEMORIALS. * * * INTO Permanent maintenance of the ceme­ THY HANDS 0 LORD. teries is a responsibility of the Ameri­ Within the World War II memorial can Battle Monuments Commission. chamber is engraved: The Superintendent and Assistant Superintendent in each case are Amer­ THIS MEMORIAL HAS BEEN ERECTED BY ican war veterans. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN At each cemetery there is a Visitors' PROUD AND GRATEFUL MEMORY OF HER Building, with comfortably furnished SOLDIERS, SAILORS, MARINES AND AIR­ reception room. Here visitors may be MEN WHO LAID DOWN THEIR LIVES IN informed as to the location of graves ALL QUARTERS OF THE EARTH THAT (or inscription of the Missing) at any OTHER PEOPLES MIGHT BE FREED FROM overseas cemetery. OPPRESSION * * * LET US HERE The cemeteries are open every day HIGHLY RESOLVE THAT THESE HON• of the year. Photography is permitted ORED DEAD SHALL NOT HAVE DIED IN at the cemeteries and monuments VAIN. without special authorization, except when photography is to be used for EAST COAST MEMORIAL commercial purposes-in such case permission must be obtained from the To commemorate those 4,596 Ameri­ Commission's local office. cans who, in or above the waters off Unlike the national cemeteries un­ the east coasts of North and South der the jurisdiction of the Quarter­ America, gave their lives in the service master General, Department of the of their Country their names and Army, there can be no further burials particulars are to be inscribed on a in the American military cemeteries memorial to be erected at New York. overseas except of those remains which may, in the future, be found on the battlefields. WEST COAST MEMORIAL FLOWERS Similarly, the names and particulars of those 412 Americans who gave their In the general interest, the decoration lives in the service of their Country off of graves with natural cut flowers only the west coasts of the Americas will be is permitted. The Commission is recorded at a memorial to be erected happy to assist interested persons to at San Francisco. arrange with local florists in foreign 21 countries for placing such decorations. florist who is a member of the "Florists Requests should be mailed so as to Telegraph Deliv'ery Association." In arrive at the appropriate Commission addition to the name of the deceased, office at least 5 days before the date of the rank, service number, name of the decoration and should be accompanied cemetery, country in which located, by check or international money order and the location by plot, row, and in dollars or local currency. Deposits grave should be provided if known. may be made for a single decoration on Further information regarding cem­ a particular day-birthday, Memorial eteries and memorials may be obtained Day, Christmas Day, for example--or at the Commission's offices in Wash­ for several decorations on particular ington, Paris, Rome, or Manila. Visi· dates within the year or over a period tors passing through these cities are of years. Checks should be made pay­ invited to call. The Commission's able to "The American Battle Monu­ representatives there may be of some ments Commission, Flower Fund", assistance in verifying travel routes and money orders to "The American Battle schedules, and also in furnishing in· Monuments Commission". Requests formation concerning overnight ac­ should be addressed to the Commis­ commodations. sion's Paris office, except in the case of Florence, Sicily-Rome (Nettuno) PHOTOGRAPHS and North Africa (Carthage) Ceme­ teries where the Rome office is respon­ Upon the request of the bona fide sible, and Manila where the Manila next of kin, the Commission will fur­ office is responsible. nish one photograph of the appropri­ Orders for flowers for all cemeteries ate headstone or inscription engraved may also be placed through any local on the Wall of the Missing.

Suresnes Memorial With World War I and II Loggias.

22 THE AMERICAN BATTLE MONUMENTS COMMISSION

United States Office Mediterranean 0 ffice Washington 25, D. C. American Embassy, Telephone: Liberty 5-6700 Via Veneto, Rome Extension 63679 Telephone: 4674, Extension 277 Telegrams: Monuments, Washington Telegrams: Monuments, Rome

European Office Philippine Office 20 rue Quentin Bauchart American Military Cemetery, Paris, 8•, France Manila, P. I. Telephone: Balzac 0700 Telephone: 5-02-12 Telegrams: Monuments, Paris Telegrams: AMBAMCOM, Manila, P. I.

THE AMERICAN BATTLE MONUMENTS COMMISSION Established by Congress March 1923

Membership (August 1960) Jacob L. Devers, Chairman Mrs. Wendell L. Willkie Thomas C. Kinkaid, Vice Chairman Carl Spaatz Leslie L. Biffle Benjamin 0. Davis Alexander A. Vandegrift Forest A. Harness Charles E. Potter Edward F. McGinnis John Phillips Thomas North, Secretary

Former Members John J. Pershing 1923-48 Burnet R. Maybank 1946-5.3 Robert G. Woodside 1923-53 Joseph C. Baldwin 1946-53 David A. Reed 1923-47 Edward C. Kalbfus 1947-53 J. P. B. Clayton Hill 1923-41 Harold A. Keats 1950-53 Thomas W. Miller 1923-26 Joseph J. Foss 1953-55 Mrs. Frederic W. Bentley 1923-29 George C. Marshall 1946-59 D. John Markey 1923-53 Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt 1953-60 Finis J. Garrett 1926-53 X. H. Price, Secretary 1923-38 Mrs. Henry Fenimore Baker 1930-53

Consulting Architects Paul P. Cret (World War I program) Harbeson, Hough, Livingston & Larson (World War II program)

Consulting Landscape Architect Markley Stevenson (World War II program)

Consulting Sculptor Lee Lawrie (World War II program)

U. s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1960 0 - 554081 Bangor l ~ ; Nuv 1