Sars — Beginning to Understand a New Virus
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First Report and Genetic Characterization of Bovine Torovirus
Shi et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2020) 16:272 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02494-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access First report and genetic characterization of bovine torovirus in diarrhoeic calves in China Zhihai Shi1,2† , Wenjia Wang3† , Chaoxi Chen4, Xiaozhan Zhang3* , Jing Wang1, Zhaoxue Xu1,2 and Yali Lan1* Abstract Background: Coronaviruses are notorious pathogens that cause diarrheic and respiratory diseases in humans and animals. Although the epidemiology and pathogenicity of coronaviruses have gained substantial attention, little is known about bovine coronavirus in cattle, which possesses a close relationship with human coronavirus. Bovine torovirus (BToV) is a newly identified relevant pathogen associated with cattle diarrhoea and respiratory diseases, and its epidemiology in the Chinese cattle industry remains unknown. Results: In this study, a total of 461 diarrhoeic faecal samples were collected from 38 different farms in three intensive cattle farming regions and analysed. Our results demonstrated that BToV is present in China, with a low prevalence rate of 1.74% (8/461). The full-length spike genes were further cloned from eight clinical samples (five farms in Henan Province). Phylogenetic analysis showed that two different subclades of BToV strains are circulating in China. Meanwhile, the three BToV strains identified from dairy calves, 18,307, 2YY and 5YY, all contained the amino acid variants R614Q, I801T, N841S and Q885E. Conclusions: This is the first report to confirm the presence of BToV in beef and dairy calves in China with diarrhea, which extend our understanding of the epidemiology of BToVs worldwide. Keywords: Bovine torovirus, China, Calf diarrhoea, Beef, Dairy, Phylogenetic analysis Background viruses and parasites. -
Guide for Common Viral Diseases of Animals in Louisiana
Sampling and Testing Guide for Common Viral Diseases of Animals in Louisiana Please click on the species of interest: Cattle Deer and Small Ruminants The Louisiana Animal Swine Disease Diagnostic Horses Laboratory Dogs A service unit of the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine Adapted from Murphy, F.A., et al, Veterinary Virology, 3rd ed. Cats Academic Press, 1999. Compiled by Rob Poston Multi-species: Rabiesvirus DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 1 Cattle Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 2 Deer and Small Ruminants Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral disease Respiratory viral disease Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 3 Swine Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 4 Horses Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Neurological viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Abortifacient/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 5 Dogs Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. -
Killed Whole-Genome Reduced-Bacteria Surface-Expressed Coronavirus Fusion Peptide Vaccines Protect Against Disease in a Porcine Model
Killed whole-genome reduced-bacteria surface-expressed coronavirus fusion peptide vaccines protect against disease in a porcine model Denicar Lina Nascimento Fabris Maedaa,b,c,1, Debin Tiand,e,1, Hanna Yua,b,c, Nakul Dara,b,c, Vignesh Rajasekarana,b,c, Sarah Menga,b,c, Hassan M. Mahsoubd,e, Harini Sooryanaraind,e, Bo Wangd,e, C. Lynn Heffrond,e, Anna Hassebroekd,e, Tanya LeRoithd,e, Xiang-Jin Mengd,e,2, and Steven L. Zeichnera,b,c,f,2 aDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0386; bPendleton Pediatric Infectious Disease Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0386; cChild Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0386; dDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0913; eCenter for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0913; and fDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0386 Contributed by Xiang-Jin Meng, February 14, 2021 (sent for review December 13, 2020; reviewed by Diego Diel and Qiuhong Wang) As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic rages on, it Vaccination specifically with conserved E. coli antigens did not is important to explore new evolution-resistant vaccine antigens alter the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome (6, 9). In human stud- and new vaccine platforms that can produce readily scalable, in- ies, volunteers were immunized orally with a KWCV against expensive vaccines with easier storage and transport. We report ETEC (10) with no adverse effects. An ETEC oral KWCV along here a synthetic biology-based vaccine platform that employs an with a cholera B toxin subunit adjuvant was studied in children expression vector with an inducible gram-negative autotransporter and found to be safe (11). -
Studies on Toroviruses of Humans and Cattle
Studies on toroviruses of humans and cattle Lynn Marie Duckmanton A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto Copyright by Lynn M. Duckmanton, 1999 National Library Bibliotheque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaON KIA ON4 OttawaON KlAON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reprodwe, preter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la foxme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format Bectronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette ththe. thesis nor substantial extracts fiorn it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent &re imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Studies on toroviruses of humans and cattle, Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 1999, Lynn Marie Duckmanton, Graduate Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto. Abstract Human torovirus (HTV) was purified from patient stool specimens and characterized. By negative contrast electron microscopy (EM) and thin-section EM, torovirus-like particles were found to be morphologically similar to Berne virus (BEV) and Breda virus (BRV). -
Structural Basis for Ligand and Substrate Recognition by Torovirus Hemagglutinin Esterases
Structural basis for ligand and substrate recognition by torovirus hemagglutinin esterases Martijn A. Langereisa,1, Qinghong Zengb,1, Gerrit J. Gerwigc, Barbara Freyd, Mark von Itzsteind, Johannis P. Kamerlingc, Raoul J. de Groota,2,3, and Eric G. Huizingab,2,3 aVirology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, bCrystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Sciences, and cDepartment of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; and dInstitute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia Edited by Peter Palese, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, and approved July 14, 2009 (received for review April 24, 2009) Hemagglutinin esterases (HEs), closely related envelope glycopro- to subunit 1 of the influenza C virus hemagglutinin–esterase teins in influenza C and corona- and toroviruses, mediate reversible fusion (HEF) protein. While toro- and coronaviruses are of attachment to O-acetylated sialic acids (Sias). They do so by acting common ancestry, they apparently acquired their HE genes both as lectins and as receptor-destroying enzymes, functions exerted through horizontal gene transfer on separate occasions after the by separate protein domains. HE divergence was accompanied by torovirus–coronavirus split (3). Structural and bioinformatic changes in quaternary structure and in receptor and substrate spec- evidence suggests that the nidovirus HEs originated from trim- ificity. The selective forces underlying HE diversity and the molecular eric HEF-like fusion proteins (7–9). In the course of events, the basis for Sia specificity are poorly understood. -
Genomic Sequencing of SARS-Cov-2: a Guide to Implementation for Maximum Impact on Public Health
Genomic sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 A guide to implementation for maximum impact on public health 8 January 2021 Genomic sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 A guide to implementation for maximum impact on public health 8 January 2021 Genomic sequencing of SARS-CoV-2: a guide to implementation for maximum impact on public health ISBN 978-92-4-001844-0 (electronic version) ISBN 978-92-4-001845-7 (print version) © World Health Organization 2021 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). -
Yellow Head Virus: Transmission and Genome Analyses
The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Fall 12-2008 Yellow Head Virus: Transmission and Genome Analyses Hongwei Ma University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, Biology Commons, and the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Ma, Hongwei, "Yellow Head Virus: Transmission and Genome Analyses" (2008). Dissertations. 1149. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1149 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi YELLOW HEAD VIRUS: TRANSMISSION AND GENOME ANALYSES by Hongwei Ma Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Studies Office of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2008 COPYRIGHT BY HONGWEI MA 2008 The University of Southern Mississippi YELLOW HEAD VIRUS: TRANSMISSION AND GENOME ANALYSES by Hongwei Ma A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Studies Office of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved: December 2008 ABSTRACT YELLOW HEAD VIRUS: TRANSMISSION AND GENOME ANALYSES by I Iongwei Ma December 2008 Yellow head virus (YHV) is an important pathogen to shrimp aquaculture. Among 13 species of naturally YHV-negative crustaceans in the Mississippi coastal area, the daggerblade grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, and the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, were tested for potential reservoir and carrier hosts of YHV using PCR and real time PCR. -
Proquest Dissertations
Characterization of white spot syndrome virus of penaeid shrimp: Genomic cloning and sequencing, structural protein analyzing and sequencing, genetic diversity, pathology and virulence Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Wang, Qiong Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 11:33:44 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284292 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfihn master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter &ce, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afifect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, b^inning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. -
Porcine Torovirus
PORCINE TOROVIRUS Prepared for the Swine Health Information Center By the Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University August 2015 SUMMARY Etiology • Porcine torovirus (ToV) is an enveloped RNA virus in the family Coronaviridae. • There are four known species: porcine ToV, bovine ToV, equine ToV, and human ToV. Porcine ToV is thought to be more closely related to bovine ToV than equine ToV. • The only porcine ToV strain isolated in the United States (PToV-NPL/2013) is 92% identical to the Chinese isolate PToV-SH1. Cleaning and Disinfection • Experimental data suggests that equine ToV is more easily heat-inactivated than some coronaviruses, and bovine ToV in fecal samples loses its infectivity within one to two days at o temperatures above 4 C. • Specific information on the disinfection of porcine ToV is lacking. Bovine ToV may lose infectivity upon treatment with chloroform or diethyl ether. ANIGENE HLD4V, a disinfectant sold by MEDIMARK Scientific in the United Kingdom, is labeled as effective against porcine ToV. Epidemiology • In addition to pigs, bovines, equines, and humans, toroviruses or torovirus-like particles have also been detected in turkeys, goats, sheep, rodents, lagomorphs, and domestic cats. • The zoonotic potential of porcine ToV is unclear. Early serological studies of farmworkers and veterinarians have not revealed a detectable antibody response against bovine and equine toroviruses. • Porcine ToV seems to be widespread in the global swine population. The prevalence of porcine ToV in the United States is unknown. Transmission • Transmission of porcine ToV is thought to be fecal-oral. Rapid spread of porcine ToV between facilities seems to coincide with the practice of moving and regrouping weaned pigs. -
VIEW Open Access the Porcine Virome and Xenotransplantation Joachim Denner
Denner Virology Journal (2017) 14:171 DOI 10.1186/s12985-017-0836-z REVIEW Open Access The porcine virome and xenotransplantation Joachim Denner Abstract The composition of the porcine virome includes viruses that infect pig cells, ancient virus-derived elements including endogenous retroviruses inserted in the pig chromosomes, and bacteriophages that infect a broad array of bacteria that inhabit pigs. Viruses infecting pigs, among them viruses also infecting human cells, as well as porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are of importance when evaluating the virus safety of xenotransplantation. Bacteriophages associated with bacteria mainly in the gut are not relevant in this context. Xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues or organs is under development in order to alleviate the shortage of human transplants. Here for the first time published data describing the viromes in different pigs and their relevance for the virus safety of xenotransplantation is analysed. In conclusion, the analysis of the porcine virome has resulted in numerous new viruses being described, although their impact on xenotransplantation is unclear. Most importantly, viruses with known or suspected zoonotic potential were often not detected by next generation sequencing, but were revealed by more sensitive methods. Keywords: Porcine viruses, Virome, Xenotransplantation, Porcine endogenous retroviruses, Porcine cytomegalovirus, Porcine circoviruses, Hepatitis E virus Background virome of pigs and its impact on xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation is being developed to overcome the These studies on the pig virome are, like investigations shortage of human tissues and organs needed to treat into the virome of humans and other species, only at organ failure by allotransplantation. Pigs are the pre- their very early stages [4]. -
Review of Coliphages As Possible Indicators of Fecal Contamination for Ambient Water Quality
REVIEW OF COLIPHAGES AS POSSIBLE INDICATORS OF FECAL CONTAMINATION FOR AMBIENT WATER QUALITY 820-R-15-098 EPA Office of Water Office of Science and Technology Health and Ecological Criteria Division April 17, 2015 NOTICES This document has been drafted and approved for publication by the Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Office of Science and Technology, United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and is approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The development of this criteria document was made possible through an effort led by Sharon Nappier, EPA Project Manager, EPA, Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water. EPA acknowledges the valuable contributions of EPA Internal Technical Reviewers who reviewed this document: Jamie Strong and Elizabeth Doyle. The project described here was managed by the Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water, EPA under EPA Contract EP-C-11-005 to ICF International. EPA also wishes to thank Audrey Ichida, Kirsten Jaglo, Jeffrey Soller, Arun Varghese, Alexandria Boehm, Kara Nelson, Margaret Nellor, and Kaedra Jones for their contributions and invaluable support. The primary contact regarding questions or comments to this document is: Sharon Nappier U.S. EPA Headquarters Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Washington, DC 20460 Mail Code 4304T Phone: (202) 566-0740 Email: [email protected] ii EXTERNAL PEER REVIEW WORKGROUP The External Peer Review was managed by the Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water, EPA under EPA Contract No. EP-C-13-010 to Versar, Inc. -
Vaccination Against Rotavirus Infection
Diagnostics, epidemiology of diarrhoeal diseases of viral origin; vaccination against rotavirus infection Krisztián Bányai ANTSZ Baranya County Institute of State Public Health Service, Regional Laboratory of Virology Historical overview Early 20th century • „pseudocholera infantum”; „winter vomiting disease” 1940s and 1950s • transmissible agent 1950s and1970s • identification of viruses in diarrheic feces 1970s • identification of the first human enteric viruses 1980s and 1990s • identification of new, potential enteric viruses Viruses found in the gut Found in the gut but not associated with gastroenteritis • Polio Enteroviruses 68-71 • Coxsackie A Coxsackie B • Echo • Hepatitis A Hepatitis E • Adenoviruses 1-39, 42-51 Reoviruses Found in the gut as opportunistic infection • CMV VZV • HSV HIV Human enteric viruses Virus Genome Virus morphology Serotypes Rotavirus A,B,C, RNA ~70-75 nm, double-shelled particle, 11 G (Reoviridae, Double-stranded, ‘wheel’-like appearance 12 P Rotavirus) 11 segments Calicivirus (Caliciviridae, RNA ~27-32 nm, featureless surface several Norovirus Positive sense Sapovirus) RNA ~33 nm, David-star surface several Positive sense Astrovirus RNA ~27-30 nm, 5 or 6 pointed star surface 8 (Astroviridae, Positive sense Astrovirus) Adenovirus DNA ~74 nm, classic icosahedral structure 2 (Adenoviridae, Double-stranded Mastadenovirus) Possible human enteric viruses Virus Genome Virus morphology Serotypes Aichi virus RNA ~ 28-35 nm, structured 1 ? (Picornaviridae, Positive sense surface (kobu = knob) Kobuvirus) Parechovirus