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Recurrent Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Overtraining Syndrome: Is There Any Relationship?

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Recurrent Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Overtraining Syndrome: Is There Any Relationship? Recurrent Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Overtraining Syndrome: Is There Any Relationship? Academic dissertation submitted with the purpose of obtaining a master’s degree in Physical Activity and Health from the Faculty of Sport of University of Porto, according to the Law nº 74/2006 from March 24th, in the drafting given by Law nº 65/2018 from August 16th. Supervisor: Professor Doutor José Alberto Ramos Duarte. Francisco António da Silva Leite Porto, 2019 II Leite, F. A. S. (2019). Recurrent Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Overtraining Syndrome: Is There Any Relationship?. Porto: F. Leite. Academic dissertation submitted with the purpose of obtaining a Master´s degree in Physical Activity and Health. Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal. Key words: TRAINING OVERLOAD; MUSCLE INJURY; ECCENTRIC EXERCISE; SOLEUS MUSCLE; TIBIALIS ANTERIOR MUSCLE; III IV To my parents, brother and sister V VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to thank all the people who helped and supported me to accomplish this objective, but I want to thank you especially for all the concern and affection that you have expressed in this troubled phase of my life. Firstly, I want to thank Professor José Alberto Duarte for has instigated this love for Physiology and Biochemistry over the years, as well as for has received and guided me throughout this project, sharing with me new ideas and new knowledges. I also want to thank you for all the support, concern and understanding that you have shown throughout this phase of my life. To all my laboratory colleagues, Toni, Catarina, Edyla, Grace, Sara, Beshoy and Maurílio, I want to thank the great environment they provided and the magnificent moments they shared with me. Thanks for all the help and suggestions, opinions and advices that allowed me to make this work much richer and fuller. An appreciation for the effort you have made for me and for my work. Without you would not have been able to achieve this goal. I want to give special recognition to Toni, for the concern with me and my work. His role was like that of a co-supervisor. His constant guidance was undoubtedly a guiding line that did not let me deviate from the right way. À Dona Celeste não é possível demonstrar por palavras o quão agradecido estou por tudo aquilo que me ensinou e ajudou. De facto, demonstrou-me que a idade e a experiência também são um posto. Agradeço- lhe por me ter recebido tão bem no seu laboratório e por me ter ensinado a ser autónomo na realização das tarefas laboratoriais. Além disso, obrigado por ter orientado o meu trabalho quando eu não o podia fazer e obrigado por todo o carinho e preocupação que demonstrou comigo não só na minha ausência, mas também durante todo o processo de recuperação. O seu apoio e animação ajudaram-me a superar os problemas e os dias menos bons. De facto, a senhora foi uma segunda mãe para mim. Espero que continue por muitos mais anos com esse sorriso e boa disposição que tão bem a caracterizam. Muito obrigado Celestinha! VII I also want to recognize the role of my friends throughout this course. Thank you for the dinners, the coffees and the moments that allowed me to unwind a bit and helped to restore energies and focus. To Catarina I want to leave a huge thank you for all the support, understanding and patience over these years. Thank you for never given up on me and for shown me that I have the potential to do all the things that I want. Finally, I want to distinguish and thank my father Artur, my mother Luzia, and my brothers Daniel and Ana Rita, for everything they have done for me. Thank you for all the sacrifices you have made throughout your life. All the efforts allowed me to realize this dream, which I know is not only mine but also yours. I hope someday I'll be able to reciprocate. Thank you also for the support, concern, affection and patience you have had throughout this phase. I know it was not easy for you too, but in the end everything worked. I thank you with all my heart. Thanks a lot, to all of you. VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………………………. VII TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………. IX LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………... XI LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………. XIII RESUMO……………………………………………………………………………… XV ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………... XVII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………………… XIX CHAPTER 1………………………………………………………………………….. 1 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………. 3 2. STATE-OF-ART……………………………………………………………….. 7 2.1. Physical exercise as a muscle damage inducer………………... 7 2.1.1. Microscopic changes induced by exercise………………….. 9 2.1.2. The muscle inflammatory response and repairing process. 10 2.2. Muscle adaptations to repeated exercise………………………... 12 2.3. Exercise training principles………………………………………… 14 2.4. Exercise training periodization……………………………………. 16 2.5. Overtraining syndrome……………………………………………… 16 2.5.1. Over-reaching and overtraining syndromes…………………. 17 2.5.2. Overtraining risk factos………………………………………….. 18 2.5.3. Overtraining syndrome symptomatology……………………. 19 2.5.4. Prevention and treatment of overtraining……………………. 21 2.5.4.1. Recovery period…………………………………………… 21 2.5.5. Sport and Overtraining…………………………………………... 23 2.5.5.1. Explosive sports versus endurance sports………….. 24 IX CHAPTER 2………………………………………………………………………….. 27 1. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY……………………………………………………. 29 Chronic skeletal muscle damage induced by a demanding physical training is not a major physiopathological factor for 29 overtraining development in Wistar rats………………………………. CHAPTER 3………………………………………………………………………….. 53 1. CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………………….. 55 CHAPTER 4………………………………………………………………………….. 57 1. REFERENCES………………………………………………………………… 59 X LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 2 – EXPERIMENTAL STUDY Figure 1. The mean value with standard deviation of body weight and the food intake for the CG and exercised group at short and medium-term are depicted in A and B, respectively……………………………………………………………… 38 Figure 2. Representative light micrographs of Soleus muscles from control group (CG), 1-week eccentric exercise (EE1), and 3-weeks eccentric exercise (EE3), stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin, are depicted in A. The boxplot graphic presents the median value with 25 and 75 percentiles of red stained area for the CG and each exercised subgroup, indicative of tissue cross- sectional area, are shown in B……………………………………………………… 40 Figure 3. Representative light micrographs of Tibialis Anterior muscles from control group (CG), 1-week eccentric exercise subgroup (EE1), and 3-weeks eccentric exercise subgroup (EE3), stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin, are depicted in A. The boxplot graphic presents the median value with 25 and 75 percentiles of red stained area for the CG and each exercised subgroup, indicative of tissue cross-sectional area, are shown in B………………………… 40 Figure 4. Representative light micrographs of Soleus muscles from control group (CG), 1-week eccentric exercise subgroup (EE1), and 3-weeks eccentric exercise subgroup (EE3), stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin, are depicted in A. The boxplot graphic presents the median value with 25 and 75 percentiles of central violet stained area for the CG and each exercised subgroup, indicative of tissue nuclei, are shown in B…………………………………………………….. 41 Figure 5. Representative light micrographs of Soleus muscles from control group (CG), 1-week eccentric exercise subgroup (EE1), and 3-weeks eccentric exercise subgroup (EE3), stained with Sirius red, are depicted in A. The mean value with standard deviation of red stained area for the CG and each exercised subgroup, indicative of tissue collagen content, are shown in B……... 43 Figure 6. Representative light micrographs of Tibialis Anterior muscles from control group (CG), 1-week eccentric exercise subgroup (EE1), and 3-weeks eccentric exercise subgroup (EE3), stained with Sirius red, are depicted in A. 44 XI The mean value with standard deviation of red stained area for the CG and each exercised subgroup, indicative of tissue collagen content, are shown in B XII LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 2 – EXPERIMENTAL STUDY Table I. Muscles weights ............................................................................................ 39 Table II. Muscular damage in soleus muscle .............................................................. 42 Table III. Muscular damage in tibialis anterior muscle ................................................. 43 XIII XIV RESUMO O exercício físico extenuante e inabitual, com predominância de contrações excêntricas, constitui um veículo indutor de dano muscular. Assume- se que a sucessiva acumulação deste dano esteja na origem de uma condição crónica designada de síndrome de sobretreino (OTS). Contudo, não existem evidencias científicas diretas que associem o dano estrutural crónico muscular com a ocorrência de OTS. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é testar o pressuposto de que a sucessiva acumulação de dano muscular induzido pela sobrecarga do treino esta na origem da OTS, usando os músculos soleus (SOL) e tibialis anterior (TA) de ratos Wistar expostos a um protocolo exigente de treino. Os animais foram aleatoriamente distribuídos pelos grupos de controlo (CG, n=5) ou de treino (EE, n=10). O grupo EE realizou corrida em tapete rolante (-20º; a partir dos 25m/min, aumento progressivo de 1.25m/min/dia; 60 min) 6 vezes/semana, sendo os animais sacrificados 1 (EE1, n=5) e 3 semanas (EE3, n=5) após o início do programa de treino. O peso corporal, a ingestão de comida, a aparência do pelo, a capacidade de realizar trabalho e o comportamento dos animais foram mensurados
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