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Rose: Some Important Findings with Special Reference to Physiology of Flowering Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology ©2007 Global Science Books Rose: Some Important Findings with Special Reference to Physiology of Flowering P. K. Nagar1* • M. Sharma1 • P. K. Pati2 • P. S. Ahuja1 1 Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, India 2 Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT Rose, a commercial crop, is distributed worldwide. Due to several natural and artificial changes over time the Rosa species have become very difficult to determine. However, successful attempts have been made to classify the genus Rosa with the aid of cytological and phenotypic studies. The crop also encounters serious problems of biotic stress and issues related to flower production and enhancement of their shelf-life. These problems are addressed with difficulty through conventional breeding and biotechnological approaches are currently playing a vital role in the rose improvement programme. On the other hand, biochemical and physiological studies are powerful approaches toward understanding organ differentiation and their growth and development. However, relatively little is known about the physiology of flowering in rose. The whole natural period of growth and development is much shorter for petals than leaves and hence petals seem to be an excellent model system for the study of fundamental physiological processes. The present chapter extensively summarizes the studies conducted on various physiological and biochemical aspects of flowering with special reference to two species of scented rose i.e. Rosa damascena and R. bourboniana. Such a review will be helpful to expand our insight of the flowering behaviour and in finding out suitable indicators of various physiological processes which may help in enhancing essential oil production of both the diverse species of rose. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: in vitro propagation, growth and development, organ differentiation, Rosa damascena, Rosa bourboniana, scented rose CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................................................... 102 HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF ROSE ......................................................................................................................................................... 103 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ROSE ................................................................................................................................................... 103 BOTANICAL DISTRIBUTION, TAXONOMY, CHROMOSOME NUMBER ........................................................................................ 103 Taxonomy.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 103 Cytological studies ................................................................................................................................................................................ 104 Botany ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 104 PROPAGATION ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 104 Vegetative propagation .......................................................................................................................................................................... 104 In vitro propagation ............................................................................................................................................................................... 105 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ............................................................................................................................. 106 Growth characteristics ........................................................................................................................................................................... 106 Plant growth substances......................................................................................................................................................................... 109 Abscisic acid.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 109 Polyamines ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 110 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................................................................................ 112 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................................................................... 112 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................................................................... 112 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION ing period in a year in this species is only around 25-30 days during April-May. Rosa bourboniana Desport (Edward Rose, being one of the most important commercial crops is rose), also an essential oil (0.015%)-yielding crop, is popu- associated with many problems. The infestation by pests, lar on account of its long blooming period, ease of propaga- fungal (black spot, powdery mildew, die back etc.) and viral tion and fragrance of its flower. Since the oil content in this diseases cause huge revenue losses to the crop. Cut flower species is much less, it is thus less productive (Anonymous roses are susceptible to vascular blockages that cause pre- 1972). The flowering in this species is sporadic and it flow- mature wilting (reviewed in Balas et al. 2006). Furthermore, ers three times a year i.e. April-May, July-August and mid increase of vigour, flowering duration and post-harvest October. However, April-May is the only main flowering shelf life are some of the major challenges in crop produc- period in both these species. There is an urgent need to tion. Rosa damascena Mill (Damask rose), commonly combine expanded flowering time with oil content. In the known as scented rose, is an important essential oil yielding above context, production of novel cultivars with desirable crop (Younis et al. 2007). High valued rose oil (0.045%) traits is of urgent need in a rose improvement programme. obtained from the flowers on distillation, is used in high Traditionally, rose improvement involved sexual crossing grade perfumery and cosmetic industries. The total flower- and selection, together with the identification of natural Received: 3 August, 2007. Accepted: 9 November, 2007. Invited Review Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology 1(2), 102-114 ©2007 Global Science Books mutations. Although, desirable traits have been introduced BOTANICAL DISTRIBUTION, TAXONOMY, by conventional breeding methods, certain constraints still CHROMOSOME NUMBER remain: (1) a narrow genetic base, only few species of Rosa are used for breeding purposes; (2) distant crosses are limi- There are about 120 species of roses which are found ted by incompatibility or differences in ploidy level between throughout the temperate regions of the northern hemis- putative parents; (3) conventional breeding methods are phere, from Arctic Circle to the subtropics (Marshall 1973; slow due to the perennial nature of the crop; (4) a high deg- Maia and Venard 1976; Zieslin and Moe 1985), including ree of sterility caused by discordant chromosome numbers, USA (New Mexico), Iraq (Marshall 1973), Ethiopia, Bengal, and (5) the delicate balance of factors determining plant and southern China (Zieslin and Moe 1985). growth and development were altered by sexual crossings and selection (Mol et al. 1989). In the present article we Taxonomy have discussed in detail various aspects such as taxonomy, in vitro propagation, physiological and biochemical studies, The genus Rosa belongs to the family Rosaceae and sub of two important species of rose viz. Rosa damascena Mill family Rosoideae. Shepherd (1954), in his paper has quoted and Rosa bourboniana Desport. Readers are recommended Linnaeus, 1753, who while classifying roses remarked that to read more comprehensive reviews on the biotechnology “the species of Rosa are very difficult to determine, and of rose (Khosh-Khui and Teixeira da Silva 2006; Pati et al. those who have seen a few species can distinguish them 2006). more easily than those who have examined many”. This is due to several changes, both natural (primarily crossing in HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF ROSE nature and mutations) and artificial (hybridization) over a period of time. It is almost impossible to distinguish bet- Fossils of rose, found in Oregon and Colorado
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