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Diseases of Floriculture Crops in South Carolina

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Diseases of Floriculture Crops in South Carolina Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 8-2009 Diseases of Floriculture Crops in South Carolina: Evaluation of a Pre-plant Sanitation Treatment and Identification of Species of Phytophthora Ernesto Robayo Camacho Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation Robayo Camacho, Ernesto, "Diseases of Floriculture Crops in South Carolina: Evaluation of a Pre-plant Sanitation Treatment and Identification of Species of Phytophthora" (2009). All Theses. 663. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/663 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DISEASES OF FLORICULTURE CROPS IN SOUTH CAROLINA: EVALUATION OF A PRE‐PLANT SANITATION TREATMENT AND IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES OF PHYTOPHTHORA A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Plant and Environmental Sciences by Ernesto Robayo Camacho August 2009 Accepted by: Steven N. Jeffers, Committee Chair Julia L. Kerrigan William C. Bridges, Jr. ABSTRACT This project was composed of two separate studies. In one study, the species of Phytophthora that have been found associated with diseased floriculture crops in South Carolina and four other states were characterized and identified using molecular (RFLP fingerprints and DNA sequences for ITS regions and cox I and II genes), morphological (sporangia, oogonia, antheridia, oospores, and chlamydospores), and physiological (mating behavior and cardinal temperatures) characters. In addition, sensitivity to the fungicide mefenoxam was determined. In all, 87 isolates from 63 host plants that were collected over a 13‐year period (1996 through 2008) were examined. Host plants came from 46 genera in 24 families. Seventy‐four isolates came from plants grown in 16 counties in South Carolina, and 13 isolates came from plants grown in four other states: Maryland, New York, North Carolina, and Virginia. In all, 12 different species of Phytophthora were identified—including ten known species and two previously undescribed and potentially new species. The known species were: P. nicotianae (26 isolates), P. cinnamomi (14 isolates—including one isolate of P. cinnamomi var. parvispora), P. palmivora (13 isolates), P. drechsleri (10 isolates), P. cryptogea (8 isolates), P. citrophthora (4 isolates), P. citricola (4 isolates), P. capsici (2 isolates), P. tropicalis (1 isolate), and P. megasperma (1 isolate). Based on molecular and morphological characters, four isolates appeared to belong to previously undescribed and potentially new species. Fifty‐eight of the host‐pathogen associations investigated ii have not been reported previously and are new records. In the second study, a pre‐ plant sanitation treatment with 10% household bleach (i.e., 0.6% NaOCl) was applied to dormant bare‐root daylily and hosta plants, and the effects on subsequent plant growth and development were determined. Plants were soaked for 0, 1, 5, and 10 minutes, rinsed in tap water, planted in pots, and grown for 40 to 56 days. These treatments proved to be safe to use. Plants that were soaked in bleach solution for 1 to 10 minutes before planting grew just as well as plants that were not soaked in bleach solution, and no evidence of deleterious effects on plant growth and development was found. iii DEDICATION To my parents, who always have supported me and encouraged me to never give up in my desire to come to the United States to continue and improve my education. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to thank: • the USDA‐ARS Nursery & Floriculture Research Initiative for providing the funding for this project; • my advisor, Dr. Steven N. Jeffers, for outstanding guidance and his constant support, clearness, patience, and thoroughness while tracking the development of this project and for helping me to make good decisions during these two and one‐half years; • the other members of my committee—Dr. Julia L. Kerrigan and Dr. William C. Bridges, Jr.—for their support, assistance, and patience during my studies and to polish my thesis; • Dr. Jaesoon Hwang, an unofficial (but tremendously helpful) member of my committee, for his support and mentoring in the molecular portion of my research and throughout the thesis‐writing procces; • Lynn Luszcz, Dick Baker, and Inga Meadows who helped me constantly with my laboratory tasks; • to Johnson Jeffers for his help during the planting and harvesting of hostas and daylilies at the greenhouse during the summer of 2007; and • the staff and students of the Department of Entomology, Soils, and Plant Sciences at Clemson University for their support and friendship—which made my graduate school experience not just easier but fulfilling and meaningful. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... x CHAPTER I. LITERATURE REVIEW AND INTRODUCTION IMPORTANCE OF PHYTOPHTHORA SPECIES TO FLORICULTURE CROPS ........................................................................... 1 The Ornamental Plant Industry ............................................................... 1 Phytophthora Species .............................................................................. 6 Research Project .................................................................................... 13 Literature Cited ...................................................................................... 15 II. SPECIES OF PHYTOPHTHORA ASSOCIATED WITH FLORICULTURE CROPS IN SOUTH CAROLINA AND SEVERAL OTHER STATES .................................................................. 23 Introduction ........................................................................................... 23 Materials and Methods .......................................................................... 25 Results .................................................................................................... 37 Discussion............................................................................................... 47 Literature Cited ...................................................................................... 58 vi III. PRE‐PLANT SANITATION TREATMENTS DID NOT AFFECT GROWTH OF DAYLILY AND HOSTA PLANTS ............................................. 85 Introduction ........................................................................................... 85 Materials and Methods .......................................................................... 87 Results .................................................................................................... 89 Discussion............................................................................................... 90 Literature Cited ...................................................................................... 94 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................. 104 A: List of all isolates used in this study: Geographic information ................. 105 B: List of all isolates used in this study: Morphological and physiological characters ....................................................................... 109 C: List of all isolates used in this study: Mefenoxam sensitivity .................. 113 D: List of all isolates used in this study: Molecular characters and species identification .................................................................... 116 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Plant species, status of host plants, symptoms observed on plants, type of substrate, and number of independent samples from which isolates of species of Phytophthora were recovered between 1996 and 2008 ....................................................................................... 66 2.2 15 isolates of species of Phytophthora that were used as standards for identification of the isolates in this study ....................................................................................................... 71 2.3a A comparison of 18 isolates identified as P. cryptogea and P. drechsleri: Host plants and mating type ..................................... 73 2.3b A comparison of 18 isolates identified as P. cryptogea and P. drechsleri: Molecular characteristics .......................................... 74 2.4a A comparison of five isolates identified as Phytophthora capsici and P. tropicalis: Some key physiological and morphological characteristics ................................... 76 2.4b A comparison of five isolates identified as Phytophthora capsici and P. tropicalis: Some molecular characteristics
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