March - April 2001 n Vol. 23, No. 2

Newsletter of the Cultural Resources Division n Kansas State Historical Society

You Call This Vernacular?

The next time someone tells you that your building is “vernacular,” celebrate it as part of a rich and diverse history of building in Kansas. It also may be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places.

Article on page 7 HPF Grants Awarded to Eleven Kansas Projects

The Kansas Historic Sites Board of text statements for four historic districts Review voted in February on its recom- and an architectural assessment of the mendations for this year’s round of His- Fred Harvey House. The house is cur- toric Preservation Fund (HPF) grants. rently on the National Register of His- This year a total of $133,422 was pro- toric Places. vided for eleven projects across the state. The City of Wichita was awarded Contents The HPF is a grant program provid- $14,700 to continue its survey efforts in ing funds for communities to investigate, the Delano neighborhood. recognize, and plan for the preservation A grant of $5,000 will allow 3 of their historic resources. Eligible ac- Doniphan County to hire a consultant to Five Historic Railroad Depots tivities include historic property surveys, write a National Register nomination for Among Properties Nominated preparation of nominations to the Na- a district in the downtown area around tional Register of Historic Places, educa- the county courthouse square in Troy. to National Register tional activities, and preparation of his- Of the grants provided to applicants toric preservation plans and design that are not CLGs, all but one were to guidelines. The funds are provided by new applicants. 5 the National Park Service, Department of A grant of $18,700 will fund a his- Toolkit for a Prehistoric Farmer the Interior, and admin- toric preservation sur- istered by the Kansas City of Abilene vey for Dodge City. State Historical Society. City of Lawrence The City of Topeka A proportion of the was awarded $4,385 to 7 funds must be given to City of Leavenworth conduct a historic pres- Certified Local Govern- ervation survey in You Call This ments. A Certified Lo- City of Wichita North Topeka. Building “Vernacular?” cal Government (CLG) Doniphan County The Glasco Commu- is a city or county that nity Foundation re- has established a stand- City of Dodge City ceived $2,240 to create 9 ing historic preservation City of Topeka an historic district in its KATP Field School Activities program by passing an downtown. historic preservation or- Glasco Community Another $7,300 grant Offer Something for Everyone dinance and establishing Foundation will help the Historic an historic resources Mount Oread Fund commission. More than Historic Mount Oread employ a consultant to KANSAS PRESERVATION half of this year’s alloca- Fund develop a National Published bimonthly by the Cultural Resources tion, $73,770, went to Register district on the Division, Kansas State Historical Society, 6425 S.W. Original Town of CLGs. campus of the Univer- Sixth Avenue, Topeka, KS 66615-1099. Liberal Revitalization, The City of Abilene Inc. sity of Kansas. Third-class postage paid at Topeka, Kansas received a grant of The Original Town Ramon S. Powers, State Historic Preservation Officer $8,070 to hold a state- Thomas County of Liberal Revitaliza- Richard Pankratz, Editor wide historic preserva- Historical Society tion, Inc. received a Virginia Wulfkuhle, Associate Editor tion conference in May Tracy Campbell, Editorial & Design Services $15,000 grant to assist of 2002. it in conducting an his- Partial funding for this publication is provided by the The City of Lawrence was awarded a toric resources survey. National Park Service, Department of the Interior. The contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect $28,000 grant for the preparation of a The Board also recommended a the views or policies of the Department of the comprehensive historic preservation plan. $9,097 grant for the Thomas County Interior, nor does the mention of trade names or The plan will build on a series of historic Historical Society. The project would commercial products constitute an endorsement or recommendation by the Department of the Interior. preservation projects and surveys that include a survey summary report, three have been conducted in Lawrence. comprehensive inventories, a photo- This program receives federal funds from the The City of Leavenworth received a National Park Service. Regulations of the U.S. graphic exhibit, and school curriculum Department of the Interior strictly prohibit unlawful grant in the amount of $18,000 to imple- materials. discrimination in departmental federally assisted ment an historic district plan. Included in An increased appropriation from the programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, or handicap. Any person who believes he or this plan will be the development of con- National Park Service allowed the fund- she has been discriminated against in any program, ing of additional deserving projects. activity, or facility operated by a recipient of federal Results of the second round of HPF assistance should write to: Office of Equal This article was prepared by Carl Opportunity, National Park Service, 1849 C Street grants for 2001 will be decided by the NW, Washington, DC 20240. Magnuson, grants manager for the board in May. Historic Preservation Office. 1 Marion Hall Nominated to National Register Marion Hall was constructed in 1896 at the corner of First and Main in Baileyville.

Marion Hall, located at First and Brown, a carpenter from Axtell, to build Main in Baileyville, is a vital chapter in a new bank building with a fire and bur- the town’s history. Built for the commu- glar proof safe in November of 1894. nity by founding father Willis J. Bailey, it Soon thereafter he contracted again with has hosted everything from religious Brown to build a drug store and a services to basketball games. doctor’s office. Marion Hall was recently nominated The outlying farm lands in the roll- to the National Register of Historic ing hills of the area prospered and the Places under criterion A for its historical villagers and country people began to association as one of the last remaining gather for social, religious, and cultural township halls, representing the religious activities. Willis then paid the carpenter and social contributions of the last 100 to build a community hall for the enter- years. The Hall also fulfills criterion C tainment, social, and business gatherings. for its architectural significance as an The new hall was completed, painted example of late nineteenth century con- inside and out, and ready for occupancy struction and community planning and on January 17, 1896. The Seneca Cou- development distinction. rier-Democrat announced in that week’s edition that “it is an edifice which we are Baileyville’s Crown Jewel proud of.” The interior clearly shows why early residents took such pride in Monroe Bailey left his prosperous their town hall. The ceiling is covered Willis J. Bailey, who paid for the construction farm in Mount Carroll, Illinois, and fol- with decorative tin, which also lines the lowed his son, Willis J. Bailey, to north- of Marion Hall, served as governor of Kansas walls down to the wainscoting that cov- from January 1903 to January 1905. east Kansas in October of 1879. Monroe ers the lower few feet. Bailey established a farm and became a Bailey deeded the community hall to dings, parties, dinners, dances, plays, and prosperous and influential citizen stock- the Trustees of Marion Township on man. Bailey laid out the town that was meetings. January 27, 1896, and it became “Marion On October 23, 1896, W. S. Glass of named for his family in the westernmost Hall.” Local organizations such as the part of Nemaha County, seven miles west Marysville spoke at Marion Hall in favor Baileyville Dramatic Company, the Pres- of Free Silver. His speech was noted in of Seneca. byterians, the Baptists, and the Method- The town prospered and became a the weekly paper as easily heard by all ists staged musicals and dramas and held those who packed into the hall. Within convenient shipping point when the St. ice cream and basket socials to raise Joseph and Grand Island Railroad put in weeks a grand ball, a series of lectures on funds for furnishing the new township the Bible, ice cream and strawberry so- a siding. A post office, store, hay sheds, hall. and blacksmith shop soon followed. The cials, and various musicals and plays The Presbyterians held services in younger Bailey contracted with Nate were filling the new Hall. It was a poll- Marion Hall while they rebuilt their ing place during elections. church after cyclone damage in May of By June of 1898, W. J. Bailey had This article is abstracted from a 1896. The Democrats and Republicans been selected as the Republican nominee National Register nomination draft held political rallies and meetings in for Kansas Congressman-at-large. He submitted by DarlAnn S. Rial, a Marion Hall. It was also the site for historic research consultant and many social functions including wed- writer living in Seneca. Continued on page 11 2 Historic Depots, Topeka Mausoleums Among Sites Nominated for National Register

(Top) The Missouri Pacific Depot in Downs, which was built in 1917, was one of five railroad structures approved for National Register nomination with the multiple property context statement for railroad structures.

(Left) The Missouri, Kansas, and Texas (Katy) Depot at Council Grove, built in 1894, is now used as an antique shop.

ive historic Kansas railroad depots, along with ger depot. These “county seat” depots were in more important four other individual properties, came one step towns and were often built of brick, some displaying architec- Fcloser to inclusion on the National Register of Historic tural stylings popular at the time. Located at 116 E. 1st Street, it Places. The Kansas Historic Sites Board of Review approved is now owned by the Halstead Historical Society and functions their nominations for submission to the National Park Service. as a historical museum. The Santa Fe Depot at 201 E. Sherman in Kingman, Historic Kansas Depots Kingman County, was built in 1910 and is also an example of a The context statement for the Historic Railroad Resources “county seat” type depot. The brick depot is privately owned of Kansas and the five railroad depot nominations were prepared but operated by the Santa Fe Depot Foundation. It houses a by consultant Deon Wolfenbarger of Three Gables Preservation visitors’ center and a railroad museum is being developed. of Nederland, Colorado, under contract to the Kansas State His- The Missouri, Kansas, and Texas (Katy) Depot at Council torical Society. Grove, Morris County, is located at 512 E. Main Street. The The Santa Fe Freight Depot in Atchison, Atchison County, one-story 1894 frame building is a Late Victorian example of a which was built in 1880, is located at 200 South 10th Street. combination depot. Used by Katy until the line was abandoned The stone structure has a two-story office section on the west in 1957, the building has subsequently seen a number of uses. and a one-story freight section on the east. The freight space was The building is privately owned and is being rehabilitated. extended an additional 85 feet to the east in 1912. The building Located at 710 Railroad Street in Downs, Osborne County, was given to the City of Atchison in 1986. It currently houses is the 1917 Missouri Pacific Depot. The one-story brick build- the Atchison County Historical Society Museum, a visitors’ ing is another example of a “county seat” type depot. It was center, and the Atchison Area Chamber of Commerce. used by the Missouri Pacific until 1982, when the line was sold The Santa Fe Depot in Halstead, Harvey County, a one- to the Union Pacific. The line is presently operated by the Kyle story brick structure built in 1917, is a “county seat” or passen- Railroad which deeded the property to the Downs Historical 3 The Kansas Historic Sites Board of Review met on February 17, 2001, at the Kansas History Center in Topeka. In addition to approving these National Register nominations, the board recommended 11 grant applications for funding from the federal Historic Preservation Fund allocation (see article on page one.)

“Mausoleum Row” at the Topeka Cemetery consists of ten structures dating from 1887 to 1913.

Society in 1999. The depot will be rehabilitated for use as a Board of Trade. The large limestone house is a unique combina- community building. tion of Tudor Revival and French Eclectic design by one of the Fort Fletcher Bridge, Ellis County Kansas City area’s most prominent early 20th century architects. In addition to the railroad nominations, the board considered Mausoleum Row, Shawnee County four other properties. The Fort Fletcher Bridge, which spans Big “Mausoleum Row” at Topeka Cemetery, 1601 E. 10th Creek, is located 4.8 miles south of Walker in Ellis County. Built Street, Topeka, Shawnee County, consists of ten structures dat- by Ellis County and the WPA in 1935-1936 of stone quarried ing from 1887 to 1913. Also known as the Hillside Mausole- from a nearby pasture, the bridge is 156 feet long with four 35- ums, the row of structures is set in earth on single plots along the foot arches. The bridge takes its name from the military outpost curbed drive. The architecturally styled limestone facades of the that was briefly located adjacent to the site in 1865. The bridge mausolea have a commanding presence in the cemetery. will soon undergo rehabilitation with the assistance of a Trans- portation Enhancement project from the Kansas Department of Clark-Robidoux, Wallace County Transportation. The Clark-Robidoux House, located on 4th Street in Wallace, Wallace County, is a two-story frame house with John J. Wolcott House, Johnson County Gothic Revival influences, that was built in 1880 for Harding The John J. Wolcott House at 6701 Oakwood Road in Mis- Allen Clark. Clark was a local rancher and merchant who came sion Hills, Johnson County, was built in 1928 from plans pre- to the area in the 1870s. The second principal owner was Peter pared by architect Selby Kurfiss. The house sits on a 2.1 acre site Robidoux, another rancher and entrepreneur associated with the overlooking the winding streets of J. C. Nichols’ Mission Hills settlement and growth of Wallace County. Robidoux purchased development. Wolcott was a well-known Kansas City grain it in 1909. The property remained in the family until last year. dealer and served many years as president of the Kansas City 4 A Toolkit for the Prehistoric Farmer

The theme of Kansas Archeology digging stick tip. One end of the bone Bison shoulder blade hoes Week for 2001 is prehistoric agriculture. was removed with an angled cut that In the last issue, we talked about the created a blade-like tip. A hole was The scapula of the American bison is plants that were raised in Kansas over a drilled in the end of the bone, and a a large, flat bone. This bone was saved thousand years ago. In this issue we take handle was inserted. Because bison when a bison was butchered, and the a look at the tools that were used to plant, bones are large and thick, these digging spine was removed from the flat side. It process, cook, and store the crops that stick tips would last over many seasons. was then attached to a handle and used as people raised. a hoe. Sometimes archeologists find a Farming today relies upon large ma- Stone hoes bone hoe that had split and been repaired chinery powered by fossil fuels, but in by drilling holes in either side of the split The early residents of Kansas used the past people made effective farming and lashing it together with sinew. Bison chert–a widely available, very hard, fine- tools from materials at hand. They bone hoes are found frequently in Kansas grained stone–for a wide array of tools, chipped hoe blades from slabs of chert archeological sites that date from about including sharp tips for spears and ar- and lashed the shaped stones to wooden A.D. 1 until metal was introduced in rows, knives, and hide scrapers. Among handles. They added durable bone tips to approximately A.D. 1600. the largest chipped stone tools are hoes. wooden digging sticks for planting and A slab of chert was shaped into a thin, loosening soil. People also used the oval shaped tool about eight inches long. Grinding stones shoulder blades (scapulae) of bison to This piece was attached to a handle to Seed crops, both gathered and plant seeds and dig pits for storing crops. serve as the blade of a hoe. After a long grown, needed to be processed before They prepared seeds for cooking on period of use, a stone hoe took on a lus- they were eaten. They could be boiled grinding stones and made clay pots to trous polish. If the blade became dull, it and eaten as a gruel or cereal, or they cook the foods that were raised. was resharpened by chipping off the could be ground into flour. Seeds, such worn edge. Stone hoes are not very com- as corn kernels, were placed on a large, Digging sticks mon from archeological sites in Kansas flat, heavy stone, called a metate (me- A sharpened, hardened stick was but are more often found farther east. TAT-tay) and ground with a smaller, used to break the prairie sod to dig roots This may be because of the presence of rounded hand-held stone called a mano or plant seeds. Sometimes a bison leg bison here in the Great Plains. The shoul- (MA-no, meaning “hand” in Spanish). bone was added to make a more durable der blade of a bison makes a great hoe. The flour could be used to thicken soups 5 This bison leg bone digging stick tip was in good condition when exposed during excavation. A well worn bison shoulder blade hoe with crack lace holes was finally discarded and later recovered from an archeological site.

The illlustration on the opposite page shows how bison scapula hoe blades were attached to wooden handles and used to cultivate crops.

and stews or to make flat bread. Grinding corn is hard work and took a long time. Over time, the trough of a metate got deeper with wear, so that it looked more like a dish than a flat grind- ing stone. An experimental archeologist attaches a wooden handle to a modern replica of the type of digging stick tip used by Pottery prehistoric Kansas farmers. In many parts of the world, the first use of pottery coincided with the adoption of agricul- ture. People who hunted and gathered wild foods tended to stay on the move. Pottery ves- sels are fragile and fairly heavy, so they were not widely used by nomadic people. As people settled down and began farming, pottery became more practical. Early farmers made their pots out of local clays. Making a pot may look simple, but it takes a lot of skill to make a vessel that will not crack while it is drying or shatter when it is be- ing fired. Some of the earliest pottery was not very strong and possibly could not be placed directly over a fire. Instead, stones or clay balls

Continued on page 14

Archeologists uncover a grinding slab and hand stone during This article was prepared by Dr. Robert J. excavation of a prehistoric village site. Hoard, state archeologist for Kansas. 6 YouYou CallCall ThTh “Vernac“Vernac

The Goodnow House in Manhattan, which is a state historic site, is an example of a two- story vernacular I-House with a simple classical revival cornice. Shown here is the north elevation.

ansas is graced with structures of cant and distinguishable entity whose com- all types–houses, schools, ponents may lack individual distinction.” Kchurches, and agricultural, indus- The purpose of Criterion C is to rec- trial, commercial, and municipal build- ognize a structure’s visual characteristics. ings–that are “ordinary” architecture. While in the past the National Register While the term “vernacular” is often ap- has often been viewed as being only for plied to these structures because their structures of premier significance and architectural style does not fit within the those that exemplify recognized architec- National Park Service list of recognized tural styles (which at times translated into styles, these structures are just as impor- those built by the wealthy), it still leaves tant in Kansas history as the most elabo- room for vernacular structures that con- rate Queen Anne house, Greek Revival vey more common building types, con- bank, or Richardsonian Romanesque struction technologies and methods, na- courthouse. tional and regional building patterns, The Paterson House in Lindsborg is an example o According to the National Park Ser- class distinctions, ethnicities, changes Shown here is the south elevation. vice, the National Register of Historic caused by social reforms, and the influ- Places was originally established to rec- ence of popular culture. ognize the accomplishments of ALL efforts are sometimes described as “dis- peoples who have made a significant Studying the Ordinary covering history from the bottom up.” contribution to our country’s history and Studies in vernacular architecture While somewhat radical at the time, the heritage. This means that the National began to emerge only about 25 years ago long-term effect has been a change in Register should include any style of as historians, designers, archeologists, how history is studied and interpreted. building that preserves and conveys cul- folklorists, architectural historians, geog- Today history is viewed as a complex tural knowledge to the next generation. raphers, museum curators, and historic interaction or interdependence among There are four National Register preservationists began to realize that they people, institutions, groups, and commu- criteria for evaluating a property for eli- knew little about common people and nities which affects societal change. gibility. Criterion C covers architectural their buildings. This interest was driven In somewhat the same way that his- significance and suggests that properties in part by the 1960s social history move- tory changed, traditional architectural are eligible that “embody the distinctive ment that challenged traditional history’s history changed too. Early vernacular characteristics of a type, period, or emphasis on famous people, events, and architectural historians pursued studies of method of construction, or that represent time periods. common and ordinary buildings as indi- the work of a master, or that possess high New social historians attempted to cators of complex cultural values. They artistic values, or that represent a signifi- correct what they considered a limited saw themselves as different from tradi- view by incorporating history’s over- tional architectural historians since archi- Cathy Ambler, the author of this looked people–women, children, ethnic tectural history had frequently focused on article, is the assistant director of the groups, the poor, and the ordinary–into a the elite or art of design and style. Today Cultural Resources Division. much broader view of history. Their those who study and appreciate vernacu- 7 isis BuildingBuilding ular?”ular?”

The McCarthy House in Johnson County is also an I-house, but it is only one and one-half stories and is modified with a Gothic revival roof gable. Shown here is the east elevation.

(see “Lustrons Were the Homes of the While this house is being considered Future,” in the January/February 2001 only for listing under Criterion C, most issue of Kansas Preservation) and five vernacular structures are nominated un- railroad depots (see page three). der more than one criterion. If a building Both nominations highlight the ar- meets several criteria, it allows the nomi- chitectural significance of these buildings nation to call out in a significant way a as part of both nationwide and Kansas building’s broader contributions to Kan- trends. The Lustron home, a prefabri- sas history. Regardless, vernacular struc- cated steel house, was a response to the tures can be listed under Criterion C housing crisis after World War II. Rail- alone. road property types were nominated The National Register celebrates based on functional classifications pro- popular and local culture and has many vided by Walter Berg in his 1893 book examples of vernacular architecture. Its of Type 5, Peterson’s Balloon Frame Farmhouses. Buildings and Structures of American listings include ski lifts, diners, mine Railroads: A Reference Book for Rail- tailings, smelter stacks, roof signs, and road Managers, Superintendents, Master Titan II ICBM sites. Pikes Peak is on the Mechanics, Engineers, Architects, and register, as are water fountains, boats, lar architecture include a large variety of Students. Subtypes for depots were based airplanes, a sign which is shared between individuals. They appreciate buildings on their original form and function. two states, houses made of bottles and not only for their visual characteristics, The Paterson House in Lindsborg stones and concrete blocks, tourist but also because they are a record of cul- (center photo) is a good example of ver- camps, fairgrounds, a nuclear test crater, tural knowledge. This is important in nacular housing that fits within a typol- bat roost, root cellar, totem pole, and Kansas’s built environment since most ogy defined by Fred Peterson in his rocks. Other states have listed landscape residents have lived, played, socialized, Homes in the Heartland: Balloon Frame sites from oil seeps and agricultural test and worked in ordinary buildings; lived Farmhouses of the Upper Midwest, plots to pumpkin patches (for events that in complex neighborhoods; and built 1850-1920, a study based upon regional occurred there). Each has been found towns, parks, and commercial structures. fieldwork. This Kansas home is easily worthy of passing along cultural knowl- Kansas buildings tell us about the past identified as one of Peterson’s twelve edge to the next generation. and visually connect us to the hopes and farmhouse forms but to complicate the So the next time someone tells you dreams of prior generations. example, the home also shows some ar- that your building is “vernacular,” cel- chitectural details on the porches that one ebrate it as part of a rich and diverse his- Recognizing the might find on a Queen Anne or related tory of building in Kansas. It also may Vernacular in Kansas Eastlake style. As is the case with many be eligible for the National Register of vernacular structures, the house com- Historic Places. If you are interested in Examples of recent vernacular list- bines traditional building forms from the listing a property, please contact our of- ings in Kansas include the thematic “bottom up,” with recognized architectural fice at (785) 272-8681 Ext. 240 for infor- nominations of fifteen Lustron houses stylistic details from the “top down.” mation about the process. 8 KATP Field AtchisonAtchison School Schedule of 20012001 Associated Programs and Workshops

June 1-17 KANSAS 8 a.m.-5 p.m. Monday-Friday 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Saturday Noon-4 p.m. Sunday Exhibit – Lewis and Clark in Kansas: ARCHEOLOGY “A high butifull Prarie” William Clark described what is now TrainingProgram Kansas as “a high butifull Prarie” nearly 200 years ago during the great expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase. Clark June 2-17, 2001 and Meriwether Lewis both described the territory’s unfamiliar flora and fauna in extensive journals. This display gives today’s Kansans a chance to rediscover The Kansas State Historical Society, Kansas Anthropological Association, their state through the famous explorers’ and Atchison Lewis and Clark Planning Committee are on track with prepa- own words and historic images. Atchi- rations for archeological investigations and accompanying programs in Atchi- son is the ideal place for this exhibit to son and Doniphan counties, June 2-17. As announced in the January-Febru- open, since it is the location where the Corps of Discovery celebrated July 4, ary issue of Kansas Preservation, the major activities at this year’s Kansas Ar- 1804. After the KATP field school, the cheology Training Program (KATP) field school will include archeological site exhibit, which was developed by the survey, test excavations of several sites, an artifact processing laboratory, and KSHS museum and education staffs, will classes. become part of the Kansas Interpretive Traveling Exhibit Service (KITES) pro- Each day during the 16-day project will start with an orientation session gram. at 8 a.m. at the project headquarters, Westerman Science Hall on the Location – Atchison Historical Society Benedictine College campus. All participants must attend this (only on their Museum (Santa Fe Depot), 200 S. 10th St. first morning on the project), followed by a Principles of Archeology class for Monday, June 4 first-time participants. Field activities and the laboratory at Westerman Hall 6:30-9 p.m. will operate from 8 a.m. until noon and 1 to 5 p.m. every day. Classes, which Event – Tours of Atchison Museums may be taken for college credit through Emporia State University, will be in Docents will be on duty at the area session during those same hours, Monday through Friday of each week. ESU museums to give guided tours. Corn Carnival presentations will be given at enrollment forms can be completed at project check-in. Details on the the Atchison Historical Society Museum classes are given on page 10. at 7 and 8 p.m. Guests, particularly residents of the surrounding communities, are in- Meeting Location – Pick up maps at vited to visit the daytime activities and to attend a variety of evening pro- Atchison Visitors Center (Santa Fe De- th grams listed here and on the KSHS web page at www.kshs.org/resource/ pot), 200 S. 10 St. archeolo.htm. Tuesday, June 5 The registration deadline for this project is May 4. Registration packets 7 p.m. may be requested by contacting Virginia A. Wulfkuhle, 6425 SW 6 th Ave., Talk – Uniforms and Equipment of the Topeka, KS 66615, (785) 272-8681 Ext. 255, [email protected]. Corps of Discovery, 1804 by Stephen J. Allie, Director, Frontier Army Museum, fort Leavenworth Virginia Wulfkuhle, the author of this article and sidebar materials, Location—Atchison Visitors’ Center (Santa Fe Depot), 200 S, 10th St. is the public archeologist for the Cultural Resources Division.

9 Wednesday, June 6 This technical course on masonry charge by USD 425 in Highland. This 7-9 p.m. preservation is offered by the State His- event is sponsored by the Native Ameri- Event – Collectors Night toric Preservation Office. The course is can Heritage Museum. Archeologists and curators from the aimed at architects, craftsmen, masons Meeting Location – Atchison Visitors Kansas Museum of History will be on and general contractors. Preservation Center (Santa Fe Depot), 200 S. 10th St. hand to identify all types of objects, in- professionals and experienced masonry cluding Native American artifacts, furni- specialists will introduce participants to Monday, June 11 ture, tools, linens and quilts, ceramics historic masonry challenges and accepted 7:30-8:30 and 8:30-9:30 p.m. and glassware, and other household masonry preservation techniques from Event – Trolley Tours of Historic Atchi- items. Conservation advice will be careful cleaning to repointing. Partici- son shared, but no appraisals can be given. pants will spend the afternoon “on loca- The trolley can accommodate 18 Location – National Guard Armory, 405 tion” at a historic building learning “the people during each time slot. Preregistra- N. 17th St. finer points of repointing.” Separate tion and $2 fee (half regular price) are registration is required. For more infor- required. Thursday, June 7 mation contact Christy Davis at (785) Meeting Location – Atchison Visitors 7 p.m. 272-8681 Ext. 227. Center (Santa Fe Depot), 200 S. 10th St. Talk – Hattie Cosgrove of Atchison, Location – To be announced Southwestern Archaeologist by Carolyn Thursday & Friday, June 14 & 15 O’Bagy Davis Saturday, June 9 9 a.m.-4:30 p.m. Ms. Davis is the author of Treasured 6:30 p.m. Event – Atchison County and Kansas State Earth. Her presentation is courtesy of Event – Potluck Supper and Resumé Historical Societies Joint Collecting Atchison’s The Blish-Mize Company and Location – Atchison Methodist Church, Project the Atchison Area Chamber of Commerce. 501 Kansas Ave. People in the county are invited to Location – Atchison Visitors Center bring in their photographs, personal letters, (Santa Fe Depot), 200 S. 10th St. Sunday, June 10 diaries, maps, etc. and meet with staff from 6-9 p.m. both institutions. Materials collected in the Saturday June 9 Event – Ghost Town Tour of Doniphan project will be taken to the KSHS in To 9 a.m.-4 p.m. County Workshop – The Finer Points of Preregistration by June 8 is required. Continued on page 11 Repointing: A Technical Workshop Buses and drivers are provided free of KATP Field School College Courses Offer Unique Opportunities

Historic Building Survey graphical, and ecological factors that This class will examine the variety of ESU Designation: AN 540 E affect cultural development will be re- stone types used by prehistoric man for Dates: June 4-8 viewed. The scope and history of tool making, beginning with the procure- Time: 8 a.m.-12 noon northeast Kansas archeology, site types, ment of stone from bedrock outcrops Instructor: Christy Davis, Preservation and diagnostic artifacts will be covered. and gravels. Geology, macro identifica- Specialist, Kansas State Historical Society Regional lifeways and cultures from each tion of specimens, and more sophisti- This course provides an introduc- of the major prehistoric time periods cated analysis techniques will be dis- tion to the methods used to investigate will be discussed. cussed. Classroom lectures, field trips, and record historic buildings and archeo- and laboratory work will be included. logical sites. Students will learn where Archeological Site Survey to locate, collect, and interpret informa- ESU Designation: AN 540 A Archeological Fieldwork tion about buildings and how to com- Dates: June 11-15 ESU Designation: AN 540 B plete Kansas Historic Resource Inven- Time: 8 a.m.-12 noon In this field/laboratory course stu- tory and archeological site forms for Instructor: Martin Stein, Archeologist, dents receive on-the-job training by historic sites, using historic records from Kansas State Historical Society direct participation in site excavation and city and county offices and libraries. The survey class provides an intro- artifact processing. Instruction will be duction to the methods used in the given concerning the use of hand tools, Northeast Kansas Prehistory finding and recording of archeological removal and preservation of archeologi- ESU Designation: AN 540 C sites. Instruction pertaining to the iden- cal materials, record keeping, and labo- Dates: June 4-8 tification of cultural materials, basic map ratory procedures. Time: 1-5 p.m. reading, topographic interpretation, and A total of 40 hours of work is nec- Instructor: Dr. Brad Logan, Director of filling out KSHS site forms will be com- essary to complete the course; up to 20 Office of Archaeological Research, Uni- bined with field activities. of these hours can be spent in the field versity of Kansas Museum of Anthropol- laboratory. To allow for possible rain ogy Introduction to Lithic Identification days, students would be wise to start This course will present evidence Techniques work on the first day of the excavation from the archeological record of north- ESU Designation: AN 540 D and continue until they have completed east Kansas and related regions that has Dates: June 11-15 40 hours. been used to construct the Kansas cul- Time: 1-5 p.m. The Basic Archeological Excavation tural sequence. The geologic, geo- Instructor: Bert Wetherill, Archeologist, course is a prerequisite to this class. Overland Park, KS

10 KATP Programs Continued from page 10

peka where they will be copied. The origi- nal materials will be returned to the owners and copies will be retained by the KSHS and the Atchison County Historical Society. Location – Atchison Visitors Center (Santa Fe Depot), 200 S. 10th St.

Thursday, June 14 7-9 p.m. Talk and tour – Sac and Fox Culture and Involvement with Lewis and Clark Presented by Suzi Heck, Sac and Fox scholar and president of Friends of High- land Mission, and Deann Bahr, curator of Sac and Fox Tribal Museum. The talk will be followed by a Twilight Tour of the Doniphan Site and Doniphan County Cem- Among the many uses the community made of Marion Hall was as a gymnasium, dance hall, etery, hosted by Bob Nourie. This event is theater, polling place, and community center. sponsored by the Native American Heritage Museum, Doniphan County Historical Soci- ety, and Kanza Chapter of KAA. Marion Hall Location – La Bonne Terre Vineyard, Doniphan Continued from page 2 Friday, June 15 returned triumphantly to Baileyville by windowpane only a couple of feet from 4-9 p.m. train and was taken to Marion Hall by the the court. Strips of vertical boards were Event – Sacred Hills Encampment townspeople for a speech of welcome. then put over the windows to protect the Visit this outdoor museum of living The November 17, 1898 issue of the Cou- athletes. Additional seating was man- history. There is a small admission charge rier-Democrat reports that after the elec- aged by placing chairs on the stage next ($3 for adults and $1 for children). tion in November 1898, the citizens of to the potbelly stove, the only source of Location – Krug Park, St. Joseph, MO Marion township and neighbors of Hon. heat for the building. W. J. Bailey “tendered that gentleman a The building’s architectural signifi- Saturday, June 16 reception at Baileyville’s cance is defined primarily 7 p.m. Marion Hall. It was a mag- through its facade. The Event – Ice Cream Social and Resumé nificent testimony of Today, the multi-textured, wooden Location – To be announced friends to a fellow citizen shingled facade incorpo- and neighbor.” building stands rates a tower entry. In the Date, Time & Location —TBA After he was elected small town of Baileyville, Talk—This is the Kansa’s Land governor in 1902, W. J. on the brink of Marion Hall stands as a This presentation by Randall M. Bailey returned often to visible landmark that is Thies, archeologist, Kansas State Histori- Marion Hall to share his vi- renewal, in part, seen easily from the high- cal Society, is offered through the Kansas sion for the state of Kansas. way. The gambrel roof that Humanities Council and sponsored by He served one term as gov- because of its covers the building adds the Atchison County Historical Society. ernor. distinctive lines to both side The first Catholic Mass architectural elevations. The facade has in Baileyville was in Marion significance and a curved parapet that masks Hall on March 10, 1912. the double slope roof. Thank you KAA! Masses continued there Marion Hall is typical while the parish was orga- the connection to of the simple meeting halls For the eighth consecutive year, nized and a church and built throughout the state members of the Kansas Anthropological the community in Association met on the last Saturday in school building were erected. during the nineteenth and January to prepare the mailing of Kansas Marion Hall continued which it stands. early twentieth centuries. Archeology Week posters. Thirty-four to serve as the high school Its one-room space was volunteers from the Topeka area, Wichita, gym where basketball prac- designed to accommodate Salina, Atchison, and Kansas City donated tice and games took place until the 1950s. many community activities. Through the a total of 166 hours to stuff 5,885 The court was less than regulation size years, many religious, social, political, envelopes. Another 1,300 sets of posters and spectators–seated in the single row of and athletic events were held in the and brochures have been distributed folding chairs around it–were likely to space. Today, the building stands on the since the initial February 1st mailing. wind up with a basketball or player in brink of renewal, in part, because of its Materials are still available upon their laps. Once a player was injured architectural significance and the connec- request at (785) 272-8681 Ext. 255 or [email protected]. when his hand and arm went through a tion to the community in which it stands. 11 Kansas Archeology Week

Spotlight on a Millennium of Kansas Farming

“A Millennium of Kansas Farming,” an exhibit in the Kansas Museum of History reflects the theme of this year’s Kansas Archeology Week poster. The exhibit runs through April and is located in the Spotlight Case, which gives Society departments a chance to highlight items from their collections that are not usually displayed. This year artifacts, graphics, and publications were selected that illustrate Kansas’ long agricultural history. Italicized text is quoted from exhibit material. “A Millenium of Kansas Farming” was the Spotlight Case exhibit at the Kansas Native peoples first gathered wild plants, Museum of History in March and April 2001. often making the rounds of the same general area each season to harvest the foods available at that time. They used leaves, blossoms, stems, roots, tubers, fruits, outlived their original purpose. They became unusable due to and especially vitamin-rich seeds. People eventually began to mold, groundwater seepage, or rodent and insect invasion. save and plant seeds. Plants such as goosefoot or lamb’s Once abandoned as a storage space, a pit became a handy quarters, pigweed, marsh elder, maygrass, knotweed, and place for the trash of everyday life, filling with hearth and little barley that today are considered weeds were grown as dwelling sweepings, broken pottery, and worn-out tools. food in prehistoric times as much as 2,000 years ago. In fact, these plants were widely cultivated in the Midwest and Prehistoric storage pits are time capsules that Central Plains long before the introduction of corn in the archeologists can study. Out of the excavated dirt fill of a pit, region. stone, bone, and antler tools and pottery sherds come to light. Charred kernels of corn and even weed seeds, as fine as Items chosen to represent this time of incipient horticulture pepper, can be recovered from soil samples through a process are seeds of goosefoot or lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium sp.), a called “flotation.” Turbulent water circulating in flotation chipped stone knife with silica polish on its edges that may have barrels brings seeds and other light materials to the surface, been used for harvesting grasses, a digging stick tip made from where they can be collected and studied. Study of flotation bison bone that served as a planting tool, a chipped stone hoe with samples has increased our knowledge of the use and high polish from use, and a metate and mano that were used to distribution of crops in prehistoric times. grind seeds to make pastes and flours. An idealized drawing of a storage pit, charred corn cobs, Around A.D. 200 plants like corn, beans, and squash, photographs of the flotation process, heavy and light fraction which are native to the tropical regions of Central and South flotation samples, and the laboratory tools for examining them America, were introduced, and native weedy plants gradually illustrate the archeological techniques discussed. fell out of favor. The new tropical crops required more tending to survive, but they provided greater yields and so The production of pottery accompanied the rise of became widely adopted. farming. Fired clay pots were used for cooking and storage. With the coming of Europeans to North America, metal A bison shoulder blade hoe, used to cultivate fields and dig implements replaced those made of bone, stone, and pottery. food storage pits, was selected from the archeology collections to Early Kansas homesteaders brought with them farming depict the intensification of horticulture. In addition, the archeol- practices and crops that they had used in the eastern United ogy staff called upon Dianna Henry of Courtland, Kansas, who for States. Not all of these were as well adapted to the Plains many years has preserved and propagated authentic Native environment as the methods and plants of Native American American crops. She provided samples of Pawnee blue flour corn, agriculture. Pawnee Lixokonkatit black eyed flour corn, Pawnee popcorn, Arikara white flour corn, Osage brown flour corn, black Mexican A prehistoric ceramic pot, an iron hoe blade, scythe, iron bush bean, Hidatsa red bean, Arikara yellow bush bean, Pawnee pot, hybrid yellow dent corn, and modern sunflower cookies orange squash, Arikara squash seeds, Arikara watermelon seeds, demonstrate the continuity of Kansas agriculture from prehistoric and Arikara sunflower seeds. times to the present day. For a calendar of events related to the Kansas Archeology With the advent of farming, people spent more time in Week season (March-May 2001) check the Society web page: one place, tending the year’s crops. If the annual harvest was http://www.kshs.org/resource/archeolo.htm. sufficiently abundant to be stored for later use, native people dug storage pits. These underground “bins” ranged from cylindrical to bell-shaped. Some were shallow, while others This article was written by Virginia Wulfkuhle, public were deep enough to require a ladder. Over time, these pits archeologist in the Cultural Resources Division.

12 Evaluating Current Survey Requirements The area of the Central Plains that composes the State of Kansas does not consist of a homogenous landscape. The 11 Physiographic Provinces of Kansas From west to east, and north to south, a range of physiographic provinces are represented. Physiography is a term used to describe an area’s physical geography, or in other words, the nature of the physi- cal landscape. There are eleven physi- ographic regions defined for the state (e.g. the High Plains, the Flint Hills, the Smoky Hills, etc.). Physiographic and environmental variability are two of the many factors that influenced prehistoric human popu- lations and that also have shaped the archeological sites that we observe and interpret. This variability in the location of resources (e.g., water sources, game, sheltered locations, areas conducive to gardening, etc.) influenced how human groups moved across the landscape as well as how they structured their subsis- tence and settlement behaviors within specific geographic areas. Once archeological sites were cre- ated by prehistoric groups, natural pro- cesses such as erosion and sedimentation worked to destroy, alter, or bury these cient and help to reduce or eliminate tions of high, moderate, and low archeo- same sites. This has implications for the unnecessary spending associated with logical potential for the High Plains need Kansas Historic Preservation Office such work. to be modified. Other physiographic which is responsible not only for recom- The Historic Preservation Office has provinces, such as the Flint Hills or the mending that archeological surveys be begun a project to evaluate its survey Osage Questas, will be analyzed until the carried out but also for the form those requirements with respect to the different entire state has been re-evaluated. surveys will take. physiographic provinces in the state. It is anticipated that these conclu- In order to evaluate if federally Currently, the office requires that all ar- sions will be paired with data pertaining funded or permitted undertakings will eas of high and moderate archeological to the formation of the modern landscape affect archeological sites, the Historic potential undergo 100 percent survey, to further refine our definitions of high, Preservation Office must have an under- while low-potential areas receive a 10–20 moderate, and low archeological poten- standing of the nature of the archeologi- percent survey. In order to make surveys tial. This type of study will help the His- cal record for specific physiographic more effective, and increase the SHPO’s toric Preservation Office to better assist provinces and must structure survey re- ability to preserve the state’s archeologi- federal and state agencies in designing quirements accordingly to ensure that cal resources, the definitions of what the cultural resources surveys they are significant archeological resources are constitute areas of high, moderate, or low required to perform under Section 106 of identified and protected. The rationale archeological potential need to be evalu- the National Historic Preservation Act. behind this is that a survey methodology ated and possibly modified for the differ- The refinement of survey require- aimed at identifying previously unre- ent landscape types present in the state. ments specific to certain regions of the corded sites on the High Plains of west- This evaluation has started with the state will help agencies such as the Kan- ern Kansas may not be appropriate if High Plains of western Kansas. Staff is sas Department of Transportation reduce used in the Flint Hills physiographic compiling site location and site type data, their survey costs by making their sur- province of east-central Kansas. The along with the age of the site (if known), veys more efficient in their coverage and development of survey requirements and by county. We are making the assump- better able to identify areas where the methodologies specific to certain regions tion that the sites already listed in our probability of encountering sites is high- of the state will make surveys more effi- files are representative of the archeologi- est. It is also anticipated that this study cal record since these files are a result of will identify areas in the state where the academic research projects, Kansas State archeological record is poorly docu- The author, William E. Banks, is the Historical Society survey and research, mented or understood and where more archeologist for the Kansas Historic work by private archeological contrac- intensive surveys are needed. In turn, Preservation Office. tors, and information from avocational this research will aid in the study and Map courtesy of Tod Bevitt, archeologists and landowners. When preservation of the state’s archeological archeologist in the Cultural Resources these site data are interpreted, they will resources. Division, who designed the map in conjunction with his master’s thesis. be used to evaluate if the current defini- 13 from her research on the Salina Burial Kansans Attend Pit, being performed under contract with Spring Workshops the KSHS. She reviewed the archeologi- Conference in cal fieldwork of the Whiteford family, Successful beyond the excavation of the burial pit, and concluded that they were largely re- Kansans recently had the opportunity Oklahoma sponsible for gathering the information to take part in a series of workshops around the state that brought the art and A number of KSHS Cultural Re- that Waldo R. Wedel used in recognizing science of building preservation to their sources Division staff members traveled the Smoky Hill phase. doorsteps. The Cultural Resources Divi- to Norman, Oklahoma, to participate in Several other papers dealt with Kan- sion offered workshops in Fairway, the 23rd Annual Flint Hills Conference, sas topics, namely “Very Large Projectile Salina, Wichita, and Hays. March 15-18, 2001. This year the meet- Points in Little River Focus: A Discus- Attendees, 115 in total, learned about ing was held jointly with the 43rd Annual sion” by Dr. Susan C. Vehik, professor of a broad range of preservation issues in Caddo Conference at the newly com- anthropology at the University of Okla- the two-day workshops that coupled pleted Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of homa; “Late Plains Woodland in the classroom time with on-site visits of Natural History, University of Oklahoma. Middle Little Arkansas River Valley” by projects in progress. Participants were The sponsors were the Museum, Caddo Mark Latham, contract archeologist with treated to a broad range of information. tribe, Wichita tribe, and the Oklahoma the firm of Burns and McDonnell; and Sandra Hooper, architect for the Archeological Survey. “The Pawnee’s Stoneman Animal Lodge” Cultural Resources Division, started each Four of the conference presentations by Dr. Patricia J. O’Brien, professor emeri- workshop with an overview of the Na- involved KSHS collections or projects. tus at Kansas State University. tional and State Registers, an introduc- In “The Johnson-Zahm Cache: Insight KSHS archeology staff Anita Frank, tion to the various levels of intervention into Great Bend Aspect Lithic Acquisi- Martin Stein, and Virginia Wulfkuhle fur- in historic structures, and practical advice tion and Utilization,” KSHS Special ther took advantage of the trip to Norman on how to plan a preservation project. Projects Archeologist C. Tod Bevitt dis- to photocopy records collected at the Architects Craig Patterson and Don cussed the characteristics of the 60-piece Smithsonian Institution by Dr. Susan Mars followed with several adaptive stone flake and biface cache from the Vehik for her research on Great Bend as- Iola, Kansas, vicinity. He offered some pect materials. Continued on page 15 comparisons with similar caches and gen- eral raw material procurement and utili- zation practices from habitation com- plexes in the Great Bend aspect Toolkit for the (protohistoric Wichita Indian) core area. James O. Marshall proposed a new Prehistoric Farmer definition for the Lower Walnut focus of Continued from page 6 the Great Bend aspect, based on his analyses of artifacts from sites in the Ar- kansas City area. “A Review of the Stone Implements of the Lower Walnut Focus” compared stone tools, pottery, and exotic items with artifact types iden- tified with the Mississippian tradition. Jim D. Feagins, an archeologist who has contracted with the KSHS to carry out studies of materials governed by the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act and the Kansas Un- marked Burial Sites Protection Act, de- scribed the nonintrusive documentation of nine artifacts made from a variety of materials. His presentation, entitled The holes in the body of this “Nonintrusive Documentation of Se- prehistoric cooking pot show lected Burial Artifacts by the Use of CAT attempts to repair a crack. Scans and X Rays: Example from NAGPRA/UBS Enhancement and Com- were heated and placed into a pot of food. This method, called stone boiling, pliance Study in Kansas,” revealed the cooked the food at fairly low temperatures. As potters learned to make stronger remarkable images produced by these so- pots, the vessels were set directly on the fire. This method allowed for the longer phisticated medical technologies. cooking times needed to soften some hard seeds, making them more palatable Dr. Donna C. Roper’s paper, “Guy and releasing their full nutritional value. and Mabel Whiteford: Early Kansas When metal tools were introduced, they quickly began to replace tools of Avocational Archaeologists,” resulted bone, stone, and clay. Metal hoes and pots lasted longer than their earlier coun- terparts and thus were valuable trade items. By the 1900s, metal tools and pots This article was written by Virginia had all but replaced their earlier Native American counterparts. Wulfkuhle, public archeologist in the Cultural Resources Division. 14 Workshops Successful Continued from 15 Happenings in Kansas reuse projects. Included in these presen- Registration Deadline for Kansas Collectors Night tations were examples of building system Archeology Training Program June 6, 2001, 7-9 p.m. retrofits and successful handicapped ac- Field School Atchison National Guard Armory cessibility designs. Among the projects May 4, 2001 See page 10. presented were the Ottawa Railroad Mu- See page 9. seum, the Old English Lutheran Church The Finer Points of Repointing: A (Lawrence), the Crawford Building/ Preservation Week Technical Workshop Governor’s Place (Topeka), and the May 13-19, 2001 June 9, 2001 Marymont College Building (Salina). Sponsored by the National Trust for Atchison See page 11. In the afternoon, classes were treated Historic Preservation to “bricks and mortar” case studies by Potluck Dinner and Resume’ contractor Daryl Nickel, Nickelodeon Kansas Historic Sites Review Board Meeting June 9, 2001 Restoration. Participants viewed a vari- See page 10. May 19, 2001 ety of project types and had the opportu- Classroom, Kansas Museum of History, nity to ask questions. Among the projects Kansas History Center, Topeka Ghost Town Tour of Doniphan Nickel presented were the Ritchie House County in Topeka, various barn and stone wall Preservation Leadership Training June 10, 2001, 6-9 p.m. Meet at Atchison Visitors’ Center projects, and his personal residence. June 2-9, 2001 See page 10. Finally, Christy Davis of the Cultural Harrodsburg, Kentucky Resources Division presented the federal Sponsored by the National Trust for Historic Preservation Trolley Tours of Historic Atchison rehabilitation tax incentive program and June 11, 2001 various preservation funding sources. Lewis & Clark Exhibit Meet at Atchison Visitors’ Center See page 10. Projects such as the Eaton Hotel (Wich- June 1-17, 2001 ita) and the Hereford House (Atchison) Atchison Historical Society Museum were presented as examples of the excep- See page 9 Archeological Site Survey Course tional work inspired by the tax incentives. June 11-15, 2001 On the second day, participants vis- Kansas Archeology Training Atchison See page 10. ited several preservation projects in vari- Program Field School ous stages of completion. During the June 2-17, 2001 Introduction to Lithic Identification tours the class was given the opportunity Atchison County See pages 9-11 Techniques Course to ask questions relating both to the study June 11-15, 2001 structure and their own projects. Study Tours of Atchison Museums Atchison See page 10. structures ranged in size from a one-room June 4, 2001 school house in Leawood to the Orpheum See page 9. Theater in Wichita. Atchison County & Kansas State Attendees included architects, engi- Historic Building Survey Course Historical Societies Joint Collecting neers, government officials, and property June 4-8, 2001 Project owners. While the workshop was in- Atchison June 14-15, 2001 See page 11. tended as a primer course to introduce See page 11. attendees to basic issues, the Society is Northeast Kansas Prehistory Sac and Fox Culture and Involve- considering the expansion of its outreach Course ment with Lewis & Clark activities into conferences, technical June 4-8, 2001 June 14, 2001 hands-on workshops, and specialty work- Atchison La Bonne Terre Vineyard, Doniphan shops such as barn restoration. See page 10. See page 11.

KANSAS STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY NONPROFIT ORG. Cultural Resources Division U.S. POSTAGE 6425 S. W. Sixth Avenue P A I D Topeka, KS 66615-1099 Topeka, Kans. Permit No. 299 Return Service Requested