Research Article International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ISSN:2320 5091

CONCEPT OF SHODHAN [PURIFICATION PROCESS] Morbale Mangal Sunil1, Herwade Ajitkumar Shantinath2 1MD Ayurved, Rasashastra, PG Director & Reader; 2MD Ayurved Drvyaguna, Reader; Late Kedari Redekar Ayurved Mahavidyalaya and Postgraduation Research Centre, Gadhinglaj, Gadhinglaj, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT Introduction: Before preparation of Herbo-mineral combination purification of metallic substances is necessary to reduce the concentration of chemicals. It is essential because high- er concentrated chemical may cause adverse effect on human body. So these chemicals should be neutralized to its normal pharmacological actions. So this shodhan concept very important, Aims and Objective: To understand various shodhan process and its pharmaceu- tical actions. Types of Shodhan: Samanya shodhan and vishesh shodhan. Conclusion: Without shodhan we cannot use any drug in medicine. That’s why shodhan is very essential in Ayurvedic Herb-omineral preparation. For efficacy & safety of drug proper shodhan is very important. Keywords: Herbo-mineral, shodhan, Samanya shodhan, vishesh shodhan.

INTRODUCTION In Rasashatra & B.K. while prepar- called Shodhana. To remove the dosha ing medicines Shodhana and Maran has (impurities) of dravya (medicinal sub- much more importance. Both processes stances) is called Shodhana which are considered highly necessary for It is type of chikitsa (treatment). Removal converting the metals, sub-metals & min- of Doshas from Body erals into the suitable form which they According to Ayurved Aushudikaran could be administered internally for Shodhana means only separation of addi- achieving their therapeutic values1. With- tional drugs. It depends upon structure of out subjecting to the shodhana processes dravya, ingredients, impurities, properties the drugs of mineral & plant origin could & some kind of chemical change also. not be used internally 2. And if at all used Shodhana is combinations of processes they are likely to produce various harmful which removes unwanted material from or toxic effects in the body3 Hence in the drug & controls toxic effect then en- Rasashastra & Bhaishajyakalpana sho- hance the properties of drug. While con- dhana process plays very important role sidering the shodhana process the sub- while preparing medicine. stance which has to be purified is called as NIRUKTI: Means 1) Cleaning 2) Puri- Shudhidravya/shodhya dravya. And the fying Nama - Cleaning, Purifying substance with which it is treated for puri- DEFINATION OF SHODHAN fication called Shodhana dravya. To remove the impurities of drug for that NEED OF SHODHAN: By Sho- Peshanadi means Mardana, Kshalana, dhana process which changes are taking Nirvapanadi karma’s are done that are place are not mentioned in our Rasagran- Morbale Mangal Sunil & Herwade Ajitkumar Shantinath:Concept Of Shodhan [Purification Process] thas but without Shodhana toxic effects 4. Presence of toxic substances are commonly seen. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The undesired properties are as follows- Aim: There are different aims of Sho- 1. Presence of visible & invisible impuri- dhana & it varies from drug to drug. Some ties of them are as follows 2. Hardness Table: 1 3. Presence of heterogeneous substances Drug Procedure Purpose Tankan Frying To reduce Intensity of astringent test Kampillak Prakshalan (washing) To remove dust & make free from insect Rason Nimmajjun (dipping) To reduce Tikshantva (sharpness) Objectives one group having some similar types 1. To enhance the efficacy of drug. of impurities. So that with the help of 2. Removal of impurities. Samanya shodhana general impurities 3. Making qualitative availability of drug can be removed. E.g. Dhatu- Samanya for Maran process Shodhan. TYPES OF SHODHAN 2. Vishesh (Specific): It is specifically ap- Mainly two types i.e. Samanya & Vishesh plied for the drugs which contain high shodhan. concentrated chemicals. Each drug of the 1. Samanya (General): It is generally group may have different types of impuri- applied for the drugs which are come ties. Which are vary from substances to into one category like Maharasa, substances & are removed by Vishesh Uparasa, Ratna, Dhatu.The drugs of Shodhana. Diff Procedures & its Pharmaceutical action Table: 2 Sr. Procedures Meaning Pharmaceutical Ac- Example No. tion

1 Svedana Vaporizations of raw Brittleness occurs by Hartal in dugs in certain liquid removing external im- Kushmand materials. purities. swaras. 2 Mardana Trachuration with Swa- Particle size of drug be- Jambir Swaras rasa, Kashay, Godug- comes senergistic addi- used to tritu- dha, Gomutra tives which causes an rate tamra agonistic effect patra. 3 Murchana Trachuration up to fine Particle size reduces. Parad by disintegration Adrak swaras. 4 Patan By giving heat to sub- Separation of adulter- Extraction of (To Distil) stances so that it vapor- ants causes purified Parad from izes & the extract is col- medicine. Hingu lected

2726 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 9; September- 2015 Morbale Mangal Sunil & Herwade Ajitkumar Shantinath:Concept Of Shodhan [Purification Process] 5 Aavap/Dhalan Melting solid raw drug Separation of adulter- Gandhak in and dipping in cold liq- ants & reducing brittle- Godugdha uid. ness 6 Nirvap Heating solid drug & Reduces brittleness. Abhrak in dipping into cold liquid Triphala quath 7 Galan Filtration Separation of adulter- Any filtrate ants & heterogeneous after filtration. particles. 8 Prakshalan To clean or proper wash- Removes dust particles Satavari roots ing & insects washing with water. 9 Nimjjan (dip- Keeping raw drug in cer- Chemical Changes from Vastnabha in ping) tain liquid for certain higher concentration to godugdha - time. lower concentration Gomutra takes place. 10 Bharjan To fry / to dehydrate Unwanted part evapo- Kankshi rates 11 Sanyog Addition of drug into Mininises toxicity or Tankan in another drug works as antidote. Vastanabha 12 Vibhag Separation of unwanted Minimizes the Tik- Rasankur in part shanata Rasun 13 Pachan Shodhya Dravya Im- Softness occurs and Guggulu in mersed in Shodhana Stickiness reduces due Gudugdha / Dravya and and keep- to this process. Triphala ing on fire. Kwath 14 Shoshan Drying in sun- Absorption takes place Apamary bija. light/moonlights at tissue level. 15 Sinchan Sprinkling liquid on hot Brittleness reduces. Tamra shodhan rat drugs 16 Sthapan Keeping dravya in stable Kalgunvradhi (in- Puran gruth , condition creases quality of drug) Puran guda,Puran Guggulu 17 To Peel To remove Skin Separates unwanted Ginger Part 18 To dehusk Remove husk from from Separates unwanted Shali dhanya grains Part IMPORTANCE: In Rasashastra & B.K. shodhana ceptable purified drug) process plays very process has much more importance. It important role. Every substance composed means physical & chemical purification to of 5 elements, difference is in their propor- make the dravya satmya shodhana (ac- tion.

2727 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 9; September- 2015 Morbale Mangal Sunil & Herwade Ajitkumar Shantinath:Concept Of Shodhan [Purification Process] Table: 3 Basic elements Properties Example Akash Vivardhan- Increase in volume Kankshi Vayu Ruksha- Increase roughness Shankha Agni Teja-luster Kapardika Aap Ksara-Ksariyata Rason Prithvi Gandha - change in intensity of smell Hingu NEED AND SCOPE: In Rasagranthas variety of Shodhan methods for a sub- CONCLUSION stance are described. There are variations Without Shodhan we cannot use in medicinal substances, instruments, time. any drug in Ayurvedic formulations. It is due to time period, in availability of That’s why Shodhana is very essential in medicinal drugs. Research methodology Ayurvedic Herbo-mineral preparation. For can help to establish exact indications to efficacy & safety of drug proper Shodhana select particular procedure & role of par- is very important. As we discussed above ticular medicinal drug. Research also help how shodhan process is important, accord- to establish effect of advanced instruments ing to nature of collection ,its structure, its used changes in a substance before & after chemical constituents to enhance pharma- shodhan can be assessed by physical ceutical actions .Also by shodhan process &chemical test. we can improve qualities of basic elements DISCUSSION of drug to exert its good effect. As we seen description about Sho- REFERENCES dhan process and its types, purification of 1. Ras Tarangini, Pandit Kashinaraya- metallic substances is necessary to reduce rashtina Motilal Banarasidas Publica- th Intensity of concentrated chemical consti- tion, 11 edition .1979, Page no.22. tutes. Here is description of pharmaceuti- 2. Shodhan Karanewala, Sanskrut Hindi cal actions according types of purification; kosh ,Vaman Apate, Motilal Ba- its new thing has been discussed in this narasidas Publisher, P.No.1031. article. Also need and scope of Shodhan is 3. Ayurvediya Aushadikaran Part I, discussed is very important. As per Aims Dhamankar –Puranik ,Dhootpapeshwar and Objectives we seen the purposes of Publication, 2nd edition, Page No.103. shodhan process in Table no.1.For each 4. Journal AYURVEDA, February edi- drug shodhan process changes which is tion, Page No. 11, 12. depending upon its source, procurement 5. Journal-Srujan Chikitsa, P.No.31, 32. process, storage process as well as its self- 6. Ayurved Patrika, August 2014, p.no.10 natural appearance. According to Table to 13. no.2 we are discussing about pharmaceuti- CORRESPONDING AUTHOR cal Actions could be improved by respec- Dr. Morbale Mangal Sunil tive shodhan process. Email: [email protected] According to Table no. 3 Importance of purification is discussed, Ayurvedic drug Source of support: Nil action is depending upon its 5 basic ele- Conflict of interest: None Declared ments and by shodhan process qualities of these 5 elements goes on increasing.

2728 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 9; September- 2015