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Black Willow (Salix Nigra) Use in Phytoremediation Techniques To Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2003 Black willow (Salix nigra) use in phytoremediation techniques to remove the herbicide bentazon from shallow groundwater Robert Mark Conger Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons Recommended Citation Conger, Robert Mark, "Black willow (Salix nigra) use in phytoremediation techniques to remove the herbicide bentazon from shallow groundwater" (2003). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3686. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3686 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. BLACK WILLOW (SALIX NIGRA) USE IN PHYTOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUES TO REMOVE THE HERBICIDE BENTAZON FROM SHALLOW GROUNDWATER A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences by Robert Mark Conger B.S., L.S.U., 1982 M.S, L.S.U. 1996 May 2003 DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my family. My father, R. F. "Blondie" Conger, who taught me the importance of hard work and instilled in me the perseverance and strength to overcome all hardships. My mother, Martha Conger, who gave me love, cared for me and encouraged me to pursue my education. My wife, Laurina Amos Conger and children, Matthew, Meredith, Maxwell, and Michael Conger, who have given me love and support over the past eight years. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge Mr. George Kady, my supervisor at BASF Corporation, for affording me the opportunity to attend Louisiana State University and produce this dissertation. George Kady has been a mentor to me and provided the professional direction to inspire me to complete this research. To George Kady, I am greatly indebted. I would also like to thank my fellow co-worker at BASF, Mr. John Christ, for his dedicated service to this project and to the many environmental projects that we have taken on together as partners for the past twelve years. My colleagues Mr. Paul Templet, Mr. Cale LeBlanc, Mr. Randy Young, Mr. Steve Hilliard, and all the employees of Walsh Environmental, Inc. in Baton Rouge, whom have assisted me in implementation of many environmental remediation projects at BASF, deserve thanks and credit for their dedicated service and hard work. I also owe gratitude to Dr. Ralph Portier for encouraging me to return to L.S.U. and assisting me in my admission application. I also would like to thank former Provost General, Dr. Dan Fogel, who while acting as the Dean of the L.S.U. Graduate School in 1994, personally reviewed my qualifications and gave me the opportunity to improve my education. I would like to thank Drs. Jim Mitchell, Oscar Huh, Irving Mendelssohn, and Conrad Lamon, for their participation on my Research Committee. I also would like to thank Dr. Marc Cohn for his suggestions and review as the Dean's Representative on my committee. I would like to thank my wife, Laurina and my four children, Matthew, Meredith, Maxwell, and Michael for the love and support they have given me and the sacrifices iii they made so that I might complete my graduate studies and this research. I also thank my family for the encouragement and love given to me over the past 44 years. Without my family I would be without purpose. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................iii LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................viii LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS ............................................................................................xii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................xiii CHAPTER 1. PHYTOREMEDIATION AS AN APPROACH TO ANTHROPOGENIC CONTAMINATION IN INDUSTRIALIZED WETLAND ENVIRONMENTS ........................... 1 1.1 Industrialization of Wetland Areas ................................................................ 1 1.2 Environmental Restoration Through Phytoremediation Technology. ............... 2 1.3 Bentazon Contamination of Shallow Groundwater at an Industrial Facility .... 9 1.4 Phytoremediation Research at BASF Corporation........................................... 14 1.5 Chemical Properties of Bentazon. .................................................................... 18 1.6 Black Willow (Salix Nigra) Morphology and Phytoremediation Use............. 19 1.7 Phytoremediation Research Objectives............................................................ 24 CHAPTER 2. PHYTOREMEDIATION RESEARCH METHODS.............................. 28 2.1 Research Methods Used for Phytoremediation……………………………... 28 2.2 Groundwater Sampling and Analysis for the Herbicide Bentazon. ................. 28 2.3 Soil Sampling and Analysis of the Phytoremediation Test Plots..................... 30 2.4 Meteorological Equipment and Measurements at Phytoremediation Plots. .... 31 2.5 Black Willow Transpiration and Growth Measurements at Test Plots ........ 33 2.6 Modeling of Bentazon Transport and Fate in Groundwater. ........................... 40 2.7 Statistical Modeling of Bentazon Concentrations in Groundwater.................. 42 CHAPTER 3. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PHYTOREMEDIATION TEST SITE..................................................... 44 3.1 Phytoremediation Test Site Characteristics...................................................... 44 3.2 Hydrogeology.................................................................................................... 44 3.3 Phytoremediation Test Plot Soil Morphology and Chemistry. ........................ 52 3.4 Regional and Local Climate Suitability for Phytoremediation ........................ 56 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS OF PHYTOREMEDIATION RESEARCH.......................... 63 4.1 Phytoremediation Research Results ................................................................. 63 4.2 Test Plot Water Use and Growth Measurements. ............................................ 63 4.3 Modeling of Bentazon Transport and Fate in Groundwater ........................... 68 v 4.4 Bentazon Concentrations in Groundwater Before and After Phytoremediation. ............................................................................................. 70 4.5 Statistical Modeling of Bentazon Concentration Before and After Phytoremediation. ............................................................................................. 90 CHAPTER 5. PHYTOREMEDIATION RESEARCH SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 106 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................. .113 VITA............................................................................................................................... 117 vi LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1.1 Phytoremediation Mechanisms.............................................................................. 6 1.2 Phytoremediation Projects Using Willow Trees ............................................. 25 2.1 Analytical Methods Used for Soil Chemical Analyses of Phytoremediation Plots................................................................................................................. 32 2.2 Phytoremediation Groundwater Modeling Assumptions Used at the BASF Corporation Test Location, Geismar, Louisiana ............................................. 42 3.1 Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence and Hydrologic Units, Geismar, Louisiana.......................................................................................... 46 3.2 Hydrologic Properties Calculated from Pumping Tests, Shallow Holocene Zone....................................................................................... 50 3.3 Statistical Summary of Soil Chemistry at Plot 1, 1999................................... 53 3.4 Statistical Summary of Soil Chemistry at Plot 2, 1999................................... 54 3.5 Comparison of Test Plot Sulfur and Extractable Metals to Agricultural Ratings................................................................................... .55 3.6 Soil Total Organic Content (%) ...................................................................... 56 3.7 Summary of Meteorological Conditions during 1998-1999 ........................... 59 4.1 Results of Sap Flow Experiments during 1998............................................... 66 4.2 Results of Sap Flow Experiments during 1999............................................... 66 4.3 Summary Statistics for the BACI Model of Bentazon Concentrations at the Phytoremediation Test Site ............................................................................
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