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Lupinus Albus L Cadmium phytoextraction capacity of white lupine (Lupinus albus L.) and narrow-leafed lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) in three contrasting agroclimatic conditions of Chile Nallely Trejo1, Iván Matus2, Alejandro del Pozo1, Ingrid Walter3, and Juan Hirzel2* ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The phytoextraction process implies the use of plants to Cadmium is one of the most important soil contaminants because promote the elimination of metal contaminants in the soil. In it is toxic for many living organisms, including cultivated plants. fact, metal-accumulating plants are planted or transplanted Human health is therefore threatened when Cd is bioaccumulated in metal-contaminated soil and cultivated in accordance in the food chain (UNEP, 2008). The World Health Organization with established agricultural practices. The objective of (WHO) considers toxic a daily intake of 1 µg kg-1 body weight or the present study was to evaluate the productivity and Cd 70 µg Cd for an average person (WHO, 2010). Cadmium exposure phytoextraction capacity of white lupine (Lupinus albus and accumulation mostly affects kidneys and liver in the human L.) and narrow-leafed lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.), as body and it can also affect the skeletal system through a disease well as the effect on residual Cd concentration in the soil. called Itai-Itai that was first detected in Japan in individuals living Both species of lupines were grown at three CdCl2 rates near Cd contaminated rice fields (Phillips and Tudoreanu, 2011). -1 (0, 1, and 2 mg kg ), under three agroclimatic conditions Industrial and mining activities are the main sources of in Chile in 2013. In the arid zone (Pan de Azúcar, 73 Cd liberated into the air, water, and soil (UNEP, 2008). Some mm precipitation), narrow-leafed lupine production was agricultural practices, such as sustained application of P and vs significantly (P < 0.05) higher than white lupine (4.55 . N fertilizers with ammonium sources have also led to Cd 3.26 Mg DM ha-1, respectively). In locations with higher accumulation and increase availability on the soil surface (Chen precipitation (Santa Rosa, 670 mm; Carillanca, 880 mm), et al., 2008; Bhargava et al., 2012). Other factors affecting Cd narrow-leafed lupine DM production was slightly higher than in Pan de Azúcar, but white lupine was approximately availability and mobility in the soil are pH, moisture, organic three times higher. Total plant Cd concentrations in white matter, type and quantity of clay (Bhargava et al., 2012). and narrow-leafed lupine increased as Cd rates increased When soils and aquifers are contaminated with high in the three environments, but they were much higher in concentrations of heavy metals, bioremediation is one of the narrow-leafed lupine than white lupine; 150%, 58%, and natural alternatives for its restoration, as well as being the cleanest 344% higher in Pan de Azúcar, Santa Rosa, and Carillanca, and most economical (Sarma, 2011; Bhargava et al., 2012). respectively. Cadmium uptake (g Cd ha-1) and apparent Phytoremediation uses the capacity of certain plant species to recovery were also higher (P < 0.05) in narrow-leafed lupine survive in contaminated environments with synthetic organic in two environments (Pan de Azúcar and Carillanca). These compounds, xenobiotics, pesticides, hydrocarbons, and heavy results suggest that narrow-leafed lupine present higher metals as they extract, accumulate, immobilize, or transform the potential as phytoremediation species than white lupine. contaminants (Sarma, 2011). The quantities of Cd that can be absorbed by plants depend on species, age, and root development Key words: Cd recovery, Cd retention, Cd uptake, (Lux et al., 2011). Similarly, Cd concentration is not the same in legumes, phytostabilization, soil properties. different plant parts; the sequence is generally roots > stems > leaves > fruits > seeds (Lux et al., 2011; Bhargava et al., 2012). The four phytoremediation technologies are phytostabilization, phytofiltration, phytovolatilization, and phytoextraction; they are 1Universidad de Talca, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Avenida Lircay based on plants and each one has a different action mechanism on S/N, Talca, Chile. soils, sediments, or water (Sarma, 2011). 2Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Quilamapu, Avenida Vicente Méndez 515, Chillán, Chile. Plants can absorb metals from the soil through the root *Corresponding author ([email protected]). system and translocate them toward other structures where they 3Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y are accumulated; the most commonly used plants are called Alimentaria, INIA, Apdo. Correos 8111, 28080 Madrid, España. hyperaccumulators. More than 450 species of vascular plants have Received: 30 November 2015. been reported with these characteristics in 45 angiosperm families, Accepted: 25 January 2016. including members of Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, doi:10.4067/S0718-58392016000200013 Cyperaceae, Cunoniaceae, Fabaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Lamiaceae, RESEARCH Poaceae, Violaceae, and Euphorbiaceae (Padmavathiamma and RESEARCH CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURALCHILEAN JOURNAL RESEARCH OF 76(2) AGRICULTURAL APRIL-JUNE RESEARCH 2016 76(2) APRIL-JUNE 2016 228 Li, 2007). Many studies have indicated that certain varieties applying increasing Cd rates, as well as evaluate the effect of of the genus Lupinus (Fabaceae) have a tolerance non- residual Cd concentration in the soil. specific to heavy metals similar to that of hyperaccumulator plants despite not being considered as such (Zornoza et al., MATERIALS AND METHODS 2002; Lambers et al., 2013; Fumagalli et al., 2014). White lupine (Lupinus albus L.; Fabaceae) is an Location description annual species that fixes N, is drought-tolerant, tolerant to excessive salinity, and able to extract moderate levels Experiments were established in experimental stations of of heavy metals, such as Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cr, and Hg the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), (Ximénez-Embún et al., 2002). When it grows in soils that Chile, located in three contrasting agroclimatic zones: Pan are deficient in available nutrients, white lupine plants de Azúcar Station (30°06’ S, 71°23’ W) in the Coquimbo exude chelating agents (organic anions and enzymes, such Region with arid climate and alluvial-colluvial soils as phosphatase and probably phytase) and hydrogen ions (Typic Haplocambids; USDA, 2014), Santa Rosa Station through proteiform roots in order to improve acquisition (36°31’ S, 71°54’ W) in the Biobío Region with humid of P, Fe, Mn, and Zn (Lambers et al., 2013). The white Mediterranean climate and volcanic soil (Melanoxerand; lupine root system has a high Cd retention capacity USDA, 2014), and Carillanca Station (32°49’ S, 70°35’ through cell walls (Zornoza et al., 2002), thus reducing its W) in La Araucanía Region with rainy temperate climate available concentration in the soil. White lupine effectively and volcanic soil (Melanudands; USDA, 2014). The decreases the soluble fraction of As and Cd in acidic soils at meteorological characteristics of each station in 2013 are the same time it accumulates high concentrations of As and shown in Table 1 (Red Agrometeorológica de Chile, http:// Cd in its roots (Vázquez et al., 2006). Meanwhile, narrow- agromet.inia.cl/estaciones.php). leafed lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.; Fabaceae) does not produce specialized clusted or cluster-like roots, but do Treatments and crop management release large amounts of carboxylates from nonspecialized roots (Egle et al., 2003). The two species of lupines were grown at three CdCl2 rates: Several reports can be found about Cd tolerance in 0, 1, and 2 mg kg-1. For each station, each experimental white lupine (Ximénez-Embún et al., 2002; Zornoza et al., plot was 27 m2 (3 × 9 m) and there were six replicates per 2002; Fumagalli et al., 2014). However, little information treatment. Since the bulk density of the 0-20 cm soil depth exists about the response of narrow-leafed lupine as a Cd were different at the three experimental sites (Table 2), the phytoremediation species (Römer et al., 2000; Brennan application CdCl2 to the soil, for the treatments 1 and 2 mg and Bolland, 2003). The present work is part of a larger kg-1, were 3.17 and 6.34 g plot-1 at Pan de Azúcar, 1.8 and 3.6 study in which the phytoextraction and phytoremediation g plot-1 at Santa Rosa, and 1.44 y 2.88 g plot-1 at Carillanca, capacity of white and narrow-leafed lupine is assessed as respectively. Application of CdCl2 was performed in solution total plant (aerial part) and its effect on later Cd absorption with distilled water at the rate of 20 mL m-2. Sowing dates by two species for human consumption characterized by its for both white and narrow-leafed lupine was 15 May 2013 at Cd accumulation capacity in grains, durum wheat (Triticum Pan de Azúcar and 17 July 2013 at Santa Rosa and Carillanca. turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) and maize (Zea Seed rates were 140 and 120 kg ha-1 for white and narrow- mays L.); therefore, the Cd compartmentalization study in leafed lupine, respectively, in order to reach populations that lupine plant structures was not considered. The objective of maximize yield (Tay and Vidal, 2009). Agronomic practices this study was therefore to determine the Cd uptake capacity were in accordance with commercial use; only elemental S of lupine on different soil environments in Chile when was applied to reduce pH in soils at Pan de Azúcar at rate of Table 1. Mean temperature (Mean T, °C), precipitation
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