Lesson Learnt from Nuclear Disasters - Health Hazards & Its Prevention
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RADIATION EFFECTS and SOURCES What Is Radiation? What Does Radiation Do to Us? Where Does Radiation Come From?
RADIATION EFFECTS and SOURCES What is radiation? What does radiation do to us? Where does radiation come from? United Nations Environment Programme RADIATION EFFECTS and SOURCES What is radiation? What does radiation do to us? Where does radiation come from? United Nations Environment Programme DISCLAIMER This publication is largely based on the findings of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, a subsidiary body of the United Nations General Assembly and for which the United Nations Environment Pro- gramme provides the secretariat. This publication does not necessarily r epresent the views of the Scientific Committee or of the United Nations Environment Programme. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publica- tion do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Environment Programme would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. The United Nations Environment Programme promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. This publication was printed on recycled paper, 100 per cent chlorine free. -
Training for Radiation Emergencies: First Responder Operations
TRAINING FOR RADIATION EMERGENCIES: FIRST RESPONDER OPERATIONS STUDENT TEXT Developed by THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FIRE FIGHTERS ® Alfred K. Whitehead Vincent J. Bollon General President General Secretary-Treasurer Copyright © 1998 International Association of Fire Fighters 1750 New York Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FIRE FIGHTERS ® Alfred K. Whitehead Vincent J. Bollon General President General Secretary-Treasurer Bradley M. Sant, Director Hazardous Materials Training The IAFF acknowledges the Hazardous Materials Training staff: Kimberly Lockhart, Michael Lucey, Diane Dix Massa, A. Christopher Miklovis, Carol Mintz, Michael Schaitberger, Scott Solomon, Linda Voelpel Casey, and consultants Jo Griffith, Eric Lamar, and Margaret Veroneau for their work in developing this manual. In addition, the IAFF thanks Paul Deane,Tommy Erickson, and Charlie Wright for their contributions to this project. Notice This manual was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors nor their employees, make any warranty, expressed or implied, or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represent that its use would not infringe upon privately-owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. -
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[email protected] www.po-mayak.ru FSUE “Mayak” PA 3 4 FSUE “Mayak” PA www.po-mayak.ru [email protected] Federal State Unitary Enterprise «Mayak» Production Association is the first Russian nuclear industrial site. Present-day PA «Mayak» is an up- to-date and dynamically developing enterprise of the State Atomic Energy Corporation «Rosatom». «Mayak» PA is the leading Russian and one of the biggest world manufacturers of sealed radionuclide sources. The product mix offered today by «Mayak» PA to domestic and foreign customers, includes more than 200 codes of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and neutron sources with various dimensional and radiation specifications, and with reactor isotopes Cobalt-60, Iridium-192, fission isotopes Caesium-137, Americium-241, Plutonium-239, Promethium-147, Strontium-90, etc., as their active material, as well as bulk isotopes with Carbon-14 and Helium-3 gas among them. Ionising sources are widely used for various scientific and technical applications such as radiation processing equipment, oil-well logging, industrial NDT instruments, gamma-radiography, various process control and measurement instruments and other gauges, and also in medicine. At present, acting under the Federal Law dated 11.07.2011, No. 190- FZ, «Mayak» PA accepts for long-term storage and re-processing the disused ionising sources operated in Russia and made both by «Mayak» PA and other manufacturers and Mayak’s origin sources operated outside Russia. At present «Mayak» PA has become an independent player in the market of re-sourcing of radiation facilities and machines. «Mayak» PA offers «from cradle to grave» service package that covers the entire life-cycle of the sources from their manufacture to disposal and allows working directly with organisations operating Mayak’s origin sources. -
Security Operational Skills 2 (Tracing).P65
Unit - 4 K Operating Skill for handling Natural Disasters Structure 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Operating Skill for natural and nuclear disasters 4.4 Accident Categories 4.5 Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents 4.6 Geological disasters 4.7 Operating Skills for handling Mines and other Explosive Devices 4.8 Operating Skills for handing hijacking situation (other than an airline hijacking 4.9 Operating skills for antivehicle theft operations 4.10 Operating skills for facing a kidnapping or hostage situation 4.11 Operating Skill for handling coal mines and other explosive devices 4.12 Hostage Rights : Law and Practice in Throes of Evolution 4.12.1 Terminology 4.13 Relative Value of Rights 4.14 Conflict of Rights and Obligations 4.15 Hong Kong mourns victims of bus hijacking in the Philoppines 4.16 Rules for Successful Threat Intelligence Teams 4.16.1 Tailor Your Talent 4.16.2 Architect Your Infrastructure 4.16.3 Enable Business Profitability 4.16.4 Communicate Continuously 4.17 Construction Safety Practices 4.17.1 Excavation 4.17.2 Drilling and Blasting 4.17.3 Piling and deep foundations 234 4.18 Planning 4.18.1 Steps in Planning Function 4.18.2 Characteristics of planning 4.18.3 Advantages of planning 4.18.4 Disadvantages of planning 4.1 Objectives The following is a list of general objectives departments should consider when creating an Information Disaster Prevention and Recovery Plan: O Ensure the safety of all employees and visitors at the site/facility O Protect vital information and records O Secure business sites -
Radiation Burn / Dermatitis, Chemical Burn & Necrobiosis Lipodica Case Studies
Radiation Burn / Dermatitis, Chemical Burn & Necrobiosis Lipodica Case Studies By: Jeanne Alvarez, FNP, CWS, Independent Medical Associates, Bangor, ME Radiation Burn / Dermatitis Case Study 1: 63 year old female S/P lumpectomy with chemotherapy and radiation to the breast. She developed a burn to the area with noted dermatitis at the completion of radiation treatments. Area was very painful and blistered. Hydrofera Blue radiation dressing was applied and held in place with netting. There was significant pain reduction reported within hours of application. Wounds healed in 17 days of starting therapy. Started Healed in 17 Days Radiation Burn / Dermatitis Case Study 2: 85 year old male S/P excision of Squamous cell carcinoma of the right temple x 2, the second excision prompted the surgeon to treat area with radiation. The radiation caused the patient’s skin to burn and develop a dermatitis surrounding the wound. Started Hydrofera Blue on patient and he healed in 83 days. Started Healed in 83 Days Chemical Burn Necrobiosis Lipodica Case Study 1: 57 year old male spraying Case Study 1: 48 year old female with wounds on shins. Wounds present for 3 years. insecticide containing the cyhalothrin, Treated at wound care center and given diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum, tried came into contact with hands and arms. multiple treatments resulting in thick black and flesh colored eschar which festered and Flushed area with water after contact. drained on regular basis. Wounds did not resemble pyoderma gangrenosum, debrided Within 24 hours of exposure, developed eschar and obtained biopsy, which provided diagnosis of necrobiosis lipodica. Work-up for painful 10/10 blisters. -
From Wilderness to the Toxic Environment: Health in American Environmental Politics, 1945-Present
From Wilderness to the Toxic Environment: Health in American Environmental Politics, 1945-Present The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Thomson, Jennifer Christine. 2013. From Wilderness to the Toxic Environment: Health in American Environmental Politics, 1945- Present. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11125030 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA From Wilderness to the Toxic Environment: Health in American Environmental Politics, 1945-Present A dissertation presented by Jennifer Christine Thomson to The Department of the History of Science In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History of Science Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2013 @ 2013 Jennifer Christine Thomson All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Charles Rosenberg Jennifer Christine Thomson From Wilderness to the Toxic Environment: Health in American Environmental Politics, 1945-Present Abstract This dissertation joins the history of science and medicine with environmental history to explore the language of health in environmental politics. Today, in government policy briefs and mission statements of environmental non-profits, newspaper editorials and activist journals, claims about the health of the planet and its human and non-human inhabitants abound. Yet despite this rhetorical ubiquity, modern environmental politics are ideologically and organizationally fractured along the themes of whose health is at stake and how that health should be protected. -
Chernobyl Template.Qxd 16/09/2019 11:08 Page 39
9Chernobyl_Template.qxd 16/09/2019 11:08 Page 39 39 Chernobyl On 3 February 1987, during a lecture trip to Japan, I was invited to meet five members of the Japan Atomic Industrial Forum Inc. Zhores Medvedev They wanted to discuss my book, Nuclear Disaster in the Urals, which described the consequences of the Kyshtym disaster, an On 8 August 2019, a explosion at a nuclear waste site in the deadly nuclear explosion Soviet Union in 1957. took place in northern The book, published in New York in 1979 Russia in the vicinity of and translated into Japanese in 1982, was the Nenoksa weapons then still the only published description of testing range. At least five this accident. The Kyshtym disaster was not people are said to have yet included in a list of nuclear accidents died. Subsequently, a prepared by the International Atomic Russian state weather Energy Agency (IAEA). Top of this list, agency confirmed release recorded at a topofthescale 7 in severity, into the atmosphere of was Chernobyl, Three Mile Island was strontium, barium and scale 5, and the fire at Windscale in other radioactive isotopes, England, in 1957, was scale 3. (The indicating that a nuclear International Nuclear Event Scale was reactor was involved in revised several times, subsequently, and the the explosion. fire at Windscale is now reckoned to be Zhores Medvedev died scale 5.) in 2018, before this recent In 1987, I had already started to study the explosion. Back in 2011, available information on Chernobyl he charted a trail of because I was not satisfied with the Soviet nuclear disasters from Report to the IAEA, which blamed mainly Kyshtym in the the power station personnel for gross Cheliabinsk region of operational errors. -
Benefit-Function of Two- Identical Cold Standby Nuclear Reactors System Subject to Failure Due to Radioactivity Or Overheating, Steam Explosion, Fire, and Meltdown
International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics (IJMER) ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Benefit-Function of Two- Identical Cold Standby Nuclear Reactors System subject to failure due to radioactivity or Overheating, steam explosion, fire, and meltdown Ashok Kumar Saini BLJS COLLEGE, TOSHAM (BHIWANI) HARYANA INDIA Email ID [email protected] The accident killed 30 people directly and damaged Abstract- A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by approximately $7 billion of property. A study published in the International Atomic Energy Agency as "an event that 2005 estimates that there will eventually be up to 4,000 has led to significant consequences to people, the additional cancer deaths related to the accident among environment or the facility." Examples include lethal those exposed to significant radiation levels. Radioactive effects to individuals, large radioactivity release to fallout from the accident was concentrated in areas of the environment, or reactor core melt." The prime Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. Approximately 350,000 example of a "major nuclear accident" is one in which people were forcibly resettled away from these areas soon a reactor core is damaged and significant amounts after the accident. of radioactivity are released, such as in the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. Benjamin K. Sovacool has reported that worldwide there have been 99 accidents at nuclear power plants from 1952 The impact of nuclear accidents has been a topic of debate to 2009 (defined as incidents that either resulted in the loss practically since the first nuclear reactors were constructed of human life or more than US$50,000 of property damage, in 1954. It has also been a key factor in public concern the amount the US federal government uses to define about nuclear facilities. -
The Electoral Consequences of Nuclear Fallout: Evidence from Chernobyl
Working Paper 2020:23 Department of Economics School of Economics and Management The Electoral Consequences of Nuclear Fallout: Evidence from Chernobyl Adrian Mehic November 2020 The electoral consequences of nuclear fallout: Evidence from Chernobyl Adrian Mehic ∗ This version: November 19, 2020 Abstract What are the political effects of a nuclear accident? Following the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, environmentalist parties were elected to parliaments in several nations. This paper uses Chernobyl as a natural experiment creating variation in radioactive fallout exposure over Sweden. I match municipality-level data on cesium ground contamination with election results for the anti-nuclear Green Party, which was elected to parliament in 1988. After adjusting for pre-Chernobyl views on nuclear power, the results show that voters in high-fallout areas were more likely to vote for the Greens. Additionally, using the exponential decay property of radioactive isotopes, I show a persistent, long-term effect of fallout on the green vote. However, the Chernobyl-related premium in the green vote has decreased substantially since the 1980s. Detailed individual-level survey data further suggests that the results are driven by a gradually decreasing resistance to nuclear energy in fallout-affected municipalities. JEL classification codes: D72, P16, Q48, Q53 Keywords: Chernobyl; pollution; voting ∗Department of Economics, Lund University, Sweden. This work has benefited from discus- sions with Andreas Bergh, Matz Dahlberg, Karin Edmark, Henrik Ekengren Oscarsson, Emelie Theobald, and Joakim Westerlund, as well as numerous seminar participants. 1. Introduction Nuclear energy is a widely debated topic. Advocates of nuclear power argue that it provides high power output combined with virtually zero emissions. -
Ionizing Radiation Mediates Dose Dependent Effects Affecting the Healing Kinetics of Wounds Created on Acute and Late Irradiated Skin
Article Ionizing Radiation Mediates Dose Dependent Effects Affecting the Healing Kinetics of Wounds Created on Acute and Late Irradiated Skin Candice Diaz 1,2, Cindy J. Hayward 1,2, Meryem Safoine 1,2, Caroline Paquette 1,2, Josée Langevin 3, Josée Galarneau 3, Valérie Théberge 4, Jean Ruel 5,6 , Louis Archambault 6,7,8 and Julie Fradette 1,2,6,* 1 Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval (LOEX), Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; [email protected] (C.D.); [email protected] (C.J.H.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (C.P.) 2 Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Cégep de Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 1T3, Canada; [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (J.G.) 4 Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec–Université Laval, Québec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada; [email protected] 5 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; [email protected] 6 Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1E 6W2, Canada; [email protected] 7 Department of Physics, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada 8 Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected] Citation: Diaz, C.; Hayward, C.J; Abstract: Radiotherapy for cancer treatment is often associated with skin damage that can lead to Safoine, M.; Paquette, C.; Langevin, J.; incapacitating hard-to-heal wounds. -
Pediatric Considerations Before, During, and After Radiological Or Nuclear Emergencies
TECHNICAL REPORT Pediatric Considerations Before, During,Martha S. Linet, MD, MPH, and a, b Ziad Kazzi, After MD, c, d Jerome A. RadiologicalPaulson, MD, FAAP, e COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH or Nuclear Emergencies Infants, children, and adolescents can be exposed unexpectedly to ionizing abstract radiation from nuclear power plant events, improvised nuclear or radiologic dispersal device explosions, or inappropriate disposal of radiotherapy equipment. Children are likely to experience higher external and internal radiation exposure levels than adults because of their smaller body and aRadiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; bAgency for organ size and other physiologic characteristics as well as their tendency to Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control pick up contaminated items and consume contaminated milk or foodstuffs. and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; cNational Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; This technical report accompanies the revision of the 2003 American dDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and eDepartment of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Academy of Pediatrics policy statement on pediatric radiation emergencies Sciences, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, by summarizing newer scientific data from studies of the Chernobyl and the Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant events, use of improvised radiologic Drs Linet and Kazzi contributed much of the technical information in dispersal devices, exposures from inappropriate disposal of radiotherapy this report, and Dr Paulson was responsible for drafting the document; equipment, and potential health effects from residential proximity to and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. -
Metabolomics in Radiation Biodosimetry: Current Approaches and Advances
H OH metabolites OH Review Metabolomics in Radiation Biodosimetry: Current Approaches and Advances Merriline M. Satyamitra 1,*, David R. Cassatt 1, Brynn A. Hollingsworth 1, Paul W. Price 2, Carmen I. Rios 1, Lanyn P. Taliaferro 1, Thomas A. Winters 1 and Andrea L. DiCarlo 1 1 Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5601 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; [email protected] (D.R.C.); [email protected] (B.A.H.); [email protected] (C.I.R.); [email protected] (L.P.T.); [email protected] (T.A.W.); [email protected] (A.L.D.) 2 Office of Regulatory Affairs, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5601 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-240-669-5432 Received: 1 July 2020; Accepted: 6 August 2020; Published: 11 August 2020 Abstract: Triage and medical intervention strategies for unanticipated exposure during a radiation incident benefit from the early, rapid and accurate assessment of dose level. Radiation exposure results in complex and persistent molecular and cellular responses that ultimately alter the levels of many biological markers, including the metabolomic phenotype. Metabolomics is an emerging field that promises the determination of radiation exposure by the qualitative and quantitative measurements of small molecules in a biological sample. This review highlights the current role of metabolomics in assessing radiation injury, as well as considerations for the diverse range of bioanalytical and sampling technologies that are being used to detect these changes.