United Republic of Tanzania

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

MINISTRY OF WORKS, TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

TANZANIA NATIONAL ROADS AGENCY (TANROADS)

P. O. BOX 11364, 3rd Floor, 10 Shaaban Robert Road/Garden Avenue Junction, Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Tel: +255 222 926 001 - 6, Fax: +255 222 926 011 Email: [email protected]

DRAFT RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN (RAP) FOR UPGRADING OF MNIVATA – NEWALA - MASASI (160 KM) ROAD TO BITUMEN STANDARD IN MTWARA REGION

Prepared by:

TANROADS Engineering Consulting Unit (TECU) TANROADS Headquarters, Dar Es Salaam

June 2020

CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ...... v APPENDICES ...... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... vi E.2 Project Components Necessitating Resettlement ...... vi E.3 Guiding Principles of the RAP ...... vii E.4 Measures to Minimize Resettlement ...... vii Involuntary Resettlement, and Land Acquisition ...... xi DEFINITION OF TERMS ...... xx 1.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 1 1.1 General Description of the Project ...... 1 1.2 Project Components Necessitating Resettlement ...... 1 1.3 Measures to Minimize Resettlement ...... 2 1.4Project Location and Area of Influence...... 2 1.5Key Components of the Proposed Road Project ...... 5 1.6Road Classification ...... 6 1.7Road Furniture ...... 6 1.8 RAP Objectives ...... 8 1.8.1 RAP Methodology, Approach and Sources of Information ...... 8 1.8.2 Disclosure of the Resettlement Action Plan ...... 10 2.0 SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 11 2.1 Positive Impacts ...... 11 2.2 Negative Impacts ...... 11 2.3 Minimizing or Avoiding Negative Impacts...... 13 2.4 Mitigating Adverse Impacts ...... 14 3.1 The institutional arrangements to undertake RAP ...... 17 3.7 Inter-agency coordination ...... 19 3.8 Planning, implementing and monitoring RAP ...... 20 4.0 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ...... 22 4.1 Description of the consultation and participation methods in RAP ...... 22 4.2 Involved stakeholders ...... 22 4.3 Consultation Process ...... 23 4.4 Key Issues from Public Consultations ...... 23 4.5 Issues raised by the Community during Consultation ...... 25 5.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF PAPs ...... 28

5.1 Income Generating Activities (IGA) ...... 28 5.2 Agriculture ...... 28 5.3 Animal Husbandry ...... 30 5.4 Fishing ...... 31 5.5 Industry ...... 31 5.6 Micro and small-scale enterprises ...... 32 5.7 Salaried employment ...... 32 5.8 Mining ...... 33 5.9 Transportation ...... 33 5.10 Education ...... 33 5.11 Water Supply ...... 34 5.12 Health status and available medical services ...... 35 5.13 Market place ...... 36 5.14 Women Development Activities ...... 36 5.15 Income of the households ...... 37 5.16 Household’s expenditure ...... 37 5.17 Housing ...... 38 5.18 Food security; Availability, quality, storage and costs ...... 39 5.19 Livelihood Restoration and Rehabilitation Plan ...... 40 5.20 Non-Land Based Restoration and Improvement ...... 41 5.21 Cooperatives and Micro-Credit Schemes ...... 41 5.22 Technical and Vocational Skill Training ...... 41 5.23 Project Related Employment ...... 41 5.24 Capacity Building and Training ...... 42 5.26 Implementation ...... 42 5.27 Assistance to Vulnerable Persons ...... 42 5.3 Age Distribution ...... 43 5.3.1Education level of the PAP ...... 43 5.3.4 The Economic Activities of Women and Men ...... 46 5.3.5Access to Employment ...... 47 5.3.6The Existing Status of GBV and HIV/AIDS in the Community ...... 47 5.4Gender Analysis ...... 47 5.4.1Gender Relations and Structure ...... 47 5.4.2 Women Decision-making powers in household matters ...... 47 6.0 LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND GRIEVANCES REDRESS MECHANISMS ...... 49 6.1 Legal and Administrative Procedures ...... 49

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6.7 National Human Settlements Development Policy, 2000 ...... 54 6.8Regulations ...... 55 6.8.3 The Land Assessment of Value for Compensation Regulation, 2001 ...... 55 6.9 Operational safeguards of AfDB ...... 56 6.10Involuntary Resettlement, and Land Acquisition ...... 57 6.11 Comparing and Contrasting African Development Bank Policy and Tanzania Law .. 58 6.12 Grievances Redress Mechanisms ...... 66 7.0 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 71 7.1 Responsible Institutions in RAP implementation ...... 71 7.2 Establishment of Committees ...... 71 8.0 ELIGIBILITY ...... 73 8.1 Definition of Displaced Persons ...... 73 8.2 Identification of PAPs and Eligibility Determination ...... 73 8.3Eligibility Criteria for Compensation and other Resettlement Assistance ...... 74 8.4 Other Entitlements ...... 75 8.5 Organizational Procedures for the Delivery of Entitlements and cut-off dates ...... 76 9.0 VALUATION OF AND COMPENSATION FOR LOSSES ...... 77 9.1 Introduction ...... 77 9.5Valuation methodology ...... 78 9.5.13 Types and levels of compensation under local laws ...... 82 10.0 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES ...... 83 10.1Introduction ...... 83 10.2 Implementation Schedule ...... 83 11.0 COSTS AND BUDGET ...... 87 11.1 Introduction ...... 87 11.2 TotalCost for Implementation of Resettlement Action Plan ...... 87 Note: This is an approximation amount. The really amount will be determined after completion of valuation report ...... 88 11.3 RAP Implementation Cost ...... 88 12.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ...... 89 12.1Performance Monitoring ...... 89 12. 2Monitoring of Resettlement Activities ...... 89 12.3 Evaluation ...... 89 12.4 External Monitoring and Evaluation...... 91

LIST OF TABLES

Table E. 2.1: Matrix of Mitigation Measures for Negative Impacts ...... viii Table E.8.1: Entitlement Matrix by Type of PAP and Type of Loss ...... xiv Table E. 10.1: The RAP Implementation Schedule ...... xv Figure 1.1 ‘Location Map of Road Project’ ...... 3 Table 2.1: Matrix of Mitigation Measures for Negative Impacts ...... 17 Table 3.1: Committees and Responsibilities for RAP Implementation ...... 19 Table 5.1: Sex distribution of PAPs ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 5.2: Distribution by Type of Household ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 5.3: Household Annual Income Distribution (2013) ..... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 5.4: Household Sources of Income ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 5.5: Household Asset Ownership ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 5.6: Distribution of vulnerable categories ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 5.7: Distance to nearest Social Service Points ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 6.1: Comparison of Tanzania and AfDB Policies on Resettlement and Compensation 59 Table 6.2: Process of Addressing Grievances ...... 68 Table 8.1: Entitlement Matrix by Type of PAP and Type of Loss ...... 73 Table 8.2: Delivery of Entitlements and Institutional Responsibilities ...... 76 Table 9.1: Districts and villages covered by the project road ...... 78 Table 9.2: Number of affected properties owners ...... 78 Table 9.3: Applied Market Rates of Land from Bagamoyo (Coast) to Pangani (Tanga) as of January, 2019 ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 9.4: Average Market Value Rates Adopted for Building Structures ...... 79 Table 9.5: Description of Code VAL/KMS/2R/01 ...... 81 Table 10.1: RAP Implementation Schedule ...... 83 Table 11.2: Summary of Resettlement Budget ...... 88 Table 12.1: Monitoring Indicators ...... 90

APPENDICES

Appendixes ...... 93 Appendix I: Minutes and List of Participants of Public Consultations ...... 94

Appendix II: Summary of Valuation Report ...... 109 Appendix III: Consultation Schedule ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

E.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1. The Mtwara – Newala – Masasi Road (210km) is part of the South Road running from Mtwara to Masasi via Tandahimba and Newala. The road has been identified as a strategic corridor in the Tanzania road network. Mtwara-Newala-Masasi Road starts at Magomeni in Mtwara which is approximately 5 km from the city centre of Mtwara and terminates at Masasi where it joins Mingoyo-Tunduru Road. The Mtwara – Mnivata section is under construction using Government funding leaving a missing link of 160 km including the 84 m long Mwiti Bridge. Mnivata starts at 50 km from Mtwara and it is from this point where Bank’s intervention is required. The Government of Tanzania is determined to continue improving the business environment and, in so doing, provide a wide range of appropriate incentives and support to unleash creativity of private sector andother stakeholders in harnessing Tanzania’s comparative advantages and thereby boosting productivityenhancing innovation and fostering economic integration and deepening participation in the region. Mtwara region has a mixed economy dominated by the agriculture sector, which employs about 90 percent of the economically active population and it is the leading producer of cashew nut crop in the country – about 70% of cashew nuts produced in the country comes from Mtwara. The region is also rich in natural resources such as natural gas, gold, forestry, fishery and adequate arable land for agriculture. E.2 Project Components Necessitating Resettlement

The scope of work involves upgrading the Mtwara –Tandahimba-NewalaMasasi road; is the Regional Road located in Mtwara region linking the Regional Headquarters with lead cashew nuts growing district ofTandahimba, Newala and Masasi. The whole Road is located in Mtwara Region traversing in the west -northern direction from Mtwara off to–Tandahimba-Newala and Masasi.

The project road is very significant to the transportation of people and agricultural products and produces to markets. The local communities in the project area face numerous difficulties in finding markets for their produces due to the lack of a reliable and efficient transportation system. As a result prices which are offered by traders for local products and produces are far much lower because of the lack of competition among the traders and transporters because of poor road condition. Notably, many sections of the project road are hardly passable during rains seasons. For example, more often than not, Tandahimba and Newala districts almost disconnected from Mtwara because the road section between tandahimba and Newala and partly of Mtwara rural is very poor and therefore hardly passable during rainy season.

The proposed rehabilitation of the project road linking the Mnivatacentre through Newala and ends at Masasi. The road is passing through Mnivata, Nanyamba, Tandahimba, Mahuta, Newala, Nagaga, Mbuyuni, Mpeta, Marika and Masasi.

The project construction involves undertaking of civil works with the major activities being construction of camp sites, earth works including cutting of the earth sections to facilitate

widening of the roads; clearing of areas to pave way for the construction works; excavation of the existing roads and the construction of fill embankments; construction of drainage structures; provision of temporary crossings and traffic diversions; quarrying of gravel from borrow pits for sub- base and base and excavation for the construction of the concrete bridges and incidental works.

Detours will be required to maintain a usable route during the construction period. Wherever practicable, alternative local roads will be used. The construction and maintenance of these detours must be of a standard that ensures the safety of workers, road users and the general public. Detours outside the road reserve will be acquired by the contractor either temporarily or permanently.

E.3 Guiding Principles of the RAP This RAP has been prepared consistent with the applicable policy provisions of the Tanzanian Government and those of the AfDB. This RAP has been prepared as the proposed project will involve land acquisition and displacement affecting shelter, livelihood and associated impacts. The RAP presents an inventory of people likely to be affected by development of the road and assets that are likely to be displaced by the project and the proposed compensation and resettlement packages. Specifically the RAP is prepared in order to: a) Ensure that the land acquisition process is per the requirements of the AfDB and those of the Tanzanian Government b) Raise awareness of the project and its consequences among the general public and particularly among those people who will be directly affected by the project; c) Set out strategies to mitigate against adverse effects suffered by the PAP including provision of channels and platforms for negotiations; d) Assess the potential extent of involuntary resettlement relating to the Project; e) Identify the possible impacts of such resettlement; f) Identify and quantify different categories of PAPs who will require some form of assistance, compensation, rehabilitation or relocation; g) Provide guidelines to stakeholders participating in the mitigation of adverse social impacts of the project; h) To establish, explain and put in place the mechanism for grievances; and i) Estimate the costs necessary for resettlement and compensation.

E.4 Measures to Minimize Resettlement

In order to reduce relocation of the affected properties the project will be implemented within existing corridor of 45m ROW fromChainage 0+000km to Chainage 160+00km and therefore at the moment there will be only 3131 properties falling within the 45m of the road reserve.

In this core financing, the AfDB will cover the cost for construction of the Main road sectionwhile the GoT shall be responsible for compensation of the affected properties along the proposed road.

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E. 5 SOCIAL IMPACTS

Project Affected Persons (PAPs)along the Mnivata – Newala - MasasiRoadwill be impacted both positively and negatively by the various upgrading activities. For the entire road project, actual project land requirements is 720,000 m2 for the entire project road. Positive impacts include: increased employment opportunities; diversification of household economies; increased women incomes and capacity building (new skills are learnt). Negative impacts are: expropriation of businesses; land; residential structures; disruption of social networks; family networks; disruption of religious services; removal of graves and disruption of access to social services. However these negative impacts will be mitigated as follows:

Table E.1: Matrix of Mitigation Measures for Negative Impacts

S/N Impact Mitigation Measures Implementing Authorities 1 Negative impact on the • Provide vulnerability TANROADS, Local livelihoods of vulnerable allowances Authorities, NGO households (e.g. poor female-

headed households, disabled and • Give priority in prime business areas allocation elderlyetc.) to vulnerable groups • Capacity Building 2 Disruption of social and family • Consultation with PAPs TANROADS, Local networks for possibility of in-kind Authorities, NGO compensation for families 3 Removal of graves • Consultations with TANROADS, Local affected and Authorities, Religious community/religious Leaders, NGO leaders • Prompt facilitation of removal as per law 4 Disruption of access to places of • Construction of TANROADS, Local worship alternative structures Authorities, Religious before demolition Leaders, NGO • Consult and coordinate closes with religious/local /community leaders 5. Loss of productive assets • Timely and adequate TANROADS, Local compensation Authorities, NGO • Enact measures for livelihood restoration 6. Community assets (disruption of In kind compensation i.e. TANROADS, Local access to services) building of structures rather Authorities, NGO than cash compensation

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S/N Impact Mitigation Measures Implementing Authorities 7. Loss of land Timely and adequate TANROADS, Local compensation at Authorities, NGO market/replacement value 8. Loss of structures Timely and adequate TANROADS, Local compensation at market Authorities, NGO value

E. 6 ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY

A number of institutions will be involved during RAP implementation processes at different levels and periods. However, the overall coordination of RAP activities will be under TANROADS and other institutions that have the legal obligations to carry out functions related to resettlement and/or compensation including various local authorities. These institutions include:

• TANROADS to implement RAP; • TANROADS to support sensitization of stakeholders on RAP, preparation of monitoring of RAP; provide technical support in preparation of RAP, monitor the implementation of RAP; • Communities, Villages, Wards, affected groups - as the final owner of assets to be acquired or affected will be the participants in the RAP implementation process. The local level authorities will support practical day-to-day implementation of the resettlement activities, including verification of PAPs in preparation for disbursement of compensation funds.

The RAP activities and process require inter-agency coordination among and between different organizations. The Ministry of Works, Transport and Communication is responsible for policy issues and regulations. The Ministry will oversee that the Government policies related to road development and its related Acts are in place and other Ministry policies crucial to the project are well executed. TANROADS as the project owner has a responsibility of coordinating the project activities including monitoring and evaluation of the project implementation. TANROADS may hire a consulting firm to execute the RAP on the behalf of TANROADS, although TANROADS has to monitor the activities of the consultants who are engaged in the project. TANROADS has to liaise with other government institutions at different levels during project implementation. These include the local government, the Ministry of land and urban development as well as the ward and village government.

Three subcommittees shall be formed to monitor RAP implementation these are: • Resettlement committee • Compensation committee • Grievances Redress committee.

E.7 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION A total of 10consultative meetings were held, 5of these were conducted in the local communities and the rest in the District Authorities. The consulted institutions include TANROADS Managers (MtwaraRegion); District Authorities and its various departments; District Councils (Mtwara Rural, Tandahimba, Newala, Masasi District Council and Masasi Town Council); Ward Councils and Village/Street governments. Comprehensive consultations with communities aimed at involving the stakeholders and seek their views on various aspects in particular the resettlement issues arising from the upgrading of Project Road. Consultations with PAPs focused to inform them of the project and its activities and discuss issues relating to property acquisition. Among key issues raised during community consultations included:timely and adequate compensation; alternative alignment or re- alignment; timely communication from responsible authorities regarding project activities; project start date; access to places of worship that will be affected; modalities of compensation for community properties such as places of worship, schools etc.; grievances redress mechanisms; transparency in the valuation exercise; access to social services (e.g.water, schools); compensation of graves (compensation and possibility for re-alignment); alternative plots from councils; multiple ownership of properties and how fair compensation can be effected; the status of partially affected structures and its modality of compensation; timely relocation of public utilities (e.g. water supply and power lines and issues around daily business records. These were some of the issues raised during the public consultations. Most of the issues raised were addressed by experts during the meetings and others were recorded for further action by various authorities. E.8 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF PAPs The socio-economic profile of the Project Affected Households has been prepared based on the data generated by the primary survey conducted in June 2020. Through census and socio- economic survey questionnaire to the head of the household or any other adult member of the household information about socio-economic characteristics was gathered. The outcome of this survey provided an insight in to the socio-economic condition of these PAHs, their priorities, expectations and apprehensions. The objectives of the census survey were to prepare the list of the project affected households and also assess the extent of impacts. The information collected during the census involved the affected household’s demographic data such as age, economic activities, source of income, education level, marital status, types of transport used, reasons for settlement and source of energy for cooking and lighting within the households.

E.9 LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND GRIEVANCES REDRESS MECHANISM

In developing the RAP document, the relevantnational laws, policies and regulations and international conventions were consulted. These include the African Development Bank Policies on Involuntary Resettlement (2003); Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania Article 24 (1) which stipulates that every person is entitled to own propertyand has the right to the protection held in accordance with the law; Roads Act of 2007; National Land Policy of 1995 (revised 1997); Town and Country Planning Ordinance, Cap 378 of 1956 (revised 1961); Highway Ordinance, Cap 167; Graves Removal Act of 1969 and African Development Bank Involuntary Resettlement Policy of 2003; Land Acquisition Act of 1967, Local Government Law (Amendments) Act of 2006, National Land Use Planning Act of 2007, Gender Act and Human Settlement Policy of 2000; Land Act No. 4 and Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999.

Involuntary Resettlement, and Land Acquisition The Involuntary Resettlement policy is intended to assist displaced people arising from development projects in this case the planned of the new road project and associated infrastructure improve or at least restore the social and economic base. The planned activities require land or could affect livelihoods and some community infrastructure or cultural features such as cemeteries, shrines or other sacred sites

A Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is prepared to ensure it prescribes measures to minimize the negative impacts and ensure that the displaced people benefit from the project. Thus, in implementing this project the Government of Tanzania legislation on land occupancy and the Bank Operation safeguards on Involuntary Resettlement have to be complied with. This policy is likely to be triggered since there are properties to be affected along the road.

Potential grievances and disputes that may arise during the course of RAP implementation are often related to the following issues: i) Inventory mistakes made during census survey as well as inadequate valuation of properties; ii) Mistakes related to identification and disagreements on boundaries between affected individual(s) and specifying their land parcels and associated development; iii) Disagreements on plot /asset valuation (e.g. inadequate compensation); iv) Expropriation of assets without compensation; v) Divorces, successor and the family issues resulting into ownership dispute or dispute share between in heirs or family; vi) Disputed ownership of given Assets (two or more affected individual(s) claim on the same); vii) Problems related to the time and manner of compensation payment. Mistakes related to the identification of affected property and people within theROW; viii) Disagreements related to the ownership of property (including inheritance and divorce related disputes); ix) Disagreement of land and asset valuation; x) Disagreement of other compensation allowances; xi) Mortgaged properties.

• Land Acquisition Act, 1967, Local Government Law (Amendments) Act 2006, National Land Use Planning Act, 2007, Gender Act and Human Settlement Policy, 2000.

Land Acquisition Act in Tanzania details procedures for dispute resolution with respect to compensation. Local authorities could handle the disputes and grievances in the first place. In summary those seeking redress willhave to notify local government and ward offices. If this fails, disputes can be referred to district level. Resolution of disputes should be speedy, just and fair and local NGOs that are conversant with these issues could be hired by the project management. Alternatively RAP proposes grievance procedure that are simple, administered in the first instance at the local level to facilitate access, flexibility and open to various proofs taking into account the need for speedy, just and fair resolution of their grievances. If not sorted

xi at this stage then it will be referred to councils at ward level, district and regional levels in the same order. Unresolved disputes can be referred appropriate level ofcourts established by law.

E.10 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK A number of institutions will be involved in RAP implementation processes at different levels and periods. However, the overall coordination of RAP activities will be under the TANROADS and other institutions that have the legal obligations to carry out functions related to resettlement and or compensation including various local authorities. • TANROADS Head Quarters and Regional office will be responsible for implementing RAP; • TANROADS Head Quarters and Regional officewill support sensitization of stakeholders on RAP, preparation of monitoring of RAPs; • Local Government Authorities will sensitize communities on RAP, provide technical support in preparation of RAPs, monitor the implementation of RAPs; • Communities, Villages, Wards affected groups as the final owner of land, landed properties and assets to be acquired or affected will be the participants in the process; • Independent NGOs and other stakeholders may be engaged to witness the fairness and appropriateness of the whole process. The NGOs will be involved in the monitoring of the resettlement process, establishing direct communication with the affected population, community leaders, TANROADS to facilitate the completion of RAP.

Grievance Redressed Mechanism (GRM) and Grievance Redressed Committees (GRCs) at Ward and District levels will be established to resolve resettlement, compensation, and dispute. The committees will consist the representatives from variousstakeholders who will assist in implementing RAP as per the applicable laws, regulations, and policies. E.11 ELIGIBILITY The principles adopted from the United Republic of Tanzania Laws and African Development Bank Policies establishes the eligibility and provisions for all types of losses (land, structures, businesses, employment, wages, crops, trees). All affected persons will be compensated at full replacement costs and current market valuestogether with relevant allowances. The PAPs were considered irrespective of their tenure statuswith respect to their land ownership and occupancy or use the affected land prior to the cut-off-date. The cut-off date for eligibility to resettlement entitlements for the project road was June 2020 after valuation of properties. Properties that are eligible for compensation are buildings, land, assets attached to the land such as crops/trees, water wells, house buildings and other valuable structures etc. Local communities losing land and or access to assets under customary rights are eligible for compensation. These criteria have been used to determine which PAPs are considered eligible for compensation and other resettlement assistance, in accordance with Tanzania Laws. The delivery of entitlement will involve a number of agencies. The key issues in entitlement delivery include: PAPs participation and compensation payment. The institutions responsible for various activities for preparation and implementation of RAP include: TANROADS, District Authorities, NGOs, consultants, and external agency.

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Table E.2: Entitlement Matrix by Type of PAP and Type of Loss

Type of PAPs Type of Loss Entitlement

Compensation for Compensation for Compensation for Moving Other assistance Loss of Structure Loss of Assets Loss of Income allowance

Property Owner Loss of Land - Replace land /pay Crops at market cost None Land replacement in scarce season. and new site. Loss of structure, Compensation at full Compensation at For lost rental income Actual cost of Disturbance, residential, or replacement. market price lump some cash transport for 12 Accommodation, business; standing Permanent crops or payment of 6 months' tons of goods by and Transport crops & trees. trees at market rent per tenant road 20 Km. Allowances for loss price. Loss of business of residential, loss of income payment of profit allowance for half turnover for 6 business. months.

Residential Loss of rental - Replacement cost - 12 tons of goods 6 moths rent Tenant accommodation. of non-movables by road for 20 Km. equivalent installation was agreed with owner.

Business Tenant Loss of rental - Replacement cost Loss of business 12 tons of goods - business premises. for facilities that income payment of by road for 20 Km. cannot be moved. half of turnover for 6 months.

Squatters (living Loss of shelter. Compensation at full - Payment in lieu of - Disturbance on site). replacement value wages while re- Allowance for structure. building.

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E.12 VALUATION OF AND COMPENSATION OF LOSSES

The estimated total amount of compensation for the project road valued includes the values for buildings, trees, other developments and the allowances which includes disturbance allowance, accommodation allowance, transport allowance, and grave allowance is TZS 3,423,740,781.28 (USD 1,457,531.19)

E.13 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE Implementation of the RAP consists of several resettlement activities. The timeframe of 15 months on the implementation schedule ensures that no PAP or affected household will be displaced due to civil works activity before compensation is paid and is undertaken when all necessary approvals have been obtained.

The following are key RAP implementation activities: • Surveys; PAPs identification and inventory of assets; • Consultation with PAPs; • Valuation of affected properties and establishment of cut-off date for eligibility; • Establishment of Grievance Redress Mechanism and formulation of Grievance Redress Committee; • Actual payment of compensation and delivery of other entitlements; • Payment within 6 months of giving notices; • Dispute /grievances resolution by GRC; • Owners can remove all affected structures at fixed date (advised at the time of compensation payment) provided in writing; and • Monitoring and evaluation of RAP implementation.

Table E. 3: The RAP Implementation Schedule

Task Months May June Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Preparation and conducting of household surveys of PAPS Identification of affected land and other assets Consultations with PAPS and communities Identification of categories of affected assets Identification of names, addresses, ownership/use status, gender, age of PAPs Disclosure of affected assets and claimants Preparation of valuation methods

Task Months May June Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Holding of public hearings to verify entitlements and proposed valuation methods Establishment of cut-off- dates Finalization of draft RAP report RAP disclosure and circulation Response to feedback to draft RAP and RAP finalization Submission of final RAP and budget Hiring NGO/Consultant/RAP implementing agency Set Up district level committees Verification of PAPs Revision and approvals of compensation schedules Submission of revised RAP Opening Bank Accounts Certified List of names with Bank Accounts sent to TANROADS Compensation to PAPs- payment through banks (for those getting or equal to 400,000 TSHS) PAPs informed by TANROADS/or consultant that funds have been deposited into their accounts TANROADS prepares vouchers for payment for PAPs getting less than TSHS 400,000 and above TSHS 400,000.00 TANROADS/Consultant prepares record form for PAPs to sign upon receiving the check Preparing relocation

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Task Months May June Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Finalization of arrangements for grievances mechanisms Land acquisition-Notice of COI clearance Commencement of Works Monitoring and Evaluation

E.14 COST AND BUDGET The budget for the upgrading of Mnivata – Newala - Masasiwithin ROWwith a total of 160 km includes the cost includes the compensation, and any forms of assistance. Monitoring of RAP implementation cost is estimated at 2% of the total cost. Monitoring Cost for Monitoring during as well as after resettlement (These costs include the expenses to be incurred towards consultants, NGOs and cover both internal and external monitoring efforts needed) 2% of the total.

The budget for RAP implementation for this road section is summarized in the table (11) of the RAP. The cost includes the compensation for affected properties (structures, crops/trees) and any forms of assistance. The estimated budget for RAP implementation is TZS3,423,740,781.28 (USD 1,457,531.19) with exchange rate of USD 2,349 to cover the four key budget items. Office capital investment costs and running expenses; logistical costs for travel, meetings, field visits; public and stakeholder’s consultations will be covered by TANROADS administrative budget. Indicative budget tune to be TZS 250,000,000.

E.15 MONITORING AND EVALUATION

RAP implementation is one of the central components of this project and its monitoring is critical to solve challenges or obstacles in the areas of mobilization, compensation and relocation. The monitoring and evaluation procedures will include external and internal evaluation of the compliance of the actual implementation with objectives and methods as agreed, and monitoring of specific situations. A set of verifiable indicators will be used to monitor and evaluate the implementation of resettlement and compensation plans. Project implementation unit with the assistance from the Consultants and an NGO will be responsible for internal monitoring. External monitoring shall be engaged to carry out independent bi-annual review of RAP implementation and project evaluation. External monitoring and evaluation can be done by independent researcher, consulting agency, university department or an NGO. Monitoring will ensure the following: • Verification of land acquisition, property valuation, and economic rehabilitation whether these have been carried out as planned; • Information dissemination has been carried out; • Status of land acquisition and payments on land compensation; • Value of entitlements received is equal to the original structure or land acquired;

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• Compensation of affected structures and other assets; • Payments for loss of incomes; • Effective operation of grievances Committee; • Funds for implementing land acquisition and economic rehabilitation activities are available in timely manner, are sufficient for the purpose and spent according to Plan; • The Consultants shall submit reports on monthly basis documenting the RAP progress implementation; • Project Unit shall be responsible for monitoring day to day resettlement activities; • Performance data sheet shall be developed to monitor at the field level; and • The Consultants shall be responsible for overall project level monitoring.

Evaluation of RAP implementation shall assess the compliance with objectives and methods stated in RAP and also laws, regulations and safeguard policies. It shall also: i) assess the consultation procedures that took place at individual and community level, together with the Central Government and Local Government levels in Tanzania;

ii) assess whether fair, adequate and prompt compensation has been paid;

iii) evaluate the impact of the compensation on income and standard of living; and

iv) Identify actions as part of the on-going monitoring to improve the positive impact of the programme and mitigate its possible negative impact if any.

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ACRONMYS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AfDB African Development Bank CBO Community Based Organization CoI Corridor of Impact EAC East African Community ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment HIV/AIDSHuman Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome NGO Non-Governmental Organization OP Operational Policy (of the World Bank) PAP Project Affected Person RAP Resettlement Action Plan RO Right of Occupancy ROW Right of Way SIA Social Impact Assessment STDs Sexually Transmitted Diseases VEO Village Executive Officer WB World Bank WEO Ward Executive Officer

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

Census means a field survey carried out to identify and determine the number of Project Affected Persons (PAPs).

Compensation means the payment in kind, cash or other assistances given in exchange for the acquisition of land including fixed assets thereon as well as other impacts resulting from project activities.

Corridor of Impact (CoI) is an area of land used for the construction and maintenance of road and its appurtenances. CoI is a functional definition opposed to Right of Way which is a legal definition.

Cost and Budget: Tables showing itemized cost estimates for all resettlement activities, including allowances for inflation, population growth and other contingencies, timetable for expenditures, sources of funds and arrangement for timely flow of funds, and funding for resettlement, if any in areas outside of the jurisdiction of the implementing agencies.

Cut-off date is the date on and beyond which any person whose land is occupied for project use, will not be eligible for compensation. For this project the cut-off date wasJanuary- February 2014 on which substantial valuation surveys were completed on the project road.

Compulsory Land Acquisition is the repossession of land by government or other government agencies with or without compensation, for the purposes of a public project against the will of the landowner. The landowner may be left with the right to negotiate the amount of compensation proposed. This includes land or assets for which the owner enjoys uncontested customary rights.

Displaced Persons mean persons who, for reasons due to involuntary acquisition or voluntary contribution of their land and other assets under the project will suffer direct economic and / or social adverse impacts, regardless of whether or not the said Displaced Persons are physically relocated. These people will have their standard of living adversely affected, whether or not the Displaced Person must move to another location, lose right, title, interest in any house, land (including premises, agricultural and grazing land) or any other fixed or movable assets acquired or possessed, lose access to productive assets or any means of livelihood.

Eligibility: Definition of displaced persons and criteria for determining their eligibility for compensation and other resettlement assistance, including relevant cut-off dates.

Grievances Procedures: Affordable and accessible procedures for third-party settlement of disputes arcing from resettlement, such as grievances mechanisms should take into account the availability of judicial recourse, community and traditional dispute settlement mechanisms.

Implementation Schedule: An implementation Schedule covering all resettlement activities from preparation through implementation, including target dates for the achievement of

xx expected benefits to resettles and hosts and terminating the various forms of assistance. The schedule should indicate hoe the resettlement activities are linked to the implementation of the overall project.

Land refers to agricultural and/or non-agricultural land and any structures thereon whether temporary or permanent, and which may be required for the project. Land acquisition means the repossession of or alienation of land, buildings or other assets thereon for purposes of the project. In such cases, land acquisition leads to physical displacement of persons, and/or loss of shelter, and /or loss of livelihoods and/or loss, denial or restriction of access to economic resources. RAP contains specific and legal binding requirements to resettle and compensate the affected party before implementation of the project activities.

Project Affected Person(s) (PAPs) are persons affected by land use or acquisition needs of the project. These person(s) are affected because they may lose, be denied, or be restricted access to economic assets; lose shelter, income sources, or means of livelihood. These persons are affected whether or not they must move to another location.

Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is a resettlement instrument (document).

Replacement cost means cost of replacement of assets with an amount sufficient to cover full cost of lost assets and related transaction costs.

Replacement cost for houses and other structures means the prevailing cost of replacing affected structures, in an area and of the quality similar to or better than that of the affected structures. Such costs shall include: (a) transporting building materials to the construction site; (b) any labor and contractors’ fees; and (c) any registration costs.

Resettlement Assistance means the measures to ensure that Displaced Persons who may require to be physically relocated are provided with assistance during relocation, such as moving allowances, residential housing or rentals whichever is feasible and as required, for ease ofresettlement.

Right of Way (ROW) is an area of land reserved for a road and along the side of the roadway for the purposes of road construction, maintenance, and future requirement.

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CHAPTER 1

1.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1.1 General Description of the Project

The Mtwara – Newala – Masasi Road (210km) is part of the South Road running from Mtwara to Masasi via Tandahimba and Newala. The road has been identified as a strategic corridor in the Tanzania road network. Mtwara-Newala-Masasi Road starts at Magomeni in Mtwara which is approximately 5 km from the city centre of Mtwara and terminates at Masasi where it joins Mingoyo-Tunduru Road. The Mtwara – Mnivata section is under construction using Government funding leaving a missing link of 160 km including the 84 m long Mwiti Bridge. Mnivata starts at 50 km from Mtwara and it is from this point where Bank’s intervention is required. The Government of Tanzania is determined to continue improving the business environment and, in so doing, provide a wide range of appropriate incentives and support to unleash creativity of private sector andother stakeholders in harnessing Tanzania’s comparative advantages and thereby boosting productivityenhancing innovation and fostering economic integration and deepening participation in the region. Mtwara region has a mixed economy dominated by the agriculture sector, which employs about 90 percent of the economically active population and it is the leading producer of cashew nut crop in the country – about 70% of cashew nuts produced in the country comes from Mtwara. The region is also rich in natural resources such as natural gas, gold, forestry, fishery and adequate arable land for agriculture. 1.2 Project Components Necessitating Resettlement

The project construction involves undertaking of civil works with the major activities being construction of camp sites, earth works including cutting of the earth sections to facilitate widening of the roads; clearing of areas to pave way for the construction works; excavation of the existing roads and the construction of fill embankments; construction of drainage structures; provision of temporary crossings and traffic diversions; quarrying of gravel from borrow pits for sub- base and base and excavation for the construction of the concrete bridges and incidental works.

1.3 Measures to Minimize Resettlement

In this core financing, the AfDB will cover the cost for construction of the Main road sectionand the GoT shall be responsible for compensation of the affected properties along the proposed road.

1.4Project Location and Area of Influence.

Mtwara to Mnivata (50km) is paved road and from Mnivatato Nanyamba (20.3km) the road is engineered gravel traversing through moderate flat terrain. Nanyamba to Kitama (13.8km) constituting a surface dressed Nanyamba escarpment (3.6km). From Kitama to Newala via Tandahimba the road is engineered gravel. At Newala the road is surface dressed for 1km. From Newala to Amkeni (3.9km) constututing gravel road of 2.1km and surface dressed road of 1.8km. From Amkeni to Mbuyuni (30.5 km) constituting gravel road sections and 4km of surface dressed Namaleche escarpment. From Mbuyuni to Mpeta (12.1km) constituting the Mwiti bridge of 72m length. From Mpeta to Masasi (24km) constituting of a surface dressed section of 16.5km from Masasi Junction and the rest being gravel road. The total length of the proposed road is 160km.

The Mnivata – Newala – Masasiroad section is located in Mtwara region. The project road has a total length of 160km starting from Mnivata village (Mtwara District) and traverses through Tandahimba, Newala, and ends in Masasi Town (Masasi District).The project road traverses through 22villages and streets as listed below.

Table 1. Names of Traversed Villages/Streets

S/N District Names of Villages Number of Names villages

1 Mtwara Mnivata, Mbambakofi, Mtimbwilimbwi, Shaba, Nanyamba, 12 District Kibaoni,Kilimanjaro, Madina, Pachani, Natoto, Chikwa and Mtopwa

2 TandahimbaD Njia Panda, Kibaoni, Chikwayai, Mihuta, Kitamaya Kwanza, 19 istrict Kitamaya Pili, Madaba, Tandahimba, Mihuta, Malopokelo, Malamba, Mihule, Mnaida, Nanyanga, Tandika, Dinduma, Nanyuhilachini, Lilambe and Lidumbemtoni

3 NewalaDistric Lidumbeshule, Mnazimmoja, Maumbika, Kiduni, Legeza, 15 t Julia, Mtonya, Nangwala, Julia Kata, Mtonya kata, Nangwala Kata, Tulindane, Mnuwi, Amkeni and Nambunga

4 Masasi Mites, Nagaga, Ndimbwa, Mbuyuni, Kalipenda, 14 District Chihungutwa, Masuguru, Mpeta, Milundelunde, Msanga, Maumbika, Marika, Napupa and Masasi

Total 4Districts 60

The area of influence of the project road includes the immediate local rural and urban areas, administrative districts.

Figure 1.1 Map of Tanzania showing Mtwara region

Project Mtwara Region

Figure 1.2 Map showing Project Road

Project Road

1.5Key Components of the Proposed Road Project A summary of the key components of the proposed road upgrading project is described below. Should be noted at the outset that the exact specifications of the proposed project components have been described in the Detail Engineering Design Report.

• Carriage Way • Shoulders • Pedestrian Walkways • Storm water Drains • Service Roads • Bridges and Drifts • Outlet Ditches • Side Ditches • Culverts • T/Y Junctions • Bus Bays • Road Signs and Crossings • Road Side Parking Lots • Road Lights • borrow sites,

• Quarry sites • Construction camps and any other supporting infrastructure.

1.6Road Classification The road is classified as Regional Road – Road Design Class DC4. (This is considered to be the minimum standard for Trunk Roads even in cases where the daily traffic Volume would be less than 400vpd in the design year). The road will be upgraded from gravel road to bituminous standards and combined with the above road classification, the project road is classified as a regional Road. Thus, the minimum design criteria for the road are as follows:

• Carriageway width: 6.5 m • Shoulder width: 1.5 m • Right-of-way width: 60 m 1.7Road Furniture

1.7.1 Road Signs and Road Markings Road signs are devices mounted on a fixed or portable support, whereby a specific message is conveyed by means of symbols or words officially erected for the purpose of giving instructions or provide information to road users. Road markings are traffic control devices in form of lines, symbols, words and patterns painted or otherwise applied on the surface of the road for the control, warning, guidance or information to the road users. Both signs and markings are also needed in giving to the road user’s information concerning routes, directions and points of interest. A number of road signs have been provided in accordance with “A Guide to Traffic Signing (2009)”.

1.7.2 Bus Bays Bus bays enable buses to slow down and stop outside the traffic lane. Fully effective bus bay is composed of deceleration lane or taper, standing space and merging lane.

Bus bays are provided at all villages and towns. Design Consultant has provided bus bays of 3.25m wide placed adjacent to the paved shoulder so that buses can stop clear of the carriageway. Schedule of bus bays and typical bus bay is incorporated in the book of drawings. Final positions of these bus bays will be finalised during construction in consultation with local authorities.

1.7.3 Guardrails and Chutes A guardrail is a strong metal bar or fence along the side of a road that prevents vehicles from driving off the road. The guardrails will be the standard steel profile on steel post.

Chutes are intended to convey a concentration of storm water down a slope which, without such protection, would be subject to scour. The entrances to chutes require attention to ensure that water is deflected from the edge drain into the chute, particularly where the road is on a steep grade.

Chutes will be provided at 25m intervals or as per Engineer’s Instruction depending on site conditions.

Guardrails have been provided on both sides of the road at major culverts and Bridges sites and where the embankment height is greater than 3m. Chutes have been provided in fills more than 3m located in sag curves and in other situations where site conditions warranted.

Details and schedules for chutes and guardrails are included in the standard drawings and structural drawings.

1.7.4 Road Humps and Rumble Strips Road hump is a device for controlling the speed of vehicles, consisting of a raised area across the roadway. It is of two main types namely; circular and flat-topped humps.

Rumble strips are transverse strips across the road used to alert and warn drivers with a vibratory and audible effect before a hazard ahead such as sharp bend, an intersection or a significant change in allowable road speeds.

Road humps and rumble strips have been provided in accordance with “Road Geometric Design Manual (2011)”. They are provided mostly in combination at village locations as a speed calming measure to enhance safety of significant number of pedestrians at such locations. Details and schedules for humps and strips adopted are as shown in the book of drawings.

1.7.5 Road Edge Marker Posts The Draft Tanzania Traffic Signs Manual specify that warning signs be placed oncurves with radii of 600m or smaller. The Geometric Manual has specified concrete road edge markers.

Concrete edge markers have generally been provided on fills between 2.5m and 3.0m to enhance safety of the traffic. Relevant warning signs have been provided on horizontal curves less than 600m radius. Details for road edge marker posts are as shown in relevant drawings.

1.7.6 Road Reserve Marker Posts Provision of proper demarcation of the border of the road reserve is required to limit unwanted development within the road reserve area.

Road reserve marker posts shall be erected on both sides of the road at intervals of 100m within 45m Right of Way (ROW) in built up (village centre) area and 300m interval in rural areas. Details of the road reserve are as shown in the drawings.

1.7.7 Kilometre Markers Concrete Kilometre markers will be installed at 5km intervals on alternating sides of the road with shortened names and distance in kilometres inscribed thereon. The kilometres posts shall be placed in stagger thus forming a 10km interval on each side of the road.

1.7.8 Significant Impacts resulted from associated road facilities

There are number of impacts will result from associated road facilities as described above. These will include land acquisition, expropriation of profitable business premises, expropriation of residential houses, disruption of social network and family, disruption of religious services and removal of graves. More details is provided in Chapter Two.

1.8 RAP Objectives

The main objectives of the RAP are to: • Describe the legal and institutional frameworks for dealing with resettlement; • Describe socio-economic profile of the project affected persons (PAPs); • Estimate the nature and magnitude of displacement; • Set out the criteria used to determine eligibility for resettlement, compensation and other assistances and what entitlements are due to different categories of PAPs and for different types of losses; • Describe valuation procedures used; • Describe how resettlement and or compensation entitlement will be delivered; • Describe public consultation process and mechanisms to address grievances; and • Provide an indication of the costs involved in RAP planning and implementation.

1.8.1 RAP Methodology, Approach and Sources of Information

(i) Study Approach The philosophical underpinning of the RAP preparation is the use of a participatory approach of major stakeholders including affected communities and project affected persons (PAPs) and the various methods of data collection were triangulated. Data collection methods and activities employed in the process of developing the RAP document were: Data collection methods and activities employed in the RAP study were:

(ii) Sources of Information

Review of Documents: Among reviewed documents were: Project documents; Tanzania Laws; Policies;Administrative frameworks and African Development Bank Policy on Involuntary Resettlement.

Socio-economic surveys: This comprised of a detailed census/inventories with affected households as well as formal and semi-formal discussions with sample focus groups in the communities. A comprehensive questionnaire for data collection was used. The questionnaire gathered information on the following: a) Household Bio data (Socio-demographic information);

b) Livelihoods (such as sources of income and type of occupation; employment status; vulnerability); and c) Access to economic and social services infrastructure.

Public consultations: Consultations were conducted across sections of stakeholders at district, ward, village and community levels. Among key issues raised in these consultations also included positive and negative impacts of the project; issues relating to compensation; resettlements; and employment opportunities during the project implementation. The output of the meetings and interviews was identification of major issues and impacts. A total of 10consultative meetingsheld out of which 5were public consultations and meetingswith communities along the project road and 5 meetings with responsible officials at regional (e.g. TANROADS) district levels (e.g. Lands Officers).

Zoning of Affected Area:The surveyor marked the road alignment and benchmarks were installed in all important positions. All benchmark locations were marked on the ground to locate the road alignment.

Census and Inventory of Assets

In compliance with Tanzania Laws and regulations regarding resettlement the consultant conducted a census and asset inventory of those affected by the project. In this activity, the Valuation Team worked in collaboration with the local leaders. Information gathered included: • List of PAPs • Number of affected households • Inventory of affected structures • Inventory of affected public services and infrastructures • Detailing structures • Inventory of affected assets (eg land, crops, trees etc)

Valuation

The Valuer undertook the valuation of properties guided by Tanzania laws and regulations using the full Replacement Cost Method. The details are provided on Chapter 9 of this RAP.

(iii) Data Analysis and Reporting

Data analysis and processing was carried using SPSS programme. The main analysis is descriptive statistics for quantitative data. And information is presented in tabular forms and charts. Qualitative data has been summarized.

(iv) Study Limitations

A number of challenges were encountered during the field study and among these were: • PAPs were providing data that was socially desirable and not accurate information • Some PAPs were not willing to provide information • Problems of recall especially with incomes

• Absent owners of properties when conducting census of assets • Skeptical PAPs especially on compensation and transparency of valuation • Ownership problems

1.8.2 Disclosure of the Resettlement Action Plan

“Disclosure of RAP will include presenting the RAP in Swahili language in order to clarify on the RAP and compensation issues to the local communities”. Also for clarification and opinions, the public will be required to visit the relevant Authority like DED or WEO offices who will then present their opinions to Compensation Committee and TANROADS Regional office. RAP shall be disclosed through the mostly readable Newspapers; TANROADSand AfDB websites Office.

RAP document will be available at the Districts and Wards (with affected villages or streets) whereby people will be invited to review and make comments and recommendations before implementation. Comments and recommendations can be submitted in the form of written or verbal communication to the local government officials such as District Executive Director or Ward Executive Officer who will then present their opinions to TANROADS Regional Manager for Mtwara.

CHAPTER 2

2.0 SOCIAL IMPACTS

Project Affected Persons (PAPs) along the Mnivata – Newala - MasasiRoad will be impacted both positively and negatively by the various upgrading activities. For the entire road project, no land will be impacted as the project road is passing through the existing alignment of 45m corridor. Positive impacts include: increased employment opportunities; diversification of household economies; increased women incomes and capacity building (new skills are learnt). Negative impacts are: expropriation of businesses; land; residential structures; disruption of social networks; family networks; disruption of religious services; removal of graves and disruption of access to social services. However these impacts will be mitigated as follows:

2.1 Positive Impacts i) Employment Opportunities and other income generating activities:

Project activities will provide secondary employment opportunities for the local population including PAPs. A number of people will be employed during the construction phase across the communities within the road impact areas.

Additionally, it will increase the number and intensity of income-generating activities. For example, within the road impact areas will have the opportunity to establish small-scale food service to cater for the needs of the road construction workers and work in both skilled and non- skilled jobs. These will lead to diversification of the household economies. ii) Impact on Local Economy The additional work force on the road construction activities will boost albeit in the short-termlocal economies of the impacted communities. iii) Increased Income for Women The increased income generation activities will provide especially women with additional income and for majority of these women this implies additional income for the households. iv) Capacity Building New skills will be learnt in the construction and other sectors as local people will be employed in the service (cleaning, gardening, housekeeping etc.) and construction sectors.

2.2 Negative Impacts i)Acquisition of land Arable farming land and residential plots will have to be acquired for construction purpose within the ROW of 45m in the existing road alignment and 60m in new alignment. Some of the arable land to be acquired is currently under farming and thus a source of income and subsistence. This will have negative impact on the livelihoods of households that will be affected.

ii) Expropriation of profitable business premises Along the urban areas and trading centers in the rural areas businesses that are sources of livelihoods will be acquired. This entails loss of income, customers and well-established business areas. And comparable centers may be difficult to find.

iii) Expropriation of residential structures Family residential structures will be affected some of these have been there for generations. The idea that PAPs may be forced to rent residential premises which in itself is hard to find is also socially difficult for people to accept. This is especially so for people who have been living in their own houses throughout the lives thus far.

iv) Disruption of social networks/services People who have lived in the same locations for a relatively long time have established social networks that will have to be broken and disrupted.

Figure 2. Water Tank near Madaba

v) Disruption of family networks Some residential structures have been a reason why families have remained one knit social unit. The acquisition of these structures implies that the families will never remain one unit again and the family bonds that have developed over the years with physical proximity will now be disrupted. vi) Disruption of religious services (e.g. demolition of mosques and churches) Individuals develop special spiritual attachment and identification to a specific place of worship and for PAPs this will now be taken away.

A mosque at Nanguruwe

Figure 2.1. Religious Services vii) Removal of graves People attach spiritual links with their dead close family members, relatives, friends etc. Likewise, there are taboos, traditions and customs including sacred burial sites and protected ritual sites which are singled out for historical, cultural ritual performances. Potential disturbance of these may infringe on areas of religious significance. For the project, the graveyards were noted as areas of cultural value that may be disturbed by the project. During RAP study the graves have been identified at different locations along the route. The disruption and removal of burial sites can have short term negative psychological impacts.

Figure 2.2: A grave yard at Mahuta along the proposed road

2.3 Minimizing or Avoiding Negative Impacts.

In line with the AfDB’s Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (2003) on resettlement and to minimize the resettlement, the TANROADS’s sociologists and Valuers have worked jointly and in consultation with PAPs and their leaders, key stakeholders to make changes in alignments and thus reduce impact on the properties.

i) Re-alignment of the road Through technical designs sensitive areas (such as places of worship or burial sites), expensive, heavily built areas have been avoided. The proposed road will be passing through the existing route hence no any major realignment required. ii) The Project Implementation (ROW) According to the Road Act of 2007 the road reserve is now 60m (30m on either side of the road), however the proposed road project from Mnivata– Newala – Masasi roadwill be implemented within the existing Right of Way of 45 meter.Land beyond 45 meterroad reserve may be acquired for new alignment and bypasses which will reduce the anticipated negative socio-economic impacts to the people and their properties.

iii) Minimizing impact on productive assets (Trees and Crops) The RAP has tried as much as possible to avoid most of the productive assets to minimize the impacts on population in the impacted areas. Resources avoided include various tree including fruit trees such as mango, coconut, cashewnuts and timber trees planted closer to the road.

2.4 Mitigating Adverse Impacts

To mitigate the negative impacts of upgrading the project road the following measures will be undertaken. • Compensation Different forms of compensation have been presented to communities, however, cash payment was the major form of compensation which PAPs indicated their preference to be used for all properties that will be acquired and affected. During the public consultations PAPs emphasized the need for compensation for all assets acquired be at present market value, timely and adequate. Besides, it was recommended for compensation to be paid prior to displacement of PAPs and fully paid at once rather than paid by installments.

• Restoration of Livelihood Measures Public consultations revealed a number of concerns and worries on the part of PAPs and this included difficulty of getting building plots of comparable status in towns; that compensation payment is going to take too long and could be paid in installments etc. It is therefore critical that compensation be seen as only a part of a broader restoration of livelihood package and it should include sufficient resources for resettlement and if in kind compensation for land it should be of comparable quality or better. Other livelihood restoration measures include the various allowances (eg disturbance, accommodation allowances etc).

• Support for Vulnerable Groups The major forms of vulnerability in the project road include: PAPs below poverty line; elderly; poor female-headed households, PAPs with physical and mental disability, poor divorced,

14 widowed etc. Proposed measures to mitigate socio-economic risks to vulnerable groups to include additional allowances for these groups. Equal Involvement of Husbands and Wives During the public consultations, the issue of equal participation of wives and husbands in the RAP process was raised as being a significant factor to enhance equity and fair distribution of compensation payment. It was recommended that properties should be in the names of both spouses. Therefore, any compensation payment should be paid to a joint account opened in the names of both husbands and wives where applicable.

Community Assets Compensation of community buildings (e.g. schools, mosques) will be in cash compensation for the affected facility in order to facilitate the rebuilding of the same structure or better to that being acquired to give way to project. Alternatively, this can be left to the communities, institutions and village/street leaders to rebuild in which case cash compensation can be provided under the project.

S/N Impact Mitigation Measures Implementing Authorities 1 Negative impact on the livelihoods of • Provide TANROADS, Local vulnerable households (e.g. poor female- vulnerability Authorities, NGO, headed households, disabled and elderly) allowances • Give priority in prime business areas allocation to vulnerable groups • Capacity Building 2 Disruption of social and family Consultation with PAPs TANROADS, Local networks for possibility of in- Authorities, NGO kind (e.g. land) compensation for families 3 Removal of burial sites • Consultations with TANROADS, Local affected and Authorities, Religious community/religio Leaders, NGO us leaders • Prompt facilitation of removal as per law 4 Disruption of access to places of • Construction of TANROADS, Local worship alternative Authorities, Religious structures before Leaders, NGO demolition • Consult and coordinate closes with religious/local /community leaders 5. Loss of productive assets • Timely and TANROADS, Local adequate Authorities, NGO compensation • Measures for livelihood restoration 6. Community assets (disruption of In Kind compensation TANROADS, Local access to services) i.e. building of Authorities, NGO structures rather than cash compensation 7. Loss of land Timely and adequate TANROADS, Local compensation at market Authorities, NGO, value

8. Loss of structures Timely and adequate TANROADS, Local compensation at market Authorities, NGO, value

Table 2.1: Matrix of Mitigation Measures for Negative Impacts

CHAPTER 3

3.1 The institutional arrangements to undertake RAP

A number of organizations and institutions will be involved with RAP implementation processes at different levels and periods. The main parties that will be involved in the planning and implementation of the RAP activities are the following: • Regional and District Administration (e.g. District Councils and District Land Officers) • Ward Councils • Village and Street Governments • TANROADS • Ministry of Lands and Human Settlement

3.2 Institutional Compensation Arrangement and Mechanism The project will be supervised by the TANROADS Safeguard Team from Headquarters and Project Engineer and Road Reserve In charge from TANROADS regional office. Mechanism for ensuring compensation to all PAPs include the following: • Treasury will disburse compensation funds to TANROADS Headquarters; • TANROADS Headquarters will transfer funds to Regional Manager Office; • Regional Manager Office through Social Road Reserve in charge and Road Technicians liaison with Local Government will assist PAPs to open Bank accounts for whose do not have accounts; • Regional Manager office through Social Road Reserve in charge, Road Technicians and Compensation Committee liaison with Local Government will identify the location/centre for issuing of compensation cheques; • Regional Manager office through accounting section will payment vouchers and cheques for effecting compensation to PAPs; • Social Road Reserve in charge, Road Technicians, Accountants and Compensation Committee liaison with Local Government will issue the compensation cheques to the respective PAPs. • Proper record keeping on the payment made to PAPs will be kept in TANROADS Regional Manager office • Issuing 90 days’ Notice to PAPs vacate the premises after receiving their compensation

• Compensation Committee liaison, Local Government, established Grievances Redress Committee and NGOs will monitor the whole compensation process, receiving any compensation complaints and feedback as described in details on chapter six, section 6.4

3.3 Regional and District Administration

Regional Administration is headed by Regional Commissioner and assisted by Regional Administrative Secretary. The District Administration is headed by District Commissioner and assisted by District Administrative Secretary. In terms of RAP implementation, the wards, villages and streets are instrumental.

3.4 Ministry of Lands and Human Settlement

This ministry is charged with creating and enabling environment and institutional framework to support human settlement and development. It coordinates land policy, development, surveys, valuation etc. Furthermore, this ministry supervises various related policies.

3.5 Ministry of Works, Transport and Communication

The Ministry of Works, Transport and Communication is the overseer of the road sector. It is responsible for overseeing policy and planning for the road sector and the development and management of trunk and regional road network. TANROADS which is one of the main institutions in this ministry is responsible for the maintenance for the development and maintenance of the trunk and regional road networks. It supervises and monitors all RAP activities. It collaborates with main stakeholders such as regional, district and local authorities during mobilization, construction and operation.

3.6 TANROADSand its Organizational Structure.

TANROADS headquarter is divided into five directories and each directory is headed by a Director. These directories include; planning; procurement and contracts; projects; maintenance and business support. The Chief Executive oversees the above-mentioned directories and in turn reports to the Permanent Secretary and the TANROADSBoard.

The overall coordination of RAP activities will be under TANROADS and other institutions and organizations that have the legal obligations to carry out functions related to resettlement and/or compensation including various local authorities. These institutions and their responsibilities include:

• TANROADS to implement RAP • TANROADS to support sensitization of stakeholders on RAP, preparation of monitoring of RAP; provide technical support in preparation of RAP, and monitor the implementation of RAP;

• Communities, Villages, Wards, affected groups - as the final owner of land, landed properties and assets to be acquired or affected will be the participants in the RAP implementation process. The local level authorities will support practical day-to-day implementation of the resettlement activities, including verification of PAPs in preparation for disbursement of compensation funds;

3.7 Inter-agency coordination

The RAP activities and process require inter-agency coordination among and between different institutions. The Ministry of Works is responsible for policy issues and regulations. The Ministry will oversee that the Government policies related to road development and its related acts are in place and other Ministry policies crucial to the project are well executed. TANROADS as the project owner has a responsibility of coordinating the project activities including monitoring and evaluation of the project implementation. TANROADS may hire a consulting firm to execute the project on the behalf of TANROADS, however, TANROADS has to monitor the activities of the consultants who are engaged in the project. TANROADS has to liaise with other government institutions at different levels during project implementation. These include the local government, the Ministry of land and urban development as well as the ward and village government.

Three subcommittees shall be formed in implementing RAP and these are: • Resettlement committee; • Compensation committee; • Grievances Redress committee (i.e. Ward and District GRC).

Their responsibilities and their composition are outlined in the Table 3.1 below.

Table 3.1: Committees and Responsibilities for RAP Implementation

Unit Responsibilities Members Resettlement - Oversight management and - Regional Commissioner (Chair) Committee coordination of RAP - District Commissioner implementation activities and teams - Representative of TANROADS - Liaison with city, districts, - Representative of Ministry of Lands government agencies and other - Consultant stakeholders - Representative of a local NGO - Review of periodic progress report in accordance with RAP - Representative of PAPs guidelines

Unit Responsibilities Members Compensation - Coordinate management of - District Commissioner (Chair) Committee compensation process - Representative of TANROADS - Ensure compensation is consistent - Representative of Ministry of Lands with RAP guidelines - Consultant

- Valuer - Representative of PAPs Grievances - Address entitlement issues and District Grievance Redress Committee Redress other disputes and concerns Members: Committee among PAPs and other - District Commissioner (Chair) stakeholders - TANROADS Regional Manager - Advice PAPs and other (Secretary/Coordinator) stakeholders on redress - Land Officer mechanisms which cannot be - Valuer resolved - Representative of PAPs - Liaise with other authorities and - Community Development Officer Resettlement Committee - Lawyer - Member - Representative of a Local NGO - Ward Executive Officer Ward Grievance Redress Committee Members: - Ward Executive Officer (Chair) - Representative of PAPs - Representative of Village/Street (neutral) - Village/Street Executive Officer - Village/Street Chairperson(s)

3.8 Planning, implementing and monitoring RAP

• TANROADS shall have the overall responsibility for the oversight of implementation of the RAP and providing enabling environment; • Independent NGOs and other stakeholders may be engaged to witness the fairness and appropriateness of the whole process. The NGO will be involved in the monitoring of the resettlement process, establishing direct communication with the affected population, community leaders, TANROADS to facilitate the completion of RAP; • TANROADS shall set up Resettlement Committee comprising of key Ministries and a local NGO involved in human rights.

Routine monitoring of RAP implementation may include: • Resettlement conditions where relevant; • Consultation on compensation options, process and procedures; • Adequacy of compensation; and • Adequacy of specific measures targeting vulnerable people.

CHAPTER 4

4.0 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

4.1 Description of the consultation and participation methods in RAP

Stakeholder and public consultations are central activity in the process of designing resettlement action plan. The specific objectives of the stakeholder and public consultations were to: • Share fully the information about the proposed road project, its components and activities i.e. disseminating information to the people about the project; • Integrate views and insights of stakeholders in road design and thus minimize potential conflicts and delays during implementation • Identify social impacts of road upgrading from the stakeholder’s perspectives • Propose mitigation measures • Increase objectivity of the report • Increase long term project sustainability and ownership • Reduce problems of institutional coordination • Initiate transparency in the resettlement action plan process • Understanding perceptions of local people towards the project and • Assess local people’s willingness to be involved in the project

4.2 Involved stakeholders

The following stakeholders were consulted. • Authorities- Regional Manager of TANROADS (MtwaraRegion); District Councils (Mtwara,Tandahimba, Newala andMasasi); District Authorities and its departments, Ward Councils and Ward/Village/Street governments • Stakeholder participation for this project was conducted in two stages: o Stage 1: Detailed Interviews with all individual Ward and Village/street leaders (immediate road impact areas) o Stage 2: Public consultation meetings were held with PAPs. The public consultation meetings were conducted to selected few villages and streets along the road due to COVID -19 Pandemic.

Figure 4.1 One of the Public Consultative Meeting in the study area

4.3 Consultation Process The consultation process followed the standard procedures for the social impact assessment studies including provision of required letters of introduction and physical visits to make appointments based on the convenience of the stakeholders. In collaboration with community leaders, central locations were identified for the meeting venues. During the meetings, the communities were introduced the proposed projects and explained in detail the purpose and objectives of the meetings as well as the RAP process, and the governing legislations. The TANROADS team further explained their requirements and expectations of the meetings. After briefing the public about the proposed project, participants were then given opportunities to air their views and opinions concerning the project, with regard to social issues, which are of concern to them. In all cases the meetings whether with authorities or the general public were participatory in nature. A detailed of valuation and compensation prices are described in Chapter Nine of this RAP.

During the public meetings, the leaders were requested to ensure vulnerable groups such as women; people with disabilities were encouraged to participate. To ensure that these groups participate in meetings, advance notices were sent to ward and village leaders asking them to inform the communities, including disabled, women, elderly people and youth to the meeting. While the TANROADS team mainly moderated the discussions, and clarified some of the issues the discussions in these meetings were dominated PAPs and local leaders chaired the meetings. The meetings were very interactive. No limits were set for issues PAPs wanted to raise. The minutes of these meetings are attached as Appendix I of the RAP.

4.4 Key Issues from Public Consultations

Many issues were raised during public consultations as indicated in the matrix below, in the form of questions, comments and recommendations. These reflected issues of concerntothe affected persons and communities. Below is a sample of key issues that were frequently raised in almost all public meetings: • Timely and Adequate Compensation: Concerns focused on the adequacy of compensation as experience from other projects showed that there were delays in compensation payment by the government. And whether compensation will be paid infull and at once or in installments;

• Alternativeroad alignments or re-alignment: This was a concern raised by PAPs in Tandahimba and Newala Districts they want to know if the proposed road will consider the Tandahimba and Newalabypasses;

• Communication and timely provision of information on the project:The concern was that issues regarding the project in general and valuation in particular was not being communicated to the general public and PAPs in particular in a timely and transparent manner;

• Project Start Date: PAPs wanted to know the start date of the project the main concern was that it has happened in other projects that valuation of property is undertaken and PAPs are not allowed to develop their properties yet the compensation payment takes several years after valuation has been carried out;

• Places of Worship: Key issue is how these will be compensated and what can be done to ensure that access to places of worship is not disrupted even during the project implementation;

• Community Assets e.g. school buildings: The issue of concern is the modality of compensation and recommendation was for in-kind compensation;

• Grievances Redress Mechanisms: The concern is for the modalities of addressing grievances;

• Valuation (transparency): Concern is the lack of transparency in the valuation exercise with limited participation of the affected persons;

• Social Services (water, schools): The issue here washow access to social services will be maintained during the project implementation;

• Burial sites/graves (compensation and possibility for re-alignment): The critical question was how will this issue be handled and whether the graves will be compensated. • Alternative plots from councils (government authorities): The request was for the councils to provide alternative and comparable plots of land to the ones that are being acquired because of the difficulty of getting plots at affordable prices (especially in the urban areas);

• Multiple ownership of properties (especially land): The key concern is addressing multiple ownership of properties especially among relatives and family members;

• Partially affected structures: The issue was compensation of partially affected structures and plots of land whether these will be compensated in full or only the affected portion;

• Public Utilities:The concern was whether water and power supply systemswill be relocated before the construction;

• Daily Business records:The concern was if business owners who do not keep records of daily turnover/income will be compensated.

• Disturbance of the cultural site: The community were worried about their cultural worshiping sites especially at Mbuyunivillage whereby they wanted the baobab tree to be maintained/not touched during implementation of the project.

4.5 Issues raised by the Community during Consultation The table below shows the response of community member with regard to the proposed project. The views are not categorized according to village/meeting because there were many repeated points

Table 4.1 Issues and Concerns raised by the Community S/N Issues/Commentfromcommunity RemarksbyConsultant 1 We have had about the construction of It is definite that the road is going to be this road for more than two decades now. constructed under the financing of AfDB Will this road be constructed real or it is soon, and the construction will start in the just another way of campaign as this year near future. we have general election. When will the construction start? 2 The road will guarantee easy accessibility Tarmac road will attract more investors and therefore more physical hence stimulate development in the project development and investment area. opportunities. There will be relatively low transport and transportation costs and travelling time saving for passengers and goods 3 People to be affected by the Project Transparency on the compensation should be identified and compensated process is critical. The compensation will be in accordance with laws and guidelines fair, full and prompt. guiding compensation 4 During the time of the survey, some It is difficult to compensate something people had already demolished their which is not seen. Howevervaluation will be houses after their houses were marked X conducted for those stand still properties for by TANROADS. Those have not compensation. already demolished their houses should be compensated also.

5 Compensation should include trees and Relevant laws and regulation provide crops compensation guidance for permanent crops including useful trees. 6 Compensation should be done in time not To avoid the fluctuation of the price for the more than six months after valuation of properties valuated, the compensation will people’s properties. be implemented as soon as possible. 7 Village/Mitaa governments in Many villagegovernmentshaveenough collaboration with the central government reserved landsfor thosewhowillbe should engage to assist the PAPs in landless. acquiring the land for construction 8 People should be informed in advance 90 days’ notice will be served to PAPs after so that they have time to demolish their receiving compensation funds to vacate house their house and salvage all materials with aim is to recover some materials from their house and reuse them 25

9 Employment Opportunities. The Road construction will stimulate contractor should give the priority of individual’s income for those who will be employment to the people hailing from employed by the project. Skills acquired the villages along the project site during recruitment and construction will during the construction. The villagers remain an asset to community members. may be involved in the some activities as However, employment opportunities will labourers during the construction phase. only be provided to those people aged l8 years and above. The women are also encouraged to participate in the road construction activities 10 There will be spread of HIV/AIDS and The contractor will identify local capacity in other sexually transmitted infections: dealing with HIV/AIDS and arrange for HIV/AIDS prevention programme targeting both the construction camp and local communities. Positive discrimination in favour of resident workers to minimize risk of increased infection among local population. Programme on HIV/AIDS will target groups at risk such as food vendors, and business women in the construction camp. There will be a separate consultant to implement and manage HIV/AIDS alleviation programs. The contractor will implement HIV/AIDS programs on his part by allowing his employees to attend awareness seminars and campaigns and carrying out any directives of the Consultant in this regard. 11 The project will be a facilitate town and The recommendation is acceptable. village growth. These towns should be Village governments should consult district assisted by the government in planning town councils for guidance on planning (e.g. Land use and plot surveying) in order to curb/cut limit/control unplanned growth of settlements 12 Deaths of pregnant women will The proposed action contributes to the decrease during the road operation implementation of health policy which phase as there will be easy accessibility of intends to make health facilities accessible road to the health centres and by every citizen. hospitals. 13 The bus bays/stops should be placed in the Decision on final locations of bus bays areas where passengers wait the transport will be decided by the designer in to other destinations. consultation with community members 14 Once the project is completed, The contract will work together with the structures like camps should be left to local leaders and communities. The

respective communities for development campsites may be located in locations activities. where at the end of the project they will cater for public use like schools, dispensaries or cereals. 15 Graves, places of worships, and shrines Possible sites have been identified and may be affected as much as possible, the road alignment will avoid affecting those properties. For those properties which will be affected will be compensated in accordance with the national laws 16 It is feared that the tarmac road will claim Road safety education will be instituted people’s lives through accidents. It was during construction. The new road recommended to use speed humps to project includes safety measures such the places where there are many road sign, speed humps and pedestrians’ pedestrian such as at schools, markets crossings. Safety education will include at villages/mitaa and communities, pupils and teachers. mosques/churches. 17 The current road in Mahuta village was All affected properties will be valuated and moved from other part of the village and compensated accordingly nobody was compensated. Therefore all the people in this part have the right to compensation since nobody has invaded the road. The road was imposed on their houses. 18 In Nanyamba and Dinecha villages in If you have title deed, that means you are Mtwara rural district have land titled deed their legally. Compensation will be done as and their houses are on the road reserve. per national Laws. Why should they not be compensated? 19 The communities supporting the project Villagers are willing to take part in the expect to benefit from the project, implementation of the proposed project during construction and operation phase. 20 TANROADS must ensure the entire It is illegal to practice the construction workforce at the construction site is well activity without appropriate insurance covered by appropriate insurance policies. cover. The construction contract Also, first aid should be stipulates minimum insurance the provided at work as per requirement of Contractor must affect. The contract also CRB. requires the Contractor to follow the Tanzania labour laws without material deviation.

CHAPTER 5

5.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF PAPs

The socio-economic profile of the Project Affected Households has been prepared based on the data generated by the primary survey conducted in June 2020. Through census and socio-economic survey questionnaire to the head of the household or any other adult member of the household information about socio-economic characteristics was gathered. The outcome of this survey provided an insight in to the socio-economic condition of these PAHs, their priorities, expectations and apprehensions. The objectives of the census survey were to prepare the list of the project affected households and also assess the extent of impacts. The information collected during the census involved the affected household’s demographic data such as age, economic activities, source of income, education level, marital status, types of transport used, reasons for settlement and source of energy for cooking and lighting within the households.

5.1 Income Generating Activities (IGA) The analysis of social economic activities was carried out to determined income and expenditure pattern of people living along and adjacent Mtwara (Mnivata) – Newala - Masasi road. Although men are still regarded as the family breadwinner gender relationships reflect the importance of both men and women in the present socio-economic set-up and activities in the area.

In access to, and utilization of production resources, both genders are involved. Both men and women are in agriculture, retail business, operating food-vending and casual labour and forestry products. Collection of fuel-wood and selling remain to be youth and women activities living in the study area. Ownership of means of production such as land, labour, basic capital assets (a hand hoe, sprayer pump and sometimes an exe) and seasonal inputs such as seed is also balanced. In some cases, ownership of agricultural harvest is based on the male domination where, husband and wife (wives) have separate plots. However, at the end men are regarded as the owner and final decision maker over the family resources. Furthermore, agriculture contributes a large part of the GDP, followed by business operations, animal husbandry (mainly poultry and goats), formal and non-formal employment and other activities

5.2 Agriculture Agriculture is the primary occupation of the villagers living along Mtwara(Mnivata) – Newala - Masasi road. Household interviews indicate that agriculture is the first occupation. About 95 percent of the interviewed households admitted that about 90 percent of their income is from agricultural produces. Even for the households with other sources of income agriculture contributed more than half of their income and expenditure.

Major food crops produced in the Region include cassava, sorghum, Millet, paddy and maize, leguminous crops grown extensively as protein sources are pigeon peas, cowpeas, bambaranuts and groundnuts. For example, Masasi district is the main producer of food crops when compared to other districts. From 2011/12 to 2018/19 the district has produced food crops as shown in the table 4-1 below.

Table 5.1: Food Crops production Year Area & FOOD CROPS Yield Maize Sorghum Paddy cassava S. Bananas All G.nuts potatoes Pease

2011/12 Hectors 18344 11998 7064 35525 350 20 9994 18344

Metric 5442 3899 1800 31537 124 25 4546 5442 Tons

2012/13 Hectors 1498.7 7998 5293 37397 700 20 12568 4569

Metric 10780 8598 12703 112191 700 28 25136 6862 Tons

2014/15 Hectors 14979 9798 5163 35525 50 20 11933 6420

Metric 7089 7333 2666 71574 25 20 21479 9630 Tons

2016/17 Hectors 15284 3035 5165 90884 320 29 20224 6447

Metric 27513 4553 7748 35530 320 29 36773 9735 Tons

2018/19 Hectors 14518 10541 5165 106590 987 29 20497.5 7309

Metric 29036 15811.5 15495 90884 987 35 36372 11104 Tons

Source: Masasi District Council. Agriculture Department, 2019

On cash crops Mtwara and particularly Tandahimba district is the leading cashew nut producer in the Country as well as in East and Central Africa. Production statistics from Tandahimba and Masasi districts showed that in the year 2011/12 Tandahimba produced 46,456 metric tons and Masasi 14,000, in 2013/14 Tandahimba 48,945 Masasi 15,150 and in the year 2017/18 Tandahimba produced 56,456 while Masasi had 16,575.

However, agricultural production in the study area is predominantly based on traditional technology. Agricultural activities employ both household labour and hired labour when it becomes necessary to hire additional labour. The agriculture is also characterized by the use of

29 unimproved seeds saved from the previous crop harvest, and no other input except Sulphur that is sprayed to control fungal diseases on cashew nut trees.

Figure 5.1: Cashewnut Plantation in along the project area

However, dependence on climatic conditions, lack of agricultural inputs, low capital, and poor agricultural knowledge are some of factors that reduce the crop level and overall production. It is anticipated that the upgrading of Mtwara (Mnivata)- Newala - Masasi road which eventually connects Masasi- Mangaka- Mtambaswala Road and Masasi –Tunduru- Songea- Mbamba bay will stimulate cross border trade as well as improving agriculture mechanization in the entire Mtwara (southern) corridor since the road transverse the agricultural productive area.

5.3 Animal Husbandry Livestock keeping, including poultry, plays a significant role in the economyof households in Mtwara Region. It is the second most important economicactivity after crop production. Livestock generates a considerable amount ofincome and determines the household economic and social status in manycommunities.. Keeping of animals is also taken as a way of savings that a person can use as collateral when he/she needs a financial assistance from his/her neighbor. .

The livestock sector is under-utilized in the whole corridor except the recently influx of pastoral communities from the north who enjoy the vast pastures in the area. However, the cattle are affected by different cattle disease such as anthrax, rinderpest, east coast fever, tick borne disease, worms, fluke, and foot and mouth disease. Livestock keeping in the Region operates in small scale. Most households have an average of 5 cows and 5 and 7 goats. The region has about 25,345 cows, 465,632 goats, 28,154 sheep and 1,930,517 chickens. (Mtwara Regional Socio-economic Profile, 2019)

5.4 Fishing Fishing is one of non-agriculture produce which earn cash to majority of people living along the Indian Ocean and rivers in the study area. The fishing industry is active and there is notable fish business going on within and outside the study area to as far as Dar es Salaam, Songea, and neighboring country of Mozambique. The Indian Ocean and Ruvuma River are the important fishing grounds. Fish potentials in Indian Ocean are estimated to be more than 900 metric tons per year. Production of fish can be increased to about 1,500 metric tons per year if application of modern fishing gears will be in place. The use of modern fishing gears and motorized fishing boats can boost the production of fish per year. The most fishing areas in the study area is Mtwara Rural District and MtwaraMikindani Municipal councils. In Mtwara Rural fishing is done on a 125 km coastal strip and along the Ruvuma River, whileMtwara – Mikindani Municipal Council has coastal strip of 25 Kilometers, the average annual fish production 385 metric tons, however both councils use poor equipment and dynamite. The fishing industry is faced with an acute shortage of modern fishing gear. The Authorities have made an effort to ensure that the bad fishing is avoided by Promoting availability of appropriate gear for fishing communities, credit subsidies for fishermen and Promote awareness campaigns and research studies. Furthermore, through department of livestock and fishing has established BMU (Beach Management Unit) to fight against any kind evils on the ocean including the usage of dynamites.

5.5 Industry Industrial sector in the study area is yet developed due to various limitations one being reliable transport to the north and other areas within the corridor. In recent years there has been significant development in establishing industries such as Cement factory in Mtwara,TANECU and OLAM cashew nuts industries, and other small scale producers, some of the industries had been closed example soda, cashew nuts, and mattress because of various problems such as high production costs, lack of reliable markets for cashew nuts etc. but we hope due to increase level of development of infrastructure sector, most of these industries will be reestablished.

Figure 5.2 : TANECU Cashew nutsfactory in Tandahimba District

5.6 Micro and small-scale enterprises

This is another important sector, a second main occupation of the interviewed households from agriculture. The activities include retail shops, small restaurants, petty trade, charcoal making and fuel wood. Majority of the commercial enterprises are located along the streets in urban areas and at Bus stand and Market squares. Also, there are trading activities in various village centers. The decision of the Government to make various reforms so as to simplify the process of starting the business by the entrepreneurs has brought many positive changes. Many people have managed to start their business and developing them successfully. In rural areas there are considerable retail shops. The shops and kiosks stock a wide range of goods including foodstuffs, household utensils, school supplies, textiles and minor spare parts for bicycles. However, the majority of the goods are slow moving commodities. Construction materials and solar panels are mainly found in MtwaraTandahimba, Newala and Masasi. Other business activities also found in the study area include petty trading, restaurants and food vending, tailoring, motor bike and bicycle repair/workshops and grain milling.

5.7 Salaried employment Prominent occupations recognized for salaried employment are found in the sectors of education, health and local government. These sectors employ teachers, medical doctors and nurses, Village Executive Officers (VEO), Ward Executive Officers Ward Community Development Officers and medical personnel. Other employees are working n in district/ municipal headquarters.

5.8 Mining

Mtwara region is endowed with abundant mineral deposits of different kinds, namely; marble, gemstone –red garnets, limestone, graphite, base metals, salt, heavy metals –rutite, titanium and gold. Mining activities commonly found along the coast is salt farming and exploration of precious minerals has not yet been carried out extensively in the study area.As indicated above, sporadically valuable minerals have been identified in some parts of the regionwhereby mining activities are carried out by using crude technologywith poor equipment. Construction of the proposed road may stimulate the exploitation of graphites and granites which are chiefly found in Masasi and Newala districts.

5.9 Transportation

Apart from two trunk roads from Mtwara (Mnivata) - Newala- Masasi (gravel Km 160) and Mtwara- Mingoyo- Masasi (tarmac Km 200) the area is traversed by several Kilometres of unclassified roads, most of them being village streets and others being used in the collection of cashew nuts from the fields. Both, foot paths and roads are generally in bad condition characterized by rough, sandy and muddy surface in dry and wet seasons respectively. These situations are attributed to prevalence of sandy and clay soils. Transportation is also difficult in the areas dominated by sand, which in all cases driving or cycling is difficult.

Transport available in the study area can be categorized into, walking and head loading, cycling, and motorized transport. Walking and head – loading dominate travel and transport that take place within the vicinity of villages. The main purposes for such trips include water and fuel wood collection, milling grains, agricultural and meeting social and cultural obligations.

In transportation, culturally, women are responsible for drawing water and collection and transporting fuel-wood household use, and transporting grains for milling. Due to limited means of transport and high price of transport fare few young men use bicycles.

5.10 Education

As noted above the study area is comprised of five (5) different council authorities of which each authority has its own number of schools. Mtwara Municipal council has 29 pre-primary and primary schools, with 16705 pupils (boys 8266 girls 8439) and 19 secondary schools whereby 12 are public secondary schools and 7 are privately owned. Mtwara District Council has 114 primary schools with 46519 pupils (boys 23331, girls 23138) and 20 secondary schools and only one is privately owned. The number of students is 6344 where boys are 3999 and girls are 2345. Masasi district has 154 primary schools with 66497 pupils (boys33155, girls 33342) and 38 secondary schools and 2 are privately owned. The secondary schools have a total of 12828 students (male7328, female 5510). Tandahimba District has 110 primary schools with 45,237 pupils and 26 secondary schools. Newala District has 119 primary schools and 27secondary schools and 1 Vocational training center.

According to the implementation of Primary Education Development Programme (PEDP) average enrolment of school-aged children is relatively good. Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) is 114.65 % (boys 114.3%, girls116%) and Net Enrolment Rate (NER) is 97.75 % (boys 97.7%, girls 97.8%). It means almost every school aged child is in school and few children aged more than 13 years are also in school. (BEST, October 2017)

Although GER and NER are impressively high dropout rate is discouraging that many pupils do not complete std vii due to truancy, early pregnancy and illness. Other challenges affecting education sector is inadequacy of teaching and learning materials such as classrooms, desks, pit latrines and text books.

According to discussion in the FGDs, many participants especially women pointed out the cause of high rate of pregnancy in the area is fuelled by alliance between two parties of parents. Adult education is also practiced in the study area through five programmes namely Open Distance Learning (ODL), Complementary Basic Education in Tanzania (COBET), Intergraded Community Basic Adult Education (ICBAE), EDC RISE Radio and 3RS programme (Write, Read, Arithmetic). Besides the learning programmes, the level of illiteracy in the area is still high and it is higher to women than men. An average illiteracy rate in the study area is about 4.7%. Upgrading of the road among other things, it will encourage civil servants to stay in the area as transport infrastructure especially roads are reliable and passable throughout the year.

5.11 Water Supply

The study area is among districts with shortage of clean and safe water. The proportion of the population that has access to boreholes and gravity fed water in Mtwara rural is 62%. The remaining population gets its water supply from unprotected sources such as rivers/streams and untended shallow wells as well as some harvesting of rain water. In Masasi district only 42% of the rural population is served with safe water while Masasi town the serviced hardly exceeds 45%. Tandahimba district about 42.2% and Newala only 23% access to clean water while the rest depend on unprotected shallow wells and streams. From thee sampled population in the study area has revealed that 28% of the population access tape water as the major source,55 get water from boreholes with pump. 34.6% access water from shallow wells with pump and the rest 32.9 obtain water from unprotected sources:

Sanitation in the study area is alarming since construction of toilets is not given a priority Majority of household have temporary toilets thatched with palm raffia and pit holes are not covered. However, 2.8% of the sampled population have no toilets at all. Water related diseases in the study area include malaria, Intestinal worms, eye infections, diarrhoea, and others. On the other hand, there are efforts of getting clean water under the National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme (NRWSSP) from which ten villages from each district is selected for this project.

5.12 Health status and available medical services

According to the findings good health is regarded as state of absence of disease and general wellbeing of the people. Sounding health includes physical, social and psychological wellbeing of the household and village members. The villagers admit that the study area has health problems ranging from biological diseases, malnutrition, and cultural, social and psychological problems. Poor health and survival are attributed to lack of proper nutrition, clean and safe water, sanitation, and safe and clean place to live. Lack of proper health care, belief and cultural practices and lack of other basic amenities complicate the problem. Some of outlined direct threats to survival and health in the area as reported by the respondents and from medical facilities in the area are; malaria, ear infection, (Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) Others are Intestines worms, diarrhoea, mostly in (November and December) others such as skin diseases, rheumatics and hernia problems. Malaria poses a serious life threat to all age groups and has implication on mobility and mortality rate in the villages. Maternal and child problems (related to pregnancy and at births) are still complicated and threat to women and their new-born.Medical facilities are available in the study area where four hospitals notably Nyangao, Nkomaindo, Ligula and Ndanda and health centres provide medical services in the area. The table 4-2 below shows the number in each district.

Table 5.2. Healthfacilities in the study area

District Hospital Health Dispens Total centre ary

Mtwara rural 0 6 25 46 Tandahimba 1 5 35 41

Masasi 2 6 43 51

Newala 1 3 33 37

Source: Socio-economic Profiles from 2018 - 2019

Generally, the health facilities particularly health centers and dispensaries are understaffed and poorly equipped and cannot meet health problems of the whole population in the study area. Again, while availability of medicine in the health facilities is low there are few and small medical stores in the study area. Besides, inadequate health equipment and drugs the problem is also coupled by shortage of health personnel. Alternative to the modern medical service people reported

35 high use of traditional health care. According to them traditional care is opted as an alternative to, lack of other health services due to high medical costs, cultural belief, lack of knowledge on health Furthermore, traditional birth attendants (TBA) are reported to play major role in attending maternal related problems despite the efforts of ministry of health discouraging them from attending maternal during delivery.

Information obtained from FGDs and in-depth interviews revealed that HIV/AIDS prevalence is magnificent in the whole project area. HIV/AIDS pandemic is now a concern of the entire society and not the concern of the government alone. Investments of various forms are carried out by both government and Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in curbing the prevalence through engaging in Care for sick people, Public health education for patients their relatives, and friends, catering for preventive services, Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) and anti-Stigma education to the community

5.13 Market place

In the study area has several simple “small shelter” and semi advanced shelters referred to as a market place. Petty trading activities are scattered along the main road selling agricultural produce such as fruits, vegetables, as well as processed and semi processed items (such as dried cassava rice and maize flour). In some cases, villagers sell small amounts of crops to each other in the homes and in the farm plots. Sometimes payment for such trade in effected in both cash and kind (say provision of labor or exchange of a different product). Crops like sesame, groundnuts, and cashew nuts are bought at farm gates and collecting points by private traders or primary cooperative societies at respective ware houses.

5.14 Women Development Activities

Sustainable development comes when both women and men are given equal chances and opportunities to participate fully in all development stages at all stages. In the project area women are significantly involvedin implementing activities especially in economic activities. 85% of the interviewed women were engaged in business activities. The most common activity involving women is petty businesses such as food vending (52%). This is followed by gardening activities which occupy 25% of women. This is mainly backyard gardening where vegetables for domestic consumption are grown. In some cases, the vegetables are grown along river beds and in wet lands through irrigation (jerry cane irrigation). The other significant activities include retail shops 18%and sewing 5%.

The unequal access to economic opportunities such as sharing of farm produce and other family/clan wealth existing between men and women leaves women with minimal options of earning their lives decently. It is reported that sometimes some of the women resort to promiscuity

36 in order to meet their needs. With the prevalence situation of HIV/AIDS, they place themselves in a high-risk

For the coming project women were encouraged to participate fully in casual labour as well as selling food to the project workers. Women and men will take equal opportunity in getting temporary employment in the project without considering their gender roles

5.15 Income of the households

The average annual incomes for the interviewed household ranges between Tshs550, 000 and 1,250,000 with arithmetic mean of Tshs 900,000 per household per annual. In other word household income ranges between Tshs 2,175/= to Tshs 4,808/= per day. Looking at the average national per capita USD 1400 (Tshs. 2,268,000) in 2016 and 2017 respectively thus, per capital of people in the study area is very low. Selected information show that households and individual generate their income from one or more of the following activities, presented in an ascending order of importance: fishing, agriculture, micro and small-scale enterprises, formal and informal employment.

Furthermore, it was surprisingly revealed that although a household has a common resources and income, some wives tend to separate their income from that of the household due to uncertainties and insecurities within the marriages.

The average annual household income from the main activities (micro enterprises and fishing and agriculture) for majority of households is less than Tshs 600,000/= annually. Looking at the gender, anecdotal evidence indicates that incomes from micro enterprise and agriculture, on average, are higher for female than male. The differences in the overall earning among gender is basically attributed to the fact that women in the household are engaged in other multi-income activities (such as casual labour, handcraft, petty trade and foodstuff vending) and have low expenditure compared to men.

5.16 Household’s expenditure Collected data reflect that annual household expenditures range between Tshs 620,000/= and Tshs 1,320, 000/= with an arithmetic mean of Tshs 965,000/= per household. If this average is divided equally into 12 months each household could spend Tshs. 88,417/- per month which is Tshs. 2,947/= daily The information on household annual expenditures reveals household capacity to provide its basic needs and other amenities is low because. food takes 50.4% of the household budget followed by school fees (14.3%), clothing (10.4%), medical bills (10.4%), transport (6.8%), energy (2.8%) and others take 5.9% (including house repair and investment). The figure below illustrates the ranks.

EXPENDITURE PATTERN

50 Food 40 School fees % 30 Clothing Transport 20 Energy 10 Medical care 0 Others 1 ITEMS

Figure 5.3 : Expenditure items at householdlevel Source: Field survey data, 2019

The data revealed that more than 42 percent of the interviewed household is getting less than 80,000 a month. When this is distributed among food and non-food expenditure, access to other basic needs may adversely be affected. The data show that food expenditure alone takes 50.4 percent of the total household expenditure. This implies that less than 50 percent is left for non- food expenditure including investments.

Expenditures on transport, school fees and clothing take 30.5% of the entire budget and 61.49% of the remained 49.6 percent. Rationally, one would argue that with such low income, if health care expenditure exceeds more than 15 percent of the remained sum of non-food expenditures, then family would not afford to pay for proper health care. This suggests that majority of low- income earning households suffer some kind of inability to afford or exclusion from basic needs. The general observation through the analysis of income and expenditure and other observations is that the low-income earning households in the area are below the soft-core poverty line.

5.17 Housing

Shelter is one of most important human basic needs. Good housing has a close correlation with good health and other aspects of human dignity and wellbeing. Through there is lack of clear-cut on which is proper and good housing facility but enough and well-ventilated rooms, kitchen and toilets provision were used to determine the quality of the shelter in the study area. Moreover, type of structures and materials used in construction were also primarily used to determine the quality of the house in the study area.

The situation of housing in the village exhibit typical rural infrastructure about 85% of houses are constructed by poles and roofed by grass and 10% constructed by poles but roofed by iron sheets and houses constructed by mud bricks and roofed by grass is 5%(VEO’s office report) Public buildings i.e. school and dispensary are constructed by cement blocks and roofed with iron sheets and are not included in data provided.

Figure 5.4: Common house structures found in the study area

5.18 Food security; Availability, quality, storage and costs

The study was concerned with situation of food security in the study area. The idea is that food security exists when all people at all time have physical and economical access to sufficient safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and healthy life. Although there were no proper measurements of nourishment, evidences of under nourishment are open. The problem of food shortages emerges from poor harvest, low income and lack of food storage facilities and knowledge.

Regularly harvests along the coast are low due to poor technology and in other household availability of food can not suffice for the entire year. Since production of cash and food crops depend solely on climatic weather the production has reasonably declined despite the increasing demand of food in the households. The price of both cash and food crops in the study area was mounting an upward trend and by the time of survey there are no signs of extra efforts to complement the losses from any organization or government.

In the course of analysis, famine is not simply a question of food availability and production only but limited resources, (income) and little knowledge on the use and preservation means poor economic and access to food. Since agriculture is one of the main sources of income lack of harvest have meant direct declined of purchasing power. According to the discussion poverty and lack of food increases vulnerability and has negative implication especially among women. Among women the situation fosters some kind of exchange of cash and other materials with sexual relationship, which could lead to increased transmission of HIV/AIDS.

The upgrading of the road among other things will encourage food and cash crop production through accommodating the indigenous and non-indigenous with new technology which will be stimulated by new market avenues in the neighbouring regions and countries.

5.19 Livelihood Restoration and Rehabilitation Plan In the context of this RAP, TANROADS acknowledge the necessity to go beyond physical resettlement and cash compensation for losses; with a need to support PAPs to restore their livelihoods and improve their standard of living. Therefore, this section presents the strategy, plan and activities that will be implemented by the Project to restore and improve the livelihoods and overall standards of living of the Project Affected People. The livelihood restoration and improvement measures detailed in this section have been designed to meet both international best practice and the requirements of WB. The plan should include measures to ensure that the displaced persons are: i. Offered support after displacement for transitional period, based on a reasonable estimate of the time likely to be needed to restore their livelihood and standard of living, ii. Provided with development assistance in addition to compensation measures, such as land preparation, credit facilities, and training or job opportunities.

The overall aim of this RAP is to ensure that there is a measurable improvement of lives and livelihoods of all PAPs. Specific objectives of the Project’s Improved Livelihood Strategy are to: • provide sustainable livelihood packages for PAPs; • Provide mechanisms for those receiving cash compensation to optimize opportunities; and engender self-reliance and foster socio-economic empowerment.

The options presented in this strategy have been developed based on information presented in the socio-economic baseline (Chapter 5) in combination with extensive engagement with affected communities, their leaders and TANROADS. Such discussions have focused on PAPs livelihood activities and their preferences around livelihood restoration and improvement. Further engagement is required to enable PAPs to make informed decisions about the livelihood options available to them. Additionally, discussions are needed on how best to leverage their existing skills to either improve on their current livelihoods (where applicable) or engage in other livelihood opportunities. The livelihood strategy will also include capacity building and access to training opportunities in addition to cash compensation received by these households. The PAPs will also be eligible to benefit from capacity building and other livelihood related trainings. In order to ensure that the livelihood of the PAPs are restored, the following non-land based restoration activities will be undertaken: i. Training of PAPs on income generation / entrepreneurship and management skills ii. On-job training during construction of the road. This will impart skills to PAPs who will later on apply in their life after the project, e.g. masonry, carpentry, security guarding, store and records keeping, etc. iii. Provision of job opportunities to project-affected-persons within the sub-project by contractors during construction iv. Favouritism to vulnerable groups during removal of properties/relocation and rehabilitation, for example, provision of additional assistance (this may include removing allowance, transportation and labour cost) funds.

5.20 Non-Land Based Restoration and Improvement The non-land based restoration programs involves providing affected people with wage and enterprise based means through which to sustain/ improve their livelihoods, including occupational training, targeted credit, business development support etc. Some of the proposed non-land based restorations are:-

5.21 Cooperatives and Micro-Credit Schemes TANROADS in collaboration with Mtwara Municipal Council will encourage the affected people voluntarily join with available micro finance schemes such as VICOBA and SACCOS community cooperatives available in Mtwara, Tandahimba, Newala and Masasi town to social support and foster social cohesion through the re-establishment of community networks. It is proposed that cooperative membership will not be limited to PAPs so that there is increased integration with host community members and others who may be interested. Micro-credit schemes are important for livelihoods enhancement, helping to support existing businesses or provide start-up funds for new SMEs. Access to such schemes is part of the Project’s Livelihood Restoration and Rehabilitation Plan to enhance PAPs access to credit, for existing or new livelihood activities.

5.22 Technical and Vocational Skill Training The discussion with the District Officials identified a number of NGOs and Vocational Training center which TANROADS will use to link the PAPs for the purpose of providing training on specific skills which will involve longer-term training to support new skills development. Information collected as part of the socio-economic baseline surveys suggested that the following skills areas would be useful for individuals in the Project Area: i. Catering; ii. Mechanics and maintenance; iii. Welding; iv. Construction; v. Driving; vi. Hair dressing; and vii. Tailoring.

The suitability of these skills will be ascertained by the RAP Implementation Team as part of the implementation program and an appropriate program of skills training developed. It is hoped that the enhancement of such skills will generate income within the resettlement sites and contribute towards economic development and growth in the broader area.

5.23 Project Related Employment Employment opportunities during construction and the operational phase of the project will be considered as part of the Project’s Livelihood Restoration and Rehabilitation Plan. The Project is committed to hiring locals, where workers have the required skills. This means that during the

41 project construction phase, it is expected that various short-term positions will be available. These positions are short-term and do not provide a sustainable source of livelihood, but are nonetheless significant economic opportunities. Opportunities for training to enhance employment opportunities will also be explored.

5.24 Capacity Building and Training An integral component of the Livelihoods Restoration and Rehabilitation Plan is ongoing formal and informal skills training and mentoring through capacity building. In order to ensure that the PAPs have acquired the necessary skills for their livelihood restoration, TANROADS will link the PAPs with vocational training and NGOs available in Mtwara municipal. The kind of training will depend on the areas of interest and which the PAPs believe will be useful to their livelihoods. The cost for training will be met by the PAPs. The training will also need to take into consideration the needs of different groups within project affected communities that is for men, women, youth and vulnerable groups. This package will capture the skills training already mentioned under other elements, of which financial management is a key one.

5.26 Implementation The Livelihoods Restoration and Rehabilitation Plan will be implemented using a multi partnership approach involving government institutions, NGOs and private organizations/service providers who can deliver a wide range of livelihoods activities to the PAPs. All stakeholders involved in implementation, especially those delivering technical assistance, will ensure that the necessary health and quality standards of the Project are met. The key stakeholders to be involved in RAP implementation have been described in section.

5.27 Assistance to Vulnerable Persons Individual meetings with each vulnerable person will be held in order to determine their needs concerning consulted on the type of assistance they need for resettlement (e.g. specific legal assistance, special transport measures for persons with physical disabilities, assistance to identify and buy new house, assistance with enrolment of children in new schools as applicable, etc.). This assistance will be provided by RAP Implementing Team through the engagement of Social Specialists and as necessary in cooperation with the Mtwara Municipal Council officials, (Community Development Department and the affected peoples)

5.3 Age Distribution Age is the determining factor among the PAP majority of the respondents who were surveyed during the study fall in age group between 61 and 70. This is the age group among the PAP whereby they have family responsibilities of caring the children and older group in the study area.

Age Distribution

3%3 % 21 - 30 35% 24% 31 - 40

41 - 50

7% 51 - 60 28% 61 - 70

71 - 80

5.3.1Education level of the PAP The level of education of the inhabitants in the project area is moderate with a number of respondents having the minimum primary school education (See figure below). Households with higher education normally have better income than families with low education. Poverty levels are strongly correlated with the education levels achieved by the heads of household. The surveyed area has primary school and secondary school

Educational levels of the PAPs Level of Education Attained

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% Primary Secondary Diploma Not Attended

Urban Rural

5.3.2Sources of income The existing sources of income were explored from respondents. As shown in table below, 42.6 % get income through agriculture activities. Those employed are teachers; agricultural extension staff(ward level), medical employees in dispensaries within the village where services are available. Agricultural activities are seasonally carried out in most parts of the project area. Land preparation starts in December and harvest is done in June. Majority of the households are engaged in subsistence farming. Most of the farm produce is consumed at home and the surplus is sold to generate household income. People lack regular income. Some of the villagers are engaged in other off- farm businesses after harvest to generate income for their families. Very few families have livestock. Very few have formal and informal employment. Tables belowshows income status and employment among the PAPs.

Table 5.3 Sources of income Sources of income Frequency Percent Through formal employment 15 3 Self-employment 67 35 Livestock keeping 10 2 Business 29 10 Agriculture 100 50 Total 221 100

5.2.3 Employment status

Table 5.4 Employment status of the PAPs Employment status Frequency Percent Employed by the government 15 3 Farmer 100 50 Unemployed 67 35 Livestock keeping 10 2

Business 29 10 Total 221 100

5.3.3 Main source of Energy for cooking

Likewise, there are different sources of energy used for cooking whereby firewood is the prime source for the majority. There are also three types of sources, chiefly firewood, charcoal and gas and some of which are used in combination by a household depending on availability of the energy, access and affordability. Electricity is expensive and perhaps this explains why no PAH use electricity for cooking. The table below shows type of the energy source, number of users and percentage.

Main sources of energy for cooking in the Project area

Types of cooking Energy

7%0% Firewood Charcoal 40% 53% Cooking Gas Electricity

Source:Social Economic Survey, June 2020

Most of people relying upon firewood and charcoal for cooking, it implies that almost the whole population located in the project villages depend on the same and this is dangerous because it is likely to cause environmental destruction and consequently drought in future. It is also envisaged that project activities will attract more people which will in turn contribute to increase pressure on use of energy sources especially for cooking.

While precautious measures for conservation are required and emphasized, the project areas are already facing several challenges in sources of energy. These include high cost, inadequacy supply, difficulties in transportation (long distance), time spent on obtaining energy, etc. Environmental conservation program (e.g. tree planting) and introduction of not only alternative sources of energy but also affordable ones are important to rescue the alarming situation in the project area.

Main Source of energy for lighting

Lighting House

Electricity 25%

Solar 75%

Source: Social economic survey, June 2020

5.3.4 The Economic Activities of Women and Men The major economic activities of women and men along the project area farming, trading and formal employment (salaried). The main farming activities include but not limited to cassava, maize, cashew nuts, rice and other crops. Other activities includes trading especially petty trading like selling of domestic items, kiosks, food vendors and the like. Women are mainly involved in cashew nuts processing activities and selling in retail basis.

Economic Generating Income Activities of Men and Women

25 20 15 Men 10 Women 5 0 Trading Farming Salaried

Source: Social economic survey, June 2020

5.3.5Access to Employment Equal access to employment to women and men during the project implementation is the critical issue which this RAP has to look into. In consideration of what is expected in ensuring women and men are accessing the employment and income generating opportunities from the project, Gender awareness campaign program for communities in all villages along the project. Particular emphasis shall be given to equal access to information about jobs opportunities, reduced gender segregation and promotion of participatory decision employment during project implementation. Workshop will be conducted to train women on how they can participate in construction activities during construction and operation.

5.3.6The Existing Status of GBV and HIV/AIDS in the Community The HIV and AIDS continue to cause morbidity and mortality in Tanzania, whereby the HIV and AIDS prevalence among adults aged 18 – 50 years stand at 4.7% affecting more female than males with higher prevalence in urban rural areas. During the study, there were no official data given on the GBV events. However, based on the existing status, awareness campaign on how to screen for GBV, empowerment with techniques about promoting gender mainstreaming in HIV and AIDS, GBV prevention and protecting girl child from early marriage and sexual abuse and supporting girl’s education, reporting and role of health facilities and police gender desk in addressing GBV events will conducted.

5.4Gender Analysis 5.4.1Gender Relations and Structure

Gender relations and structure among the PAPs is dominated by male members of the households it is generally a patriarchal socio-economic system. The division of labour in such systems is mainly based on gender and age-sets. Among the families and households of the project affected persons, child rearing and other domestic chores such as washing clothes and cleaning houses are the major household activities undertaken by women and girls. Thus, women spend an average of 10 hours per day with very limited time for relaxation and resting on these domestic activities. And depending on the season women are expected to play a significant role in farming activities. There is a great deal of commonality between women household activity profile in the study area with other areas of Tanzania. The implication of this is a possible increased work load for women because of other activities such as construction of houses because of project impacts.

5.4.2 Women Decision-making powers in household matters

Out of all the 3131PAPs only 45 women were willing and able to freely disclose their participation in decision making within their homes, the remaining did not take part in making major decisions within their homesteads. However, some of the family decisions that women are able to fully participate include but not limited to; Child healthcare and education, day to day activities, social functions, money matters and purchase of assets.

Data presented in Table below shows that women do have substantial decision-making powers regarding issues deemed important in the households:

Table 5.5 Women decision making powers in household matters

Decision on: Total

Financial Matter 7

Education of child 20

Healthcare of Child 25

Purchase of Assets 44

Day to Day Activities 30

Social Functions 28

Others 28

Total 182

Source: Socio-Economic Household Survey, June, 2020. 5.4.3Gender Responsiveness In general women are involved in making decisions on issues that are significant to the households and families including finances, education of child and health of child, purchase of assets, day to day activities and social functions. In 84% of household’s women were reported to make decisions. However, it should be observed that this issue is subject to social desirability responses with a potential for attitude-behavior discontinuity.Women are also involved in the resettlement and compensation process and they are aware on the whole process regarding the compensation issues.

5.4.4 Gender Equality in the Transport Policy and Institutional Framework A number of policy dimensions related to gender need has been taken into account when preparing this RAP. National Gender Development Policy Framework (2000) emphasis on gender quality and equal opportunities of both men and women to participate in development undertakings and value the roles played by each member of the society. Gender awareness is critical to implement transport projects with due consideration to gender equality mainstreaming. An integrated approach is needed between transport sectors, various Government tiers and implementing units to strengthen the institutional dimensions. The adoption of a clear gender policy, operational guidelines and a gender management plan also contribute to help deliver gender equality results by setting realistic targets that link project components with objectives and through the establishment of monitoring systems to assess and monitor gender data.

CHAPTER 6

6.0 LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND GRIEVANCES REDRESS MECHANISMS

This RAP will apply the laws, legislation, regulations, and local rules governing the use of land and other assets in Tanzania. Tanzania has a set of policy, legal, and institutional frameworks for management of land and property acquisition and compensation. The basic principles recognizing ownership of land and resources is enshrined in the National Constitution, the Land Policy and Land Acts.

6.1 Legal and Administrative Procedures

6.1.1The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania The constitution provides for the rights of citizens to ownproperty and disallows the deprivation of one’s property held in accordance with the law, unless the owner is fairly and adequately compensated. Article 24 (1) says: Every person is entitled to own property and has a right to the protection of his property held in accordance to the law. Sub-article (2) further provides that; …..it shall be unlawful for any person to be deprived of property for the purposes of nationalization or any other purposes without the authority of the law which makes provision for fair and adequate compensation.

6.1.2 Roads Act, 2007 The following sections relevant to the proposed road project: Section 29: Specifies that the road reserve is exclusive for the use of the road, development and expansion or any related activities. According to the Act, the road authority may permit any person or authority to temporarily place public utilities such as lighting, telegraph, adverts, telephone, electric supplies and posts, drains, sewers, and mains only in such cases where such use do not hinder any future use of the road reserve by the road authority. Among the public utilities within the road reserve are water supply domestic points. Such utilities are likely to be affected by the project. Section 33: The road authority shall ensure to the safety of road users during the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of a public road by providing sidewalks, overhead bridges, zebra crossings and other matters related thereto. Section 30: Stipulates that road authority is responsible for the protection of environment as well as waste disposal.

Relevance to the Project The Act will necessitate the developer of the project to ensure that, during implementation as well as operation of the road, all possible measures are taken to avoid or abate damage to the environment (social and environmental). In addition, the design of the road will ensure safety measures such as provision of zebra crossing are taken into considerations. The Act also specifies the ROW for different types of roads.

6.1.3 The National Land Policy of 1995 (revised 1997) The national land policy and the and laws emanating from it, addresses issues of: land tenure, promotion of equitable distribution of land; access to land by all citizens; improvement of land delivery systems; fair and prompt compensation when land rights are taken over or interfered with by the government; promotion of sound land information management; recognition of rights in unplanned areas; establishment of cost effective mechanisms of land survey and housing for low income families; improvement of efficiency in land management and administration and land disputes resolution, and protection of land resources fromdegradation for sustainable development. Among the fundamentals of land policy which the Land laws seek to implement are thefollowing:

a) To recognize that all land in Tanzania is public land vested in the President as a trusteeon behalf of all citizens; b) To ensure that existing rights in and recognized long standing occupation or use of land are clarified and secured by the law, and, c) To pay full, fair and prompt compensation to any person whose right ofoccupancy or recognized long-standing occupation or customary use of land is revoked or otherwise interfered with to their detriment by the State under this Actor is acquired under the Land Acquisition Act, 1967

Relevance to the project: The policy addresses fair and prompt compensation and other rights upon land acquisition by the government for public use.

6.2 The Land Act No 4 (1999)

The Land Act (Section 156) requires that with regard to communal right of way in respect of way-leave compensation shall be paid to any person for use of land, who is lawful or actual occupation of that land, for any damage caused to crops or buildings and for the land and materials taken or used for the works. Requirements for the assessment of compensation are provided in the land Regulation of 2001. The valuation of affected properties must be by the qualified and authorized valuer. Section 34 of the Act also states that where a right of occupancy includes land which is occupied by persons under customary law, and those persons are to be moved or relocated they must be compensated for loss of interest in the land and for other losses.

6.2.1The Village Act No 5 (1999)

The Village Land Act of 1999 confers the management and administration of village lands to village Councils under the approval of Village Assemblies, although the Minister of Lands is entitled to decide on the amount of land which can be owned by a single person or commercial entity. Any person who wrongfully obstructs or encroaches on the public right of way and who does not within the time specified in any notice served on him to remove that obstruction or cease that encroachment commits and offence and upon conviction is liable to a fine. 6.2.2 Land Acquisition Act (1967)

Under the Land Acquisition Act 1967 the President may subject to the provision of this Act, acquire any land for any estate or term where such land is required for any public purpose. Land shall be deemed to be acquired for public purpose where it is required for example for exclusive Government use, for general public use, for any Government scheme, for the development of agricultural land or for the provision of sites for industrial, agricultural or commercial development, social services or housing or where the president is satisfied that a corporation requires nay land for the purposes of construction of any work which in his opinion would be of public utility or in the public interest or in the interest of the national economy, he may with the approval to be signified by resolution of the National Assembly and by order published in the Gazette, declare the purpose for which such land is required to be a public purpose and upon such order being made such purpose shall be deemed to be a public purpose or in connection with the laying out of any new city, municipality, township or minor settlement or the extension or improvement of any existing city municipality, township or minor settlement etc.

6.2.2 Local Government Amendments (Acts) 2006

The Act enables local authorities to enact by-laws regarding soil protection, agriculture, natural resources exploitation etc. The upgrading of this road will include among others: • Land clearing activities, earth works making soils susceptible to soil and wind erosion • Expansion or re-alignment of the road leading to loss of farm land • Loss of trees and making forests more susceptible to harvesting

6.2.3 National Land Use Planning Act (2007)

The Act established a National Land Use Commission as the principal advisory organ of the government on all matters relating to land use. Among things it recommends measures to ensure that the government policies, including those for the development and conservation f land take adequate account of their effects on land use, seek the advancement of scientific knowledge of changes in land use and encourage the development of technology to prevent or minimize adverse effects that endanger human health and welfare. The Act specifies standards and norms, criteria for the protection of beneficial uses and the maintenance of the quality of land.

6.3 The Land (Assessment of the Value of Land for Compensation) Regulations, 2001 and theVillage Land Regulations, 2001, The regulations provide for the amount of compensation toinclude the value of unexhausted improvements, disturbance allowance, transport allowance, accommodation allowance and loss of profits.

6.3.1 Disturbance allowance is calculated by multiplying the value of the land by an averagepercentage rate of interest offered by commercial banks on fixed depositsfor twelve months at the time of loss of interest in land.

6.3.2 Transport allowance is the actual cost of transporting twelve tons of luggage by road or rail whichever is cheaper within twenty kilometers from the point of displacement

6.3.3 Accommodation allowance is calculated by multiplying the monthly market rent for theacquired property by thirty-six months.

6.3.4 Loss of profit in the case of business carried out on the acquired property will be assessed by calculating the net monthly profit evidenced by audited accounts wherenecessary andapplicable, and multiplied by thirty six months.Transport allowance, accommodation allowance and loss of profit do not apply where the landacquiredis unoccupied at the date of loss of interest.Compensation is to be paid promptly but if it is not paid within six months it will attract aninterest equal to the average percentage rate of interest offered by commercial banks on fixeddeposits.

In the case of agricultural land, compensation is intended to provide a farmer whose land isacquired and used for project purposes to cover the productive values of the land, labor, and croploss. For this reason, and for transparency, "land" is defined as an area: (i) in cultivation; (ii) being prepared for cultivation; or (iii) cultivated during the last agricultural season. Thisdefinition recognizes that the biggest investment a farmer makes in producing a crop is his/herlabor. A farmer works on his/her land most of the months of the year.The major input for producing a crop is not seed or fertilizer, but the significant labor put into theland each year by the farmer. As a result, compensation relating to land will cover the marketprice of labor invested times the amount of time spent preparing a plot equivalent to that taken.The market price of the crop lost is considered separately.

The other compensation rates cover the labor cost for preparing replacement land basedon acalculated value that would cost a farmer to clear and create replacementland. This value isfound by adding together the average costs of clearing, plowing,sowing, weeding twice, andharvesting the crop. Labor costs will be paid in Tanzania shillings, at the prevailing market rates.All agricultural labor activities are included for two reasons. First, all land labor will becompensated at the same rate. Second, it is difficult to forecast the growing season that woulddefine acquisition of the land. The eventual consideration is when land compensation covers allinvestments that a farmer will make. In certain cases, assistance may beprovided to land users inaddition to compensation payments, for example, if the farmer is notified that his/her land isneeded after the agriculturally critical date. Often, the timing coincides with the time when thefarmer no longer has enough time to prepare another land without additional labor. Assistancewill be provided in the form of labor-intensive village hire, or perhaps mechanized clearing, sothat replacement land will be ready by the sowing dates. The farmer will still continue to receivehis/her cash compensation so that the compensation can cover the costs for sowing, weeding andharvesting.Compensation for structures will be paid by replacing at cost, for example, huts, houses, and farmoutbuildings, latrines and fences. Any homes lost will be rebuilt on acquired replacement land,however cash compensation would be available as a preferred option for structures (i.e. extrabuildings) lost that are not themain houseor house in which someone is living. The goingmarket prices for construction materials will be determined. Alternatively, compensation will bepaid in-kind for the replacement cost without depreciation ofthestructure. Compensation will be made for structures that are: (i) abandoned because of relocation orresettlement of an individual or household; and (ii) directly damaged by construction activities.

Replacement values will be based on: a) Drawings of individual's household and all its related structures and support services; b) Average replacement costs of different types of household buildings and structures based on collection of information on the numbers and types of materials used to constructdifferent types of structures (e.g. bricks, rafters, bundles of straw, doors etc.)

Forvulnerable groups identified in iii). Prices of these items collected in different local markets; c) Costs for transportation and delivery of these items to acquired/replacement land orbuilding site; and d) Estimates of construction of new buildings including labor required.

6.3.5 The Town and Country Planning Ordinance, Cap 378 of 1956 (revised in 1961) Under the provisions of the Town and Country Planning Ordinance also the President is empowered to acquire any land for project of public interest. The 1956 ordinance after its revision in 1961, states: Section (1): Where it appears to the President that it is necessary to acquire any land within a planning area for the scheme applicable thereto and agreement for the acquisition thereof between the Local Authority and the owner ofsuch land cannot be reached, the President may acquire such land under any law relating to the compulsory acquisition of land. Section 45(2): Without prejudice to the generality of the provision of subsection (1) of section 45, the power of the President hereunder shall extend to the acquisition ofland which has not been developed in accordance with the scheme applicable thereto which, in his opinion, it is necessary to acquire in order tosecure its good development or the proper, orderly and continuous development of a planning area or any part ofit or the good development of neighbouring land. Section 45 (3) Without prejudice to the provisions of any law relating to the compulsory acquisition of land, thepurposes for which land may be acquired under the provisions of this ordinance shallbedeemed to be the public purposes. Under section 50 (ii) the value ofland within a Planning Area shall, for the purposes of determining the amount of compensation payable, be deemed to be the value of such land on the material date together with the value of any development carried out thereafter with planning consent.

Section 52, on compensation for injury caused by scheme, allows that any person whose landis affected by any scheme and suffers loss thereof, or whose mining rights or forestry rights are rendered abortive by operation of a scheme shall upon proper claim be entitled to recover as compensation from the local government authority the amount by which his land is decreased in value in so far as it was reasonably incurred, the amount of abortive expenditure or the loss or injury suffered. Under Section 56 (1), a claim for compensation shall be made by serving upon the local government authority a notice stating the grounds of claim and amount thereof, within six months from date of emergence of such schemeprovision or as it may be specified in the scheme.

Relevance to the Project Since the corridor of ROW will be extended from existing 45 m to 60 m, a corridor of 7.5 m on both sides of the road will have to be acquired in accordance with the law. In addition, land will have to be acquired for the proposed non-existence by pass section.

6.4 Highways Ordinance, Cap 167 Although not of direct impact, the Ordinance defines a “highway” or “public highway” which in the words of the said ordinance means any roads specified in the first schedule and any road, which may be so declared by the Government under Sec. 10 of the same ordinance. On the other hand, trunk roads are defined as those roads interconnecting regions and, in some cases, countries. They are usually designed for heavy and high trafficfrequency. The roads are characterized by 6.5m carriageways width, 1.5 m shoulders. The ordinance specifies

53 the ROW (road reserve) of trunk road to be 45 m (22.5 m on both sides of the road from the centre-line).

6.5 The Grave Removal Act, 1969 The Act gives the right to the Minister responsible for lands to cause a grave and any other dead body buried on a land which is required for public purpose to be relocated. The Act requires the Minister to serve the persons interested with a notice of his intention to do so. The Act requires that removal, transportation and re-instatement of a grave or dead body, be carried out with due regard to the views of the persons interested and the religious susceptibilities of the members of the religious community to which the person belonged whose grave or dead body it is. In certain circumstance, removal of grave can be undertaken by a person interested. In such a case, the interested person shall be compensated, for expenses incurred in the removal, transportation, reinstatement and re-interment of the grave or dead body and any placatory or expiatory rites or other ceremony accompanying such removal and re-interment.

Relevance to the project The project road traverses in areas where some grave are located in the ROW. According to the Act, the contractor will be obliged to communicate with relevant authorities for relocation of graves.

6.7 National Human Settlements Development Policy, 2000 The overall goal of the policy is to promote development of sustainable human settlement and to facilitate provision of adequate and affordable shelter to all people, including the poor. The policy outlines a number of objectives including the environmental protection within human settlement and protect natural ecosystem against pollution, degradation and destruction with the aim of attaining sustainable development.

The major issues in the policy include: • Poor management of solid and liquid waste, leading into environmental deterioration; • Emission of noxious gases from vehicles and industrial activities as a major cause of air pollution in urban areas; • Encroachment into fragile and hazardous lands (river valleys, steep slopes and marshlands leading into land degradation, pollution of water sources, etc; • Increasing dependence on fuel wood and charcoal as a main source of energy in human settlements leading into depletion of forests, hence environmental deterioration and air pollution; and • Unauthorized sand mining in river valleys leading into environmental hazards.

Relevance to the project The policy is relevant to the project since during construction of the road solid wastes as well as liquid wastes are likely to be generated. During construction, residents living in the

54 neighborhood of the project are likely to be affected due to deterioration of ambient air quality by smokes and dust due to increased movement of construction machinery and equipment; and vehicles. Improved accessibility to forests is likely to increase due to improved road and hence increased harvesting of trees for firewood, charcoal and timber production.

6.8Regulations

6.8.1 The Roads Management Regulations, 2009 TheRegulations covers the following major areas: management of roads; road widths and reserve; roadsclassification; formation, construction, maintenance and repairs of tracks, tracks and byways and finally offences and penalties.

Relevance to the project The regulations provide details the regulations governing the Roads Act 2007.

6.8.2 The Highway Code of Tanzania, 2008 The High Way Code is a set or mixture of rules and advices on how to use roads based on current traffic law and good driving practices. The code contains advice to pedestrians, cyclists, drivers of motor vehicles, passengers, breakdowns and vulnerable road users.

Relevance to the project Compensation of affected properties will be in monetary terms.

6.8.3 The Land Assessment of Value for Compensation Regulation, 2001 The Regulation is made under the Land Act No 4 of 1999.The regulation applies to any application or claims for compensation by any person occupying land and shall include: • The value of un-exhausted improvements on the occupied land; • Grazing land The Regulation states: “basis for assessment of the value of any land and un-exhausted improvement shall be the market value of such land”. The market value is arrived at by the use of comparative method proved by actual recent, sales of similar properties or by use of income approach or replacement cost method, in case the property is of special nature and not saleable. According to the Regulation an assessment of the value of land and un-exhausted improvements is done by Qualified Valuer and verified by the Chief Valuer of the Government or his / her representative. The compensation issues include:

• Value of un-exhausted improvement; • Disturbance allowance; transport allowance; accommodation allowance and • Loss of profits. These are explained in more detail below: 6.8.4 Accommodation allowance is estimated by assessing the market rent of the building and multiplying it by thirty-six months.

6.8.5 Loss of profit is estimated by assessing the net monthly profit of the business carried out on the land (evidenced by audited account where necessary and applicable) and multiplying by thirty-six months.

6.8.6 Disturbance allowance is calculated by multiplying value of the land by average percentage rate of interest offered by commercial banks on fixed deposits for twelve months at the time of loss of interest in land.

6.8.7 Transport allowance is determined by taking actual costs of transporting twelve tons of luggage by rail or road (which ever cheaper) within twenty kilometres from the point of displacement. No payment shall be made for transport allowance, accommodation allowance, and loss of profit for unoccupied land at the date of loss of interest on land.

6.8.7 Interest is determined by average percentage rate of interest offered by commercial banks on fixed deposits and will be recoverable until such compensation is paid (Sub-section 3 of Section 13). The following procedures outlined in Section 6 of the regulation shall apply: • Publication of notice by Commissioner for lands on public notice board; • Notification of the occupier of the land; • Submission of claims for compensation by occupier; • Physical appearance of occupier on specified date, time and place where assessment is to be made • Valuation for compensation by Commissioner or the authorized officer • Preparation of compensation schedule and submission of the schedule with claim for compensation to the Compensation Fund. • Verification and acceptance of rejection of payment by the Fund within not more than 30 days from the date of receipt of claim. If the person does not agree with the amount or method of payment or dissatisfied with time taken to pay compensation he /she may apply to the High Court. The high court shall determine the amount and method of payment and make any additional costs and inconveniences incurred.

Relevance to the project RAP will be required to comply with the legislation by ensuring: • Prompt compensation to be paid for acquired land or damaged properties; • Project to involve Registered Valuer and follow all procedures as outlined in The Land (Compensation Claims) Regulations (2001) and The Land (Assessment of Value for Compensation) Regulations (2001) and the new Valuation and Valuers Registration Act of 2016.

6.9 Operational safeguards of AfDB

In addition to the national regulation framework, the project is subjected to the involuntary resettlement requirements of African Development Bank (AfDB). First institution of financing of the development in Africa, the African Bank of Development gathers 78 Member States, including 53 African countries. The major challenge of the AfDB is the reduction of poverty in Africa.

The Bank has developed an Integrated Safeguards System (ISS) to update its safeguards policies and consolidate them into a set of Operational Safeguards (OSs).

The ISS of the AfDB is conceived to promote the durability of the results of the projects by environmental protection and the people against the possible negative impacts of the projects. The safeguards of the ADB aim at: Avoiding, as far as possible, negative impacts of the projects on the environment and the people concerned, while optimizing the potential benefit of the development; minimizing, attenuating and/or compensating for the negative impacts of the projects on the environment and the touched people, failing to avoid them; and helping the borrowers/customers to reinforce their systems of safeguard and to develop their capacity to manage the environmental and social risks. The Bank requires that the borrowers/customers conform to these safeguards during the preparation and of the execution of the projects. The declaration of policy of safeguards integrated establishes the essential principles which found the approach of the Bank as regards safeguard. Consequently, the Bank adopted five Operational Safeguards, thus limiting their number at least necessary to achieve its goals and to ensure the optimal operation of ISS:

Table 6.1: List of Operational Safeguard and their Objectives SN Operational Safeguard Objectives SO 2 Involuntary Resettlement, Land This safeguard consolidates the political Acquisition, Population commitments and requirements established Displacement and Compensation by the Bank on involuntary resettlement and incorporates a number of details to improve the operational efficiency of these requirements SO 5 Working Conditions, Health and It establishes the bank's requirements to Safety their borrowers or customers with respect to the conditions of workers’ rights and protection against abuse and exploitation. It also ensures wide harmonization with most other multilateral development banks

The Operational Safeguard 1 is a mandatory requirement for projects funded by the AfDB to its borrowers. The remaining safeguards support the implementation of the first and indicate specific requirements related to different environmental and social issues, including gender and vulnerability, which are triggered if the evaluation process shows that the project will have certain risks

6.10Involuntary Resettlement, and Land Acquisition The Involuntary Resettlement policy is intended to assist displaced people arising from development projects in this case the planned of the new road project and associated infrastructure improve or at least restore the social and economic base. The planned activities require land or could affect livelihoods and some community infrastructure or cultural features such as cemeteries, shrines or other sacred sites

6.11 Comparing and Contrasting African Development Bank Policy and Tanzania Law The African Development Bank (2003) Policy on Involuntary Resettlement outlines many of the same principles contained in Tanzania legislation and regulations. The basic similarity being:The fundamental requirement of full, fair, and prompt compensation including various costs in computing compensation, paid through allowances for the indirect costs associated with replacing assets (disturbance, transport, etc.). A detailed comparison of the two is provided in the matrix below.

Table 6.2: Comparison of Tanzania and AfDB Policies on Resettlement and Compensation

Comparison and contrastTanzania and AfDB Policies on Resettlement and Compensation

Issue AfDB Policies Tanzania Law/Policies Differences/Gaps

Involuntary 1) Involuntary resettlement should be considered as The Constitution of the United 1) Tanzania policies and law falls short Resettlement development programs for PAPs; Republic of Tanzania and the in terms of broader entitlements on Policy Land Act and Village Land Act restoration of livelihoods although some 2) All projects involving involuntary resettlement (1999) provide the legal allowances are for restoration of should provide sufficient resources and opportunity framework for the acquisition of livelihoods; for resettles; land property for government use. 2) Tanzania's laws and policies lack 3) Bank operations clearly stipulate and provide explicit objectives to minimize guidance on conditions to be met by Bank and disruption of PAP's lives and livelihoods. borrowers on involuntary resettlement and how negative impacts of displacement and resettlement are to be mitigated and establish sustainable economy and society.

Comparison and contrastTanzania and AfDB Policies on Resettlement and Compensation

Issue AfDB Policies Tanzania Law/Policies Differences/Gaps

Scope of 1) Involuntary resettlement refers to both physical In Tanzania compensation Tanzania law and policies are limited on Involuntary (loss or relocation of land, shelter, other fixed assessment is carried out under the who is to be compensated. The scope of Resettlement assets) and economic displacement (loss of access provisions of the laws of Tanzania Tanzania law is limited mainly to those to assets that leads to loss of income sources or PAPs who will be physically affected means of livelihood) permanently or temporarily; (e.g. it does not include those who are not physically affected) 2) Affected people include those who may not be physically displaced but who nonetheless are negatively affected by project impact and the result is loss of means of livelihood. Compensation 1) Compensation is only one part of a broader In Tanzania compensation 1) In Tanzania compensation also and assistance measures designed to rehabilitate assessment is carried out under the includes other allowances; Entitlements PAPs; provisions of the laws of Tanzania 2) Compensation is based on the current market value; 2) Compensation is based on the principle of replacement cost; 3) Compensation is mainly through cash and in kind compensation is not being 3) PAPs are compensated through cash or practiced; replacement asset; 4) Compensation will also include community owned assets; 4) Replacement land should be better or at least equal to the land from which PAPs are being 5) In law compensation and other displaced; assistance should be provided prior to displacement but in practice this is not 5) Compensation and rehabilitation measures often the case; should account for common property resources,

Comparison and contrastTanzania and AfDB Policies on Resettlement and Compensation

Issue AfDB Policies Tanzania Law/Policies Differences/Gaps

cultural property, public facilities and 6) Law on relocation of burial sites infrastructure; exists;

6) Compensation and other assistance must be 7) Policies and law do not provide provided prior to displacement; additional support to vulnerable groups;

7) Displaced people are entitled to assistance prior 9) Compensation and other forms of to, during and after relocation or transition until assistance is based on law and not they have achieved the standards of living set determined through consultations with out in RAP; PAPs.

8) Social and cultural institutions of PAPs and where relevant of host institutions should be protected and supported (e.g. places of rituals, vulnerable groups);

9) Compensation and rehabilitation measures should be determined in consultation with PAPs (e.g.on site selection).

Comparison and contrastTanzania and AfDB Policies on Resettlement and Compensation

Issue AfDB Policies Tanzania Law/Policies Differences/Gaps

Land Title and 1) Absence of a formal land title should not bar In Tanzania compensation 1) Tanzania law also recognizes Corresponding PAPs to entitlement; assessment is carried out under the customary and local land ownership entitlements provisions of the laws of contracts/agreements; 2) Unit of compensation (family or household) Tanzania. should anticipate the land and housing needs of 2) Tanzania law and policies do not grown up sons and daughters to establish their have provision in the compensation own households. and other forms of rehabilitation to include housing and land needs of grown up sons and daughters.

Eligibility 1) PAPs are to be identified as early as possible; In Tanzania compensation 1) PAPs are also identified however, it assessment is carried out under the is the identification of vulnerable 2) Absence to formal title is not a bar to policy provisions of the laws of Tanzania groups that is not provided for in the entitlement; law and policies;

3) Host communities are also eligible for 2) No policies on host communities and compensation, rehabilitation and protection appropriate compensation and measures. assistance measures.

Participation 1) PAPs are to be fully informed and consulted 1) Law and policies in Tanzania do not and during planning, implementation and provide for any meaningful or active Consultations monitoring of resettlement activities; participation by PAPs. PAPs are not

Comparison and contrastTanzania and AfDB Policies on Resettlement and Compensation

Issue AfDB Policies Tanzania Law/Policies Differences/Gaps

2) Special measures are to be in place to ensure adequately informed of their rights effective participation by vulnerable groups. and options;

2) Policies and law do not ensure active participation of vulnerable groups. Information 1) All relevant information must be disclosed to Policies and law do not provide any disclosure PAPs in timely manner throughout the project guidance on how relevant information is cycle. to be effectively disseminated to PAPs.

2) Information should be disclosed in a form that is understandable and accessible to PAPs.

Vulnerable Measures be in place to mitigate socio-economic Policies do not provide separate or and risks to vulnerable groups (including PAPs below additional entitlements or disadvantaged poverty line; landless; elderly; women and allowances/assistance for vulnerable groups children; those without legal titles to assets; female- groups. headed households etc.)

Comparison and contrastTanzania and AfDB Policies on Resettlement and Compensation

Issue AfDB Policies Tanzania Law/Policies Differences/Gaps

Gender 1) Land ownership should be in the name of both Tanzania law and policies do not provide spouses (in the absence of legal titles); for conditions such as opening joint account and land ownership by both 2) Any compensation payment should be paid to a husband and wife. Instead the head of joint account in the name of both husbands and household who is often a man (unless it wives. is a female-headed household) owns the land and opens an account for compensation payment.

Land Owner Recommendsland-for-land compensation.Other Cash compensation is based upon compensation is at replacement cost. market value of the real property, disturbance allowance, transport allowance, loss of profits or accommodation, cost of acquiring or getting the subject land, any other immediate costs or capital expenditure incurred to the development of the subject land and compensation should be paid promptly, and if not paid in time, interest at market rate will be charged.

Comparison and contrastTanzania and AfDB Policies on Resettlement and Compensation

Issue AfDB Policies Tanzania Law/Policies Differences/Gaps

Tenant/land 1) Entitled to some form of compensation 1) Entitled to compensation user whatever the legal recognition of their based on the amount of rights occupancy; they hold upon the land.

2) Not entitled to compensation 2) Entitled to compensation for crops and labour; for land; entitled to may be entitled to replacement land and as a compensation for crops. minimum standard; incomes must be reported. 3) Sometimes this category of PAP is also provided with other land of equal size and quality. Owners of Entitled to in-kind compensation or cash Valuation and disturbance “non- compensation at full replacement cost including allowance. Cost of putting up an permanent” labour and relocation expenses, prior to equivalent structure as the one buildings displacement. existing at the time of valuation, based on price of the open market.

Owners of Entitled to in-kind compensation or cash Valuation and disturbance “permanent compensation at full replacement cost including allowance. Cost of putting up an buildings” labour and relocation expenses, prior to equivalent structure as the one displacement. existing at the time of valuation, based on the price on the open market.

6.12 Grievances Redress Mechanisms

6.12.1 Remedies in the judicial process

Land Acquisition Act details procedures for dispute resolution with respect to compensation in Tanzania. Local authorities could handle the disputes and grievances in the first place. In summary those seeking redress will have to notify local government and ward offices. If this fails, disputes can be referred to district level. Resolution of disputes should be speedy, just and fair and local NGOs that are conversant with these issues could be engaged by the project.

Land related grievances shall be resolved using the land courts established under the Land Disputes Courts Act. No. 2 of 2002 with its regulations. The courts are: The Village Land Council; The Ward Tribunal; The District Land and Housing Tribunal; The High Court (Land Division) and The Court of Appeal of Tanzania. However, where village(s) do not yet have Village Land Council(s), prior to the commencement of a sub-project, the District Council shall be required to make sure that the village(s) establish Village Land Council(s) in accordance with the Village Land Act. No. 5 of 1999 with its Regulations. The grievances shall accordingly be resolved using the courts as specified in the Act.

(ii) Resolution of Heirs Related Grievances Heirs related grievances shall be resolved using the Administration of Estates Ordinance Cap. 375 and GN 463 of 1993.

6.12.2 Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms

Potential Grievances/disputes

This RAP proposes an alternative mechanism to ensure that entitlements are effectively transferred to the PAPs and there is proper disclosure of information and consultations with the affected community. Potential grievances and disputes that arise during the course of implementation of the resettlement and compensation programme are often related to the following issues:

i) Inventory mistakes made during census survey as well as inadequate valuation of properties; ii) Mistakes related to identification and disagreements on boundaries between affected individual(s) and specifying their land parcels and associated development; iii) Disagreements on plot /asset valuation (e.g. inadequate compensation); iv) Seizure of assets without compensation; v) Divorces, successor and the family issues resulting into ownership dispute or dispute share between in heirs or family; vi) Disputed ownership of given Assets (two or more affected individual(s) claim on the same); vii) Problems related to the time and manner of compensation payment. viii) Mistakes related to the identification of affected property and people within the ROW; ix) Disagreements related to the ownership of property (including inheritance and divorce related disputes);

x) Disagreement of land and asset valuation; xi) Disagreement of other compensation allowances;

6.12.3 Proposed Grievance Management and Redress Mechanism

According to the AfDB Policy the dispute settlement procedures should be sufficiently agile to resolve arguments over compensation quickly and the formulation of Grievance Redress Mechanism will consider gender balance. As a result, appropriate and accessible grievance mechanisms, through informally constituted local committees with representatives from key stakeholder groups should be established to resolve any dispute arriving during the compensation procedures.

Therefore, the proposed mechanisms (see table 6.2 below) are to be “affordable and accessible,” and third parties’ independent of the implementers should be available at the appropriate point in the process. The grievance procedure will be simple, administered in the first instance at the local level to facilitate access, flexibility and open to various proofs taking into account the need for speedy, just and fair resolution of their grievances. The process suggested for resolving individual grievances is presented in the following table.

Table 6.3: Process of Addressing Grievances

SN Reporting Officer Officer Time Frame to Redress Grievance Redressed Grievance not redressed /Committee /Committee members

1 PAP shall submit 1. Ward Upon receipt of grievance, If the grievance is resolved and the If the grievance is not grievance in writing Council/Village the Ward Council/Village PAP is satisfied with Ward resolved, go to Step 2. to the Ward Government; Government with the help of Council/Village Government’s Council/Village TANROADS shall try to decision, a report of the same shall Government and 2. Representative resolve the grievance be prepared by ward executive receives an of RAP amicably with the active officer. A copy of report shall be acknowledgement Implementing participation of aggrieved handed over to PAP for record and from Ward Agency. party within 5 working days a copy to be submitted to Council/Village from the date of file of TANROADS for record, case Government as proof. grievance. closed. If the PAP is unable to write, the Ward Council/Village Government shall record the same on behalf of PAP.

SN Reporting Officer Officer Time Frame to Redress Grievance Redressed Grievance not redressed /Committee /Committee members

2 If PAP is not satisfied The members of Upon receipt of grievance, If the grievance is resolved and the If the grievance is not with Step 1 decision, this committee shall the Village Government and PAP is satisfied with Village resolved, go to Step 3. the case shall be be: Ward Council if desired may Government or and Ward Council forwarded to Ward direct Ward Executive decision, a report of the same shall Council with a i) Members of Officer to collect further be prepared by Ward Executive preliminary report Village and information related to Officer. A copy of report shall be prepared by ward Ward Council; grievance and submit the handover to PAP for record and a executive officer. The same to committee for its use copy to be submitted to report should have the ii) Representative while hearing the grievance. TANROADS for record, case details of grievance, of NGO; The hearing shall be closed. preliminary completed within 10 working assessment of ward iii) PAP days from the date of case executive officer & Representative; referred. The date, time and local government, venue of hearing shall be hearing date and iv) Representative communicated to PAP at decision of local of least 5 days in advance by government. TANROADS Ward Executive Officer.

3 If PAP is not satisfied i) District Upon receipt of grievance, If the grievance is resolved and the If the grievance is not with Step 2 decision, Commissioner – the GRC if desired may direct PAP is satisfied with GRC resolved, go to Step 4. the case shall be Chairman Ward Executive Officer to decision, a report of the same shall forwarded to Social collectfurther information be prepared by District Services Committee ii) Member, Land related to grievance and Administrative Secretary. (SSC) at the District office submit the same to committee level. This committee for its use while hearing the A copy of report shall be handover shall function as iii) Member grievance. The hearing shall to PAP for record and a copy to be Grievance Redress ,Valuer be completed within 20

SN Reporting Officer Officer Time Frame to Redress Grievance Redressed Grievance not redressed /Committee /Committee members Committee (GRC) at iv) Member, PAP working days from the date of submitted to TANROADS for the district level for representative/ case referred. The date, time record, case closed. TANROADS project. local NGO; and venue of hearing shall be The grievance shall communicated to PAP at be forwarded with all v) Member, least 7 days in advance by the paper details of /Representative District Administrative case till date to SSC. of Secretary. TANROADS

It is assumed that all i) Regional If the case is referred to If the grievance is resolved and the If the grievance is not 4 the cases shall be Secretariat; Regional Secretariat (RS), PAP is satisfied with RS’s resolved, the PAP may solved at GRC level. the details of case file shall be decision, a report of the same shall take the case to It may be possible ii) District submitted to RS office and be prepared by Regional appropriate court. that there are cases Commissioner; the case shall be heard within Administrative Secretary. A copy which might still 45 days from the date of case of report shall be handover to PAP remain unresolved at iii) Member, referred. The PAP shall be for record and a copy to be GRC level. For such Project Director intimated 10 days in advance submitted to TANROADS for cases, the PAP shall /Representative about the date, time and record, case closed. have option to refer of venue of the hearing. his /her case to TANROADS Regional Secretariat for final amicable solution or to refer the case to Judiciary.

5 PAP takes the case to - - - - appropriate court.

CHAPTER 7

7.0 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

A number of institutions will be involved during RAP implementation processes at different levels and periods. However, the overall coordination of RAP activities will be under the TANROADS. Other institutions and organizations with legal obligations will carry out functions related to resettlement and or compensation and these institutions include various local authorities.

7.1 Responsible Institutions in RAP implementation

Institutional responsibilities for RAP implementation are as follows:

• TANROADS will be responsible for implementing RAP; • TANROADS will support sensitization of stakeholders on RAP, preparation and monitoring of RAP; • Local Government Authorities will sensitize communities on RAP, provide technical support in preparation of RAP monitor its implementation; • Communities, Villages, Wards affected groups as the final owner of land, landed properties and assets to be acquired or affected will be the participants in the process; • Independent NGOs and other stakeholders will be engaged to witness the fairness and appropriateness of the whole process. The NGOs will be involved in the monitoring of the resettlement process, establishing direct communication with the affected population, community leaders, TANROADS and therefore facilitate the completion of RAP.

• Monitoring will include assessment of: o Resettlement conditions where relevant; o Consultation on compensation options, process and procedures; o Adequacy of compensation; and o Adequacy of specific measures targeting vulnerable people.

7.2 Establishment of Committees

The following committees shall be established at district levels with representation from the PAPs:

• Resettlement Committee:

o Chair - Regional Commissioner o Member - TANROADS o Member - Ministry of Lands o Member - District Commissioner o Member - Consultant

o Member - Representative of a Local NGO o Member - Representative of PAPs

• Compensation Committee; and o Chair - District Commissioner o Member-TANROADS o Member - Ministry of Lands o Member - Consultant o Member - Representative of PAPs o Member –Valuer

• Grievances Redress Committees (GRCs): At District level: 1. District Commissioner (Chair) 2. TANROADS Regional Manager (Secretary/Coordinator) 3. Land Officer 4. Valuer 5. Representative of PAPs 6. Community Development Officer 7. Lawyer 8. Member - Representative of a Local NGO 9. Ward Executive Officer

At Ward level: 1. Ward Executive Officer (Chair) 2. Representative of PAPs 3. Representative of Village/Street (neutral) 4. Village/Street Executive Officer 5. Village/Street Chairperson(s)

CHAPTER 8

8.0 ELIGIBILITY

8.1 Definition of Displaced Persons The principles adopted from the United Republic of Tanzania Laws and African Development Bank Policies establishes the eligibility and provisions for all types of losses (land, structures, businesses, employment, wages, crops, trees). All affected persons will be compensated at full replacement costs and other allowances. According to the census survey of assets all of the PAPs are property owners of land, residential structures (with business outlets); crops; trees and plantations. The Entitlement Matrix is given in Table 8.1.

8.2 Identification of PAPs and Eligibility Determination

The following are different categories of packages for the resettlement measures to affected properties;

The following table below shows the different entitlements of PAPs:

Table 8.1: Entitlement Matrix by Type of PAP and Type of Loss

Type of Type of Entitlement PAPs Loss Compensati Compensati Compensati Moving Other on for Loss on for Loss on for Loss allowan assistance of Structure of Assets of Income ce Property Loss of Land - Replace land Crops at None Land Owner /pay market cost replacement in scarce and new site season Loss of Compensatio Compensatio For lost Actual Disturbance, structure, n at full n at market rental income cost of Accommodati residential, or replacement price lump some transport on, and business; Permanent cash payment for 12 Transport standing crops or trees of 6 months' tons of Allowances for crops & trees at market rent per goods by loss of price tenant road 20 residential, Loss of Km loss of profit business allowance for income business payment of half turnover for 6 months Residenti Loss of rental - Replacement v 12 tons 6 moths rent al Tenant accommodati cost of non- of goods equivalent on movables by road installation for 20 Km

was agreed with owner Business Loss of rental - Replacement Loss of 12 tons - Tenant business cost for business of goods premises facilities that income by road cannot be payment of for 20 moved half of Km turnover for 6 months Squatters Loss of Compensatio - Payment in - Disturbance (living on shelter n at full lieu of wages Allowance site) replacement while re- value for building structure

8.3Eligibility Criteria for Compensation and other Resettlement Assistance

According to the AfDB Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (2003) eligible individual(s) are those whose land or other assets have been acquired involuntarily which results in:

a) Relocation or loss of shelter by the persons residing in the project area; b) Loss of assets or involuntary restriction of access to assets including national parks, protected areas or natural resources; or c) Loss of income sources or means of livelihood as a result of the project, whether or not the affected persons are required to move.

Therefore displaced persons in the following two groups are entitled to compensation for loss of land or other assets taken for the project purposes:

a) Those who have formal legal rights to land or other assets recognized under the laws of the country. This category will generally include people who are physically residing at the project site and those who will be displaced or may lose access or suffer a loss in their livelihood as a result of the project activities; and

b) Those who may not have formal legal rights to land or other assets at the time of the census but can prove that they have a claim such as land or assets that would be recognized under the customary laws of the country. This category may also include those people who may not be physically residing at the project site or persons who may not have any assets or direct sources of livelihood derived from the project site, but who have spiritual and/or ancestral ties with the land (e.g. graveyards, sacred forests, places of worships). This category may also include sharecroppers or tenant farmers, seasonal migrants or nomadic families losing user rights, depending on the country’s customary land use rights. Additionally, where resettlers lose access to resources such as forests, waterways, or grazing lands, they would be provided with replacements in kind.

c) A third group of displaced persons are those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying in the project area and who do not fall in any of the two categories described above. This category of displaced persons, will be entitled to resettlement assistance in lieu of compensation for land to improve their former

living standards (compensation for loss of livelihood activities, common property resources, structures and crops, etc.), provided they occupied the project area prior to a cut-off date established by the borrower and acceptable to the Bank. At the minimum, under the Bank’s policy (with no contradiction to the borrower’s legislation), land, housing, and infrastructure should be provided to the adversely affected population, including indigenous groups, ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities, and pastoralists who may have usufruct rights to the land or other resources taken for the project. The cut-off date must clearly be communicated to the project affected population. Persons who encroach on the project area after the cut-off date are not entitled to any form of resettlement assistance.

8.4 Other Entitlements

Non-Resident Owners of Property The non-resident owners of property who do not live in ROW and may not have been covered during the valuation exercise will have to claim compensation. These claims will have to be verified by responsible authorities before disbursement of entitlements.

Family Unit Defined as household members living under one roof. For married couples’ payment should be made into joint accounts of both husband and wife (or wives). Household members above 18 years of age will be considered for other assistances. Agricultural crops Affected families should be given time to harvest their crops. No standing crops should be abandoned or destroyed. Damaged crops should be compensated.

Privately Owned Infrastructure These should be valued and compensated accordingly.

Annual Crops Annual crops will not be compensated but farmers will be allowed time to harvest them.

Vegetable Gardens Vegetable gardens are treated as annual crops and owners will be allowed to harvest these.

Damage to Properties During Construction Upon verification, any damaged property during construction activities should be compensated accordingly

Fruit Trees and Other Trees Fruit and other trees should be compensated as per law

Graves Affected graves should be handled within the Graves Removal Act of 1969.

8.5 Organizational Procedures for the Delivery of Entitlements and cut-off dates

Cut-off Dates

A cut-off date is established as part of determining PAPs eligibility. Assets like land, structures and others built after the cut off dates, will not be eligible for compensation. The cut of date is June 2020 when valuation exercise for the assets was completed.

The delivery of entitlement will involve a number of agencies that have been listed above. The key issues in entitlement delivery include:

Public Participation- PAPs are to be involved in this process from the beginning of the project; Notification of Land Resource Holders- these are notified formally and informally; Documentation of Holdings and Assets: Meetings with PAPs are arranged to discuss compensation and PAPs will fill forms in the presence of local leaders; Agreement on compensation and preparation for contract. Compensation is explained to individual PAPs, contract is prepared and read in the presence of local leaders before signing (approved contract form will be used); and Compensation Payment: Handing over property and compensation shall be done in the presence of local leaders.

The institutions responsible for various activities for preparation and implementation of RAP are listed in Table 8.2.

Table 8.2: Delivery of Entitlements and Institutional Responsibilities

Item RAP Item /Activity Institutions Responsible No. 1 Public Consultations TANROADS 2 Identification of Affected People and Properties TANROADS, Local Authorities 3 Baseline Socio-economic Survey TANROADS, Local Authorities 4 Inventory of Assets TANROADS, Local Authorities 5 Valuation of Assets TANROADS, Local Authorities 6 Determination of Eligibility and Levels of Awards TANROADS, Local Authorities 7 Demolition Contractor Cash Payments for Compensation or Resettlement TANROADS, District 8 Assistance Administration, Consultant 9 Monitoring TANROADS, NGO 10 Evaluation External Agency

CHAPTER 9

9.0 VALUATION OF AND COMPENSATION FOR LOSSES

9.1 Introduction

The process of upgrading the project road will focus only on existing road reserve. This process will require some of the properties along the road to be acquired to give way for construction and later for a road reserve. The project implementation will also require acquisition of properties and affected people are to be rehabilitated.

9.2 Purpose of Valuation A team of Valuers, Land surveyor and Sociologists who have worked collectively and in consultation with PAPs and theirward and village leaders to carry out valuation of affected properties within 22.5 for compensation purposes.The data collected was analyzed to obtain values and profile of the properties to be affected from the effective Right of Way of 45m. This was followed by a review of the Acts,resettlement guidelines and policies.

Land Act No. 4 of 1999 of Tanzania section 3 part provides for fair market value of land and improvement thereof to be provided in case an individual property is acquired for public interests. Considerations have also been given to AfDB involuntary resettlement policy.

9.3 Scope of Work The scope of the assignment covered the following areas.

• To identify and establish the ownership and value of all properties existing within the Right of Way of the Project Road. • To determine entitlement to compensation for lost assets based on the market rate for land and for improvement on land. • To prepare a schedule showing for each property its location, description, rightful owner and its payable compensation. • To advise on the compensation amounts payable for the identified properties in accordance with local laws relating to compulsory acquisition of land resettlement of affected persons.

9.4 Geographical Areas This valuation report covers all districts, wards and villages located in the project road (see table 9.1 for details). Table 9.2 below shows the number of affected properties by district.

Table 9.1: Districts and villages covered by the project road

S/N District Names of Villages Number of Names villages

1 Mtwara Mnivata, Mbambakofi, Mtimbwilimbwi, Shaba, Nanyamba, 12 District Kibaoni,Kilimanjaro, Madina, Pachani, Natoto, Chikwa and Mtopwa

2 Tandahimba Njia Panda, Kibaoni, Chikwayai, Mihuta, Kitamaya Kwanza, 19 District Kitamaya Pili, Madaba, Tandahimba, Mihuta, Malopokelo, Malamba, Mihule, Mnaida, Nanyanga, Tandika, Dinduma, Nanyuhilachini, Lilambe and Lidumbemtoni

3. Newala Lidumbeshule, Mnazimmoja, Maumbika, Kiduni, Legeza, 15 District Julia, Mtonya, Nangwala, Julia Kata, Mtonya kata, Nangwala Kata, Tulindane, Mnuwi, Amkeni and Nambunga

4. Masasi Mites, Nagaga, Ndimbwa, Mbuyuni, Kalipenda, 14 District Chihungutwa, Masuguru, Mpeta, Milundelunde, Msanga, Maumbika, Marika, Napupa and Masasi

Total 4 Districts 60

Table 9.2: Number of affected properties owners

District Number of Structures Crops Mosques Fencing PAPs walls Mtwara 602 8 592 1 1 Tandahimba 1027 6 1019 1 1 Newala 646 30 612 4 Masasi 856 39 816 1 Total 3131 83 3039 2 7

9.5Valuation methodology

9.5.1 Acts The basic principle governing valuation for compensation purposes is that none of the affected person should be made worse off compared to the situation he/she was in before an asset was acquired. The element of compulsory acquisition of land is well treated in most legislation worldwide emphasizing payment of fair, adequate and prompt compensation of acquired land that is subject to acquisition by the state for specific declared objectives.The market value method of valuation have been applied the Replacement Cost Method is also used in accordance with the Land Act 4 part 3 section G of 1999.The Village Land Act of 1999, AfDB

policy on involuntary resettlement and Road Act of 2007 was considered while carrying out valuation of properties in this project.

9.5.2 Measurement To establish whether the property is to be acquired or not, accurate measurement was taken by using measuring tapes and proposed road maps for establishing ROW width.The road width was also established in order to know exactly the 45m of road reserve. Having established road width the remainder of the land was considered as Right of Way and it was valued. It has been proposed in this project that only construction corridor of 45m will be required for construction, 22.5 either on the left or on the right side of the road. Most buildings that are more than half acquired have been considered to be fully taken.Land Act Number 4 of 1999; requires that value of any real property for compensation be arrived at by using of comparative method depending on the availability of real property sales data or replacement cost method for the properties which are rarely sold in the real property market. It is in this context the values of properties were determined as described below:

9.5.3 Valuation of Buildings Payable compensation has been ascertained in respect of buildings by conducting research within the locality and immediate neighboring areas so as to establish the likely market value of the type of building found in the right of way.

Consultation with staff ofLand Office and officials of the Ministry of Lands who provided valuable insights on the local market condition and trends. Further inquiries were made at the National Construction Counciland local leaders to establish indicative property price level based on consultations for comparison of current construction rates. Inquiry into both construction costs and price were meant to provide input in the values that were adapted in the valuation of the properties identified for acquisition.

Table 9.3: Average Market Value Rates Adopted for Building Structures

S/NO Type of Construction Rates (Tshs/Sqm)

1 Strip Foundation 100,000.00

2 Market Stall, Bush poles thatch roof, earth floor 100,000.00 3 Mud –Pole walls, thatch roof, earth flooring 250,000.00 4 Mud –Pole walls, thatch roof, cement Screed flooring 300,000.00 5 Mud –Pole walls, CIS roof, Screed flooring 6 Brick/Block walls, CIS roof, Screed no finishes 250,000.00 7 Brick/Block walls, CIS roof, terrazzo, standard finishes 350,000.00 8 Brick/Block walls, CIS roof, of quality finishes 400,000.00 Buildings of highest quality structurally and 9 450,000.00 decoratively and for a one storey building

9.5.4 Disturbance Allowance Disturbance allowance is payable to all the affected persons in addition to the assessed values of lost assets. It has been computed as a percentage of asset value of the acquired asset. The percentage rate used is the mean bank fixed deposit rate of 6-6.5%for banks operating in Tanzania.

9.5.5. Transport Allowance. The practice in Mainland Tanzania and as per the Land (Compensation Assessment) Regulations of 2001 and new Valuation and Valuers Registration Act of 2016 is to calculate this allowance on the basis of what might cost an individual to haul twelve tons of belongings to a maximum distance of 20km. In the absence of clear indication of the distance to what may be resettlement areas and difficulties of estimating the weight/volume of one’s belonging, it was decided to consider a flat rate for all asset owners who will have to move. From the ongoing car hiring rates in Mtwara, it was found out the cost of 12 tons hauled over a distance not exceeding 20 km would not be more than TShs150,000. Transport Allowance is payable only to those with residential buildings and in occupation.

9.5.6 Accommodation Allowance Owners of affected residential buildings in occupation will be paid accommodation allowance because those occupying the buildings will be required to vacate their present dwellings. These will need to be helped with temporary accommodation. Accommodation Allowance is paid in addition to the asset value. For the purpose of this project we have estimated the accommodation rates according to location, type and condition of the building.

9.5.7 Loss of Profit or Accommodation Based on Business Audited Accounts Loss of Profit by a PAP is also compensable. This is usually assessed on the basis of audited accounts. The assumption is that all business owners will have been keeping books of accounts which are subject of annual audits. This requirement is almost impossible to comply with, as most business undertakings in informal economy areas such as in the subject lands do not keep accounts of the dealings. Loss of profit based on business audited accounts. However, in this valuation report there is no loss of profit because the affected commercial properties have no audited accounts.

9.5.8 Identification and Referencing Property owners that own different types of assets within the Right of Way were identified to the Valuers through village and ward leaders. Property identification number was designed by valuation team to be used in this specific project taking into consideration that the project involves a big number of PAP’S. Thus, a code was designed that will clearly show thetype of work, location in terms of ward, chainage, actual location of the property with reference to which side of the existing road the property located and the serial number of each particular PAP. The adopted code is divided into four major parts as in an example on table 9.5 below.

Table 9.4: Description of Code VAL/

Symbol Meaning VAL/COMP/ Valuation TRD VAL/COMP/ The second group of letter signifies a particular ward location in terms of ward name TRD/SLB encountered.

Note: this table will be filled after completion of valuation report

The asset location code was printed on a piece of blackboard, which the assets owner would hold facing a camera and a photograph of a PAP taken. The code was also sprayed on affected structures.

9.5.9 Standard Limiting Conditions. In the valuation of buildings, a general survey as opposed to structural survey was carried out. Therefore, no testing was made on such services as water pipes, electricity wiring or drainage and no testing was established on the extent of damp, timber, rot, metal fatigue and structural defect. Construction details have been given in considerable depth for valuation report purposes. Where a third party gave information, we assume the same information to be true and we will not be liable should it prove otherwise.

9.5.10 Statutory Notes and Defects in Title All necessary efforts were made to establish whether in any of the affected properties there was any subsisting statutory notice that may impinge on the land acquisition exercise. The valuers were not informed of any notices nor of defects in title over the scheduled properties.

9.5.11 Confidentiality This report is confidential for the specific purposes for which it is intended. Neither the whole nor any part of the report or any references thereto may be included in any published documents, circular or statement without our written approval of the form and context in which it may appear.

9.5.12 Date of Valuation The date of this valuation isJune 2020, the values herein expressed are those were prevailing at that time of valuation.

9.5.13 Types and levels of compensation under local laws

The types of assets found in the project area fall into the following major group: • Land, these includes, general land, game reserve,village land, farm land, residential plots, and institutional; • Land and Buildings, these includes, residential buildings, commercial and institutional buildings; • Trees various types which includes, mango trees, guava, shade trees, bush trees, etc.

9.5.14 Types of buildings Few building structure and mosques found within 45m are constructed with cement blocks with corrugated iron sheets. For a few of these houses have one room or two rooms as retails outlets mostly run by the owner of the house as a business unit. Some of those that are built with sand cement blocks are structurally in good condition.

In total, there are 10structures affected in this project that can be partly or full demolished, among the categories are 4 commercials,1 classroom, 3Mosques buildings and two fencing walls.

9.5.15 Valuation of crops and trees Earning approach is the typical methodology used in assessing market value of crops and trees for compensation purposes. This is in compliance with the land office practice and agriculture expert opinions in most countries.In this valuation, the applied tree a crop rate base on the current crop rate prepared by the Ministry of Land Housing and Human Settlement. Adjustments were accordingly made to arrive at appropriate values that we considered to be fair market value of the relevant crop tree or plantation after taking into considered action recommend by the chief valuers on rates of national value tree, at maturity level, as given in Annex1. In the course of identifying crops and trees within the right of way; Valuer identified the trees that were only within 22.5 to be included in the valuation report.

CHAPTER 10

10.0 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES

10.1Introduction

RAP implementation consists of several resettlement activities. Efficient implementation of RAP activities requires several measures to be taken prior to start-up of implementation. These include, amongst others, setting up of relevant committees at district level, and hiring of NGO or specific consultant. In principle, the project civil works may not start until all PAPs determined to be entitled to compensation are compensated. Therefore, all asset acquisition may only take place after compensation has been paid and other assistance required for relocation prior to displacement been provided. The timeframe of 15 months on the implementation schedule ensures that no PAP or affected household will be displaced due to civil works activity before compensation is paid and is undertaken when all necessary approvals have been obtained.

The following are key RAP implementation activities: • Surveys; PAPs identification and inventory of assets • Consultation with PAPs • Valuation of affected properties and establishment of cut-off date for eligibility • Bank account opening • Actual payment of compensation and delivery of other entitlements; • Payment within 6 months of giving notices; • Dispute /grievances resolution; • Owners can remove all affected structures at fixed date (advised at the time of compensation payment) provided in writing; and • Monitoring and evaluation.

10.2 Implementation Schedule

The RAP implementation schedule is illustrated below in Table 10.1.

Table 10.1: RAP Implementation Schedule

Task Months May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Preparationand conducting of household surveys of PAPS

Task Months May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Identification of affected land and other assets

Consultations with PAPS and communities

Identification of categories of affected assets

Identification of names, addresses, ownership/use status, gender, age of PAPs

Disclosure of affected assets and claimants

Preparation of valuation methods

Holding of public hearings to verify entitlements and proposed valuation methods

Establishment of cut- off-dates

Finalization of draft RAP report

RAP disclosure and circulation

Response to feedback to draft RAP and RAP finalization

Submission of draft final RAP and budget

Hiring NGO/Consultant/RAP implementing agency

Task Months May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

Set Up district level committees

Verification of PAPs

Revision and approvals of compensation schedules

Submission of revised draft final RAP

Opening Bank Accounts

Certified List of names with Bank Accounts sent to TANROADS

Compensation to PAPs- payment through banks (for those getting or equal to 400,000 Tsh)

PAPs informed by TANROADS/or consultant that funds have been deposited into their accounts

TANROADS prepares vouchers for payment for PAPs getting less than TShs 400,000 to Regional Sub- Treasuries (RST)

Consultant prepares record form for PAPs to sign upon receiving the check

Preparing relocation

Finalizationof arrangements for grievances mechanisms

Land acquisition- Notice of COI clearance

Commencement of Works

Monitoringand Evaluation

CHAPTER 11

11.0 COSTS AND BUDGET

11.1 Introduction

The cost estimates for structures are based on personal assessment of the structure on actual location. The total land to be acquired has been estimated on the basis of prudent design and census survey of affected household. Over and above, the affected PAPs will be entitled for compensation and other forms of assistance as per the applicable policy.

11.2 TotalCost for Implementation of Resettlement Action Plan

The budget for the upgrading of Mnivata – Newala - Masasi Road (160 km) issummarized in the table (11) below.The cost includes the compensation for affected properties (structures, crops/trees) and any forms of assistance. The estimated budget for RAP implementation is TZS 3,423,740,781.28 (USD 1,457,531.19) to cover the four key budget items as summarized in Table 11 below.

Table 11.1: Summary of Resettlement Budget

Component Resettlement cost (TZs)

Compensation for Structures 1,165,140,674.97

Crops/Trees 1,421,562,369.37 3131 PAPs Graves 3,300,000.00 Allowances Disturbance 181,091,514.31 Accommodation 307,120,000.00 Transport 7,320,000.00

Graves Removal costs 10,000,000.00 Cost for hiring NGO 10,000,000.00 Expenses for three committees (Sitting and Transport 6,000,000.00 allowances) 3,112,491,619.35 Sub total Contingency 10% 311,249,161.93

Grand Total 3,423,740,781.28

Note: This is an approximation amount. The really amount will be determined after completion of valuation report

11.3 RAP Implementation Cost

For this project, office capital investment costs and running expenses; logistical costs for travel, meetings, field visits; public and stakeholder’s consultations will be covered by TANROADS administrative budget. Indicative budget tune to be TZS 250,000,000.

CHAPTER 12

12.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Monitoring and evaluation will be carried out as part of the project management function. The participation of the affected people in performance monitoring is also necessary. The PAPs will select their representative to participate in the monitoring of RAP implementation.

12.1Performance Monitoring

Performance monitoring will be carried out as an internal management function. The various District Social Services Committees and TANROADS will play a major role in performance monitoring of RAP implementation. PAPs will also participate in performance monitoring through their representatives. Monitoring indicators are provided on table 12.1 below. District Social Service Committee will present monthly reports to TANROAD Regional Manager who in turn will forward this to TANROADS Head Quarters.

12. 2Monitoring of Resettlement Activities

Monitoring will ensure the following:

• Verification of land acquisition, property valuation, and economic rehabilitation whether these have been carried out as planned; • Information dissemination has been carried out; • Status of land acquisition and payments on land compensation; • Value of entitlements received is equal to the original structure or land acquired; • Compensation of affected structures and other assets; • Payments for loss of incomes; • Effective operation of grievances Committee; • Funds for implementing land acquisition and economic rehabilitation activities are available in timely manner, are sufficient for the purpose and spent according to Plan; • The Consultants shall submit reports on monthly basis documenting the RAP progress implementation; • Project Unit shall be responsible for monitoring day to day resettlement activities; • Performance data sheet shall be developed to monitor at the field level; and • The Consultants shall be responsible for overall project level monitoring.

12.3 Evaluation

Mid-term and ex-post evaluation of RAP will be undertaken. The major activity will be to conduct comprehensive socio-economic surveys of PAPs. And then make a comparison of evaluation survey findings with the baseline data collected during the census survey at feasibility phase. This comparison will enable the evaluation of the effectiveness of the resettlement activities and process. The evaluative socio-economic survey will establish the following: • Effectiveness of assistance provided to PAPs

• Income and living standards of PAPs (compare pre-and post) • Effectiveness of institutional arrangements • Quality of communication between TANROADS and communities • Perception and opinion of communities regarding resettlement process

The following verifiable indicators will be used to monitor and evaluate the implementation of resettlement and compensation plans:

Table 12.1: Monitoring Indicators

No. Issue /Impact Monitoring Indicator Means of Frequency Responsible Monitoring of Institution (s) Monitoring 1 Physical loss of - Number of PAPs Check list of 1st 6 weeks TANROADS building, land, compensated PAPs and and plot, crops verification Compensation - Number of Bank Accounts opened Committee - Number of Buildings demolished - Number of PAPs able to establish pre-displacement activities, land, crops - Number of community properties relocated - Number of trees cleared 2 Financial loss - Number of PAPs Check list of 1st 6 weeks TANROADS of business compensated relevant PAPs and - Number of PAPs and verification Compensation resuming business Committee at pre-displacement level or better 3 Loss of social Number of community Survey reports Every month TANROADS services (e.g. properties relocated on available and Religious Churches, worship centres Leaders mosques, etc) 4 Psychological/s - Number of PAPs Community Every Project ociological loss paid relevant reports month Management allowances

No. Issue /Impact Monitoring Indicator Means of Frequency Responsible Monitoring of Institution (s) Monitoring - Number of social networks disrupted 5 Assistance to - Number of Survey reports 1st 6 months Project vulnerable vulnerable and community management people individuals reports supported - Number of complaints 6 Grievances - Number of Grievances Every - Project grievances received reports months management - Number of - Grievance grievance resolved Committee 7 Consultation - Number of - - - consultations held

12.4 External Monitoring and Evaluation.

External monitoring and evaluation will be carried out by an independent agency. During the external evaluation, a social survey will have to be conducted. The information collected on the socio-economic conditions of the affected population at the beginning of the project, before displacement (the baseline information) will be compared with that collected during the evaluation. Thus, any adverse or beneficial socio-economic impacts due to the resettlement process (and also due to the road project) may be determined, such as the impact on income levels, school attendance, health status, changes in land use, changes in occupation patterns, changes in settlement patterns, etc.

The PAPs will have to be actively involved in impact monitoring, particularly in the identification of indicators. Participatory meetings with the PAPs will be necessary. The cooperation of the VEOs and WEOs is also crucial during these evaluations. The independent agency will assess the following: a) General assessment of the compliance of the implementation of the Resettlement Action Plan with general objectives and methods as set in this document; b) Assessment of the compliance of the implementation of the Resettlement Action Plan with laws, regulations and safeguard policies; c) Assessment of the consultation procedures that took place at individual and community level, together with the Central Government and Local Government levels in Tanzania; d) Assessment of fair, adequate, transparent and prompt compensation as they have been implemented; e) Evaluation of the impact of the compensation on income and standard of living; f) Assessment of effectiveness of grievances address mechanisms; g) Identification of actions as part of the on-going monitoring to improve the positive impact of the programme and mitigate its possible negative impact if any;

h) Assess specific opportunities to vulnerable groups. The first impact monitoring survey should be carried out about 6 months after PAPs have been relocated and thereafter annually for a period of at least two years. Detailed evaluation report with its findings should be submitted to TANROADS.

Appendixes

Appendix I: Minutes and List of Participants of Public Consultations

Minutes of the Consultation meetings

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Appendix II: Summary of Valuation Report

CONSOLIDATED VALUATION SUMMARY

JINA LA FIDIA YA FIDIA YA POSHO YA POSHO YA POSHO YA S/N HALMASHAURI/WILAYA FIDIA YA MAZAO JUMLA KIJIJI/MTAA MAJENGO MAKABURI USUMBUFU USAFIRI MAKAZI

MARIKA 12,566,323.72 - - 879,642.66 - - 13,445,966.38

SILABU 9,676,809.89 12,802,500.00 - 1,573,551.69 240,000.00 1,620,000.00 25,912,861.58

NYASA OFISINI 892,010.56 - - 71,360.85 - - 963,371.41 1 MASASI TC

NAPUPA 21,336,071.25 137,499,800.00 - 11,118,510.99 1,080,000.00 68,400,000.00 239,434,382.24

MILUNDELUNDE 13,271,518.48 - - 929,006.29 14,200,524.77

MUMBAKA 16,771,092.99 3,420,000.00 - 1,413,376.51 120,000.00 1,440,000.00 23,164,496.50

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WAPIWAPI 'A' 42,841,937.50 367,919,949.00 - 28,753,332.06 2,040,000.00 107,040,000.00 549,552,132.23

JUMLA NDOGO 117,355,764.40 521,642,249.00 - 44,738,781.05 3,480,000.00 178,500,000.00 866,673,735.11

CHIUNGUTWA 4,714,981.86 79,442,240.00 - 5,891,005.53 720,000.00 21,600,000.00 112,368,227.39

KALIPINDE 7,049,566.82 - - 493,469.68 - - 7,543,036.50

MAUGURA 18,698,718.43 - - 1,308,910.29 - - 20,007,628.72

MBUYUNI 26,729,451.55 17,214,500.00 - 3,076,076.61 480,000.00 9,360,000.00 56,860,028.16

MIKANGAULA 27,597,060.08 - 300,000.00 1,931,794.21 - - 29,828,854.29

MILUNDA 916,048.82 - - 64,123.42 - - 980,172.24 2 MASASI DC

MITESA 8,353,663.00 11,745,000.00 - 1,406,906.41 240,000.00 2,520,000.00 24,265,569.41

MPETA 14,145,381.71 7,581,000.00 - 1,520,846.72 - - 23,247,228.43

MSANGA 11,779,323.82 - - 826,184.44 - - 12,605,508.26

NAGAGA 12,059,079.67 28,413,000.00 - 2,833,045.58 240,000.00 1,800,000.00 45,345,125.25

NDIBWA 31,933,604.00 - - 2,235,352.29 - - 34,168,956.29

JUMLA NDOGO 163,976,879.77 144,395,740.00 300,000.00 21,587,715.17 1,680,000.00 35,280,000.00 367,220,334.94 LIDUMBE SHULENI 12,563,399.02 - - 879,437.93 - - 13,442,836.95

3 NEWALA TC KIKUYU 19,179,734.14 - - 1,342,581.39 - - 20,522,315.53

MAHUMBIKA 47,216,933.78 - - 3,305,185.36 - - 50,522,119.14

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CHIKONGOLA 5,040,972.18 562,500.00 - 392,243.05 - - 5,995,715.23

MAJENGO 2,910,769.44 12,460,000.00 - 1,075,953.86 - - 16,446,723.30

LEKANELO 26,189,448.07 - - 1,833,261.36 - - 28,022,709.43

NAKAYAKA 36,996,811.53 300,000.00 300,000.00 2,610,776.81 - - 40,207,588.34

NAMBUNGA 22,373,218.08 3,286,940.00 - 1,796,211.07 - - 27,456,369.14

NANGWALA 3,601,333.92 72,482,800.00 - 5,325,889.37 360,000.00 29,160,000.00 110,930,023.29

TANDIKA 9,020,006.76 - - 631,400.47 - - 9,651,407.24

TUPENDANE 12,740,358.08 - 300,000.00 891,825.07 - - 13,932,183.14

CHIKONGOLA 5,040,972.18 562,500.00 392,243.05 5,995,715.23

LUCHINGU 14,413,814.44 162,558,275.00 - 12,388,046.26 1,080,000.00 45,000,000.00 235,440,135.70

JUMLA NDOGO 217,287,771.59 252,213,015.00 600,000.00 32,865,055.05 1,440,000.00 74,160,000.00 578,565,961.66

MADABA 76,202,868.23 - - 5,334,200.78 - - 81,537,069.01 DINDUMA BARABARANI 8,866,556.51 - - 620,658.96 - - 9,487,215.46

KITAMA MJINI 18,023,037.21 - - 1,261,612.60 - - 19,284,649.82 4 TANDAHIMBA DC KITAMA SHULENI 19,299,998.02 - - 1,350,999.86 - - 20,650,997.88

MAHUTA MJINI 3,864,637.76 - - 270,524.64 - - 4,135,162.40

MAHUTA 3,938,654.21 675,000.00 - 322,955.79 - - 4,936,610.01

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MALAMBA 78,289,332.82 - - 5,480,253.30 - - 83,769,586.12

MALOPOKELO 52,630,649.21 42,582,242.00 - 6,664,902.38 120,000.00 12,160,000.00 114,157,793.60

MIULE 18,675,811.51 - - 1,307,306.81 - - 19,983,118.32

MIUTA 19,317,156.77 - - 1,352,200.97 - - 20,669,357.74

MNAIDA 21,201,376.56 6,300,000.00 - 1,925,096.36 - - 29,426,472.92

MATOGORO 64,157,347.06 - - 4,491,014.29 - - 68,648,361.35

MWENGE ''A'' 13,662,148.61 - - 956,350.40 - - 14,618,499.01

MWENGE ''B'' 14,205,956.47 - - 1,005,255.95 - - 15,211,212.42

NANHYANGA ''A'' 22,778,414.03 - - 1,594,488.98 - - 24,372,903.02 NANHYANGA ''C'' 23,363,573.60 46,295,305.24 300,000.00 4,876,121.52 120,000.00 - 74,955,000.36

NANYUWILA 18,856,297.87 - - 1,319,940.85 - - 20,176,238.72

NG'ONGOLO 43,535,240.35 - - 3,047,466.82 - - 46,582,707.18

TANDAHIMBA 13,590,978.05 - - 951,368.46 - - 14,542,346.55

JUMLA NDOGO 534,460,034.85 95,852,547.24 300,000.00 44,132,719.74 240,000.00 12,160,000.00 687,145,301.86

MNIVATA 17,717,191.93 2,821,054.50 - 1,437,677.26 - - 21,975,923.69

5 NANYAMBA TC MTIMBWILIMBWI 95,564,353.81 27,552,000.00 2,100,000.00 8,618,144.77 120,000.00 540,000.00 134,494,498.58

MBAMBAKOFI 69,205,024.41 - - 4,844,351.71 - - 74,049,376.12

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MTOPWA 71,986,146.68 - - 5,039,030.27 - - 77,025,176.94

PACHANI 13,877,914.19 - - 972,364.31 - - 14,850,278.50

SHABA 19,702,774.60 5,126,669.23 - 1,738,061.07 - - 26,567,504.90

NAMKUKU 8,961,134.14 6,999,000.00 - 1,117,209.39 120,000.00 3,600,000.00 20,797,343.53

NANYAMBA 4,514,473.90 64,226,400.00 - 4,811,861.17 240,000.00 2,880,000.00 76,672,735.07

NATOTO 16,346,839.83 44,312,000.00 - 4,246,118.79 - - 64,904,958.62

MADINA 27,075,511.11 - - 1,895,285.78 - - 28,970,796.89

KILIMANJARO 10,659,404.87 - - 746,158.34 - - 11,405,563.21

CHIKWAYA 28,957,186.28 - - 2,027,003.04 - - 30,984,189.32

KIBAONI 3,913,963.01 - - 273,977.41 - - 4,187,940.42

JUMLA NDOGO 388,481,918.76 151,037,123.73 2,100,000.00 37,767,243.30 480,000.00 7,020,000.00 586,886,285.79

JUMLA KUU 1,421,562,369.37 1,165,140,674.97 3,300,000.00 181,091,514.31 7,320,000.00 307,120,000.00 3,086,491,619.35

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