Meet the Stadtmans a Life Collected Neat, Sweet, Unique Joseph Edward Rall (1920–2008) by REBECCA BAKER (NIAID) and L.S

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH • OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR | VOLUME 22 ISSUE 2 • MARCH-APRIL 2014

Meet the Stadtmans A Life Collected Neat, Sweet, Unique Joseph Edward Rall (1920–2008) BY REBECCA BAKER (NIAID) AND L.S. CARTER BY HANK GRASSO AND MICHELE LYONS, OFFICE OF NIH HISTORY

Luca Gat tinoni (NCI) took his “first steps into science” as a toddler in the NIH Child Care Center when his parents were Visiting Fellows at NIH. Physi- cist Kandice Tanner (NCI) is drawn to motion, whether it’s from tumor cells migrating into new tissues or her own body hurtling through space while she’s

skydiving. Developmental biologist Todd OFOFFICE NIH HISTORY GRASSO, HANK Macfarlan (NICHD) is intrigued with how viruses “are so intimately intertwined with our own evolution as a species.” Indeed, all 11 members of the 2011– 2012 cycle of Earl Stadtman Tenure- Track Investigators have a story to tell. They join 17 others in the Stadtman program—named for the legendary biochemist who worked at NIH for 50 years—that was launched in 2009 as an This terra-cotta bas relief of Joseph Edward “Ed” Rall (background) and David Platt Rall (foreground) was created by NIH-wide recruiting effort to attract sculptor Christian Peterson. These brothers each left an impression on biomedical research and NIH. Ed Rall served NIH as deputy director for intramural research from 1983 to 1991. David Rall was the director of the National Institute of Envi- outstanding scientists whose research ronmental Health Sciences (1971–1990) as well as the founding director of the National Toxicology Program. areas span the biomedical fields. And to continue with the introduc- When Joseph “Ed” Rall’s daughter, Priscilla Rall, decided to share her tions… RNA biology is “very exciting” father’s history with the NIH Stetten Museum and the National Library of Medi- to Stavroula (Voula) Mili (NCI), who cine (NLM), she welcomed representatives from both to her home and amazed studies cancer and neurodegeneration. them with her family’s extensive historical collections. Pia Rall had painstakingly Sunni Mumford (NICHD) is investi- collected, organized, and preserved the evidence of her father’s life and work—his gating how lifestyle and dietary changes legacy—and was interested in returning some of these resources to NIH so that may improve male and female reproduc- CONTINUED ON PAGE 10 tion and fertility. When she’s not trying to figure out the neuronal basis of natural CONTENTS behaviors, Yeka Aponte (NIDA) is pre- FEATURES • |1| Meet the Stadtmans |1| A Life Collected: Ed Rall |6| Interview with paring elaborate meals for her friends. Tanzanian Researcher Julie Makani |9| The Myriad Decision Eye researcher Kapil Bharti (NEI) had DEPARTMENTS • |2| DDIR: Nourishing the IRP |3| NIH Alumni News: André Van Steirteghem dreamed all his life about becoming a |4|Training Page: Mentoring |4|Abbreviations |5, 7| News You Can Use: 3D Print Exchange;

CONTINUED ON PAGE 14 New HR Systems |8| Research Briefs |13| NIH in History: Centennial Anchor |16| Colleagues: Recently Tenured |19| Announcements |20| Photographic Moment: Window Washers FROM THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR INTRAMURAL RESEARCH

Nourishing Intramural Research for the Long Term BY MICHAEL GOTTESMAN, DDIR

Bob Dylan noticed it in 1963, and 50 committees of our NIH experts and out- Please send your best ideas to your sci- years later we scientists are seeing it side experts formulating a 10-year scientific entific director and me for further consider- again: “The times they are a-changin’.” vision for each of the ICs and determining ation by the IC-based review groups. Once The conduct of science is evolving even what will be needed to accomplish these these individual groups have assembled their though resources are restricted; barriers goals. These ideas will be discussed by the recommendations, we will identify common to turning innovative ideas into reality SDs and by a committee of institute direc- themes and goals. Before the end of the keep springing up while being torn down tors, and the common themes that emerge year, we will ask the Advisory Committee elsewhere. We all know about the many will be identified and integrated into a single to the Director, comprising outside advisors, contributions that the intramural research document. to review our efforts. program (IRP) has made to modern bio- My hope is that this process—beginning Think big. Think not what you could do medical research (and I hope you all have within the NIH with outside encouragement with one more postdoc or a few more dollars. your elevator speech ready in case someone and support—will inspire creative, farsighted Instead think of unrealized synergies and challenges you on this), but how can we thinking. I know that for some IRP scien- focused investments for collaborative science best mold the future to assure its continued tists, planning of this sort generates angst. to take on major scientific questions. success? In the words of Lewis Thomas, I have detected that some of you don’t feel “The National Institutes of Health [IRP] included in the process. And yet this is an “Elevator Speech” Excerpt is not only the largest institution for bio- inclusive process that will flounder without medical science on earth, it is one of this broad input. So, inclusive planning was the VISITOR: What’s so great about the IRP? nation’s great treasures. As social inven- main topic for the 2014 IC Directors’ and IRP SCIENTIST: Remember Marshall Niren- tions for human betterment go, this one SDs’ retreats. Collins opened both discus- berg and the genetic code, Julius Axelod is a standing proof that, at least once in a sions and, in short, asked us to focus on the and humoral transmitters? Fluoride for tooth while, government possesses the capac- types of science that we do best. He charged decay; lithium for bipolar mental illness; ity to do something unique, imaginative, us to articulate visionary goals and identify blood tests to detect HIV and hepatitis; the useful, and altogether right.” barriers to achieving these goals. He stressed first AIDS drugs; the first vaccines against For the past nine months, I have been the enthusiastic Congressional interest in the hepatitis, Hemophilus influenza, and human meeting with NIH leadership to discuss value and benefits of our research. He spoke papillomavirus? That’s the IRP. We’ve had how to prepare ourselves for the future. In eagerly of exciting scientific opportunities 20-some Nobel Prize winners and 30-some January, I discussed a proposal for long-term that have emerged in the past few years. Lasker winners. planning for the IRP at the Leadership This 10-year vision is just the begin- VISITOR: But has the IRP done lately? Forum of Institute Directors. In February ning. We encourage all NIH scientists to IRP SCIENTIST: Ketamine to reduce suicidal the NIH scientific directors (SDs) met for contribute innovative ideas about how we tendencies; immunotherapy to cure cancer; their annual retreat—in the new FAES can continue to use the valuable resources discovery of genes involved in stuttering and conference center in the Clinical Center— of the IRP in laboratory science, clinical countless other disorders; world’s leader in sleeves rolled up and ready to work. With resources, and population-based programs to MRI technology; Undiagnosed Diseases the encouragement of NIH Director Fran- advance basic biomedical research and clini- Program; world’s largest hospital dedicated cis Collins, we have worked out a plan to cal applications. You are in a unique position to clinical studies… develop a blueprint for the future of the IRP. to provide a bold vision for the future of the Continue the ride at http://irp.nih.gov/ The planning process will begin at the NIH IRP, with your keen insights into the our-research/accomplishments. level of our institutes and centers (ICs) with special characteristics of this place.

2 THE NIH CATALYST MARCH-APRIL 2014 FROM THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR INTRAMURAL RESEARCH NIH ALUMNI NEWS

What’s Past Is Prologue Reflections on NIH Alumnus André Van Steirteghem BY ALAN N. SCHECHTER, NIDDK

As my fiftieth anniversary as an minted protein chemist—having worked for NIH scientist nears in this period of stress a decade with Christian Anfinsen (who for NIH and its Intramural Research Pro- was a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in gram (IRP), I am reminded of how fortu- Chemistry in 1972 for his work on protein nate I have been to be on the staff of this folding)—on top of my medical training. I institution. I am also optimistic that the found André space in my lab and we started past can continue to be prologue to the some classical, but inelegant, purification future. I realize that little of what we do is procedures. predictable and that, often, our contribu- When André returned to Brussels tions are from unanticipated developments. in 1977, the physicians in his university’s The recent visit ofAndré Van Steirteg- obstetrics and gynecology department were hem, one of the leaders in the field of in happy with his new expertise and hired him vitro fertilization (IVF) and now an emeritus to develop radioimmunoassays for use in professor of embryology and reproductive fertility studies.

biology at Vrije Universiteit (the Free Uni- In July 1978, Robert Edwards and Pat- André Van Steirteghem, one of the leaders in the field of versity) in Brussels, was such an occasion. In rick Steptoe in England announced the first in vitro fertilization and an NIH alum, visited NIH recently. December 2013, he came to NIH to deliver successful use of IVF that culminated in the a lecture in which he recounted his work in birth of a healthy infant—Louise Brown. fields that are different from what was antici- developing and leading the renowned IVF André and his colleagues journeyed to Eng- pated. Third, the research “focus” that review program at the university’s medical school land, as well as to IVF centers in other coun- committees often demand may not be ideal since the early 1980s. His program has been tries, to learn the methods used. In 1983, for making true advances in health research. responsible for about 20,000 successful preg- with André as the laboratory director of the Fortunately, the IRP has a tradition of nancies. In addition, André pioneered the newly created Brussels IVF center, the first fostering an environment that allows sci- Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) IVF child was born in that facility. entists to take risks that include venturing technique in which a single sperm is injected I sometimes think that André has outside of their fields. Furthermore, research directly into an egg. accomplished more direct benefits for organizations flourish when there’s continu- Before he ever got into the IVF busi- humankind than any other person with ous interaction among investigators from ness, he trained at NIH (in the 1970s) in whom I had the privilege to work at NIH. many disciplines and institutions. something quite different. Even though I André’s training at NIH provided a foun- It’s my hope that with NIH’s resources have been immersed in hemoglobin research dation that helped launch his career even and enlightened leadership—human and for almost 40 years, I was his prime mentor. though it took off in an unexpected direction. technical, basic and applied, clinical and sci- André had come to the Clinical Center from Are there important lessons to be entific, immediate and long-term—the IRP Brussels as a fellow to work in the clinical learned? As one who contributed to the can and should continue to help spawn major chemistry department with Mark Zweig. NIH booklet “A Guide to Training and new medical advances in the years ahead. They decided to use radioimmunoassays to Mentoring in the Intramural Research Pro- measure plasma concentrations of the muscle gram,” I have been long concerned with such To watch a video of André Van Steirteghem’s and brain creatine kinase isoenzymes for questions and I think the answer is “Yes.” December 20, 2013, Mortimer B. Lipsett improving the diagnoses of cardiac and First, contrary to what is commonly Memorial Lecture entitled “35 Years after other diseases. André and Mark had little expected, few trainees will, or should, follow the Birth of Louise Brown: What Have We knowledge of the needed protein purifica- in the narrow pathway of their mentors with Achieved and What Are the Current and Future tion, immunological, and labeling techniques regard to the questions to be asked and the Challenges,” go to http://videocast.nih.gov/ to develop these relatively novel assays. methods to be used. Second, the ultimate launch.asp?18219. That’s where I came in. I was a newly utility of any research program is often in

http://irp.nih.gov/catalyst 3 NIH ABBREVIATIONS THE TRAINING PAGE CBER: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA CC: NIH Clinical Center FROM NCI’S TRAINING OFFICE CCR: Center for Cancer Research, NCI CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Mentoring for the Postdoctoral Fellow Prevention BY JONATHAN S. WIEST, DIRECTOR, CENTER FOR CANCER TRAINING, NCI CIT: Center for Information Technology DCEG: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI So what is mentoring? This is a very In the current postdoctoral training FAES: Foundation for Advanced Education important and difficult question and one atmosphere, investigators are hiring staff to in the Sciences FARE: Fellows Award for Research that is often answered with, “We know it assist them in moving their projects forward. Excellence when we see it.” This isn’t very satisfying. If Often interviews are done over the phone. FelCom: Fellows Committee we can’t describe it, measure it, or delineate Although the science may be interesting to FDA: Food and Drug Administration FNL: Frederick National Laboratory it, then how can we find it? both the mentor and the trainee, there is IRP: Intramural Research Program The notion of mentoring is an ancient no provision for the two parties to interact HHS: U.S. Department of Health one. The word “mentor” comes from Homer, to test the relationship. What happens if I and Human Services NCATS: National Center for Advancing who described the original Mentor as the bring someone into my group that I don’t Translational Sciences “wise and trusted counselor” whom Odys- feel I can adequately mentor? Now I have NCCAM: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine seus left in charge of his household. A few made a commitment to them. How do I NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology things come to mind as I think about this make this relationship work? Information quote. First, the mentor should be wise and To address these issues, I recommend NCI: National Cancer Institute NEI: National Eye Institute trusted, and second, they should be a coun- that the potential mentor and trainee have NHGRI: National Human Genome selor. Lastly, the relationship is between two in-depth conversations with each other in Research Institute people. This last point causes me the most advance. Together, the two individuals NHLBI: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute concern in the current training environment. should talk about their expectations and NIA: National Institute on Aging As Ph.D.s we look to the science for our come to an agreement. Discussion topics NIAAA: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism direction. The science is what we are pas- might include the amount of independence NIAID: National Institute of Allergy sionate about and it drives us to succeed. To the trainee requires, the number of publica- and Infectious Diseases be an “independent” investigator, you must tions expected, how much time the mentor NIAMS: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases spend vast amounts of time pursuing your expects the trainee to spend working, how NIBIB: National Institute of Biomedical goals. Passion helps you to sustain your drive. many meetings the trainee will attend each Imaging and Bioengineering NICHD: Eunice Kennedy Shriver However, finding a scientist who is pas- year, and whether the projects can be con- National Institute of Child Health and sionate about the same things that fascinate tinued once the trainee moves on. Human Development you is not the best way to choose a mentor. Just as important, it is crucial to remem- NIDA: National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDCD: National Institute on Deafness Often the people doing the most interest- ber that the mentor-trainee relationship is and Other Communication Disorders ing science are not the best mentors. The dynamic. These conversations should con- NIDCR: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research mentor-trainee relationship is a one-to-one tinue at least annually throughout the course NIDDK: National Institute of Diabetes relationship, and the mentor should see more of the relationship because some expectations and Digestive and Kidney Diseases potential in you than you can see in yourself. and goals will change for both individuals. NIEHS: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences And, the mentor should be someone who Good communication will help to minimize NIGMS: National Institute of is willing to spend the necessary time with problems. Part of good communication is General Medical Sciences you to help you to achieve your career goals. listening, which is an important skill that NIMH: National Institute of Mental Health NIMHD: National Institute on Minority When I was training Ph.D. students both parties need to practice. Pay atten- Health and Health Disparities at the University of Cincinnati, students tion to each other’s needs and goals and NINDS: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke did rotations through laboratories to get you will find success as you work toward NINR: National Institute of Nursing Research a sense of which faculty they could work your common goals. NLM: National Library of Medicine well with and which science or projects were OD: Office of the Director This article is reprinted with permission and OITE: Office of Intramural Training the most interesting to them. It also gave and Education first appeared in the Summer 2004 issue of the investigators time to interact with the OIR: Office of Intramural Research students to see whether they could mentor the POSTDOCket, the quarterly newsletter for ORS: Office of Research Services them productively. the National Postdoctoral Association. ORWH: Office of Research on Women’s Health OTT: Office of Technology Transfer

4 THE NIH CATALYST MARCH-APRIL 2014 NEWS YOU CAN USE

The NIH 3D Print Exchange Exploring Molecules and Building Labware BY SARA CROCOLL, PRESIDENTIAL MANAGEMENT FELLOW, NIAID

It’s not quite a Star Trek replicator, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Health and Human Services’ HHS Ignite but it comes close: a three-dimensional “When they hold the different molecules program. HHS Ignite, which was launched (3-D) printer. The fictional replicator in their hands, they have been able to see in 2013, supports early-stage projects that rearranges subatomic particles to make important aspects of how they bind [and] can be completed in three to six months food, water, spare parts, and more. The expose a surface that is not always easily (http://www.hhs.gov/open/initiatives/ignite). very real 3-D printer translates digital detected by looking at a computer model The NIH 3D Print Exchange provides a computer files into custom laboratory on a computer screen.” growing database of high-quality, scientific equipment as well as models of biomol- The 3-D technology is already widely 3-D digital models of biomedical and bio- ecules, cells, organisms, and anatomical used in industry to build prototypes. In the molecular structures derived from microsco- features. Using an additive manufacturing world of contemporary art, design, and archi- py, crystallography, and imaging. “We hope process, the printer spits out successive thin tecture, 3-D printing is playing an increas- that users will share and use custom lab layers of material until an object is formed. ingly important role, too. But in the world of equipment and gadgets,” too, said Darrell You may have heard whispers about 3-D biomedicine, 3-D printing is just beginning Hurt, leader of the Exchange and head of printing at NIH or visited the exhibit at to take hold. Currently, however, there’s a NIAID’s Computational Biology Section. the NIH Research Festival in November shortage of the expertise required to generate “The added value of our Web site is that it and witnessed objects materializing, as if by and validate scientific digital models that can is a trusted resource for sharing and that it magic, before your eyes. With these complex be converted into 3-D objects. has tools built in to easily create printable 3-D models, researchers can often examine The new NIH 3D Print Exchange, set objects from primary scientific data.” And and explain their work better than they can to open this spring, aims to fill this gap by 3-D printing saves time and money, too. with 3-D models on computer screens. creating an online portal where researchers “It has been well worth the small invest- “Over the last several years, 3-D print- and educators can download biomolecular ment made to provide this service to the ing has…allowed our scientists to gain digital files that can be printed on a desktop intramural programs,” said McGowan. invaluable insight into [the] structure and 3-D printer or via a 3-D printing service One day 3-D printers may be able to function of…molecules,” said Deputy provider. A few institutes already have their make things that even Star Trek replicators Director for Science Management John own printers. Soon the NIH Library— can’t. Scientists have already begun to use J. McGowan, of the National Institute of through its Technology Sandbox—plans 3-D technology to make body parts, such to offer access to a as ears, as well as replicas of human organs 3-D printer, too. for research purposes. The technology is The Exchange too new to create transplantable organs, but is a collabora- perhaps some day…. tive effort led by So for now, if you are looking for new NIAID in partner- ways to visualize or explain the molecules ship with the Eunice you’re studying or you want to create cus- Kennedy Shriver tomized labware, 3-D printing is an avenue National Institute you might want to explore. for Child Health and Human Devel- To learn more, visit: opment and the • NIH 3-D Print Exchange: http://3dprint.nih. National Library gov or e-mail [email protected] of Medicine. It • NIH Library Technology Sandbox: http://1. usa.gov/1mtMsKZ

JEREMY SWAN, NICHDJEREMY SWAN, received initial • Video: http://www.youtube.com/ NIAID’s Airwolf 3-D printer making an ebola virus model. Photo by Jeremy Swan (NICHD) funding from the who spearheaded the popular 3-D printing exhibit at the 2013 NIH Research Festival. U.S. Department of watch?v=rD9CWD5IIj4

http://irp.nih.gov/catalyst 5 FEATURE

Sickle-Cell Disease in Africa An Interview with Tanzanian Researcher Julie Makani BY HELENE BLANCHARD, NIA

Africa. Tanzania has recognized SCD as Rodgers, and Fogarty International a major public-health problem and is using Center Director Roger Glass. I learned SCD as a model to establish scientific and that NHLBI has led an extensive research technological solutions that are locally rel- program on sickle-cell disease (SCD) evant but have global significance. since 1972 and has committed more than When Makani was at NIH for the $1 billion to improving the understanding WALS lecture, she met with Clinical of the disease and identifying new meth- Center Deputy Director for Educational ods of treatment, management, and pre- Affairs and Strategic Partnerships Fred- vention. Although many studies have been erick Ognibene, who oversees the Sab- performed in the United States, Europe, batical in Clinical Research Management and Jamaica, more research is needed to program. The sabbatical program, which was understand the disease in Africa. NIH launched in 2009, is self-directed training can influence SCD research by moving for experienced investigators and manag- forward the research agenda globally.

Tanzanian researcher Julie Makani spent several months ers and includes one-on-one meetings with at NIH doing a sabbatical at the Clinical Center as part and demonstrations by experts in clinical- CATALYST: What did you do during your of an effort to integrate Western and African knowledge to improve the care of people with sickle-cell research management as well as other train- sabbatical and what did you like especially? disease. ing opportunities. So far 23 investigators MAKANI: I focused on various aspects of from 16 institutions in the United States and clinical-research management, such as data Julie Makani, a Tanzanian investiga- abroad have participated. Makani applied management, laboratory testing methods, tor, just completed a three-month sabbati- and was accepted into the program in the and patient-recruitment issues. I liked the cal at NIH as part of an effort to integrate fall of 2013. one-on-one training, the opportunity to Western and African knowledge to In January 2014, Makani returned to have discussions with NIH experts, and improve the care of people with sickle-cell Tanzania to her position as a tenured fac- being able to tailor the program to my disease (SCD). Makani first came to NIH ulty member and consultant physician at the interests. I also liked doing a sabbatical at on February 13, 2013, to give a talk for Muhimbili University of Health and Allied the United States’ largest hospital totally the Wednesday Afternoon Lecture Series Sciences (MUHAS) in Dar es Salaam, Tan- dedicated to clinical research and being (WALS) on “Sickle Cell Disease: What zania. MUHAS is the main clinical, aca- able to collaborate with NIH researchers. Can Africa Contribute?” in which she demic, and research center in Tanzania. She talked about leveraging existing resources is also a Wellcome Trust research fellow in CATALYST: Who will your collabora- in Africa and the United States to develop the Nuffield Department of Medicine at the tors be? SCD programs that integrate health care, University of Oxford (Oxford, England). She MAKANI: I hope to collaborate with education, and research. plans to return to the NIH in mid-2014 to NHLBI Deputy Director Susan Shurin, SCD is a group of inherited red-blood- spend more time in the sabbatical program. my host during my sabbatical. She helped cell disorders in which the red blood cells The following is an edited interview. me identify other potential collaborators. I become hard and sticky and are C, or sickle, met with Courtney Fitzhugh and Caterina shaped. These cells die early, clog blood CATALYST: How did you decide to do Minniti at NHLBI to discuss genotyp- flow, and can cause painful episodes, seri- a sabbatical at NIH? ing SCD patients on different continents ous infections, organ damage, and anemia. MAKANI: When I was at NIH for my to look at epigenetic (environmental) influ- Worldwide 300,000 babies are born with WALS lecture, I met with several outstand- ences on phenotype. I am also collaborat- SCD each year, with more than 70 percent ing NIH scientists including NIH Director ing with Nancy Geller and Neal Jeffries, on the African continent. SCD is a major Francis Collins, NHLBI Director Gary both in NHLBI’s Office of Biostatistics cause of infant mortality in sub-Saharan Gibbons, NIDDK Director Griffin Research, on data analysis. In addition, I

6 THE NIH CATALYST MARCH-APRIL 2014 FEATURE NEWS YOU CAN USE

New HR Systems in 2015 BY JENNIFER LEVITHAN AND STACIE RAPPAPORT, OD

The Department of Health and Human Ser- hope to continue discussions with other and promoting vaccination. Those measures, vices (HHS) will be moving to new human institutes such as the Fogarty International which were developed in the United States, resources (HR) systems that will replace Center and NHGRI, which is involved in reduced the mortality, but they have yet to myPay, the Integrated Time and Attendance the H3Africa initiative (Human Heredity be implemented in Africa. Blood transfusion System (ITAS), and Capital HR (EHRP) with and Health in Africa Consortium). is also key in SCD patient care and could be interconnected systems. HHS is calling this done using existing tools from the PEPFAR effort the HR Modernization Program, also CATALYST: What might you be doing (The United States President’s Emergency referred to as the National Finance Center differently based on your sabbatical? Plan for AIDS Relief) program, such as care (NFC) Migration. HHS anticipates the MAKANI: I will be developing partner- centers and trained health-care providers. systems migration will occur in the fall of ships in research, health care, and training; 2015. facilitating joint research projects between CATALYST: What else needs to be done? The new NFC systems is a suite of inte- scientists in Tanzania and the United States; MAKANI: It’s important to integrate grated systems offering enhanced function- improving my scientific writing, thanks to health care, advocacy, research, and train- ality, reduced costs, improved data accuracy, courses I took at the NIH library; and pro- ing in public-health issues. My goal is to and standardized processes throughout HHS. posing changes in the laboratory diagnosis use research to support the three others. The NIH teams are working hard to ensure of SCD based on my training on hemoglo- Stakeholders have to work together. For that the data housed in NIH’s HR systems is binopathy diagnosis. I will also encourage example, advocacy is supported in Tanzania current and accurate so there will be a smooth colleagues to participate in NIH’s sabbatical via the Sickle-Cell Foundation of Tanza- transition when the new systems deploy. program to receive further training in labo- nia (http://lms.muhas.ac.tz/sicklecelltz) Internally, the NIH HR Modernization Program ratory diagnosis, research administration, and the Ministry of Health. The efficient Team has delivered presentations to adminis- and management. In addition, we hope to implementation of policies is crucial to the trative officers, executive officers, and other formalize a partnership between MUHAS improvement of health care. We need better groups to keep NIH staff informed of this and the NIH Clinical Center to develop training of health-care providers regarding effort. Volunteers from institutes and centers virtual courses and exchange programs. the treatment and management of SCD have also been selected to participate with complications. The mortality in hospitals HR staff on several of the subproject teams. CATALYST: What additional research is still too high. Cross-NIH involvement helps ensure that all is needed on SCD? of NIH’s needs are represented. MAKANI: We need to conduct research CATALYST: Is there anything else? As NIH gets closer to the implementa- on diversifying treatment options and allevi- MAKANI: While there are still challenges tion date, the HR Modernization Program ate the burden of this pathology in Africa. to improving SCD patient care and treat- Team will ensure that NIH is thoroughly For example, why does pain vary so much ment, I want to emphasize the extensive prepared for the new systems. The team in terms of severity, frequency, and duration efforts being made by researchers and will provide plenty of change-management within a population or for an individual? In public-health stakeholders in Africa. My tools for NIH staff such as Web sites, train- addition, the disease has been known for a main objective is to invest in science and use ing, and user guides, in addition to ongoing century, but there is only one drug to treat it. science to improve health in a way that can communications. be applied far beyond the SCD context. For more information, go to http://hr.od. CATALYST: What do you see as the nih.gov/hrsystems/nfcmigration.htm. You challenges in SCD patient care? may also join the HR Modernization Yammer To see Julie Makani’s WALS lecture go to MAKANI: Infants and children with group; for information on how, go to http:// http://videocast.nih.gov/launch.asp?17804. SCD are more at risk for infections. There hr.od.nih.gov/hrsystems/benefits/nfc/nfcy- For more information on the Clinical Center are two critical needs: screening newborns ammergroup.htm. For other questions, e-mail sabbatical program, visit http://www.cc.nih. to detect SCD early, and preventing infec- [email protected]. tions by generalizing the use of penicillin gov/training/sabbatical.

http://irp.nih.gov/catalyst 7 CATALYTIC RESEARCH Intramural Research Briefs

gene—one copy from each of their parents. In head and neck cancer cells and blocking p38 contrast, their parents each carried one normal may help prevent cancers from growing. copy and one mutated copy of the CECR1 gene. The team tested SB203580, a drug known The CECR1 gene codes for an enzyme to block p38 activity. As expected, SB203580 called adenosine deaminase 2 (ADA2), which reduced the growth of head and neck cancer is crucial for blood-vessel development and cells in the lab. The next step will be to test maintaining the balance of key immune cells a new generation of drugs that inhibit p38. called monocytes and macrophages. The (NIH authors: K. Leelahavanichkul, P. Amorn- mutated copies of CECR1 found in the young phimoltham, A.A. Molinolo, J. S. Gutkind; Mol patients impair their ability to produce the Oncol 8:105–118, 2014) ADA2 enzyme. This ADA2 deficiency, the

JONATHAN BAILEY, NHGRI researchers found, leads to vascular and OTT: NIH’S SUCCESS IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT A variation in the gene that codes for a key blood-vessel immune system abnormalities that promote Compared with other U.S. public-sector enzyme causes a rare disease in children that makes them a vicious cycle of inflammation that, in turn, research institutions, the NIH Intramural prone to fevers, rash, and strokes. The discovery of what underlies this blood-vessel disease may also benefit efforts raises the risk of stroke. Program (IRP) has contributed inventions to treat and prevent stroke in general. The discovery of what underlies this rare that have had a disproportionately greater blood-vessel disease may also benefit efforts impact on the overall number of products NHGRI, NHLBI, NIAID, NIAMS, NCI, NIDDK, to treat and prevent a much more common produced (particularly vaccines, cancer CC: DISCOVERY OF A GENETIC DISORDER vascular disorder: stroke. (NIH authors: Q. therapeutics and in vivo diagnostics), drugs THAT CAUSES STROKES AND VASCULAR Zhou, D. Yang, D.L. Kastner, M. Boehm, I. granted orphan status, and drugs granted INFLAMMATION IN CHILDREN Aksentijevich, et al.; N Eng J Med DOI:10.1056/ priority review because they offer major A team of intramural scientists from seven NIH NEJMoa1307361) advances in treatment. institutes and centers have identified gene The drugs referred to are powerhouse variants that cause a rare syndrome of spo- NIDDK, NICHD, NCI: SHIVERING MAY BOOST medications and vaccines such as paclitaxel radic fevers, skin rashes, and recurring strokes, HEAT-PRODUCING BROWN FAT IN HUMANS (Taxol), live oral tetravalent Rotavirus vaccine beginning early in childhood. The NIH group When NIH researchers explored how hormones (RotaShield, now being tested in Africa), bort- first encountered a three-year-old patient with regulate physiologic responses to cold expo- ezomib (Velcade), quadrivalent human papil- the syndrome approximately 10 years ago, but sure in humans, they uncovered an intriguing lomavirus vaccine (Gardasil), and darunavir did not at first suspect a genetic cause and relationship between shivering, brown fat, and (Prezista). The total global net sales of drugs treated the patient with immunosuppressive exercise. (NIH authors: P. Lee, J. Linderman, S. using inventions developed by the NIH-IRP medications. Smith, R. J. Brychta, J. Wang, C. Idelson, R.M. was nearly $7 billion in 2010. In the past two Several years passed, but then two unre- Perron, C.D. Werner, G.Q. Phan, U.S. Kammula, decades, the NIH-IRP has contributed more lated children with very similar symptoms E. Kebebew, K. Pacak, K.Y. Chen, F.S. Celi; than 14 percent of the total number of drugs came to NIH. The researchers began to suspect Cell Metab 19:302–309, 2014) Read more brought to the market under commercial a common genetic cause and embarked on a online at http://irp.nih.gov/catalyst/v22i2/ licenses from public-sector research institu- medical odyssey that has led not only to a diag- research-briefs. tions while receiving about 11 percent of all NIH nosis, but also to fundamental new insights into research funds to these institutions (not includ- blood-vessel disease. The scientists sequenced NIDCR: P38 IS HIGHLY ACTIVE IN HEAD AND ing the non-NIH funding universities receive). and analyzed the exomes—the protein-coding NECK CANCERS (OTT authors: S.K. Chatterjee, M.L. Rohrbaugh; part of the genomes—of all three affected chil- Better treatment options are needed for people Nat Biotechnol 32:52–58, 2014) dren and their unaffected parents. diagnosed with head and neck cancers because When the researchers examined the the current therapies of surgery, radiation genetic data, they discovered all three chil- therapy, and chemotherapy control cancer at Read additional briefs and expanded ver- dren had two mutated copies of the CECR1 the cost of normal tissues, sometimes damag- sions of these online at http://irp.nih.gov/ ing them permanently. An NIDCR-led team of catalyst/v22i2/research-briefs. CONTRIBUTOR: KRYSTEN CARRERA, NIDDK scientists reported that p38 kinase is active in

8 THE NIH CATALYST MARCH-APRIL 2014 FEATURE

The Myriad Decision A Move Toward Trade Secrets? BY CHRIS PALMER, NCI

Are genes patentable? In June 2013, and ovarian cancers, making diagnostics peripheral aspects of gene discovery—analy- the U.S. Supreme Court, ruling on the based on the genes important for the sis algorithms, sequencing technologies, and case Association for Molecular Pathology health of millions of women worldwide. gene databases. v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., answered that The U.S. Supreme Court ultimately Pauwels also discussed the merits of question with a resounding “No.” ruled in June 2013 that isolated human making gene databases public. She men- The unanimous ruling on the case, genes cannot be patented. However, the tioned a handful of policies that could in which doctors, patients, and medical justices also ruled that synthetic DNA ensure data sharing, including scientific associations sued biotech firm Myriad sequences—known as complementary journals creating and promoting voluntary Genetics to challenge its patents on two DNA (cDNA)—are eligible for patent public databases; FDA requirements for human genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, has protection, leaving room for biotech firms labs to share data as a condition of market been viewed as a potential turning point to profit from genetics research. approval of genetic tests; and insurer for the biotech industry’s thinking about In an attempt to explain Myriad’s requirements that labs share data as a intellectual property (IP) protection. A choice to patent the BRCA genes, condition of reimbursement. discussion of the fallout from the land- Rohrbaugh outlined two general strategies Rohrbaugh ended his portion of the mark case, and how various players in the companies use to protect IP. A company forum by describing NIH’s best practic- research community may react to it, was can obtain a patent in exchange for making es—first issued in 2005—for NIH-funded the basis of the NCI-hosted Ethical and public a written description of how to make institutions wishing to license genomic Regulatory Issues in Cancer Research its invention, as well as demonstrating that inventions. He said patent seekers should (ENRICH) Forum in November. it is novel, nonobvious, and not a prod- avoid exclusive licensing—that is, allow- Leading the ENRICH Forum, enti- uct of nature. The trade-off is that the ing only a single company to produce a tled “The Myriad mire: Patents and trade patent is only enforceable for 20 years. patented product—to the extent possible, secrets in the age of the genome,” were Alternatively, the company can declare unless doing so would provide commercial Mark Rohrbaugh, director of NIH’s its invention a trade secret—for example, development incentives. Office of Technology Transfer, and Google’s search algorithm—indefinitely He recommended that patent seekers Eleonore Pauwels, public policy scholar and hope nobody uncovers the secret to should always make sure they have the at the Woodrow Wilson International create a similar product. (For technologies right to grant nonexclusive research-use Center for Scholars (Washington, D.C.). based on genome sequences, all of which licenses to lots of people rather than to a Rohrbaugh, who participated in discus- are now publicly available, this should not single company or lab. He also suggested sions about a “friend of the court” brief pose a serious problem to the development setting up specific goals for the production detailing the federal government’s position of gene sequence-based tests.) and testing of therapeutics with definite on the case, discussed the background According to Pauwels, the Supreme timelines to facilitate the quick develop- and logic behind the Supreme Court’s Court decision on Myriad could make the ment of the licensed technology. decision, whereas Pauwels laid out the trade-secret route look more attractive to the Such benchmarks would increase the business, ethics, and policy implications biotech industry, including to Myriad itself. likelihood that the patented invention is of the ruling. She quoted a 2011 New York Times piece put to use improving people’s health and Between 1997 and 1998, researchers in which Myriad’s chief executive, Peter not gathering dust on a shelf. at Myriad Genetics and the University Meldrum, said, “If I had my druthers, I of Utah (both based in Salt Lake City) would not want to go into a new market in For more information about the Office of and NIEHS were granted patents for a heavy-handed fashion, trying to enforce Technology Transfer and inventions by NIH the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. (Note: patents.” Pauwels said this attitude is likely to researchers, go to http://www.ott.nih.gov. NIH was not included in the BRCA2 gene be shared by other biotechs and that business To read a longer version of this article online, patent.) Mutations in the genes have been models in a post-Myriad world may focus go to http://irp.nih.gov/catalyst/v22i2/ associated with a predisposition to breast on keeping secret innovations regarding the the-myriad-decision.

http://irp.nih.gov/catalyst 9 Rall Collection CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 his voice would always be found there. Ed Rall did groundbreaking research on the thyroid, founded one of the world’s leading thyroid centers at NIH, and was an inspirational force in NIH’s intramural program. The story of NIH’s efforts to preserve the Rall collection is one of collaboration between the DeWitt Stetten, Jr., Museum Because Rall’s narrative is international in digitized copies of some family photo- of Medical Research (part of the Office of scope, it is important not only to NIH’s graphs and papers. The family has donated NIH History) and the NLM’s History of history but also to the global history of archival materials—including correspon- Medicine Division. Both entities advance medicine. dence, speeches, notebooks, oral histories, the historical understanding of biomedical “It is always a pleasure working with photographs, moving images, recordings, research, albeit in different ways. our colleagues in the Office of NIH and other documents—to the library. The Stetten Museum collects, pre- History, and especially so on the Rall The collection paints a picture of Ed serves, and interprets three-dimensional collection,” said Jeffrey Reznick, chief Rall’s life and accomplishments. He was objects associated with NIH researchers of NLM’s History of Medicine Divi- among the first to apply radioactive iso- and their contributions to biomedicine. sion. “Together, we are ensuring that topes of iodine to the study of thyroid NLM’s History of Medicine Division this unique collection as a whole is both function and the treatment of thyroid dis- collects, preserves, and interprets books preserved for and accessible to current eases. He studied under Raymond Keat- and other printed materials, images, and future generations of historians and ing, Alexander Albert, and Marschelle audiovisuals, and original documents other interested researchers, as well as Power at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, related to the general history of medi- for educators, students, and the general Minn.), receiving the Van Meter Award cine and not just what happened at NIH. public, all of whom deserve to know about in 1950 for his residency work. He then the record of Dr. Rall’s accomplishments moved to the Memorial-Sloan Ketter- in terms of NIH history as well as the ing Cancer Center (New York), where he history of medicine overall.” was engaged in the early development of To capture a complete record of a sci- treatments for metastatic thyroid cancer entist’s professional contributions and to with radioactive iodine and became a key accurately reflect the how, why, and what member of the team of radiation physicists of that work, the record must also docu- and clinicians treating patients. ment, to the extent possible, the scientist’s In 1955, Rall was invited to start the daily life, the environment in which he Clinical Endocrinology Branch at the or she lived and worked, and his or her National Institute of Arthritis and Meta- worldviews and perspectives. bolic Diseases (NIAMD), the forebear The Rall collection does just that. of the current National Institute of Dia- The Rall family has donated many three- betes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

Nell Platt Rall and Edward Everett Rall with their sons, Ed dimensional objects to the museum includ- (NIDDK) and the National Institute of (left) and David. The elder Rall was president of North ing Rall’s stethoscope, slide rules, cameras, Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Central College in Naperville, Illinois. From Recollections or Apologia per Vita sua, 2002: “I arrived in this world in typewriter, microscope, Marshall Island Disease (NIAMS). 1920 born in the President’s House…just across from the radiation field-research notebook, U.S. At NIH, Rall assembled an array of College Library—a Carnegie Library, of course…School Army footlocker, 1946 desk photocalendar, scientists from different disciplines to appeared to me to be neither good nor bad except that having to do endless examples of long division…was par- tobacco pipe, miniature chess set, NIH lab focus on a single endocrine organ, the ticularly boring.” coat, and some of his awards and medals. thyroid. His visionary approach led to The museum’s collection also includes the creation of one of the world’s leading

10 THE NIH CATALYST MARCH-APRIL 2014 LEFT The Rall family donated archival materials—including correspondence, speeches, notebooks, oral histories, photographs, moving images, recordings, and other documents—to the National Library of Medicine.

RIGHT Ed Rall’s family has donated many three-dimensional objects to the Stetten museum including his stethoscope, slide rules, microscope, Marshall Island radiation field-research notebook, U.S. Army footlocker, 1946 desk photocalendar, tobacco pipe, miniature chess set, NIH lab coat, some of his awards and medals, and more.

centers for basic and clinical thyroid (an NIDDK scientist who died in 2008) Born in 1920 to North Central Col- research. In 1957, Rall was one of a group published a famous paper, “Proteins Asso- lege (Naperville, Ill.) president Edward of scientists, under the auspices of the ciated with the Thyroid Hormones,” Everett Rall and his wife, Nell Platt Rall, Atomic Energy Commission, that was which described their theory that only Ed Rall earned his B.S. in zoology from sent to the Marshall Islands to study the free thyroid hormone is the active hor- that college in 1941 and his M.S. and effects of radiation on the inhabitants of mone (Physiol Rev 40:415–489, 1960). M.D. from Northwestern University the Rongelap and Utirik Islands from a Rall was NIAMD’s scientific director Medical School (Chicago), now the nuclear testing accident. Rall helped to for more than 20 years before becoming Feinberg School of Medicine at North- introduce preventative treatment with NIH’s Deputy Director for Intramural western. He received his Ph.D. from the thyroid hormones to reduce the incidence Research (1983–1991). His tenure was University of Minnesota (Minneapolis) of thyroid nodules and cancers. marked by his wide interdisciplinary in 1945 and left for a fellowship at the In 1959, Rall was off to the Soviet interests and involvement with fellows Mayo Clinic. Union as part of an official exchange and training programs. He transitioned His wife, Caroline Domm Rall, whom mission. In 1960, he and Jack Robbins to emeritus status in 1995. he met as a child and married in 1944, also had a B.S. in zoology. Rall’s residency at the Mayo Clinic was interrupted by a two-year stint in the U.S. Army Medical Corps, where he served at Fort Devens (Ayer and Shirley, Mass.) and at a U.S. Army base in Nürnberg, Germany. Through the generosity of Priscilla Rall and the Rall family, this unique and valuable collection will be available for researchers of both today and tomorrow, all of whom will be able to read and learn from Ed Rall’s thoughts and perceptions. Quotes mined from his letters and notes will enable Ed Rall himself to narrate the milestones and transitions of his personal and professional life in his own vernacular, personality, and cadence. And museum exhibitions, popular and scholarly press publications, Web-based presentations, curriculum materials, and documentary In 1957, Rall was one of a group of scientists that was sent to the Marshall Islands to study the effects of radiation on the films that feature his voice will resound inhabitants of the Rongelap and Utirik Islands from a nuclear testing accident. He helped to introduce preventative treatment with thyroid hormones to reduce the incidence of thyroid nodules and cancers. “[The Rongelap people] received with accuracy and authenticity. about 175 r plus superficial burns from fall out. No one was killed and most of the burns have healed nicely. We examined them for any late effects.” (From: Round-robin letter to extended family, April 30, 1957) CONTINUED ON PAGE 12

http://irp.nih.gov/catalyst 11 FEATURE

Rall Collection CONTINUED FROM PAGE 11

Ed Rall (foreground) and Caroline Domm Rall, whom he “[A]n early idea before I came here—and this building met as a child and married in 1944. She had a B.S. in zool- To learn more about the Rall collection, ogy. “[For my Ph.D. degree] I was interested in iodine exemplifies it—is to try and mix them up. That is to say, compounds, and paper chromatography had just come you’d have a patient wing here, then you’d have the clin- contact the Stetten Museum’s Hank Grasso ical investigator’s laboratories around it, and then in the up then. And so I chromatographed blood and serum and at [email protected] or Michele Lyons urine, looking for the major iodine materials.” (From: Oral exterior wing, you’d have basic science. So that way, The history recorded by Buhm Soon Park, 2000) clinicians could talk with the basic scientists, who were at [email protected], or the NLM’s Head right next door, and it really worked out well.… And so I of Images and Archives, Rebecca Warlow, think that’s been an important aspect of the NIH, is to make sure that a clinician can talk to a biochemist, a biochemist at [email protected]. can talk to an organic chemist, and organic chemist can talk to a chemical physicist, who can talk to a mathemati- cian.… [T]he physical setup of this building encouraged it.” (From: Oral history recorded by Buhm Soon Park, 2000)

“I entered medical school in 1940 and the war began in 1941…I had already started to do research in medical school and I decided that I just would not join the Army…even though about 98 percent of medical students joined…So one day the registrar called me up and said, ‘We did not have any students who are not in the military except for you…do you want a scholarship for your tuition? So I…had a scholarship and two research projects that I got paid for…and then I worked in a hospital at nights. After I graduated medical school, I had this funny inactive commission since 1941. I thought they From left: DeWitt Stetten, Jr., Rachmiel Levine, Dwight Ingle, Ed Rall, and Edwin ‘Ted’ Astwood. “There were five of us had forgotten about me because I went through my visiting on an official exchange mission….Were treated with great hospitality and kindness and, I think, frankness. The internship and then went to the Mayo Clinic. Two weeks biology in the USSR is quite different than that of the Western world. In Russia, Pavlov is revered and his experiments before I was through that first year at the Mayo Clinic, I repeated endlessly.” (From: Round-robin letter to family, June 8, 1959) received a letter that said report for duty.” (From: Oral history recorded by Melissa Klein, 1998)

12 THE NIH CATALYST MARCH-APRIL 2014 NIH IN HISTORY

The Centennial Anchor A Symbol of NIH’s Maritime Origins BY SARA CROCOLL, PRESIDENTIAL MANAGEMENT FELLOW, NIAID

Ever wonder why there’s a huge As NIH approached white anchor at the intersection of 1987, its centennial year, Center and South Drives on NIH’s then–Associate Director for Bethesda campus? The Centennial Intramural Affairs Philip Anchor, so named for the 100th anni- Chen got a call from an versary of NIH’s founding, symbol- official at the Staten Island izes the maritime origins of the Public Marine Hospital who said Health Service and NIH. Originally that it was about to become from a Coast Guard cutter, the anchor the privatized Bayley Seton

rested for many years in front of the Hospital. “There’s an anchor BRANSON BILL Staten Island Marine Hospital (Staten here,” the hospital official Island, N.Y.), where the NIH began told Chen. “Would you like in 1887 as the Hygienic Laboratory, it?” Not wanting to miss

headed by Joseph Kinyoun. The labora- an opportunity to secure The Centennial Anchor, so named for the 100th anniversary of NIH’s found- tory moved from Staten Island to Wash- a piece of NIH’s history, ing, represents the maritime origins of the Public Health Service and NIH. The anchor was brought to NIH in 1987—from the Staten Island Marine Hospital, where ington, D.C., in 1891; changed its name Chen wasted no time in the NIH began in 1887 as the Hygienic Laboratory—and now sits on the traffic to the National Institute of Health in arranging for a flatbed island at the intersection of South and Center Drives on the Bethesda Campus. 1930; moved to Bethesda in 1938; and truck to bring the anchor became the National Institutes (plural) to Bethesda. of Health in 1948. “The anchor provides some link to the plaque—to bring about this monument maritime history of [the Public Health] to NIH history and its maritime origins. Service and NIH,” said Chen. It “is a One mystery remains, however. visible reminder of the original one-room No one has been able to determine the Hygienic Laboratory to which NIH traces exact Coast Guard cutter from which its origins.” the anchor came. The lettering on the To celebrate NIH’s centennial, the anchor should provide a clue to its ori- anchor was set unadorned on the grassy gins: US NAVY; B 1860; PSI 5-45 (see traffic island at the intersection of South photo below). and Center Drives and then temporarily If you can shed any light on this mys- in front of Building 1. Shortly thereafter, tery, contact the NIH Catalyst at catalyst@ on instruction by the NIH Director, it nih.gov or 301-402-1449.

BILLBRANSON was put into storage. Then in 1989, it re-

The text on the plaque for the Centennial Anchor reads: appeared on the traffic island, was given THE CENTENNIAL ANCHOR, OCTOBER 16, 1987. proper identification and a pedestal, and THIS CENTENNIAL ANCHOR, ORIGINALLY FROM A COAST has remained there ever since. GUARD CUTTER, RESTED FOR MANY YEARS IN FRONT OF THE STATEN ISLAND MARINE HOSPITAL WHERE THE The anchor is a “powerful, enduring NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH BEGAN IN 1887 WITH symbol,” said Richard Wyatt, deputy

THE FOUNDING OF THE HYGIENIC LABORATORY. IT WAS NIAID CROCOLL, SARA PRESENTED TO THE NIH ON THE OCCASION OF THE CEN- director of the Office of Intramural TENNIAL CELEBRATION TO COMMEMORATE A CENTURY Research, who collaborated with Chen OF SCIENCE FOR HEALTH AND TO SYMBOLIZE THE MAR- and John Eberhart (then senior advisor ITIME ORIGINS OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. Seal: U.S. Public Health Service * 1798 to the deputy director for intramural research)—who prepared the text for the

http://irp.nih.gov/catalyst 13 FEATURE

Stadtman Investigators CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 ANIRBAN BANERJEE, PH.D., NICHD LUCY FORREST, PH.D., NINDS Unit on Structural and Chemical Biology of Computational Structural Biology Unit scientist and doing something that mat- Membrane Proteins Education: B.Sc. in tered. Structural biologist Audray Harris Education: B.Sc. in chem- computer-aided chemis- (NIAID) plans to leverage his research on istry, Jadavpur University try, University of Surrey respiratory viruses to design better vaccines. (Calcutta, India); M.Sc. in (Guildford, England); “The elegant yet complex nature of the biochemistry, Indian Institute D.Phil. in biochemistry, logical systems [around us] never ceases to of Technology, Kanpur University of Oxford amaze” Quan Yuan (NINDS). Both Lucy (India); Ph.D. in chemistry, Training: Postdoctoral research at the Johns Forrest (NINDS) and Anirban Banerjee Harvard University (Cambridge, Mass.) Hopkins University School of Medicine (Balti- (NICHD) study proteins in cell membranes. Training: Postdoctoral training at Rockefeller more), Medical Research Council Dunn Human Forrest uses computational and theoretical University (New York) Nutrition Unit (Cambridge, UK), and Columbia approaches to study transporter proteins. Current research: My lab combines X-ray crys- University (New York) Banerjee is “convinced that NIH was, with- tallography, protein and peptide chemistry, Position before coming to NIH: Max Planck out a speck of doubt, the best place to” do and solution biochemical and biophysical Research Group Leader, Max Planck Institute his research on the connection between the techniques using detergent-solubilized pro- for Biophysics (Frankfurt, Germany) structure and function of eukaryotic integral teins and reconstituted proteoliposomes to Current Research: Our group uses computa- membrane proteins. study the connection between the structural tional and theoretical approaches to under- All the Stadtman Investigators agree chemistry and biological function of eukary- stand the mechanisms of membrane pro- that NIH is the best place to be. The fol- otic integral membrane proteins. teins, especially transporter proteins, which lowing is a synopsis of who they are . Read capture the chemical potential energy of ionic full interviews online at http://irp.nih.gov/ KAPIL BHARTI, PH.D., NEI gradients to facilitate movement of essential catalyst/v22i2/meet-the-stadtmans. Chief, Ocular Stem Cell and Translational chemicals, or unwelcome toxic compounds, Research Unit into and out of the cell. Education: B.Sc. in YEXICA (YEKA) APONTE, PH.D., NIDA biophysics, Panjab LUCA GATTINONI, M.D., NCI-CCR Unit Chief, Neuronal University (Chandigarh, Experimental Transplantation and Circuits and Behavior India); M.Sc. in biotech- Immunology Branch Unit, Cellular Neuro- nology, Maharaja Sayaji Education: GCE A-level, biology Branch Rao University (Baroda, Liceo Classico G. Education: Under- India); Ph.D. in molecular cell biology, Johann Carducci (Milan); M.D., graduate studies in Wolfgang Goethe University (Frankfurt am School of Medicine and biology, Universidad Central de Venezuela Main, Germany) Surgery, Università degli (Caracas, Venezuela); Ph.D. in natural sciences Training: Research fellow, Mammalian Devel- Studi di Milano (Milan) at the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg opment Section, NINDS Training: Residency in medical oncology, Uni- (Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany) Last position held: Staff scientist, Mammalian versità degli Studi di Milano and the Istituto Training: Postdoctoral training at Janelia Farm Development Section, NINDS Scientifico H.S. Raffaele (Milan) Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Current research: My lab performs transla- Last position held: Staff scientist, Surgery Institute (Ashburn, Va.) tional research on degenerative eye diseases Branch, NCI Current research: We are using state-of-the- using induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell tech- Current research: I am planning to uncover art optogenetic electrophysiology, two-pho- nology focusing on the retinal pigment epi- the molecular and metabolic mechanisms ton fluorescence endoscopy, and behavioral thelium (RPE). We are using iPS cell derived that regulate CD8+ T-cell self-renewal and assays to elucidate the neuronal basis of natu- RPE to develop a cell-based therapy for retinal multipotency and use this knowledge to ral behaviors, such as feeding, and determine degenerative diseases and to develop in vitro improve the effectiveness of T-cell-based how these behaviors are disrupted in eating disease models to identify patient-specific immunotherapies by conferring “stemness” disorders and drug addiction. disease processes that help set up high- on tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. throughput screens for drug discovery.

14 THE NIH CATALYST MARCH-APRIL 2014 FEATURE

AUDRAY KENKAY HARRIS, PH.D., NIAID STAVROULA (VOULA) MILI, PH.D., NCI-CCR KANDICE TANNER, PH.D., NCI-CCR Chief, Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology Head, Tissue Morphodynamics Unit, of Infectious Diseases Education: B.Sc. in Laboratory of Cell Biology Education: B.S. in chem- biology, National and Education: B.S. in istry, Tougaloo College Kapodistrian University electrical engineering, (Tougaloo, Miss.); (Athens, Greece); Ph.D. technology, and phys- Ph.D. in microbiology, and M.Phil. in biomedi- ics, South Carolina State University of Alabama cal sciences, Mount Sinai University (Orangeburg, at Birmingham (gradu- School of Medicine of New York University S.C.); Ph.D. and M.S. in ate of the Pharmaceutical Design Training (New York) physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- Program) Training: Postdoctoral training, Yale University paign (Champaign, Ill.) Training: Postdoctoral training, NIAMS (New Haven, Conn.) Training: Postdoctoral training at University Last position held: Research Fellow, Labora- Last position: Research associate, University of California, Irvine; University of California, tory of Cell Biology, NCI of Virginia (Charlottesville, Va.) Berkeley; Lawrence Berkeley, National Labo- Current Research: My lab integrates structural Current research: My lab is trying to under- ratory (Berkeley, Calif.) and biochemical studies with bioinformat- stand the regulation of the RNA localization Current research: My lab wants to link the ics to understand the epitope display and pathway and determining how its deregula- lessons learned from epithelial morphogen- assembly of respiratory viruses, especially the tion contributes to cancer progression and to esis to the mechanisms by which tumor cells influenza virus. We use 3-D electron micros- neurodegeneration. can colonize distant organs. We propose to copy to obtain structural information. We treat the newly formed neoplasm as a new hope to leverage this information to design SUNNI MUMFORD, PH.D., NICHD organ and thus dissect the physicochemical better vaccines and to identify novel targets Epidemiology Branch processes involved in this de novo “tumor for therapeutic drugs. Education: B.S. in organogenesis.” statistics, Utah State TODD MACFARLAN, PH.D., NICHD University (Logan, QUAN YUAN, PH.D., NINDS Head, Unit on Mammalian Epigenome Utah); S.M. in biostatis- Dendrite Morphogenesis and Plasticity Unit Reprogramming tics, Harvard University Education: B.S. in biol- Education: B.S. in bio- School of Public Health ogy, Lanzhou University chemistry and molecular (Boston); Ph.D. in epidemiology, Gillings (Lanzhou, China); Ph.D. biology, Pennsylvania School of Global Public Health, University of in biology, Univer- State University (State North Carolina (Chapel Hill, N.C.) sity of Pennsylvania College, Pa.); Ph.D. in cell Training: Postdoctoral research fellow in (Philadelphia) and molecular biology, epidemiology, NICHD Training: Postdoctoral training in behavioral Perelman School of Medicine at the University Current research: My research is on the effects neurobiology, University of California, San of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia) of diet on both male and female reproduction Francisco Training: Postdoctoral training, Gene Expres- and fertility. We are currently recruiting for a Research: In the short term, my lab will study sion Laboratory, Salk Institute (La Jolla, Calif.) clinical trial to evaluate whether folic acid and the molecular and cellular mechanisms Current research: My group is studying the zinc supplements may improve semen quality regulating the dendrite development and function of chromatin-modifying enzymes and downstream pregnancy outcomes among the wiring stability in Drosophila melano- in mammalian development; the interplay of couples seeking fertility treatment. gaster (the fruit fly). In the long term, we transcription factors and chromatin-modi- try to address the principles governing the fying enzymes during natural and artificial establishment, maintenance, and functions of reprogramming; and the mechanisms that For information on the Stadtman neural circuits, and we will extend our findings regulate endogenous retrovirus expression Investigators application process, go to into more complex model systems. during development. http://1.usa.gov/1hwmlOe.

http://irp.nih.gov/catalyst 15 COLLEAGUES

Recently Tenured

HEATHER CAMERON, NIMH HONGLEI CHEN, NIEHS MICHAEL FESSLER, NIEHS WEI LI, NEI JOSHUA MILNER, NIAID

HEATHER CAMERON, PH.D., NIMH associated with memory loss, it is unclear of Molecular Epidemiology and Genetics; Senior Investigator; Chief, Section on how these two potential roles for new neu- adjunct associate professor, Department of Neuroplasticity rons might fit together. Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Education: Yale University, New Haven, We have found that adult mice lacking at Chapel Hill, N.C. Conn. (B.S. in biology); Rockefeller Univer- neurogenesis show prolonged responses to Outside Interests: Hiking; playing soccer sity, New York (Ph.D. in neuroscience) stressful experiences and show increased Training: Postdoctoral training at NINDS depressive-like behavior after stress. We Research Interests: My group is inter- Came to NIH: In 1995 for training; became are interested in understanding how the ested in understanding the genetic and tenure-track investigator in 2001 new neurons affect the stress response and environmental factors that contribute to Selected professional activities: Associate how their stress-buffering property relates Parkinson disease, a neurodegenerative editor, Journal of Neuroscience; editorial to roles for adult neurogenesis in learning disorder that affects more than one mil- board, PLOS Biology and memory and in mood disorders. lion older adults in the United States. The Outside interests: Badgering her three kids symptoms vary, but the primary ones are to do their homework tremor, or trembling in hands, arms, legs, HONGLEI CHEN, M.D., PH.D., NIEHS jaw, and face; rigidity, or stiffness of the Research interests: My laboratory studies Principal Investigator, Aging and Neuro- limbs and trunk; bradykinesia, or slowness adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus, epidemiology Group, Epidemiology Branch of movement; and postural instability, or one of only two brain areas that add large Education: Tianjin Medical University, China impaired balance and coordination. Over numbers of new neurons during adulthood. (M.D.); Chinese Academy of Preventive the past several years, my group and my (The other brain area is the olfactory bulb.) Medicine, Beijing (M.Sc. in nutritional epide- collaborators have reported that moderate We have studied the regulation of hippo- miology); Tufts University, Boston (Ph.D. in to vigorous exercise, ibuprofen use, higher campal adult neurogenesis for several years, nutritional epidemiology) plasma urate, and longer duration (rather but we are now focusing more on under- Training: Research associate, Harvard School than intensity) of smoking were all associ- standing the effect of these new neurons of Public Health (Boston) ated with a lower risk of Parkinson disease. on the brain and behavior. It seems likely, Before coming to NIH: Instructor, Harvard As a member of an international Parkinson based on their location in the hippocam- School of Public Health (Boston) consortium, we’ve also identified genes that pus, that the function of new neurons is Came to NIH: In 2005 as a tenure-track contribute to late-onset Parkinson disease. related to learning and memory. investigator Parkinson patients also suffer from a However, a growing body of evidence Selected professional activities: Associate variety of nonmotor manifestations that suggests that new neurons may play a role editor for the American Journal of Epide- may precede the onset of motor symptoms. in depression. Because memory deficits are miology; associate editorial boards for To this end, my collaborators and I have not a primary symptom of depression, the American Journal of Neurodegenera- reported that depression, anxiety, daytime and other conditions are more strongly tive Disease and the International Journal sleepiness, constipation, weight loss, and

16 THE NIH CATALYST MARCH-APRIL 2014 COLLEAGUES

Research interests: My group studies the Research interests: The Retinal Neurobiol- role of cholesterol in innate immunity, the ogy Section studies the structure and func- hard-wired arm of the immune system tion of retinal synapses and circuits. We are that responds to infection, tissue injury, trying to understand how retinal neurons and other environmental stresses. We use interact via synapses and how a network of genetically modified mouse models, lipid- these interactions, in the form of a neural raft analysis, targeted proteomic analy- circuit, transmits visual information. Such ses, and signal-transduction approaches knowledge is vital for understanding the to define how cholesterol-trafficking mechanisms of visual processing that are mechanisms regulate the innate immune linked to information processing in the ESTA STERNECK, NCI-CCR response. Our ultimate objective is to brain. This knowledge will also establish define novel molecular targets that inter- a foundation for understanding synaptic vene in human immunity. loss and dysfunction in retinal diseases Several of the studies we conduct are and determining how to therapeutically erectile dysfunction were associated with a translational in design; we use primary rescue them. The retina is one of the most future risk of developing Parkinson disease. human leukocytes collected from blood promising central-nervous-system areas We hope to further this work by evaluating donors in the NIEHS Clinical Research that can be functionally mapped, thanks to how these nonmotor symptoms, alone or Unit. Partnered with mouse models and its unique two-dimensional-like structure in combination, relate to a Parkinson diag- insights garnered from molecular epide- as well as to our knowledge of neuronal nosis and how environment and genetic miology, these studies aim to define the morphology and use of diverse techniques factors may alter the development of the biology of infection and inflammation in to assess neuronal function. disease. the human lung in a way that may ulti- A second interest of our section is mately inform the diagnosis and care of to understand how the retina adapts to patients with pneumonia, asthma, and a extreme metabolic conditions such as those MICHAEL FESSLER, M.D., NIEHS variety of environmental lung diseases. experienced by hibernating animals. We Senior Investigator, Clinical Investigation of believe that metabolism is one of the core Host Defense Group, Laboratory of Respira- issues pertaining to the health and patho- tory Biology WEI LI, PH.D., NEI logical change in the retina. By studying Education: Princeton University, Princeton, Senior Investigator and Chief, Retinal hibernating animals, we hope to identify N.J. (B.A. in philosophy); Harvard Medical Neurobiology Section strategies that can help the retina better School, Boston (M.D.) Education: Zhejiang University School of cope with metabolic stresses that occur in Training: Residency in internal medicine, Medicine, Hangzhou, China (B.M. in clinical retinal disease. Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston); medicine); University of Texas at Houston fellowship in pulmonary sciences and critical (Ph.D. in neuroscience) care medicine, University of Colorado Health Training: Postdoctoral training at Northwest- Sciences Center (Denver) ern University Feinberg School of Medicine YOUR IDEAS WELCOME Before coming to NIH: Assistant professor (Chicago) We are always looking for ideas for stories of medicine, National Jewish Medical and Came to NIH: In 2007 as a principal investi- about intramural researchers, behind-the- Research Center (Denver) gator in NEI scenes activities that enable research to Came to NIH: In 2006 as a tenure-track Selected professional activities: Member of happen, new methods developed at NIH, and investigator the Association for Research in Vision and more. Don’t hesitiate to get in touch. E-mail Selected professional activities: Editorial Ophthalmology and of its Annual Meeting [email protected] or call Managing Editor board for PLOS ONE; faculty member of the Planning Committee; member of the Society Laura Carter at 301-402-1449. Faculty of 1000 Medicine; member of Ameri- for Neuroscience can Thoracic Society and NIH Translational Outside interests: Traveling; cooking; playing Research Interest Group sports (tennis, skiing, and running); spend-

Outside interests: Running; playing tennis ing time with his son CONTINUED ON PAGE 18

http://irp.nih.gov/catalyst 17 COLLEAGUES

Recently Tenured CONTINUED FROM PAGE 17

JOSHUA MILNER, M.D., S.B., NIAID Other work includes developing and molecular mechanisms of C/EBPdelta’s Senior Investigator, Allergic Inflammation applying techniques to determine whether functions in development and tumori- Unit, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases Education: Massachusetts Institute of Tech- certain human disorders of atopy may be genesis. In addition, we analyze human nology, Boston (S.B. in biology); Albert Ein- caused by defects in T-cell receptor diver- tumor tissues to guide our approaches stein College of Medicine, New York (M.D.) sity or signaling function. and determine the clinical relevance of Training: Residency in pediatrics at Children’s our observations. Our long-term goal is National Medical Center (Washington, D.C.); to understand the normal cell functions ESTA STERNECK, PH.D, NCI-CCR clinical fellowship in allergy and immunology and perturbations that affect breast-tumor at NIAID Senior Investigator, Laboratory of Cell and biology. Came to NIH: In 2003 for training; in 2008 Developmental Signaling Gene-expression analyses showed that Education: Ludwig Maximilian University of entered the NIAID Clinical Research Transition C/EBPdelta expression is downregulated Munich, Munich, Germany (M.Sc. in biology); Program; in 2009 was named chief of NIAID’s in breast cancer and is part of a 70-gene University of Heidelberg Ruperto Carola, Allergic Inflammation Unit as a tenure-track expression signature that predicts longer Heidelberg, Germany (Ph.D. in natural investigator patient survival. These studies suggested sciences) Selected professional activities: Councilor, that C/EBPdelta functions as a tumor Training: Predoctoral training at European Clinical Immunology Society suppressor. We confirmed those findings, Molecular Biology Laboratory and the Outside interests: Playing hand drums; sing- but we were surprised when some of our Center for Molecular Biology (Heidelberg, ing; produced a CD of Jewish music called studies showed that C/EBPdelta also aug- Germany); postdoctoral training at the “Songs at a Table” ments tumor metastasis and hypoxic and Advanced BioScience Laboratories–Basic inflammatory signaling events, which are Research Program at NCI-Frederick both associated with augmenting metasta- Research interests: In the Allergic Inflam- Came to NIH: In 1992 for training; in 1998 sis. We found that C/EBPdelta promotes mation Unit, which is a basic, transla- obtained an NCI Scholar Grant to begin an these pathways by inhibiting expression tional, and clinical lab, we are trying to independent research program; in 2003 of the FBXW7 tumor suppressor, which understand the immunology of a variety became tenure-track investigator we now know is a critical attenuator of of allergic diseases from eczema to hives Selected professional activities: Founding inflammatory signaling. to asthma and those in-between. We work member of Austrian Scientist and Scholars In our current research, we are fur- with patients and families who have evi- in North America; founder and chair of the ther exploring the diverse functions of dence of genetic diseases associated with Washington-Frederick-Baltimore Trainee C/EBPdelta in tumorigenesis as well as allergy. Through studies of patients and Speakers Bureau investigating the molecular mechanisms mouse models, we hope to gain better Outside interests: Collaborates with her of C/EBPdelta signaling and the switch insights into the mechanisms of immu- husband on raising two happy and decent between its different functions. We also nodysregulation that lead to atopic inflam- people (currently 8 and 11 years old) study the role of C/EBPdelta signaling in matory disease. We have identified several breast-tumor cell responses to therapeutic new genetic diseases of allergy, continue to Research interests: My laboratory conducts agents. We anticipate that our research study the basic mechanisms that explain basic research to better understand cell- will lead to a better understanding of the these and other known genetic diseases signaling pathways that regulate mamma- complex cellular processes underlying associated with allergy, and maintain a ry-gland development and tumorigenesis. breast cancer and treatment responses clinical program for studying these patients In particular, we are investigating the versus resistance. as well as patients with severe atopic der- function of C/EBPdelta, a transcription matitis. Our team has found that wet-wrap factor encoded by the CEBPD gene. We therapy combined with education on long- use genetically engineered mice and human term skin care can dramatically improve breast epithelial cell lines to elucidate the CONTRIBUTOR: ROBIN ARNETTE, NIEHS the lives of children with severe eczema.

18 THE NIH CATALYST MARCH-APRIL 2014 ANNOUNCEMENTS

2015 FARE AWARDS COMPETITION NIH MANAGEMENT INTERN PROGRAM research. Posters will be reviewed by teams Win a travel award and enhance your CV Unlock a new career path of graduate students, postdocs, and staff sci- Submit abstract (February 14–March 17) to RECRUITING: April 7–11, 2014 entists. Investigators, staff scientists, and sci- http://1.usa.gov/1cXAcvQ The Management Intern (MIs) Program is a entific administrators can make a important The FARE competition provides recogni- competitive, two-year career-development contribution to Postbac Poster Day by visiting tion for outstanding intramural scientific program for current NIH employees. Upon posters and engaging their authors in discus- research. Winners will be announced by completion of the program, MIs transition sion. For more information, visit http://1.usa. August 15, and will receive a $1,000 travel into an administrative-management career at gov/1cdqebH. award to facilitate the presentation of their NIH. Eligible employees may apply. For more research at a scientific meeting between information, visit http://trainingcenter.nih. CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY, October 1, 2014, and September 30, 2015. gov/intern/mi. FROM PEDIGREES TO POPULATIONS For more information, go to http://1.usa. May 6, 2014 gov/1kqhiiT or contact the FARE 2015 com- NIH-DUKE TRAINING PROGRAM 1:00–6:00 p.m. mittee at [email protected]. IN CLINICAL RESEARCH Ruth L. Kirschstein Auditorium Applications accepted until April 15, 2014 Natcher Conference Center (Building 45) CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH The program is designed for physicians and All are invited to a scientific symposium to July 7–18, 2014 dentists who desire formal training in the honor the scientific accomplishments of NIH Main Campus in Bethesda quantitative and methodological principles Joseph F. Fraumeni, Jr., M.D., founding direc- Application Deadline: April 1, 2014 of clinical research. Courses are offered at tor of NCI’s Division of Cancer Epidemiology To apply, go to: the NIH Clinical Center via videoconference. and Genetics. Agenda and registration details http://cc.nih.gov/training/phdcourse Academic credit may be applied toward a to follow. For more information, contact Jen- Learn the process of clinical and translational Master of Health Sciences in Clinical Research nifer Loukissas at [email protected]. research from concept to implementation from Duke University School of Medicine. For during this two-week intensive course. This applications, contact Dora Abankwah Danso SCAVENGER RECEPTOR BIOLOGY AND training is offered by the Clinical Center at no ([email protected]). For other infor- NOMENCLATURE WORKSHOPS cost. Those selected will be notified in May. mation, go to http://tpcr.mc.duke.edu. NIAID recently sponsored a workshop to begin For more information, contact the NIH Clini- the development of a standard nomenclature cal Center Office of Clinical Research Training TECHNICAL SALES ASSOCIATION TENT SHOW for scavenger receptors. A summary of these and Medical Education at 301-435-8015 or Wednesday, April 23, and Thursday, April 24 recommendations will be published in the [email protected]. Parking Lot 10B March 2014 issue of the Journal of Immunol- Free, but registration recommended: ogy. NIAID will be hosting follow-up sessions PORTER BUILDING DEDICATION AND http://www.gtpmgt.com at three national meetings in 2014 to allow the SYMPOSIUM Don’t miss this popular vendor tent show, research community to express their opinions March 31–April 1, 2014 which is usually held during the NIH Research on this newly proposed nomenclature for March 31: 9:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m. (dedication Festival but had to be postponed because of scavenger receptors. The three meetings are: 3:00–5:00 p.m.) the government shutdown in October. Many • Experimental Biology 2014 (April 29, 2014) April 1: 9:00 a.m.–2:40 p.m. leading regional and national biomedical • IMMUNOLOGY 2014 (May 4, 2014) Building 35 research suppliers will display state-of-the-art • FOCIS 2014 (June 25, 2014) Registration deadline: March 26, 2014 equipment supplies and services. For exhibi- Before the meetings, investigators from the Registration is free: https://meetings.ninds. tor list, visit http://bit.ly/1htgKrG. scientific community are invited to provide nih.gov/?ID=7263 their comments on the Scavenger Recep- All are invited to a scientific symposium cel- POSTBACCALAUREATE POSTER DAY 2014 tor Nomenclature Web site at http://1.usa. ebrating the completion of the John Edward Thursday, May 1, 2014 gov/1jEedMh. Porter Neuroscience Research Center. The 10:00 a.m.–3:30 p.m. (keynote at noon) agenda is posted at http://1.usa.gov/1cqGXCR. Natcher Conference Center (Building 45) Read more online at http://irp.nih.gov/ More information about the building is at Sharon F. Terry, president and chief execu- catalyst/v22i2/announcements. http://orf.od.nih.gov/Construction/Current- tive officer of Genetic Alliance, will deliver the Projects/Pages/PorterNeuroscience.aspx. keynote address. Postbacs will share their

http://irp.nih.gov/catalyst 19 DALE LEWIS, NCI -

DHHS/NIH Permit No. G-802 Permit No. FIRST-CLASS MAIL FIRST-CLASS POSTAGE & FEES PAID & POSTAGE Publication No. 14-6250 Publication MICHAEL ESPEY, NIDDK ESPEY, MICHAEL NCI KOHN, C. ELISE CC LEITMAN, SUSAN NICHD LOUIS, BUCK GERMAINE NIEHSMILLER, DAVID NIAIDMOSS, BERNARD NCI PARK, HYUN NIAMS PLOTZ, PAUL NHGRI SEGRE, JULIE NIASINGLETON, ANDY NICHD STORZ, GISELA SUMMERS,CC RONALD OIR WYATT, RICHARD EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD ADVISORY EDITORIAL APPELLA,NIDDK DAN NIDDK DAVIES, DAVID at http://irp.nih.gov/catalyst/v22i1/ at

NIH Catalyst Catalyst NIH HELENE BLANCHARD KRYSTEN CARRERA SARA CROCOLL HANK GRASSO JENNIFER LEVITHAN MICHELE LYONS CHRIS PALMER STACIE RAPPAPORT ALAN N. SCHECHTER JONATHAN S. WIEST PHOTOGRAPHERS/ILLUSTRATORS BRANSON BILL BAILEY, JONATHAN GRASSO HANK CROCOLL, SARA SWAN JEREMY LEWIS, DALE CONTRIBUTING WRITERS CONTRIBUTING ROBIN ARNETTE REBECCA BAKER

(NCI) won first place and second place inthe third annual “In-Focus SafeWorkplaces for All” photography

Dale Lewis the of January–Februaryissue in appeared image first-place (His contest. photographic-moment.) The above image features a crew of window washers at the new addition of the Porter Neuro science Research Lewis, who Center. has been at NIH for more than 19 years, also likes to photograph historic buildings, the in Safety and Health Occupational of Division the by sponsored contest, The people. and flowers, animals, monuments, of to ResearchOffice tocreativity imagination Services,their use and a passion for with photography challengedanyone community. NIH the with it share and health and safety workplace of image an capture Watching Window Washers Window Watching PHOTOGRAPHIC MOMENT PHOTOGRAPHIC WRITER-EDITOR WANJEK CHRISTOPHER OIR Communications, of Director EDITOR COPY ROBERTS SHAUNA PUBLISHER OD GOTTESMAN Research, MICHAEL Intramural for Director Deputy EDITORS GALLIN I. JOHN Center Clinical NIH Director, METZGER HENRY Emeritus Scientist EDITOR MANAGING CARTER STEPHENSONLAURA

, to to

staff scientist in scientist staff Labora NCI’s Molecular of tory the took Biology, prize-winning (above, photo right). Dale Lewis, a Lewis, Dale

is published online: pages. pages. The NIH Catalyst and can be recycled office white paper. as Printed on at least 20% recycled on paper content Printed Catalyst Building 1, Room 333 Building 1, Room 0183 MSC 20892 Maryland Bethesda, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND AND OF HEALTH DEPARTMENT U.S. SERVICES HUMAN of Health Institutes National your reactions to anythingto your reactions on the Also, we welcome “letters and publication for editor” the nih.gov; fax: 301-402-4303; or mail: 333. Room 1, Building the space to the right, why not not why right, the to space the send it via e-mail: catalyst@ a quotation or confession that that confession or quotation a and appreciate might scientists that would be fit to print in other graphic that reflectsan aspect of life(including laboratory life) or at NIH If you have a photo or e-mail: [email protected] The NIH Catalyst http://irp.nih.gov/catalyst Building Room 1, 333, NIH Bethesda, MD 20892 Ph: 301-402-1449 Fax: 301-402-4303 bimonthly for and by the intramural scientists at NIH. Address correspondence to: The NIH Catalyst CATALYTIC REACTIONS? CATALYTIC Official Business Use $300 Private for Penalty