/ The Journ al ofJohn W ork

’ - h n s B a o A chi e f tra d e r o f t e H u d s o y C . du ri n g his e x pe diti o n fro m Va n co u ve r t o the Fl ath e a d s an d Bla ckfe e t o f

the Pa cific N orthwe s t

e e and h of Fur r e the dit d, wit account the T ad in

r e fe of r No thw st, and Li Wo k

by

William S. Le wi s and

P s Pau l C . hillip

Th r r r e A thu H . Cla k Company Cleve land : 1 9 2 3 COPY R GHT 1 2 B Y I , 9 3 , K COM Y THE ARTHUR H. CLAR PAN

C o n te n ts

PREFAC E TH E FU R TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST LIF E OF JOHN W ORK J OU RN AL OF JOHN WORK APP ENDIX ORIGINAL LETTERS OF JOHN WORK TO EDWARD ERMATINGER BIB LIOGRA PHY OF THE FU R TRADE IN THE NORTHW EST INDEX

Ill u s trati o n s

JOHN WORK

Fro an Old oto r now in the ro nc l br r m ph g aph P vi ia Li a y,

tor r t s o u . ia, B i i h C l mbia ’ TH E B AC OOT RIV R e r McNamara s L d L KF E , n a an ing

Fro r cent ot r th o l e tu o m a e ph og aph by e C lvi l S di . B EAVERH EAD ROC K

Fr r nt oto r om a ece ph g aph . LEWIS AN D CLARK TRAIL over Lemhi Pass

Fr o an or n oto r o n E ees 1 0 . m igi al ph g aph by J h . R , 9 3 B LU FFS ALONG TH E SALMON RIVER

n n r o n ees . Fr om a origi al photog aph by J h E . R MAP SHOWING ROU TE OF JOHN WORK

Pre face

’ John Wo rk s J our na ls furnish the most extensive reco rds Of the fur trade in the Pacific No rthwest at the r e e e r time of its g eat st activity. Al xand Ross and Ross Cox desc ribed it at the time Of its o rigin but John Wo rk e e r desc rib e d it wh n the busin ss had reached matu ity . ’ John Wo rk s J our na ls lack the pictu resque settings r e r r Of r e r for that cha act ize the w itings his p ed cesso s , with him trading and trapping we re only se rious mat J ou r na ls r r r e . te s of busin ss His , howeve , illust ate the ’ ’ e r g og aphy of the Hudson s Bay Company s activities , r e and the methods and extent of its t ad . The edito rs of this J our na l are indebted for assist

M r . . ance to . T C Elliott of Walla Walla , Washing

M r . Of ton , John E . Rees Salmon , Idaho , Miss Jean o r Bishop of Dillon , M ntana , and Miss Hazel He man Of r Of r the State Unive sity Montana . The autho ship of the notes is indicated by initials .

The Fu r Tra d e in the N o rthw e s t

The Ame rican fur trade began with the fi rst explo ra 1 tions of the No rth Atlantic coast. This beginning was at a time when Eu rope was seeking new mate rials f for . O shoes , hats , and clothing An abundance deer p romised leathe r with which to make comfo rtable shoes to take the place of the heavy wooden ones or to r r supply those who were ba efoot. The beave and musk rat colonies we re able to fu rnish vast numbe rs Of pelts with which to p rovide all classes with serviceable r fur r and handsome hats . Othe bea ing animals gave their skins to add to the comfo rt and beauty Of the ’ r r Eu opean s d ess . During the seventeenth and e ighteenth centu ries French and B ritish trade rs pushed the fur t rade back r he t f om t Atlantic coast into the basin of the S . Law r the r e the r ence and G eat Lak s , along sho es of Hud ’ r r e r son s Bay, and even to the count y bo d ing on the 2 e r h Ohio and Mississippi Riv s . On t e Pacific coast

1 “ ere ar e in t es rtes ost e t and r r furr s Re Th h e pa m d lica e a e e . orts o Ye C ontr r H um hre G lbert oes to s cou in o n fiic p f ie S . p y i g di C lo ial O e

ecor s v ol . No 2 . o in n n r s A Dis cours e th R d i C py Ca adia A chive . of e n eces s itie of pla nting E nglis h col on ies up on the N or th pa r tes of

America es an ccount of rtens e er s foxes c e and te . giv a ma , b av , , bla k whi ’ H a klu t C oll ections 8 . o s Her ot o o er of e s r e orte y , 9 Th ma i , a f ll w Ral igh p d “ in 1 5 86 : Furres all alon g the s e a coast ther e a r e gre at stor e of otter s which ” oo ro t. b d 8 . l e I . wil yi ld g d p fi i , viii , 34 2 For accounts of the Fr en ch and Br iti s h fur tr ad e in the s eve nteenth and i t n r r E arl Tr a d n C om a n ies o N ew e gh ee th centu i es s ee Bigga ( H . P. ) y i g p f Fra n ce n er s t of Tor onto Stud es in H s tor 1 01 and s on , U iv i y i i y, 9 , Will

ec les The Gr ea t C om a n Tor onto 1 8 . ( B k ) p y , , 99 1 6 JOURNAL OF JOH N WORK

r too , Be ing, a Dane in the service of the Russian czars , e r r about the middle of the eighte nth centu y, gave a g eat r e impetus to the t ade in sea ott rs . His successors catered to the vanity of Chinese manda rins with im e r re r r mense profit to themselv s . So eage we t ade s to secu re these valuable and beautiful fu rs that the sea 3 r e otter long ago became p actically xtinct . In spite of the vast t rade in fu rs the Columbia Rive r basin and the valley Of the uppe r Missouri remained untouched and almost unknown to white traders and trappe rs until afte r the opening Of the nineteenth cen r tu y . The streams of th ese mountainous regions 4 r abounded in beave r . The pelts we e not so la rge and heavy as those e ast of the mountains but they we re dark

5 “ r in color and rich in textu e . Hardly less numerous r r r - r w r we e the otte s whose heavy, da k b o n fu s were prized by Russians and Chinese next to those of the sea r r r r otte . Bea s , wolves , lynx, fishe s , musk ats , and foxes , mostly of the re d and c ross va rieties also fu rnished pelts ’ r to make up the t apper s toll . Along the easte rn slope Of the Rockies began the 6 r or great buffalo ange of the N thwest. Countless e n r thousands of th se a imals fu nished the Sioux, the

3 i n on th a c c 1 6 1 For er n s ee G ol r F. . Rus s a n E x a ns o e B i g de ( A ) i p P ifi, 4

1 8 0 e el n 1 1 . 5 , Cl v a d , 9 4 4 Peter Skene Ogd en who w as tr appi ng and tr ading in the Sn ake Rive r “ country in 1 825 -1 826 r eported the di s covery of a country r icher in be aver " t n a n t n s countr w as s e enteen s tr el ha y hey have e ve r s ee . Thi y v day av ro Fort V ncou r on th o u e ctor McLa u hlin to G ov f m a ve e C l mbia . Chi f fa g ’ c ruor s on of the Hu s on s o n Fort V ncou e r u ust 1 8 Simp d Bay C mpa y, a v , A g ,

1 L J u na ls in n n rc e s 6 . Mc od . o r i 826 . e (J ) , Ca adia A h v , 9

' 5 In 1 826 McLoughlin w r ote that the be aver from Sn ake River country ” “ d In unt n s . Ib the past ye ar wer e a s good as thos e e a st of the mo ai i . “ 1 830 he wr ote that Col umbia be aver s ell s higher p er s ki n than any in ” n o r F r u r 1 1 8 0 in McLeod Journa ls 1 2 . er c . Fo rt V c u e e Am i a a v , b a y , 3 , , 4 6 in M Valle Tr ex er H . . B u a l o Ra n e o the N orthw es t s s ss l ( A ) fi g f , i i ippi y THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST I7

r r e e Blackfeet, the C ows , and even the t ib s w st of the continental divide with food , clothing, and shelter. Buffalo meat saved many a white trappe r f rom starva ‘ bufl alo r rr tion , and obes became the cu ency by which ’ the Indian of the plain paid for the white man s r weapons , t inkets , and liquors . This rich fur country remained undeveloped because abundant supplies could be Obtained in mo re accessible r r egions . Routes of exploration and of trad e c ossed 7 o the continent either to the south r to the north . The Columbia River was unknown until nea r the close Of t r its o the eighteenth cen ury, and even afte disc very it was long believed that the falls and rapids made it a ffi r r r r di c ult oute to the inte io . The coast anges also appea red to offer an almost inpenetrable ba rrier to any r t ail leading eastward . From the east the French we re slow to go far west r of the Mississippi and the G eat Lakes . They early discovered the lowe r Missouri and some Of them “ r thought that it made a oad almost to the Pacific . The r r r fur t ader believed , however, that its uppe course t av e rsed only barren plains inhabited by savage and pov e t ty-stricken Indians whose only food and shelte r came r r Of ff h r f om the immense he ds bu alo . Since t e e was as yet no market for buffalo robes he left th ese Indians r r Of r r alone . From the weste n sho es Lake Supe io French explorers and t raders followe d the wate r routes towa rds the No rthwest th rough the Lake of the Woods

- His tor ca l Rev ew v n No. 8 62 es an ccount of the Si e of the i i , , 4, 34 3 , giv a z u o r s and of t r or n b ffal he d hei imp ta ce . 7 The Spaniard s had long befor e the ninete enth century establis hed r egu l ar co un c t on b t n th u of x and l orn lex n er mm i a i e wee e G lf Me i co Ca if ia . A a d c en e ros s th cont n nt to th nort in 1 Ma k zi c ed e i e e h 793 . 8 T t M ountain E x ora t on N or 1 0 6 . es . G . Rock l ew Y 2 hwai ( R ) y p i , k, 9 4, 1 8 JOURNAL OF JOH N WORK

to Lake Winnipeg, and ultimately to the Rocky Moun r r r e r r tains . A ich t ade in fu s div ted them f om the treeless plains to the southwest through which fl owed r the upper Missou i . ‘ Indian stories Of a rive r that emptied itself into a great salt lake whe re dwelt white men with beards r e r Of r r O ne Of t each d the ea s these F ench t aders . hem , rr e r r dc Varannes r r e Pie e Gaulti , Sieu de la Ve end y e r e re by nam , was g eatly int sted , and he questioned the ° r for e r r Indians sha ply all th i info mation . He thought fi rst that the b e st road to the Pacific lay to the no rth and west but in 1 73 8 d ecide d to try the route to the south H e e r west . had obtain d no assistance from the F ench gove rnment beyond a grant Of the monopoly Of the fur trade and dep ended upon pa rtne rs and c redito rs for “ w . t o equipment Accompanied by sons , Francois and r Louis Joseph , with a pa ty of about fifty Indians and r e r e M the F enchmen , he mad a jou n y to the andans on

r . r e re r Missou i F om th he could not go on and, afte r e r r Of e r r he hea ing oth sto ies the lake with bitt wate , r r r de r Of etu ned to Fo t la Reine , a sho t distance west the 1 1 r p esent city of Winnipeg . In 1 742 Ve rend rye sent his two sons on a new attempt e r sea r r r er r to find the west n . Afte d ea y wand ings ac oss the Dakota plains they saw the mountains on Janua ry

I 1 . e r r e e , 743 P haps thei ey s gaz d upon the Black Hills Of South Dakota but mo re likely they had gone the r r r up little Missou i , ac oss southeaste n Montana and 1 2 w r r f r e re e e within ange O the Bigho n Mountains . H

9 b d D L n T r nd l a t n a nd D s cov er es in South I . e a d . he Ve e r e E x or o s i y p i i i ,

Da kota H s tor ca l C ollect ons er r e out D ot 1 1 . i i i , Pi , S h ak a , 9 4, vii 1 ° Ib d . 1 0. i , 4 1 1 bi I d . , 286 . 1 2 The old beli ef that the Verendry es s aw the Rocky Mountains ne ar the THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST 1 9 the threat Of Indian w ar and perhaps discou raging re r e rt re r po ts of what lay beyond induc d the pa y to tu n . The Ve rendryes planned to renew thei r explo rations O r in the far west, hoping to pen t ade with the Indians , and to establish a line of p osts that would ultimately “ ” r r r lead to the Sea Of the West. The elde Ve end ye was granted a monopoly of the far western trade and he f r r r this a roused t jealousy O rival t ade s . His c edi tors harassed him and so many difficulties did be en counter that he could not return to the west befo re r 1 r death ove took him in 749 . Soon afte this his sons we re dep rived Of his grants and an Office r Of the royal r r a my was commissioned to find the weste n sea . The French and Indian War stopped all expeditions Of discovery and in 1 763 N ew France passed into B ritish r r hands , and Louisiana came unde the cont ol of Spain . Afte r the ove rth row of French powe r in Ame rica B ritish traders sought for themselves a monopoly of the fur r e r t ad . They had already powe fully entrenched ’ e e fur r 1 6 0 th ms lves in the count y . In 7 the Hudson s Bay Company had Obtained a charter granti n g it a ’ monopoly of the fur trade in the basin Of Hudson s Bay ’ “ e r r called Rup t s Land . This cha rte r p ovided for the continuance of explo ration in Ame rica but the company was content with the p rofits a rising f rom trade along the sho res Of its empi re and for a centu ry made little “ ff r e r r r e o t to xtend its dominion . F ench t ad e s con r es ent He en Mont n C ontr butions to the H s tor cal Societ o M n p l a , a a ( i i i y f a ta na He en ont n 1 02 2 8 is s cr e te . The s co er of the , l a, M a a, 9 , i , 7 ) di di d di v y Ve ren r e te ne r e r r e out D ot ro es t t the rt n ot d y pla a Pi , S h ak a, p v ha pa y did co e s o far nort a s H n Th os t t m h el e a . e m d e aile d account of the Ver en d rye ex e t on s is in th u e So th D a kota H s tor ca l C oll ections . p di i i i , vii 1 3 o of t s c rter is in son ec es The Gr ea t C om a n A C py hi ha Will ( B kl ) p y, p p endix . 1 ‘ “ n n entures e nnu ncre se in the u n countr Ca adia adv hav a ally i a d pla d y, 20 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

r r trolled the t ade to the south and west, but the e was r enough left to yield the company la rge p ofits . Of r r At the close the F ench and Indian Wa s , English and Scotch trade rs flocked to Montreal and began to for r r r struggle a cont ol of the G eat Lakes t ade . Alex r r r r r r ande Hen y, a bold and esou ceful adventu e was one O f the fi rst to penetrate the region west Of Lake “ r r was rr Supe io . He closely followed by the e atic and r r r r h r hot tempe ed Pete Pond and by the sh ewd b ot e s , " r he Thomas and Joseph Frobishe . With the end of t Old French system Of monopolies F rench trade rs also ' began to strike for a sha re of this luc rative trade and a r e r r r r bitte r rival y b gan . T ade s fu nished g eat quanti ties Of rum to the Indians whose activities as hunte rs r r r Of r un we e the reby educed . P ices fu s went up to r Of fu r hea d heights , violence in the land was common , 1 8 r r r and many me chants we e uined . In 1 779 an agreement was fo rmed by a number of m e rchants at Montre al to pool the traffic but this agree r 1 8 or 1 8 r ment lasted only two yea s . In 7 3 7 4 a numbe of Mont real merchants ente red into an agreement for

uc to t e r own e olu ent and the re t oss of the o n : who it m h h i m m , g a l C mpa y be s ar e s ee n at the e e of the sea t out s r t and w t out may aid , l pi g dg , wi h pi i i h

our or nc n t on to s s ert t t r t. It is tr ue t e e at t s vig i li a i a ha igh , h y hav hi time a few establi s hments in the i nteri or country : but thes e ar e carri ed on in s uc l n u nner t t t e r ex ert ons e it erto r o e n e u te h a a g id ma , ha h i i hav h h p v d i ad q a ” to the ur os e of s u nt n t e r o onents Umfr eville E r Pr es p p pp la i g h i pp . ( dwa d ) ’ ’ ent Sta te o H u s on s B a on on 1 0 1 . T e Hu s on s o n f d y , L d , 79 , 7 h d Bay C mpa y ’ for many ye ar s did not go beyond the s hor es of Hud s on s B ay ; but the ” ’ n t es c e o n r o rts . Do s es H u s on s B a C om a n a iv am d w f m all pa dd ( Jam ) d y p y,

its Pos tion a nd Pr os ects on on 1 866 1 . i p , L d , , 4 1 5 Henry ( Al ex and er ) Tra v els a nd Adv entur es in Ca na da a nd the In dia n Te r it r 1 0-1 r 1 r o es 6 6 Ne w o 80 2 . i 7 77 , Y k, 9, 5 3 1 6 Ib . 2 2. et on Or n a nd Pr o r es s o N orthw es t C om a n id , 5 Pamphl igi g f p y,

on on 1 8 1 1 escr es on . L d , , d ib P d 1 7 Henr o us c tra 2 . y, p i , 5 3 1 8 D son G. . The N orthw es t Com a n B er ele 1 1 8 avid ( C ) p y, k y, 9 , 9 .

22 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

e r m nts to the C ows to begin hunting for his company. r The United States gove nment, however, refused to ”2 allow this trade to continue within. its bo rders and the Northwest Company then continued its western ex p an r o r r sion along a mo e n rthe n oute . The wo rk Of carrying the B ritish fur trade to the e tr r Of Pacific was n usted to a g oup able men , the most Of r notable whom were David Thompson , Alexande 23

r . r m Henry J . , and Daniel W Ha mon . Tho pson was r H e x l not really a fur trade . was a scientist and e p or r er . His peculiar genius was not app eciated by the ’ Hudson s Bay Company and he left its employ in 1 797 r Of N r to ente the service the o thwest Company . He was entrusted with the task of ma rking the line of the forty-ninth parallel to the Rocky Mountains and of re po rting ou the resources Of the country to the north Of this lin e and also of the region beyond the mountains . It appea rs that possibly as ea rly as 1 80 1 the No rthwest Company had planned to extend its trade beyond the 2 Pacific Rockies to the . 1 80 r t It was not until 7 howeve , hat Thompson actual ly c rosse d the Rockies and reached the headwate rs of r r the Columbia . The next sp ing he t aded along the 25 r Kootenai Rive r in what is now no thwestern Montana .

t r tr Mr roc u was o nte to c rr out t s l n . F l to s a t ad e . . La q e app i d a y hi p a a l ” r rt tr er s in s sour . 1 805 epo s H. B . C . ad Mi i 21 Journ a l o La r oc ue r om the As s nibo ne to the Yell ows ton e 1 80 . f q f i i , 5

E te . . ur ee in ub c t on s of the n n rc es no. di d by L J B p P li a i Ca adia A hiv , 3 ,

Ott 1 1 0. awa, 9 22 D s on o us c tr a 82 n . avid , p i , 23 F r Ma nu cr t our na l o o T o s on and Hen r s ee C oues E . ed . s J h mp y ( , ) ip f

Al ex a n er H enr a nd o D av Thom s on o s . New or d y f id p , 3 v l , Y k, 1 8 r n n a v l in 97. Ha mo ( Dani el Williams ) Jour na l of Voya ges a d Tr e s the

Inter or o N or th Amer ca n o e r N H. 1 820. i f i , A d v , . , 24 D son o us c tra . avid , p i , 97 25 C oue s o us c tr a 0 n . , p i , 7 7 THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST 23

In 1 809 he again c rossed the mountains and built Kully ’ r Of d r ll spell House on the east sho e Lake Pend O ei e . ’ From the re he moved to the southeast up Cla rk s Fo rk Of the Columbia and in November built the fi rst Salish r r Of Hous e nea the p esent site Thompson Falls , Mon or Of tana . It was not long after this that he one his companions built Spokane House and thus definitely entrenched the Northwest Company in the basin Of the r r Columbia . After car ying his explo ations down the Columbia to below the mouth Of the Snake River Thompson claimed the whole country in the name of ” r r 1 8 1 1 G eat B itain . In July, , he reached the mouth Of the Columbia . Of r Of Ahead Thompson , howeve , at the mouth the ’ Columbia was the fi rst pa rty of Asto r s Pacific Fur Company unde r the command Of Duncan M cDougal r e r and three othe s , all Scotchm n and fo rme ly in the McDou al t e employ of the Northwest Company. g ceived Thompson with co rdiality and equipped him for r r r re r the etu n jou ney . It was appa nt to the Asto ians that a fight with the Northwest Company was im e r he r p nding . Asto had sought t coope ation of this Company for his ente rp rise but his advances we re t e ected r for j , and the St uggle the Columbia began . The Pacific Fur Company w as not content to sit r for r e down at Asto ia and wait fu s to com . About the e r the r tim Thompson appea ed on lowe Columbia , David Stua rt sta rte d for the inte rio r to begin trade with e re the Indians . He selected a site about s ven hund d ” r e mil e s up the ive r wh re he built Fo rt Okanagan . In ” Ib d . 606 D 6 2 “ 6 n . i , , 7 t 74 27 D s on o us c tr a avid , p i , 99 28 C ox os s A v entures on the Columb a R ver New Yor 1 8 2 . ( R ) d i i , k, 3 , 5 9 2” i M d , 84. 24 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

1 8 1 2 r the r r June, , a second pa ty was sent to inte io . Donald Mc Kenzie led an expedition into the Nez Pe rcé country and established a post on the Snake Riv e r

The N orthweste rs had left a clerk named McMil ’ r lan , a companion of Thompson s , in cha ge of Spokane House and he had two othe r posts unde r his Of these Salish House about two hund red fifty miles no rtheast Of Spokane w as unde r the command Of Finan M cDona d M r l . A . Monteu r had cha rge Of the othe r post among the Kootenais p robably n ea r Kullysp ell r House about two hund ed miles to the north . The r r r r Ame ican t ade s built a post nea Spokane House . Cox and Farnham went to oppose McDonald among the Flatheads and Pillet led a small pa rty into the Of r r Ko otenai country . Both these pa ties made a ich r r etu n of beavers . The Northwest Company found its position strength ar Of 1 8 1 2 Of Fur ened by the W . Those the Pacific Company who we re B ritish subjects we re unwilling to fight thei r countrymen and fo rme r associates and the th re at Of a B ritish war vessel b rought the su rrende r of r Fur the post . The me chandise of the Pacific Com p any was sold to the No rthwest Company for a sum 3 1 much less than its value The affai r appea rs to be e Of r r tinged with an el ment t eache y . With the fall of Asto ria the depend ent posts passed r into the hands Of the B ritish fu r t rade s . The Okana

“ 3 ° He ( McMillan ) had two other posts d etached fr om thi s : one about

tw o un re a nd ort es N . on tr e c e the F t e s h d d f y mil . E am g a ib all d la h ad other two hun d r ed miles n orth among C ootin ais in whose country ther e are ” ent of e er s e er ount n s ee and at ti es buf oes . Ib . pl y b av , d , m ai h p , , m , fal id ,

1 01 . 1 00, 3 1 ex t of of e in D s on o us c tra en x 2 . T Bill Sal avid , p i , App di M, 93 THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST 25

r r gan post was continued , the Spokane post t ansfe red ez r to Spokane House , and the N Pe cé post moved to r z e r n r Of r Fo t Ne P cé ea Walla Walla . Most the Asto employes who we re B ritish subjects ente red the employ r of the No rthwest Company. Among them we e Ross

Cox , John Read , Alexander Ross , and Duncan Mc

Dougall . A la rge expedition was soon afte r sent into the in te r or r r i to continue the t ade . Read led a pa ty into the Snake Rive r country with which he had become ac 3 2 uainted r r q while traveling ove land to Asto ia . This party was destroyed by the Indians and the trade Of that r r country fo a time abandoned . Cox retu ned to the Flathead country whe re he was now to wo rk with his McMill an e old foe at Salish House , and at once b gan ” r a lively t ade . The No rthwest Company did not depend entirely n upon posts to sustain its trade . The Indians were i c lined i so r r to be ndolent, la ge t apping expeditions unde r chosen leade rs we re sent to range the country for r r r r r fu s . I oquois Indians we e b ought f om the east in the hope that thei r example would encou rage the west 3 4 e rn r r su e rv i Indians to mo e activity in t apping. The p sion of this Inte ri o r t rade was entrusted to Donald Mc Kenz ie who had been a pa rtne r in the Pacific Fu r 3 5 r he Ol d r Company. He was unpopula with t No th weste rs but was ve ry successful in building up the west e rn r r r e t ade . He explo ed the count y of the Snak

3 2 Cox o us c tra 1 1 . , p i , 5 3 3 i 1 Ib d . , 1 7. 3 4 os s x n r Fur H W s t on on e e unters o the Far e 1 8 . R ( Al a d ) f , L d , 5 5 , i , 74 3 5 Ib d i ., 79 . 26 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

Rive r and even p enetrated the region late r known as “ r Yellowstone Pa k . The No rthwest Company had f rom the time Of its ’ fo rmation been the rival of the Hudson s Bay Company who claimed a monopoly Of the fur trade and was al ways re ady to use its unlimited resou rces in killing Off or hw rs competito rs . The N t este claimed to be suc cessors r r r r of the old F ench t ade s and , like thei famed ’ r r p edecesso s , they cut heavily on the Hudson s Bay r Of r t ade . The activities the younger company fo ced ’ the Hudson s Bay people to extend thei r posts west r fi wa d . There was no one however with suf cient bold 3 ’ ness to rival the explo rations Of Alexande r Mackenzie ’ s r r and David Thompson , but Hudson Bay t ade s fol lowed closely upon the heels Of their competitors and e demanded a sha re Of all new trade . Among th m was M r e e e a . How s , who built How s House near Flath ad ’ e r r d Lake in In g ne al , howeve , the Hu son s Bay Company limited its competition to the country 3 9 f e r he w as rr e east O the Rockies . Th e t fight ca i d on r for r by violence and bloodshed , high p ices fu s , and

“ 3 6 Ne ar the s ame lake ( east of the Three Tetons ) our peopl e foun d a s r u et of s u urous ter u n out ro the b s e of er mall iv l lph wa , b bbli g f m a a p It w as r b ue and p endicul ar r ock more than three hund re d feet high . da k l m t ste e un o er . o n ount n s n fferent e re es of te a d lik g p wd B ili g f ai , havi g di d g

er atur e ere er nu erous one or two er e so hot as to bo e t. In p , w v y m , w il m a Ot er rts on the r oc s hot and co s r n s t tern tel be s een h pa , am g k , ld p i g migh al a y ” t n un re r s of e c ot er ffer n in t e r te er ture . Ibi . wi hi a h d d ya d a h h , di i g h i mp a d ,

26 . i , 7 3 7 c en e Macken zie cros s e d the continent to the Pacific in 1 793 . Ma k zi ( Al ex and er ) Voyages fr om M ontr ea l thr ough the C ontin ent of N or th Amer - ica to the r o en a nd Pa c c Ocea ns in 1 8 1 on on 1 802. f z ifi 7 9 793 , L d , 3 8 T a ri r o os s o us c tr a . E ott . . C olumb a Fur r e o t R , p i , ii , 9 lli ( T C ) i d p - 1 81 1 in s n ton H stor c oc et ua r terl No. 1 1 0. G re t Wa hi g i i al S i y Q y , vi , , 9 a ’ r t n C olumb a Coltman s e ort 1 86 rt 2 s t tes t t Ho es B i ai , i ( R p ) 7, pa ii, 9 , a ha w House w as oun in 1 f de d 8 1 0. 3 9 McLeod co M emora n um in McLeod Journals s t tes t t ( Mal lm) d , , 44, a ha THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST 27 the sale of vast quantities of rum to the Indians and 0 r with great financial loss to both sides . 8 se ious did the losses finally become that both pa rties we re willing to come to te rms and in 1 82 1 the two compani es we re l ’ ‘ 0 united unde r the O d name Hudson s Bay Company . ’ The Hudson s Bay Company made few changes in r r D r McLou hl in the Columbia Rive t ade . . John g ,a Of native Canada , of mixed French and I rish descent, r r and an old No thwester was made chief facto , and r f r given supe rvision Of the t ade O this egion . He was r a man of su rpassing ability. He had wonde ful pow e r e ers of command and was a r ma kable judg of men . His tempe r was violent but he was tole rant and kindly Of r r for r disposition , and showed st ong f iendship Ame ic ans who came into his country . M Lou hlin head uar . c g did not think the company q te rs at Fo rt Geo rge (Asto ria) we re suitable and he founde d Fo rt Vancouve r on the no rth bank Of the C O

- r l nmbia whe re he took up his residenc e . It was f om he re that he d espatch e d his b rigad e s of trappe rs and t rade rs and it was f romhe re that he shipped immens e r r e M c Lou hlin ca rgo es of fu s to Asia and Eu op . g had r his rr Of r r e r unde command an a ay b illiant t ad s , who in r ff r for e e r thei e o ts to supply the demand b av hats , have made so fascinating the histo ry Of the fu r trade in e er e r e e O the No rthw st . Among them w e Pet Sk n g den Mc Mil l an e r , James , Jam s Douglas , and Alexande e Of McLou hlin r e Ross , old associat s g in the No thw st

r r r . Company. In addition the e we e Alexande R Mc ' the H ud s on s Bay Company had no tr ade wes t of the Rocki es until after its co t on t th rt st o n in 1 8 1 ali i wi h e No hwe C mpa y 2 . 40 D v s on o us c tra c te r . a id , p i , hap vii 4 1 F t er An E x a m na t on o the Cha rter a nd r ocee n s o the i zg ald , i i f P di g f ’ Hu s on B a s C om a n . on on 1 8 1 . d y p y L d , 49 , 3 28 JOURNAL OF JOH N WORK

e r Mc Don ald L od , James W . Dease , A chibald , Donald r r r r Ross , F ancis and Edwa d E matinge , and John r Of r i Wo k , all whom we e at some t me to distinguish themselves . Alexande r Ross was intrusted with the Snake River r e Of r Of r t ad , and placed in command a la ge body t ad e m r rs r r . and t appe s , many of Who we e Indians He ’ sta rted f rom Spokane and went up Cla rk s Fork to r e Salish Hous e . F om the r he went up the Flathead Of Rive r to some pl ace south Flathead Lake . Thence ’ he r r for ma ched di ectly Hell s Gate ( Missoula , Mon tana) and camped whe re Wo rk was to camp eight yea rs ”3 e r rom e re r lat . F h he Went up the Bitte Root to ’ Ross s Hole and Spent the winter t rading With the Flat r Of 1 r heads . In the sp ing 824 he traveled th ough the ’ r r r r e mountains to the sou ce of Cla k s Fo k nea Butt , r r Of Montana , and c ossed the main idge the Rockies to r r the headwate rs Of the Missou ri . H e etu ned to Salish House in Novembe r with five thousand beaver and many othe r pelts . This expedition was exceptionally ' “ a l p rofit b e to the Company . Afte r this successful expedition Ross was give n com mand Of Salish House ( the Flathead post) and Ogden r r r the as chief t ade , was sent to lead the brigade du ing e r 1 82 - 1 82 Wint of 4 5 . Ogden was as successful as Ross “ had been and reported a country riche r in beave r than

’ 42 Hu s on s o n C ounc l Minutes 1 82 in McLeod Jour na ls d Bay C mpa y i 5 , , , McDon ald 1 O n and L od t nte rest n ourn s . rc l 2 . gd e Mc e lef i i g j al A hiba d e t n r f u tt r s o es of t es e a r e in the n n Ar l f a umbe o val abl e l e e . C pi h Ca adia

lex n r os s r ot two boo s r e r n his ex er ences . chives . A a d e R w e k ga di g p i 43 Octo er 20 1 8 1 . b , 3 “ 44 - h ost rofita os s o us c tra 1 1 8 1 0. os s rote t t t s w as t e R , p i , , 4 R w ha hi m p ” l r rou t ro th n e er in one e r . Ib . 1 0. See ls o b e eve b gh f m e S ak Riv y a id , 4 a G o ernor son to o n McLeod No e e r 1 1 82 in McLeod Journ als v Simp J h , v mb , 4, , ,

1 2.

3 0 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK ter of beaver by Indian and white trappe rs but p robably r r Of r mo e to the g owing competition the Ame icans . The Ame ricans developed the fur trade on the uppe r Missouri and ca rried it into the Rockies la rgely by individual effort and without the efficient o rganization h r r r fur r t at cha acte ized the B itish t ading companies . The trade along the Missou ri began before the close of “0 r r r the eighteenth centu y, with headqua te s at St . Louis . r r r r The most p ominent of the ea ly St. Louis t ade s were r r Au the Spania d, Manuel Lisa , and the F enchmen , re r guste and Pier Chouteau . They shipped their fu s to Montreal Whe re they we re purchased by the No rth n r r west Company. Joh J acob Asto t ied to open up a m r m r as 1 800 t ade with the as ea ly but Without success . After the B ritish we re ba rred from Ame rican terri tory Manuel Lisa was the fi rst to establish a trade on r s r r the uppe Mis ou i . Soon afte r the Lewis and Cla k expedition he led a pa rty up the Missou ri to the mouth Of r r the Yellowstone , thence up that ive to the mouth f r e O the Bigho n Whe re he establish d a trading post. This post was in the hea rt of the C row country and rich

5 ° s s our H stor c l oc et C olle ct ons es an ccount of the Mi i i i a S i y, i , iv, 9, giv a or ganizati on in 1 794 of The C ommercia l C ompa ny for the Dis cov ery of On c u s G or n e rs as the N a tions of the Upper Mis s our i . e Ja q e lam ga app a Th o n o t ne r o n ono ol of most active pr omoter . e C mpa y b ai d f m Spai a m p y r Th u uste oute u a ers in the th fur tr e of the u er s s ou . e e ad pp Mi i A g Ch a , P p , Mi s s our i His tor ical Libr ary contain refer ences to the Mi s souri fur tr ade as rl as 1 e a y 795 . “ ’ 5 1 J e r egrette be aucoup de n e voi r jamai s p u r e alizer le désire d ont Je m s u s flatté il on te s d e s ter otr e s our establir d es e i y a l g mp , vi i v pay , p y ’ r Ne s er -t-il as os s e our ous d en en o er liais ons de Comme ce . a p p ibl p v v y ’ d otr s us u ici ? e ne oute a s ue ce n a u s s e re tout d roit e v e pay J q J d p q la p i fai , t e 5 n otr nt e utue — n s un tel c as il us me s e roit us e m me e ava ag m l da , pl ’ n eces s ai re d aller a Montr e al d ont j e vous as s ure is s erois bi en r ej oui : c ar non s eu e ent les r s d e o e s s e ue ous encor e us erte d e l m f ai v yag , mai q v pl , la p t u te tr o s o s d c te s s er ent n s e tes . o n co stor o u s i m i mp , ai ai i vi J h Ja b A A g

oute u New Yor nu r 28 1 800. erre oute u Collect ons . Ch a , k, Ja a y , Pi Ch a , i THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST 3 !

r r r e Of in beave . The C ows we e nemies the Blackfeet and appa rently were glad to welcome the Ame ricans . r r The Blackfeet had long t aded With the B itish and , r r appa rently incited by thei white f iends , they began an op en hostility towards the Ame ricans which con

for r r r . tinned many yea s . Lisa soon etu ned to St Louis 5 2 w as r r and his post abandoned , but the t ade on the uppe e Missou ri was not allowed to di . Manuel Lisa was so imp ressed with the possibilities of the for trade on the upp e r Missou ri that he decid e d to fo rm a company of the leading fur t rade rs Of St. r rr Au Louis to ca ry it on . He joined with Pie e and r O r guste Chouteau , William Cla k , and five the s to found the Missou ri Fu r Company which was inco r p orated in Appa rently Asto r sought to join r but was refused . In June of the following yea Lisa obtained f rom Gove rno r Me riweth e r Lewis a license giving him and his associates the exclusive right to “ r r r t ade on the uppe Missou i . ’ The fi rst expedition of the new company unde r Lisa s command sta rte d up the Missou ri in the summe r Of 1 80 The r r for 9 . pa ty was la ge and well equipped both r t apping and fighting the Indians . Lisa spent the win ter Ol d e r Of r - e r at his post n a the mouth the Bigho n , wh e appa rently a la rge numbe r of beave r pelts we re t raded r r S r Of f om the C ows . The following p ing two the r r rr r r r r pa tne s , Pie e Mena d and And ew Hen y c ossed

5 2 s ost w as s o et Fort nu and o t s Fort s Thi p m imes c all ed Ma e l s me ime Li a . C tten en H r H s tor o the Amer ca n Fur Tr a e in the Fa r W es t hi d ( i am) i y f i d , N ew Yor 1 02 1 26 . k, 9 , i , 5 3 ’ Ar ticles d a s s ocia tion et d e s ocieté fa it et con clu pa r et entr e B enj a men Wilhins en er r e Choutea u er e M a nul L s a Au us te Choutea u eune , Pi p , i , g j d a ns les v ues d e tr a ter et chas s er a ns l e ha ut d a Mis s our i d y . oute u Collect ons Ch a , i . 5 4 L s a P a ers . E n e o e une 1 80 in i ss our H stor c L r r . i p v l p , i , 7, J , 9, M i i i al ib a y 3 2 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK over the divide which sepa rates the Yellowstone f rom the Gallatin Rive r and built a post Whe re the th ree r r r forks of the Missou ri unite . He e was a ich beave r r count y and t ade was lively. The Blackfoot Indians , r howeve , did not accept the Americans and began a series e r r e of attacks upon them . They stol thei ho s s , r r r for their t aps , thei fu s , and made it unsafe any of he t r O r t par y to ventu e out of the post . S dange ous did the hostility of the Blackfeet become that Hen ry aban doued the post and crossed over the mountains to one ' r r r of the t ibuta ies of the Snake Rive , ever since then ’ r known as Henry s Fo k . Misfortunes continued to follow the activities Of the Fur e Missouri Company . Fire d stroyed a vast store r r The of fu s and impove ish e d the Company . com ’ petition of Asto r s Pacific Fur Company looked dan r n f ge o s . The hostility O the Blackfeet continued to e r r r r war 1 8 1 2 hind t ade on the uppe Missou i . The of stopped the export of beave r and forced a sha rp drop “ The al in p rices . Company continually declined though it unde rwent seve ral reorganizations With s ’ Li a s influence continually growing . One by one the othe r pa rtne rs d ropped out and some of them formed competing companies . ’ After Lisa s death in 1 820 the Missou ri Fur Com 5 7 r r r pany egained some of its forme vigo . It established

5 5 - H C . The As hl e Sm th E x l ora tions a nd the D s cov er o a Dale ( . ) y i p i y f C entra l Route to the a c c e el n 1 1 8 0- 1 uotes es Three P ifi, Cl v a d , 9 , 3 3 , q Jam , - ea rs a mon the Ind a ns a nd M ex ca ns terloo Il no s 1 8 6 1 0 2. Y g i i , Wa , li i , 4 , 3

James accompani e d thi s ex pediti on . 5 ° C l er erc nt of St. ou s r ote u us te C oute u ro New ava i , a m ha L i , w A g h a f m ’ Or e n s rc 1 1 80 nous o on s ue l a mba r o ous em l a , Ma h , 9 , v y q g , v a pec hé de nous fai re d e remiter s ur les quelles nous comptionne vous avez tres ’ r bien prive que d apr es cette mes ure l a p elletemic Seroit s ans v oleuir . u us te C oute u a ers A g h a , P p . TH E FUR TRADE IN TH E NORTHWEST 33 a new post at the mouth of the Bigho rn and named it “8 Fo rt Benton for Senator Benton the distinguished r r r r r ep esentative of the fur t ading inte ests in Cong ess . In 1 823 a la rge party under Jones and Immil set out from this fo rt to open trade with the long hostile Black e feet. Many packs of beaver were collected but wh n the expedition seemed assured of success it was attacked mo r by the Blackfeet, st of the men killed and all the fu s w r and equipment stolen . This blo p actically ended the operations of the Missouri Fur Company in the North r west. It continued to t ade in othe r te rritories for some r r r r yea s unde the leade ship of Joshua Pilche , who in 1 828 made one last effort to recover the trade of the far

Northwest. In July of that year he left Green River r c r r and p o eeded towa ds the No thwest. He crossed the B eaverhead country and spent the winter on Fl at r h head Lake . In the sp ing e continued his journey to o ‘ r r e F rt Colville . F om the e h went east with a party ’ belonging to the Hudson s Bay Company. He found this company so strong in the mountains that he made f r n r r no ef o t to ope up t ade in that egion , and henceforth the Missou ri Fur Company ceased to be of much sig ifica n nce . Of far more impo rtance than the Missouri Fur ’ Company was John Jacob Asto r s Ame rican Fur

Company. This conce rn w as cha rte red in 1 808 and r fur r r car ied on a trade in all pa ts of Ame ica . Astor was interested in the trade of the far Northwest and as has already been told sought to establish his r the Fur influence the e by means of Pacific Company. When this failed Asto r tu rned his attention to the Mis

5 7 tten en o us citra 1 0 n Chi d , p , i , 5 . 5 8 Not to be con use t the ter Fort enton on th r f d wi h la B e Mi s s ou i . 3 4 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

r r r . r sou i Rive t ade He had to fight a numbe of St . r r a the r Fur Louis t ade s , not bly Missou i Company, in Stone and Company, and the powerful Chouteau e 1 h r F r t rests . In 822 t e Ame ican u Company estab l ished e e r e r m r e r a w st n d pa t ent with h eadqua t s at St . u m wa Lo is . Stone and Co pany s soon united with this n ew ventu re and a little late r the di rections Of this de artment w as r e r r r e r p int ust d to Be na d P att , the fathe ’ in -law of Ramsey C rooks who w as one of Asto r s ablest r r e lieutenants . P atte soon fo m d a connection with rr e r Pie e Chouteau und the name of Pratte, Chouteau firm and Company . This managed the weste rn de p artment until 1 83 8 wh en after the death Of B e rna rd P ratte and the reti rement of Pie rre Chouteau the man agemen t of the business passed into the hands of Pie rre r who r r firm Chouteau J . , ope ated unde the name of ”

rr u r . Pie e Choutea J . , and Company ' In the meantime the Ame rican Fur Company strengthened its hold on the uppe r Missou ri by buying r out a small but ene rgetic and . ambitious ival the so c Fur c alled Columbia Company. This o curred in 1 827 and henc efo rth the o rganizations of the Columbia Fur Company passe d unde r the designation of the Up e r r p Missou i outfit . With the elimination of all rivals for the Missou ri Rive r trade the Ame rican Fur Company began a defin r r r r r e ite p og am of pushing up the ive . Its fi st st p was the construction of a fo rt n ea r the junction of the Mis r r r sou i and Yellowstone Rive s , a post which late was r r Of r known as Fo t Union . The leade this unde taking w as Kenneth M c Kenz ie and he soon attempted tO op en . 5 9 tten en o us c tra 1 2 -1 es i stor of M s sour Fur Com Chi d , p i , i , 7 57 giv h y i i n pa y. THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST 3 5

the 1 8 0 a trade with the Blackfeet. In fall of 3 he sent r r an expedition to the Blackfoot count y . The pa ty went up the Missou ri to the mouth of the Ma rias and then ma rched up that river for some distance when the r Blackfeet we re encounte red . This time th ough the r them mediation of an old t ader who knew well , friend ship was p romised and Am erican trade with the Black r 1 8 1 Mc Kenzie feet began . The next yea in 3 sent anothe r party under James Kipp to establish a post among the Blackfeet . It was in October of that year about the time that John Work was trailing th rough Lolo Pass or up the Blackfoot valley that Kipp began the construction Of Piega n Post at the mouth of the

I ar a e a M i s Riv r. Kipp with bountiful supply of alco hol carried on a p rosperous trade with the Indians for r a yea r and then eturned to Fo rt Union . His fort was soon afte r burned by the Indians but the next yea r Fo rt M c Kenz ie a few miles fa rther up the rive r was built r to take its place . This place long emained the head r for r h qua ters American t ade with t e Blackfeet . In the same yea r Mc Kenzie established Fo rt Cass at the mouth of the Bigho rn as a center for trade with r M Kenz e r the C ow Indians . Fort c i and Fo t Cass dominated the Indian trade on the uppe r M i ssou ri and e for r the Y llowstone a decade . About 1 843 Fo t Mc Kenzie was abandoned in favo r of Fo rt Cha rdon at the Of w as mouth the Judith . This location not favo rable howeve r and the headqua rte rs for the Blackfoot trade was moved up the Missou ri about eighteen mil es above the p resent Fo rt Benton and Fo rt Lewis e rected in the n ew r location . This location did not p ove suitable and in 1 846 Fo rt Lewis was moved down the rive r and a n ew post established which in 1 850 was renamed Fo rt 3 6 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

Benton in hono r of the vigo rous champion of the fur e r r trad , then United States senato f om Missouri . On the r r r r Yellowstone , Fo t Cass had as t ibuta ies Fo t Van Bu ren ne ar the mouth of the Tongue Rive r built in 1 8 r r e 3 5 , Fo t Alexande opposite the mouth of the Ros in 1 8 r r -five bud built 3 9 , and Fo t Sa py about twenty r miles below Fo t Cass , built about The Rocky Mountain Fur Company and the com pani cs that grew out Of it constituted the most serious th reat to the sup remacy Of the Ame rican Fur Company o e r for rs in the northwest. The f und , and some yea the n r r r domina t figu e in this conce n , was William Hen y "1 H e r r r Of r Ashley. b ought to his se vice a numbe b il liant men without whose effo rts and ability the success of the new trading company would have been imp ossi " r Of r r Ol d ble . Fi st all was And ew Hen y of the Mis r Fur r e sou i Company. After many misfo tun s he was to fall upon a rich beave r country only to reti re when r wealth was almost within sight. The e was Jedediah “3 who r r S . Smith gained his fi st expe ience in the employ ’ Of Ashley and who added much to the wo rld s knowl of r r the r edge weste n geog aphy . Among othe distin guished membe rs of this company we re Milton and e i r r William Subl tte , Thomas F tzpat ick, Robe t Camp e r Pr ch r r b ll , Hen y a , and the famous t appe and ex “ l orer r r p , James B idge . Ashley planned to begin ope rations on the uppe r Missou ri in the te rrito ry that for mo re than a decade

’ 6 0 - ~ See b . 0 for oo s etc of the er c n Fur o n s o er i id , 3 9 395 g d k h Am i a C mpa y p i n i h at o s n t e w est. 01‘ For e of s e s e e D e o us c tra rt . lif A hl y, al , p i , pa II 6 2 b s ee s o r a I . 6 s u . id , 3 , al p 6 3 Ib . rt id , pa iii . 0‘ tten en o us c tra c ter x v . Chi d , p i , i , hap

3 8 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

re Of r e re S accom p sent state Idaho , and f om th mith ’ p anied him ove r the divide into Ross s Hole then down the Bitte r Root to Salish Hous e whe re he was to meet Pete r Skene Ogden who had been given cha rge of the r r e e r t e Snake Rive b igad s . The n xt Sp ing Smith tu rn e d to G reen Rive r p robably in company with Og ’ r den s b igade . Anothe r pa rty under the command of Provost ex l r e r e p ored the inte io r and discove r d the G eat Salt Lak . Sublette and Smith joined P rovost in this neigt rhOOd some time du ring the summe r Of 1 825 and succ e eded ’ in getting a numbe r of Ogden s men to dese rt and b ring 6 7 with them a quanti ty of furs . In the summe r of 1 825 Ashley arrived at Green Riv r e r to conduct his fi rst g eat rendezvous . He had come he e r r t h up t Platt Rive to its fo ks , hen followed the Sout e r Platte far into Colorado , th n going no thwest had ’ r r So e cross ed the divide by B idge s Pass . succ ssful ’ had been Ashley s trappe rs and s o la rge had been the trade with Indians and free trapp e rs that afte r this ’ summe r s trade Ashley was enabled to re ti re a rich 6 9 man .

Ashley was succeeded by the firm of Smith , Jackson , r and Sublette . The comp any still had a vi tual mon op oly of a rich beaver country save for the occasional ’ new visits of a Hudson s Bay Comp any brigade , but the l eade rs resolved to expand thei r business west of G reat

Salt Lake and possibly to find an outlet to the Pacific .

’ 6 7 t t r o n or s Jour na l in his eter Skene T . E ott s es t s o . C lli a hi f m J h W k P

O en Fur Tr a er Or e on H stor c oc et ua rterl x i 20. See so gd , d , g i i al S i y Q y, , al

D e 1 0 . tten en s t te s the ue of t ese urs w as ro s e ent to al , 7 Chi d a val h f f m v y tw o un r e t ous n o rs 2 . h d d h a d d lla , i , 77 6 8 - D e o us citr a 1 1 6 1 2 1 . al , p , , 3 3 3 6 9 i 1 n Ib d ., 6 8 . TH E FUR TRADE IN TH E NORTHWEST 39

Smith led the fi rst expedition westwa rd sta rting in 1 826 r r direc August, . He t aveled in a southwestwa d tion until he st ruck the line of the late r Santa Fe Rail o r r ad which he followed into Califo nia . He found r H e e few fu s but encounte red many ha rdships . l ft most of his men in California and return ed to the ren dez o v us in the summer Of 1 827. He remained there only a month and started back to Califo rnia with a r men r re r Of fo ce of nineteen . He a rived the sho t pro visions and found his men in a like condition with him r self . The Spaniards we e suspicious and anxious to e r Of get the Am icans out the country . Smith signed an agreement to leave the country and was allowed to p ur r e r chase supplies . He sta ted ast during the Winte by new r e 1 828 r e a out and in April , , found his oad block d by high mountains . Smith then tu rned towards the n orthwest and afte r r r r r eaching the coast followed it no thwa d . The oad fi f r was dif cult but the Indians gave no cause o alarm . As the pa rty app roached the Willamette valley on the thi rteenth of July it met the Umpqua Indians who also

e r e . e r r In seem d f i ndly The n xt mo ning, howeve , the dians attacked the Americans and killed all except o r r e r Smith and two the s , who escaped to Fo t Vancouv . McLoughlin at once sent an expedition to punish the r r Indians and ecover the stolen p operty . Much of it was retaken and M cLoughl in paid Smith about twenty 7 1 d r for r thousand olla s his fu s .

7 ° Ib d 2 n . i ., 3 7 71 “ tten en o us c tra 286 . u ust . t an er c n e t Chi d , p i , i , A g W Smi h Am i a l f or n t t re e un r and t n In u J Calif ia wi h h h d ed fif ee mul es . J ly party

estr o e at Mr . McL od s nt r t u . e e t o r t r rt o d y d Umpq a pa y e ake p op e y. M ve ” un o u r . Jour nal o John Stua rt a t Rock M oun ta n H ous e u 1 p p la f y i , J ly 5,

1 82 . T s s ur r r to t 9 hi ely efe s J . S . Smi h . 40 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

Smith spent the winte r at Fo rt Vancouver as the ' guest of McLoughl in and the next sp ring went with a ’ Hudson s Bay b rigade up the Columbia and ac ross to Salish House f rom Whe re he retu rned to the rendez ’ 2 r e r vous . He found his pa tn s had not been successful r The e r e r e re in thei hunts . wint had been v y sev ; many r r men we e lost, and the Indians would not fu nish sup

ir e . plies , owing, was suspect d , to the influence of Ogden r r r for It appea s that Smith , in etu n the help he had r r M cLou hlin a eceived f om g , had promised to ab ndon r r r the Snake Rive count y. He acco dingly induced his pa rtne rs to c ross the mountains into the Old beave r r r count y a ound the Yellowstone and Madison Rivers . He re they encounte red once mo re thei r ol d enemies the r e Blackfeet, and they met also a more dete mined en my r Fur in the Ame ican Company. The rendezvous of 1 83 0 on the Wind Rive r was the last conducted by r r ro Smith , Sublette, and B idge , but it b ught large p rofits . ‘ r r Afte this endezvous , Smith , Jackson , and Sublette sold thei r business to a g roup of younge r men who con tinued the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. The most r r r re impo tant membe s of this g oup we Milton Sublette, r r r r raeb Thomas Fitzpat ick , J ames B idge , and Hen y F . These men sta rted a vigo rous trade with all the Indians r s The r of the Rocky Mountain No thwe t . Ame ican Fu r Company was dete rmined to sha re this t rade and r o sent pa rties to follow its competito s . The next tw r re r r r yea s we full of ival y between these two conce ns . In 1 83 1 Ame rican Fu r Company trade rs followed F raeb and Fitzpatrick who we re trading in the Powde r r r r r ran Rive count y. These two latte , howeve , away

72 D e o us c tra 2 n . al , p i , 77, THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST 4! f rom thei r rivals and Spent the winte r t rading with the r Indians west of the divide . Wo k possibly had this r 6 1 8 1 r 1 . pa rty in mind in his ent y of Decembe , 3 The Ame rican Fur Company trade rs continu e d to follow and the Rocky Mountain t rade rs sought to escape . The latte r traveled ove r the country drain ed by the head ’ wate rs of the Snake Rive r and into Pie rre s Hole but the Ame rican Fur Company b rigade was always by ’ r The r for 1 8 2 rr thei side . endezvous 3 was at Pie e s r r r Hole . He e we e gathe ed the bands of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company and a pa rty of the Ame rican

Fur r r . Company, besides a number of f ee t appers Here came also Nathaniel Wyeth f rom Boston and Captain o h r Bonneville . Am ng t ose p esent at this rendezvous we re doubtless some of the Ame ricans whom John r Wo rk mentions as invading his count y. The Rocky Mountain Fur Company was putting up r a losing battle with its great ival . It could not stand ' the fie rc e comp etition and in 1 83 4 held its last great e r e r r r ndezvous . Sho tly aft this Fitzpat ick, Sublette , and B ridger ente red the service of the Ame rican Fur Company which thencefo rth dominated the fu r t rade th roughout all the No rthwest east of the continental divide. The region now known as Montana and Idaho ea rly became the battle ground of the rival B ritish and Th he Ame rican fur trade rs . e fall of Asto ria and t failu re of the Pacific Fur Company me rely delayed the struggle until the Ame ricans could c reep up upon the B ritish by way of the Missou ri or ove r the O regon r r had r r T ail . Since the B itish established thei t ade r r W ar 1 8 1 2 in this count y afte the of , they sought only to maintain thei r monopoly while the Ame ricans we re 42 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

‘ r he a r the aggresso s . Ross states t situ tion with p ecision as follows

O ur souther n and more enterp ris ing neighbors have not lost sight of the d t es Offered t e but o t e e r fter e r advanc a van ag h m, c n inu y a a y a w t s t s trides s o r the o tr d rr Off the ing i h ha y , c u ing c un y an ca ying cream of the tr ade ; and if we do not s peedily bes ti r ourselves the 7 3 ee re he d t e f our d o Yank will ap all t a van ag s o isc veries .

The methods Of competition we re unscrupulous and frequently violent . Alcohol was used in large quanti e r ti s to seduce the Indian to sell his furs . Asto had fo rbidden the Pacific Fur Company traders to sell or 7 4 give intoxicating d rink to the Indians but it is doubt r r r ful if they obeyed his o de s . The No thwest Com pany ea rly found that the libe ral use of rum was effec tive with the Indians and thei r t rade rs used it unspa r 75 r e l ingly wh en the e we re competito rs nea r th i r fie d . ’ The Hudson s Bay Company fo rbade the use Of alcohol in the Indian trade but appa rently the re was no ex p ec a ion e r r w uld w e t t that thes o de s o b obeyed . When com petition a rose the re was no hesitancy in resorting to 76 alcohol to hold or win the Indians .

7 3 F 1 ur Hunters , II , 43 . 7 4 b I . 1 . id , i , 5 ’ ” o n Dun n Hu s on s o n tr er and ost le to the Nort J h , a d Bay C mpa y ad h i h

es t o n ec r e t t t s o n r u ne the In n t s r ts . w C mpa y, d la d ha hi C mpa y i d dia wi h pi i The Or e on Terr tor a nd the B r t s h N or th America n Fur Tr a e Philadel g i y i i d , 1 r st om 8 28 . or ce o us c tr a 1 1 ec res t t the No t e C phia, 45 , M i , p i , 3 , d la ha hw n ntro u r u nto th ort t pa y i d ced m i e N hwes . “ ’ 7 In 1 83 1 the H ud s on s B ay Company forbade the s ale of r um to the

T o urs n ot r n th t Of r um. G ov In n s . Ibi . 1 1 . s f co e e e t e dia d , 4 hi did p v gif cruor Simp son te stified befor e a committee of the Hous e of Common s in r 1 857 that r um w as never s old to the Indians ex cept s ome on the f onti er . H e admitted that us e of s pirits w as great d ur ing the fight with the Ameri ’ Gr r t n o s f o ons mm t n Hu s on s c ns . e t H u e O Re or t o Co tee o a a B i ai , C mm , p f i d - McLou hlin B a C om a n 1 u 1 8 8 6 1 . At the s e e r n o n y p y , 3 J ly, 5 7, 5 am h a i g J h g testified that the Ameri cans r estricted the use of alcohol and that the H ud ’ s on s B a Co n us e it ex ces s e . Ib . 28 . I c nnot le rn et er y mpa y d iv ly id , 4 a a wh h THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST 43

The United States Gove rnment f rom time to time issued st ringent prohibitions against the sale of rum to the Indians . It was to check the evil of alcohol among Of the Indians that it maintained the system licenses , and those who we re caught debauching the natives " r e r e we re gene ally dep rived of th i right to t rad . In Of e r Of r r Spite all the ffo ts the gove nment, howeve , great quantities of liquo r we re smuggled into the In 78 r e e r h e r dian count y. Thes f r e trad e s and even t e Am ican Fur Company justified its use on the ground that ’ w as it used by the Hudson s Bay Company. The fu r trade rs all knew the demo ralizing effect Of r Of e alcohol upon the Indian . Eve y day d runk nness ’ robbed him of a day s hunt and made him less efficient use Of ex when in the woods . The alcohol was most r r f h e r tensive in the thi d and fou th decade O t e c ntu y . It so s e riously affected the Indian t rade that the fur companies came to depend mo re and mo re upon white trapp e rs or upon Indians t rapping unde r the di rection ” Of white leade rs . The re are many instances Of sha rp p ractices reco rd ed r e 1 822 r c in the Indian t ad . In a body of Ame i ans ’ induced a numbe r of I roquois to dese rt the Hudson s

n ot t s D o n McLa u hlin but the testi on e r s to be in or hi s w a r . J h g m y app a

ree ent t his e e n . Gr e t r t n Hous e Of o ons Re or t r om ag m wi h f li g a B i ai , C mm , p f Select C omm ttee on Abor in es 1 8 te s uc of us e of uor in secur n i ig , 3 7, ll m h liq i g In n tr dia ad e. 7 7 tten en o us c tr a c ter Chi d , p i , hap iv. 7 8 ’ McLe an Hu s on s tr er r ote : In the cour s e of the nter , a d Bay ad , w wi ‘ ’ ( 1 822 ) a Yankee adventur er Op en ed a gr og s hop within a s hort di s tance ” of the e ot . en an In n who een e u e McLe an returne d p Wh dia , had b q ipp d by , d “ ” in r c t his unt h e n tr n hi r r r McL an t en Ma h wi h h e b ga adi g s fu s fo g og. e h - s e e the ur s an d the n ce d ue the In n in r um. Tw ent v e iz d f , paid bala dia y fi ’ ea rs r i u s B a m a n on o Se v ce n H on s C o n 1 8 6 1 62. Y i d y p y , L d , 49, i , , 7 9 Gr e t r t n Hous e of Co on s Re or t r om Sel ect Comm ttee on a B i ai , mm , p f i ’ Hu s on s B a C m a n 1 8 d y o p y, 57. 44 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

’ or Bay Company s brigade and work f them . Ross recounts how in 1 823 he allowed a pa rty Of I roquois to “ m r r hunt by themselves . After a ti e they eturned t ap less and beaverl ess ; naked and destitute Of almost every thing ; and in debt to the American trappe rs for having ”

r e . rr r conveyed them to the T ois T tons Old Pie e, thei Of r leader, told of two months successful t apping when r r the Snakes stole eve ything. The I oquois fell in with some Ame ricans whom they p romised fo rty dollars ’ i . to esco rt them to the ma n party. The Americans ’ sto ry did not fully agree with Old Pierre s and Ross learned that the former had already Obtained more than r a hundred beave skins f rom the I roquois . Ross finally came to believe his Indians had not been robbed but while hunting had fallen in with the Americans who “ succeeded in seducing them to their side under the p retext of giving them five dollars for every beaver skin they might delive r at the Yellowstone River where the r r e Of Ame icans had a t ading post, that with the vi w r S p ofit by this contemplated peculation , they had left their fu rs e n ca c he with those Of the American pa rty r Whe e they had been hunting, and had come back , not Of r r e r with the intention emaining with us , but ath r to get what they could f om us , and then to seduce their com rades to dese rt i n a body with their furs to the ” 8 ° Americans . The Hudson ’s Bay people showed no higher stand a rds of conduct than did the Americans . In a letter written in 1 83 9 is an account Of an effo rt to captu re a

8 0 e T s as dediah t the ost e out os s Fur H unt rs 1 1 1 2 . w e R , , , 9 hi J Smi h, m d v and re ous of the fur tr ers . D le o us c tra 6 uts s o e t ligi all ad a , p i , 9 , p a m wha ’ tt t on t ons be er ligh Smi h s acti .

46 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

In the Flathead country vigo rous measu res were r r e adopted to ove come Ame ican aggressiven ss . John Wo rk in 1 826 hu rri ed th re e boats loaded with me rchan dise up the rive r to the Flatheads when he hea rd that r e re r re Ame icans w app oaching. Some time befo this D e ase had rec omm ended that Kootenai Post be aban

u . er r e r l ed re do ed The Am ican pe il , howev , him to conside r this plan and he u rged that both the post and 8 5 r r the Flathead post be st engthened . This ecommend ation was followed although the Flathead post was moved fa rthe r east to wa r d off the Ame ricans A few yea rs later it was moved again to Post C reek near the f e O r . s site the p es nt St Ignatiu , Montana , and named r C onnah r r e McAr hur Fo t . Const uction was sta t d by t and completed by Angus M cDonald in This ’ was the last Hudson s Bay post to be constructed within r the p esent limits of the United States . In 1 83 3 the Ame rican Fu r Company and the Hud ’ son s Bay Company made an agreement defining the ’ 8 8 Of he e limits each one s activities . T n xt year when the Rocky Mountain Fur Company came to an end the re r f r r r was a p ospect for peace in the u count y. Ame ican r r r adventu e s , howeve , still made invasions of the lands west of the mountains and fo rced a libe ral treatment o-f 8 9 r Indian and white t appers .

”5 Octo er 1 1 826 b . . b 5 , , i id , 73 9 5 n or to E r E r t n er . F t e s r c 1 1 8 0. J oh W k dwa d ma i g la h ad , Ma h 9, 3 3 7 x x N or thw es t Coa s t . See s o ncro t H . H . W or ks Ba f ( ) , viii ( ii ) , 74 al ,

n us McDon ald A F ew Items o the W es t 1 88 . A g , f , 9 8 8 r f . roo s r tes une 2 6 1 8 t t he w a s con s er n en e o R C k w i , J , 3 7, ha id i g wal t s r ee ent e rc 2 1 1 8 . er c n Fur o n Letters no. hi ag m mad Ma h , 3 3 Am i a C mpa y, ,

in New or H stor c r r . 5 , Y k i i al Lib a y “ 3 9 The tr ad e is on a more libe r al s cal e than in e arly days in the o u es ec in the u er countr ot t In n s an d r ee en in C l mbia, p ially pp y b h wi h dia f m , consequence of the n umber Of new adventures now pouri ng in up on us from THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST 47 Although the Hudson’ s Bay Company was able to d rive out Ame rican fur t rade rs f rom the Columbia e r basin it was to fall befo re a n w Ame ican invasion . Missiona ri es came to conve rt the Indians and they we re followed by la rge numbe rs Of settle rs who p roposed to 9 0 r f Of occupy the land . Thei ef orts led to destruction f r r e the game and fu rthered the decline of the u t ad . ’ The treaty of 1 846 put an end to the Hudson s Bay ’ r Company s control of the fur t rade of the No thwest. The beave r Of the No rthwest we re of good quality r r Of r and the supply was la ge . The numbe pelts g ew steadily until in 1 83 7 it amounted to twenty-six thousand e r r -fi r sev n hund ed and thi ty ve . The total impo tations ’ of beave r f rom all the Hudson s Bay Company domains in 1 834 was fifty-seven thousand th ree hund red and ninety-th ree pelts of which about twenty-one thousand "2 r r 1 8 came f rom the Columbia Rive r count y. Afte 37 ’ ’ the Hudson s Bay Company s supply of beaver f rom the Columbia declined until in 1 845 it amounted to seventeen thousand two hund red and ninety pelts and in 1 848 to only twelve thousand seven hund red and fif

” th r rc b l McDon ald to McLou hlin . e Ame ican s ide of the mountai ns . A hi a d g o 1 M o r 1 C vi e nu r 2 8 cLe d Jou na ls 1 . l ll , Ja a y 5 , 37, , , 9 9 ° “ The tr aver sin g of the continent ( from Mi s s our i River to Columbia) is

now beco n or s and t r a r r I e now St. mi g m e afe familiar o ou c eve y day. hav Louis cows and hor s es at Colville - two or thr ee Americ an clergymen wi th

t e r es and ous e o oo s c e cros s st s e s on . W e ust h i famili , h h ld g d am a la a m ” n ow so ute e o s t n on th ront r s r b l McDon ald ab l ly mak a b ld a d e f i e . A chi a d t M od o n r 1 1 o . cLe C e u 8 id 1 2 . Ib . . J , lvill , Ja a y 5 , 37 , 9 9 1 “ From the northwest coast ther e is imp orte d i nto Boston every ye ar a consi er b e co ect on of ur s . The e er ro t er e is ener r d a l ll i f b av f m h g ally da k, fine e te and oo s e s one at r es ent ort in t s r et an r e of p l d, g d a d, p w h hi ma k ave ag ” out t ent s n s er oun . er c n Fur o n Ca ta l o ue . ab w y hilli g p p d Am i a C mpa y, g G enera l Obs er va t ons as to the Pr es ent Va lue a nd Pr os ects or Furs Lon i p f , D d on ece er 2 1 1 8 . , mb , 3 7 9 2 . . son to . r oo s . on on 1 1 8 er c n Fur C M Lamp R C k L d , May 3 , 3 7. Am i a Co n Letters mpa y . 48 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK t - r y six pelts . The t ade east of the Rockies cannot be stated so definitely but in general it followed the rise s and decline of the trade in the Columbia basin . Thi decline in p roduction was accompanied by a decreased for Of demand beaver. Silk hats and hats nutria had succeeded beaver in public favor. The p rice of beaver generally advanced from the be of 1 8 0 1 800 ginning the century until about 4 . In

w r . one beaver e e sold at St Louis at dollar a pound , amounting to about one dolla r and twenty-five cents for 1 80 w a pelt. In 9 the p rice had increased to t o dollars " r r a pound , and ose quickly to four dolla s , but due to the War of 1 8 1 2 soon d ropped to two dollars and fifty 9 5 cents whe re it stayed till 1 8 1 5 Thereafter it rose steadily until in 1 834 Kenneth Mc Kenzie paid more "6 than four dolla rs at Fort 'Un ion which was consider

o St r . r 1 8 ably bel w the . Louis p ice Afte 40 the price ’ declined until in 1 848 the Hudson s Bay Company paid " only one dollar at Fort Vancouver for a large skin . r r 1 8 0 The ma ket rapidly recove ed however, and in 5 r v was about a dolla and fifty cents at Fort Vancou er, and in 1 85 1 w as two dollars and fifty cents . There was hop e 'that the Old p rices would come back but the great 9 8 e demand for b ave r was forever gone . ’ The Hudson s Bay Compa ny Obtained othe r impo rt r 1 O r ant fu rs f rom the No thwest. In 83 5 it btained thi

9 3 Me m a n um 1 8 and 1 8 8 . er c n Fur o n or . Am i a C mpa y, d 45 4 9 4 u ust out u ll ct ns A g e Ch ea Co e i o . 9 5 i Ib . C tten en o us citra 1 n . d , hi d , p , i , 45 9 5 r out u ll cti n Pie re Ch e a C o e o s . 9 7 es Dou s to F. To e M 1 1 8 8 . F ort Nis uall Letter Jam gla lmi , ay 4, 4 q y

B ook, 5 2. “ 9 3 The p r ice of be aver is gr ad ually on the ri s e and mai ntains itself as " formerly in the market a s almost to ins pi re hopes Of a return of better times .

es Dou l s to F. To e r l 21 1 8 1 . Pa ers r e B r t s h C olumb a in Jam g a lmi , Ap i , 5 p i i i n r C a adian A chives . TH E FUR TRADE IN TH E NORTHWEST 49

ty thousand muskrats , six thousand five hundred mar e two r two t ns , thousand five hundred otte s , thousand e r r fiv hund ed mink , besides bear, fishe s , lynx, and sil ” r ver, c oss , and red foxes . The trade in buffalo robes was limited to the country east Of the mountains and was slow to develop . Eu rope did not care for them and the demand in Ame rica r Of r had to be created . The pape s the Ame ican Fur Company contain many discussions of the way to c reate r a market. The Ame icans developed a demand for r them as overcoats and as robes for sleighs and ca riages , and after 1 825 the ma rket was fairly steady at the price of about fou r dolla rs and fifty cents for each fi rst class

It is difli cult to determine the actual number of buf falo robes that were b rought to market f rom the upper 1 8 Missouri . In 3 9 Pierre Chouteau estimated that Fo rt Union had collected twenty-fou r thousand and the 1 01 r - Sioux posts thi ty two thousand robes . This , how r for eve , left unaccounted a large number gathered r r 1 8 r r f om independent sou ces . In 3 9 , mo eove , the trade in buffalo robes had been declining for a period Of r ten years . P obably this decline was due to the fact

9 9 r an F r M mo a n um 1 e c u o n e r 8 . Am i C mpa y, d , 35 1 0° ’ C tten en o us citra 8 1 . The er c n Fur Co n s r ce hi d , p , ii , 7 Am i a mpa y p i st ro 1 8 0 to 1 8 t r u alo o s li f m 2 40 gives about he s ame p ice e ach ye ar for b fi r be . 1 01 er c n Fur o n Letters u 1 8 1 8 . G eor e E . hnin Am i a C mpa y . J ly , 39 [ g ] [ g er to s e roo s Fort r s ost in the n n c oun tr ] Ram y C k . Cla k, a mall p Ma da y, furnis hed one hundr ed and e ighty-eight packs of ten r obes p er pack in

1 8 . ex n er enne Jour na l o Occur r en ces a t F or t Cla r k in er re 3 3 Al a d K dy, f Pi oute u C oll ect ons The er c n F ur o n e st te t t in 1 8 1 Ch a , i . Am i a C mpa y ima d ha 4 ther e were s old twenty-six thous and s ix hun d re d and eighty-one buffalo r obes and six thous an d eight hundre d a nd e leven c alves at a total p r ice of one un re an d t nt -n n t ous n o r G n r a Ab tr a ct h d d we y i e h a d d lla s . e e l s of a S les o B u alo Robes 1 8 1 . a es H s t t st c l r ter s t te t t f f , 4 J m all , a a i i a w i , a d ha there wer e s hipp ed thr ough New Or le ans thi rteen thous an d four hund r e d and t e e c s of bu o ro e s in 1 82 n neteen t ous n n n un re w lv pa k ffal b 7, i h a d i e h d d 5 0 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK that during the thi rties fu rs were not in high favo r “ ” among the society people . In the fur country the only cu rrency was the beave r r w as pelt. All other pelts and all me chandise valued r r r in te ms of beave . In spite of the va iations in the supply Of fu rs the ratio of beave r to other skins re mained p ractically fixed because of the p rejudice of For r r e the Indian against change . this eason the p ic Of fu rs in te rms of beave r in the Indian country was quite diffe rent from the p rice at the great fur mar

, The net p rofits f rom the fu r trade varied greatly with the ability an d luck of the trader and with the ’ e 1 he condition of the mark t . Before 800 t Hudson s e r e r Bay Company oft n made a p ofit of sixty p cent. This was befo re competition se riously affected the r r the o r t ade . Du ing the fight with N thwest Company r 1 1 th the re we re Often no dividends . Afte 82 e com pany regula rly paid five p e r cent with an annual bonus

d t -s e en c s in 1 828 t rteen t ous n two un r e and ten c s an eigh y v pa k , hi h a d h d d pa k in 1 82 t ree t ous n s x t -one c s in 1 8 0 and two t ous n five hun 9, h h a d i y pa k 3 h a d - in 1 1 Sta t s t cs o the Wes t a t the Cl os e o the d r ed and fifty four packs 83 . i i f f

ea r 1 8 6 C nc nn t 1 8 6 20 . ter the r st u rter of the centur Y 3 , i i a i , 3 , 7 Af fi q a y n th o Th r r ne woolen coats and r obes began to s uppla t e buffal . e p ice emai d r s about the s ame but the n umber p ut on the market d ec e a ed . 1 02 In 1 850 a gun costing origi n ally two s hillings would s ell for twenty e er ort t rt -two oun s a nd ten s n s or s x t rten ort b av w h hi y p d hilli g , i y ma w h - or t six oun s and ten s n s or t ent otter ort t ent oun s . f y p d hilli g , w y w h w y p d ’ n e C oltma s R port, 20. 1 03 Gr e t r t n o on O ce . Return to A r es s o a r l a ment a B i ai , C l ial ffi dd f P i , ’ “ 20 1 8 2 . e ence of the Hu s on s B a o n . to t s May , 4 A d f d y C mpa y Up hi

o B . . no c use to co n of nter erence t n n peri d H . C had a mplai i f wi h i la d B ut r ts of te rr tor a d tr e n e r tr er s at tr ad e . igh i y n ad i vad d by ival ad ' t s ti e c us e e u s os s of e estr uct on of ro ert bl e c of e ce hi m a d f d , l lif , d i p p y, a h p a ,

etc. c e r e n ur ous to n t es ec use t e r ou t unrestr cte use , whi h w i j i a iv b a h y b gh i d ’ of uor s o t t In n s et een 1 800 and 1 82 1 en s for r st e t liq , ha dia , b w , divid d fi igh e r s ere on our er cent ur n nex t six e rs no en for l s t y a w ly f p , d i g y a divid d , a THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST 5 1

er 1 8 1 r of six to ten p cent until 4 , making an ave age ’ “ re tu rn of about twelve p e r cen L McLoughlin estimated that the Columbia d epa rt ment cl ea red nea rly thi rty-two thousand pounds ster ling in 1 828 and 1 829 at a time when Ame rican com petition was keen By 1 83 3 the Columbia trade was declining and the p rofits we re only twenty thousand w ur pounds . One riter states that a quantity of furs p chased at Vancouver for six hund red and sixty pounds sold in London for five thousand four hund red and five 1 06 e e r r pounds . The xpense of trad and t anspo tation ’ ’ r r would g eatly reduce the net p ofits . Ogden s expedi tion Of 1 828- 1 829 retu rned a p rofit of th ree thousand r r Of 1 826 pounds , and the Snake Rive b igade cleared 1 07 r one hund ed per cent. M cLoughlin stated that the No rthwest Company 1 8 1 r -five in 4 clea ed seventy thousand pounds , and that ”8 r e r r e r this was its most p ofitable y a . Lo d S lki k, who r was hostile to this company, stated that its annual g oss re r r tu ns amounted to one hund ed fifty thousand pounds . He estimated the cost of the goods sent into the fur country as ten thousand pounds and wages at ninety s r thousand pound . Wages , howeve , were paid in goods at a great advance ove r the first cost and as the e t rs on t r igh ye a ly four p er cent. Since hen half ye a ly divid end s of five p er cent with bonus of ten p er cent from 1 828 to 1 832 and si nce that bonus ” of s ix er cent unt st e r non w as p il la y a e paid . 104 ’ G r e t r t n Hous e of o ons Re or t o C omm ttee on H u s on a B i ai , C mm , p f i d s B a Com a n 1 y p y , 85 7. 3 26 . 1 05 Letter of F r r 1 1 M o J e u 8 0. cLe d ournals b a y , 3 , . 1 06 ne . . Four ea rs in B r t s h C olumbia a nd Va n couv er Is la n May ( R C ) Y i i d, on on 1 826 1 8 L d , , 5 . 1 0 7 McLo h i u l n to Go ernor son . Fort V ncou er u ust 8 1 826 g v Simp a v , A g , in McLeod , Journals . 1 08 etter of Febr u r 1 1 8 0 in McLeod Journa ls L a y , 3 , , . 5 2 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK employees transpo rted the goods into the interio r with ' wa all ex out additional pay the advance s p rofit. An treme example was rum that cost twenty-five cents a 1 09 r for r r qua t and sold eight dolla s in the inte ior. This estimate Of p rofit would not be far different from Mc ’ Loughlin s . Among the American traders p rofits and losses were often greater than with the B ritish companies . This z was due to the lack of capital , to inferior organi ation , a r s 1 822 and to g eater willingnes to take a chance . In a keel boat belonging to the Rocky Mountain Fur Com pany sank with all its me rchandise worth ten thousand ’ 1 1 0 r h D r dolla s which was half t e company s resources . u r ing the five yea s following, however, General Ashley n r Of sold in St . Louis five hu d ed packs beaver worth r o rs r more than a qua ter of a million d lla . His p ofits were large for he paid for fu rs with suga r at a dolla r a r r rum pound , gunpowde at a dolla and thirty cents , diluted with a large quantity Of water at thi rteen dol r e r r la s and fifty cents p gallon , and othe goods at p ro “ r r p ortionate p rices . SO la ge were the p ofits that within five years Ashley rose f rom pove rty to wealth ’ Most of the books of Asto r s American Fur Company 1 1 3 r r ac have been dest oyed , but we know his fo tune was r quired in the fur t ade . Ramsey Crooks who succeed

1 09 e r A Sketch o the B r t s h Fur Tr a e in N or th Amer ca : w th S lki k, f i i d i i Obs erva t ons r ela t v e to the N orthw es t C om a n o M ontr ea l on on 1 81 6 i i p y f , L d , , - 6 1 c te b D s on 2 . 3 4 , i d y avid , 35 1 1 ° tten en o us citr a 26 . Chi d , p , i , 3 1 1 1 i 1 Ib d. , 28 . 1 1 2 r tt r of H. s e to B ern r r tte Ib . c te . See so e e . id , hap i al l W A hl y a d P a i n c and o n . Octo er 1 1 826 in erre oute u Collect o s C mpa y b 4, , Pi Ch a , whi h of r s gives complete li st p ice . ’ 1 1 3 On ly a few vol umes of Astor s Journa ls and Ledgers have escaped

tr u on T e a r e in the n n rc es . des cti . h y Ca adia A hiv

Life o f J o h n Wo rk

r is r for r John Wo k , whose journal he e the fi st time r r r published , was a cle k and chief t ade of the Hud ’ son s Bay Company ; a native of the north of I reland - r r and of Scotch I ish descent. The o iginal name was

r t . Wa k , but the subject of his sketch changed it to Work ’ He ente red the employ of the Hudson s Bay Company 1 8 1 r Of for e e r in 4, se ving east the mountains ight y a s ; principally at Yo rk Facto ry and other posts in the ’ r no rthe rn pa rt of Hudson s Bay . His name appea s as r 2 1 2 26 r e numbe s 4 , 3 7, and 4 espectiv ly, on the lists of ’ employees of the Hudson s Bay Company in No rth e r for the r 1 82 1 -2 1 822 - 1 82 - Am ica yea s , 3 , and 3 4. ’ 1 8 He left York Factory on Hudson s Bay on July , 1 82 w r r e r 3 , ith the b igade unde charg of Chief T ader, ” f r r r 1 e r o r . 82 Pet Skene Ogden , Fo t Geo ge F om 3 to 1 83 2 he was va riously stationed at Fo rt Geo rge (As r r r to ia) Spokane House, Fo t Colville , Fo t Vancouver, e r r e e r and oth posts . Du ing thes y a s much of his time was sp ent on trading and trapping expeditions wh e re he unde rwent p rivations and pe rils similar to those r the J ou r na l re e elated in he publish d . ’ Wo rk s jou rnal of the t rip f rom Yo rk Factory to r r e 1 8 1 82 e e r 1 1 82 Fo t Geo g (July , 3 , to Nov mb 7 , 4) e r r r shows his pow s of obse vation . He desc ibes with

1 1 6 Jour na ls of o n or Tr a n x e t on un er C F O en J h W k di g e p di i d . . gd r om nea r Ox or H ous e to Columbia a nd F ort Geor e u 1 8 1 82 - No f f d g , J ly , 3 mb r 1 1 v e e 82 . o in n n rc es Ott . T es e ourn s are 7, 4 C py Ca adia A hiv , awa h j al cont ne in t r i rt H - teen o o n c ons C . P s e e . . C . P ai d hi f li a lab l d B . . O en not be o ct unt 1 — W L c e c e or 8 . . s . gd did m a hi f fa il 34 . 56 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK intelligence the Whole country th rough which he t rav l r r e ed . His jou ney led him by Spokane House f om which post he and Finan Mc Donald sta rte d on August 0 1 82 r e r 3 , 4, with a pa ty of thi rt en men to t ade with the ’ r r r Flathead Indians . This was Wo k s fi st ventu e into the Flathead country . He found the natives friendly r r r and ca ried on a p ofitable t ade with them . Upon his retu rn to Spokane he continued his jou rney and

rr e r r the r a iv d at Fo t Geo ge in fall . On Novembe 1 8 1 82 r rr r r r , 4, the day afte his a ival at Fo t Geo ge , Wo k “ started to the northwa rd to discove r en ’ ” r r r trance to F ase s Rive . The r 2 1 1 82 next yea , on June , 5 , he started out as a membe r of the Interio r B rigade under the command of 1 1 7 n McLeod fr r r r Joh , om Fo t Vancouve , to t ade with ’ the Fl atheads and othe r tribes in the valley of Cla rk s r r Fork . The t ade seems to have been b isk although Wo rk complained that it was not as la rge as the year r r 22 r r r befo e . On Decembe , Wo k eported that the e were sent to Spokane eleven hundred thi rty-eight beav e r r -five r , thirteen hund ed eighty ats besides a number r r r r r of elk, dee , ma ten , mink, and othe fu s . On Ma ch 1 1 826 r r r -two r 9, , he epo ted the departu e of sixty ho ses r r r 1 8 loaded with fu s and sund ies , and on Ap il , he, r r r Mc Donald r with F ancis E matinge and Finan , sta t r ed with a boat load of fu s for Okanagan . 1 826 r r r e In July, , Wo k Sta ted with anothe exp dition r unde the command of William Connelly, who had the “ r b r r r yea efo e been made chief facto , to t ade in the

1 1 7 Tra ding E xpediti on ma de by the Inter i or B r iga de fr om F ort Va n - - m un 1 n 1 1 8 6 . P P couv er un er com a n o M cLe od e 2 1 82 u e 2 2 . c . . d d f , J , 5 J , 1 1 9 i a men o c mm s s on c r H B C . o in n n St te t f o i i e d ofl e s . . C py Ca adia - P P r s . . 86 . c . . A chive M 5 . LI FE OF JOHN WORK 57

’

r r . ac valley of Cla k s Fo k Douglas , the botanist, companied the expedition in sea rch of plants and 1 r r On July 7, a pa ty composed of A chibald Ann ance Macdonald , James Douglas , F . , David Doug r r re r las , and Wo k accompanied by an inte p te and twenty-eight men sta rted to the N ez Pe rcés to trade for r r r o e r horses . On thei etu n fr m this xpedition the pa ty r r r set out fo the t ade with the Flatheads . Soon afte “ r r the a r this , Wo k w ote that Fl theads had seen a pa ty of ” Ame ricans du ring the summer and that these Ame ri “ ’ e cans we re loaded with trading goods , and that th y were going to build in the fall on the uppe r wate rs of ” r r r of r the Missou i . This epo t Ame ican competition r for r seems to have been exagge ated , a few days late “ Wo rk lea rned f rom some N ez Percés that the Indians are r h at the Ho se Plains [Plains , Montana] and t at a ” e r in lodge of Am ricans a e with them . He was also r h r s r fo med t at the Ame ican had only tobacco to t ade . r r r The Nez Pe cés , he lea ned , we e camped a little r r r met fa the to the east at Camas . At this time Wo k some of the Flathead chiefs who we re soon to be seeke rs Of r r the Christian religion , notably G os Pied , and G and

Visage . The Ame ricans used every effo rt to win ove r the l a h a h F t e ds . T ey invite d the chiefs to visit thei r great who was r chief, Ashley, they said just ac oss the moun t e tains with a vast quantity of supplies . They also po rted that their countrymen were sending five ship 1 21 loads of goods to the Columbia .

1 1 9 Tr a n ex edition or nter or un er comma n o C onnell u di g p f i i d d f y , J ly 5 , 1 826 1 2 o in n - P . n rc s P C , C py Ca adia A hive . . . 1 20 D Do J l 1 -1 n 1 — u s our na 82 82 o on 1 6 . P C. P. avid gla , 3 7, L d , 9 4, 4 . 1 21 E ent oc ount n Fur o n tr er s - P C P vid ly R ky M ai C mpa y ad . . . 5 8 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

r how r m r It is not ce tain many fu s the A e icans got, ’ but the Hudson s Bay party obtained only two hund red sixty-seven beaver and a few musk rats f rom the Flat r r heads . F om the Kootenais , howeve , who had not r r r r r t aded with the Ame icans , they t aded th ee hund ed ninety -two beave r and five hundred rats besides other r fu s . ’ r 1 826 J our Afte this Flathead expedition of , Work s 1 22 na ls deal mostly with activities along the Columbia until the sp ring of 1 83 1 when he became a chief trader and succeeded Ogden in cha rge of the Snake River ” b rigade) On Ap ril 2 1 of that year he sta rted up the Snake Rive r and ac ross country to the vall ey of the r e r G eat Salt Lak . Two yea s befo re Peter Skene Og r r den had hunted this egion with good success . Wo k had high hopes of many beaver but was disappointed . The Blackfoot Indians bothe red him a great deal and after many misfo rtunes Wo rk tu rned no rth to John ’ e r Day s River in Idaho and then back to the Nez P cés . On this expedition he traveled mo re than a thousand 1 24 miles . From this expedition Wo rk returned to Fo rt Nez r 1 1 8 1 Pe cé [Walla Walla] on July 9 , 3 , and one month r 1 8 he r r late on August , sta ted on the great t ading and trapping expedition to the Flathead and Blackfoot In c dians whi h is published in this volume . r r e r r 2 1 8 2 Work etu n d to Fo t Vancouve on July 7, 3 , r r r Au and less than a month afte this st enuous t ip , on

1 ” ’ Work s Jour na ls d es cribe an E xped iti on fr om F ort C olv ille to Oka na — Au 1 8 1 8 8 1 . P . C . P . a n 20 . 2 g , May g , , 4 1 23 - n s tor o t ua rt l 26 . W s . L . s ton H c c e er . Wa hi g i i al S i y Q y , i , 3 1 24 i w n Sna k R v r to Uta h H unting a nd Tr a d ing E xp ed tion d o e i e . - a nd Retur n to N z Percés r 2 1 u 1 1 8 1 . Or e on H s tor c l oc et e , Ap il J ly 9, 3 g i i a S i y - - ua rterl x 6 1 x iv 280 1 . Q y, iii, 3 3 37 ; , 3 4 LI FE OF JOHN WORK 59

“ 1 set gust 7, he out on an expedition to Bonaventura ” ’ e r Lar Valley via Ogd n s Rive , accompanied by J . T. 1 25 r o r ocque . This expedition p omised well but W k soon found that a Hudson ’ s Bay Company’ s brigade that had b een sent along the coast had tu rned towa rds r r O r e r the inte io and btained several hund ed beav , that r should have gone to his pa ty . He also found that a pa rty of Ame ricans und e r a man named Young had r r e ca ried on a la ge trade with the Indians . Wh n he r r in reached Califo nia Wo k found the Indians hostile , e e r r flu nced as he suppos d by the Spania ds . His pa ty was ove rcome by sickn ess and was unsuccessful in the r for r su sea ch beave . The Russians would sell no p r r r plies and hinde ed the pa ty in eve y way possible . r o r r r r 2 Wo k , disc u aged , retu ned to Vancouve Ap il , 1 8 n set e 3 3 . The ext day he out on an xpedition down ” r r the Snake Rive which occupied the Whole summe . This expedition suffe red much f rom feve r and thieving r few e r Indians . Ve y pelts w e obtained . The next yea r Wo rk led a pa rty for a Six weeks hunt r r r to the Umpqua count y, south of Vancouve . His t ad ” r ing on this t ip was also not ve ry successful . r 1 8 - 1 8 r w as r F om 3 4 3 5 , Wo k in cha ge of the Hud ’ ’ son s Bay Company s coast shipping, with headquarters e r e f . e e r 1 1 1 8 at Vancouv On D c mb , 3 4, he le t Van ? ” couve r by steamer to trade along the No rthwest coast The re e r e Russians p v nted him f om stablishing a post,

1 25 ’ Hun tin E x ed tion to B ona v en tura Va lle b W a o O en s R v er g p i y y y f gd i , u ust 1 1 8 - r 1 - C 2 2 8 . P P A g 7, 3 Ap il , 3 3 . . . 1 2° H n t n - u E x ed it on d own Sn a ke Riv er r Octo er 1 1 8 . i g p i , Ap il 3 b 3 , 3 3

P . P C. . 1 27 Trad n a nd H unt n tr to the s outhw a r r om F or t Va n couv er i g i g ip d f , 2 - u 1 - P 2 0 1 8 . P . c . May J ly , 34 . 1 28 E - x e t on to N orthw es t Coas t Dece er 1 1 1 8 une 2 1 8 . p di i , mb , 34 J 5 , 3 5 P P . C. . 60 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK and he found the Indians demanding an exorbitant r o p ice for their furs . He believed they were h lding w f or r r . r back , aiting American t ade s Wo k paid a high price rathe r than run the risk of allowing comp et itors to get the pelts and he the reby hoped to discour o age any further competition . These Indians w uld e rum even refuse seven blank ts with , molasses , and rice sea r r 1 8 for one otte . In Ma ch , 3 5 , Captain Allen of the Ame rican ship Europa a rrived with a fine assort ment of goods and the bidding became quite serious and r r prices went up eno mously. Wo k complained of the Ame rican methods of trade which he was comp elled ffi oh to imitate . In spite of his di culties Work had tained r r about th ee thousand beave , two thousand mar re two tens , eight hund d mink , hundred sea otter and r f f r many othe varieties o u . From 1 83 5 to 1 849 Wo rk was in charge of the Hud ’ ’ son s Bay Company s business at Fort Simpson . It was e r 1 8 6 was o oi not, how ve , until 4 that he pr moted to the fice a r of chief factor. He had long felt th t he was t eated 1 29 r r unfai ly, and rega ded this as only a tardy recognition r of his se vices . While in the Columbia Rive r district J ohh Work was assigned to superintend the e rection of new Fort

Colville on the site selected by Governor Simpson , and planted there one of the fi rst farms west of the moun M r . 1 8 . tains In 49 , with James Douglas and a Ross , he su rveyed and mapped some four thousand acres at r r e t the Cowlitz P ai ie s ttlement, in what is now the s ate of Washington . 1 8 0 In 5 he formed , with Peter Skene Ogden and Sir e r J ames ( afterwa rds Jam s) Douglas , the Boa d of

1 29 - tt t E r E r t n er en x . P . c . P. See le er o dwa d ma i g , App di

6 2 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

e M r r r tongu . . A . C . Ande son in a b ief biography r emphasized his kindly disposition . The Victo ia “ C ol on is t said of him] : Nothing pleased him mo re r r b than to be sur ounded by child en , y whom he was especially beloved . His end was a fitting close of a life ” 1 3 2 r of integ ity and benevolence . ’ r John Wo k s wife was Susette Legace , a Spokane half r e r breed gi l , a ni ce of old Cha les Legace , by whom he r dau h had five daughte s and one son . One of these g r Dr r r ters mar ied . William Frase Tolmie of Fo t Nis qually ; another ma rried the late Edwa rd Huggins of

Nisqually and Tacoma, Washington ; another married . Chief Trader Rode rick Finlayson ; and a fourth mar M r r r r . r ied . J ames A G ahame, afte wa ds Chief Com ’ e r mission of the Hudson s Bay Company . The district visited by Wo rk on the expedition of 1 8 1 -1 8 2 In 3 3 , that of the Blackfoot and Snake River 1 3 3 r r dians , was ext emely dangerous . Hunting and t ap ping was ca rried on unde r continued su rveillance f rom r r hostile Indians who we e constantly stealing t aps ,

r r e ho ses , and attacking isolated trappe s , and ven mak r r ing assaults on the main pa rty. Ho ses had to be ca e

r r fully he ded , and a gua d constantly maintained to pre vent thei r captu re by Indian raiders . Under these con dition s the pa rty of n ec essity had to assume something r of the cha racte r of a milita ry body in enemy count y . Although the numbe r of men in the expedition leav J our na l r ing Fo rt Vancouve r is Omitted in the , f om

e r r details elsewh re given , it is appa ent that the pa ty

1 3 2 - ncro t The N orthw es t C oas t 11 6 . W . s . L . Ba f , , , 4 4 1 3 3 “ r I ou t uc et er I s l be I es c ap ed with my s c alp last ye a . d b m h wh h hal ” n x t tr Letter of o n or e te er 6 1 8 1 . e . so fortun ate hi s ip . J h W k, S p mb , 3 App di h tes at t i s The Crows and Blackfeet were particula r ly hostil e to all w i h - t e ot B r t s and er c n W . s. L . im , b h i i h Am i a LI FE OF JOHN WORK 63 consiste d of thi rty-five or fo rty men ; eight or ten to a r r h boat. Most of these men we e vete ans in t e Com ’ p any s employ and many of them had al ready se rved on one or mo re p revious exp editions to the Snake River r r r country. Indians and pe haps a few white t appe s r z were p robably added to the pa rty at Fo t N e Percé . far r r So as the edito s can asce tain , the names of the rt e r e r e r pa y, augm nted at Fo t Nez P cé , w e as follows

B arssonette, L .

Bimie, P.

A l nte e er e to er 2 Blon te A. tr er ro . d s t d , , app , p bably P a Oc b 4,

1 83 1 .

L e e so o n t B air en t s o s ert o s so S . Bois v rt s v B i v , ui ( al , al B i a , , Bai 1 34 e t tr er . v n ) , app

B te t ste . tr er. ( Bap i ) , J J app

r dard He d his f w t . B urdod tr e so Bu . , app ; al an amily i h him

r e so rr oss l s e as n e. Ca n y ; al Cu y, p ib y am Champag

m e l so Chamfrou e Chamfron e oss r e . Cha pagn ; a g , g , p ibly Ca n y

o l l d lantin I. lou ure l antin t er so . C C t . C Cl u i ; a J C au in , , ; J in r M r l d l fee to er 1 1 I f S r e e 8 . o t . Banc T app ki l by B ack t Oc b 3 , 3

oo R. C k,

o . tr er . C ving, J , app

d d No e er 2 . Des l an d . wo e , J , un v mb 4 ’ r 1 -1 1 e ed o f o s 8 0 8 t . Dubruille B t . e er o W , , a m mb k 3 3 xp i i n - merai of the 1 8 0 1 8 1 e ed t o . A he me as . Du a s . t s s Dum i , , a A 3 3 xp i i n d d er l 1 1 r er row e S e R 8 2. T app n in nak iv , Ju y 9 , 3

l elled l . F l . so s au , J , a p Pau

F el A. tr er . av , , app

F A r am tr er . inlay, b ah , app

r e er 1 8 1 . F l M . tr e des ert d to 2 in ay, , app ; Oc b 4, 3

F O . deserted to er 2 inlay, , Oc b 4,

1 ’ 3 4 An old Hud son s Bay Company employee whose n ame app e ar s as n um - her 6 on the sts for 1 82 . r o ent c t ou s B oiv er s 3 3 li 3 4 P bably id i al wi h L i , a s ett er of Fr enc r r e Or e on who O os e the r o s on Go e rn ent l h P ai i , g , pp d P vi i al v m or n t on at o 1 8 - w L e 2 . . s . ga iza i Champ g, May , 43 . 1 3 5 ’ os s . B t e e e u o eur who r r e on the on u n in P ibly J B ll a , a v yag , a iv d T q i ’ 1 8 1 1 s ee Fr ancher e s N a rr a t v e 1 his n e e r s as n u er s 1 62 ; i , 3 ; am app a mb 5 and 0 in the sts of 1 8 1 - and 1 8 - - w s L 45 li 2 3 22 3 . . . . 64 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

Gadi re Bt. tr er. p , , a app

G audefoux B t. i ( also as Gad f) . i Grosb n , C .

re G ll , P .

o e A. tr er who st rted w t W or bu e a e d H ul , , a app a i h k t b c m ill an w as eft e d at Fort W l W l Se te er 1 1 8 . l b hin al a al a, p mb 9 , 3

ot L. r o K s s e ed K t K o Kanotti etc. an a, va i u ly p ll ana a, an la, , , in ’ ’ cop ies of W ork s J our nals ; an old Hudson s Bay Comp any em

lo ee fre e t o a M r . W or on his tr p y , qu n ly acc mp nying k app ing 1 3 7 e e xp ditions . L s e r o s s e ed Le e L ru L r s L a Bu ch , va i u ly p ll Buch , a B h , a B a h , a 1 3 8 e L te Le r te Le rte etc A de Buch , a Bun , B u , Bu , . gui . Lefo M M Lefa rt , . ( . t) .

1 33 A. F nl O . F n and M. F n ere s ons or escen nts of Old i ay, i lay, i lay w d da ’ acco el F nl an Old Nort est and Hu s on s Co n em J Rapha i ay, hw d Bay mpa y lo ee o er t n as an n e en ent fur tr er and tr er in the ooten a p y , p a i g i d p d ad app K i and Fl t e In n countr 1 806 - and l -br ee s on of es F n a h ad dia y, 9, a ha f d Jam i lay, ort st rn r cco rr e e st of th ount ns a nd ost o his a N hwe e e . Ja ma i d a e m ai m f c l ren ere born in th c n t of E onton He w as oss the hi d w e vi i i y dm . p ibly oun er of o ne Hous e in the s u er of 1 8 1 0 and e t ere on 20 f d Sp ka mm , di d h May , i 1 828 . His n e is res er e n cco or oc o ree s sou Count am p v d Ja , J k C k, Mi la y, M D u s in his Journ a l 6 1 6 es th ett r r n ont n . D o e e F e c a a avid gla , 3 , 9, giv b h - t is un n o 1 8 . P P n of u s and s o o es f . C cco s e l c e . . p li g Ja q , hi f d Wilk map 43 Ja F nl and his s ons ere re ute to be the best oo s en tr ers and i ay w p d w d m , app , unt r in th Nort st o r e his s n e l of t ree buff o t the h e s e hwe . C mpa i gl kil h al wi h hunti ng r es ults of the enti re party in the days immediately p recedi ng and

ollo n . . l nte O . F n and . F n ere t o n or f wi g M P a , i lay, M i lay w wi h J h W k in 1 8 0 Ore on H stor c oc et ua rterl x 6 and in 1 8 1 bid 3 , g i i al S i y Q y , iii , 3 9 , 3 ; i 8 - - x iv, 2 4 299 . w. s . L .

Fr n co s F n or B en ets ee who sco er e ol in ont n w as a i i lay , di v d g d M a a, a “ t re - u rter r ee Of t Go r e w a s r st n e B n ts h e q a b d hi s family. ld C ek fi am d e e ee ” Cree ter and w as en its r esent n e b the e be r s of the k af him, giv p am y m m ’ o r n nt r r o s ur un r rnor t B n ro t s H s o g ve me ail ad vey d e G ove S even s . a c f i t ry of Was hin ton I a ho a nd M onta na 6 1 1 - W L M s s s s Va ll . . s . See so e g , d , , . al i i ippi y H s tor ica l Rev ew if P P 8 . C i i , iv, 7 . . . 1 3 7 Or on H stor - e c oc et ua rterl x 66 . w L . not was s . g i i al S i y Q y , iii , 3 . Ka a H n r a awaiia . The e ar ly fo tr ad er s to the Northwest co ast O ften went by s e a r oun e Horn to th n c Is n T r t e r u nt en a d Cap e Sa dwi h la d s . he e h y f eq e ly l ste n t es for the x t on to th r - P e e O e on countr P c . . i d a iv p di i e g y. . 1 3 8 ’ s old c e is ent one in Mr or s r J n a D . e er our l of ece ber Thi hi f m i d W k a li m , 1 82 s ee s n ton H stor c oc a 1 1 - et u rterl 1 0 86 0. He 5 ; Wa hi g i i al S i y Q y , v, , 9 ; vi , 4 ’ i s not to be con oun e t onte the As tor ian of Ir n s As tor a f d d wi h La B , vi g i , ’ xx x who was e er of or r r x t ons - w L s e e e e . s . . vii , a m mb W k a li p di i . LI FE OF JOHN WORK 65

Letan dre E . so s e ed Letude Latude Litude Letaude Le , , al p ll , , , ,

teude Lateudre etc . r er ed feet to e r 1 , , T app kill by Black , Oc b 3 ,

1 83 1 .

Lo t A. tr er. ng in , , app La in r r L r n e . lso L r us t e . o . S . d . a g , J , a J au in an J , app A ir rof M Ma t M . ss o . S a n , , p in Banc

ot t bo s d eft e d S e te e r 8 . N y, y ick an l b hin p mb d ho ed M r W or on re ous d r e w o . Ol In ian Cha l y, acc mpani k p vi

- e ed t o s o the F t e d o tr 1 82 6 . xp i i n t la h a c un y, 5

Osie.

s . so . ris. Pau , G al G Pa ’ 4° ette Fr s . Pay , anci

Pearce. e Pinet ; also Pich tte. r f- ree es erte t ber 2 1 8 1 te C . t er d d d o . Plan , , app , hal b , Oc 4, 3

- te M . f reed tr er. e is r o s s e ed t Plan , , hal b app Nam va i u ly p ll Plan “ 1 and Planti . ’ - - a te s M . rot er ih law o t of 1 6 e rs . oiso ed Pl n , , b h , a y u h y a P n by M 1 1 e lo r 2 8 2. h m ck, a ch , 3

t ] L re t a s o s e ed uintall roft MS . Quin a , au n ; l p ll Q in Banc Re hn tr er me as . . R r . oss s aybu n , J p ibly a J y , a app

1 3 9 s n ton H stor c oc et ua r ter l 8 1 0 - 1 1 1 Wa hi g i i al S i y Q y, v, 9 , 4 5 , 7 ; vi , 3 , - - w L 3 3 5 . . s . . 0 1 4 ette w as r es ons e e o ee ose n e e r s as n u bers Pay a p ibl mpl y , wh am app a m ’ ’ - 1 2 0 1 021 and 8 in the Hu s on s o n s sts for the e rs 1 82 1 . 3 , , 73 d Bay C mpa y li y a 4

He w as or n Nort esterner and in the n e i er t Mr . igi ally a hw , S ak R v wi h zi H r n a s a n nter ret r and was s t t one t McKen e in 1 8 1 8 . e a ke d i p e a i d wi h the ooten s in 1 8 0 and w as ter ro ote to ost s ter at £ e r K ai 3 , la p m d p ma 75 p annum and s tation ed at Fort s Hall and B oi s e in 1 839-41 ; and as postmaster and c er in the n e er ex e t on F orts H and B ors s ie 1 8 2 a nd l k S ak Riv p di i , all , 4 i th t t I o in th to n of tt 1 8 . His n e is r es e r e n e s a e of e e e 43 am p v d dah w Pay , - r and tt . W L . ette Ri e e e e . s . Pay v , Pay Lak 1 41 Plante w as a tr appe r with John Wor k on the S n ake River ex pe di tion

of 1 8 0. Or e on H stor c oc et ua r ter l x 6 an d in the ex e 3 g i i al S i y Q y , iii , 3 9, p di t on Of 1 8 0-1 eserte Octobe r 2 1 8 1 re o ne the rt n u r 20 i 3 ; d d 4, 3 , j i d pa y Ja a y ,

1 8 2. Ibi x iv 2 0. He w as r o ne in the n e er u 1 1 8 2 . 3 d ., , 9 d w d S ak Riv , J ly 9, 3

W . S. L. 1 4 2 ’ ’ Nu ere 1 2 in Hu son s om n s st for 1 82 1 -2 1 060 for mb d 74 d Bay C pa y li , - - 1 822 and 8 0 for 1 82 . He w as t ex n er os s on the n e 3 , 7 3 4 wi h Al a d R S ak “ er ex e t on of 1 82 who re ers to a s the s l d o urent Riv p di i 4, f him y g La or e e stron s cor nt - e s n n s et of r s c s t n or t s a m h ad g, di da , ill d ig i g a al ha f m hi 66 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

’ ’ R o Wm. r r d t e n o. 2 the Huds bn s o n s aym n , , app , 3 9 in Bay C mp a y l ist of 1 82 1 -22 and 25 4 in list of 1 822-23 ; mortally wounded r 1 0 1 8 d d M 2 e r 1 1 8 2. Janua y , 3 , i a ch 4, 3 Rod r t er . in , a app Ro de C . rles Ro de ers 1 0 d 1 0 0 on the n au , , Cha n au , numb 3 5 an 9 ’ l is ts of employees of the Hudson s Bay Company for 1 82 1 -2 and 1 8 - H e ettle a Fre r r e e a he 22 3 . s d t nch P ai i and vot d gainst t

A r e s M 2 1 8 . m ican , ay , 43 ’

Ro de L. tr er er 1 2 on the dso s Com n au , , app , numb 93 Hu n Bay ’ p any s list for 1 82 1 -2 an d 1 070 for 1 822-3 taken sick and left a Fort W ll W l Se te er 1 8 1 re o ed the r t t a a a la p mb 9 , 3 , j in p a y

r 20 1 8 2. Janua y , 3

Ross l ert . , Gi b

Satakays , P . o e Silbe rt ; p oss ibly s ame as Gilbert R ss abov .

S t tr er . mi h , T app

oteaux tr er lost 8 1 8 2 st l ss 1 6 . ro S , app ; July , 3 , i l mi ing July P b 1 43 ably died in the mountains .

o e . T up , J

A Fl t e d d ort ll wo ded No e er 2 1 8 1 . a h a In ian , m a y un v mb 4, 3 ll W ll d mort ll wo ded l fee t r W a a a a In ian , a y un by B ack , Janua y

1 d e d e r r 0 8 2 F 2 . 3 , 3 , i b ua y ’ “ John W ork s little W al la W alla housekeeper ; w ounded by the

l kfeet r 0 1 8 2. B ac , Janua y 3 , 3

In addition to those whose names are given or who are othe rwis e desc ribed the re we re anumbe r of Indian - r e r and half b e d women and child en , squaws and chil d ren of the Indian hunte rs and the white t raders and

r e r . r r t app s Wo k was accompanied by his . th ee small daughte rs who we re p robably ca red for by his Walla e ee r Walla hous k pe . The Snake River b rigades we re d evoted p rima rily ” Or e on H stor c camp G od n eve r p ermitte d together in the fur tr ad e . g i i al i - o et ua r ter l x 6 . w s . L c v . . S i y Q y , , 3 7 s “ 3 Wor k s ays in his J ourn al of a H unting E xpe dition to B ona v entura ’ Va lle b W a o O d e n s Riv er u ust 1 1 8 2- r 2 1 8 : - on u ust y y y f g , A g 7, 3 Ap il , 3 3 A g “ ” 22 1 8 2 He r th t Sote a ux o we ost u 8 ur ere the n e s . , 3 , a a wh m l J ly m d d by S ak LI FE OF JOHN WORK 67

r for r to the sea ch beave . Each exp edition had among i r r e r e r re e r ts pe sonnel some t ad s , cl ks , and sto ke pe s e r the r who look d afte t ading goods such as guns , pow de r e s rr r e r r , balls , blank t , knives , axes , mi o s , and oth a ti cles which the Indian p riz ed and for which he was willing to exchange the results of his hunting and t rap ping . The hunte rs and trappe rs we re mo re nume rous than r r rt r e r the t ade s , and a pa y of t app s was usually com e r posed of Indians , French Canadians , and mix d b eeds . When a good beave r stream was found the pa rty e r e camped until the supply of beav was xhausted . ’ r 1 8 1 - 1 8 2 r Wo k s expedition of 3 3 , howeve , found few good beave r streams and w as almost constantly on the move . In most cases when the camp was not moved each day the failu re to move was due to bad weathe r or r dange from the Indians . It is typical of the conditions of the fur trade that

r r h J our na l M . t e a while Wo k, at close of his , makes ca reful statement and accounting of the ho rses lost dur r e ing the expedition , no mention whateve is mad of the r casualties among his men . During the cou se of his rr r Of e na ative , howeve , he noted the killing ight dif f ren r fr e r o e t men . Annual d afts of esh men w e nec s r t e r e sa y to keep up hese constant loss s f om sickn ss , acci e ee d nt, and violent death among the employ s in the r Indian count y. John Wo rk spell ed b ette r than many of his contem o i r r r rar es . e is e r e p The , howev , a conside abl va iation e r r e in his sp lling of names , pa ticula ly in his sp lling of or f r French Indian names . Most o his pa ty p robably

“ ’ On e te er 2 1 he rote An In n oun t Sote aux s r o e rt to be S p mb w , y dia f d wi h p p y ” un s e nst nt - P c P p i h d i a ly. . . . 68 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK did not know how to Spell and Wo rk was not intimately enough acquainte d with the F rench and Indian tongues to sp ell the names accu rately f rom me rely ’ r r r J our na ls r hea ing them p onounced . John Wo k s we e written nea rly a hundred yea rs ago and in places the r r h r ink is faded until the wo ds can ha dly be d ecip e ed . This may also account for some of the va riations in spelling. ’ h M r . r r r s . e Wo k s daughte , W . F Tolmie , and chil re r r e e e d n of Victo ia , B itish Columbia , s em to hav fall n hi r r r h ei r to many of s pape s . A numbe of his jou nals r r r r r are now in the P ovincial Lib a y at Victo ia , B itish e H u Columbia , and th y have been frequently cited by

r r r . e r be t Howe Banc oft, the histo ian R lative to thei “ r e M r r r : Of histo ical valu . Banc oft w ites To none ’ the Hudson s Bay Company ofli cers is poste rity mo re indebted than to John Wo rk whose jou rnals of various e r e r r e xpeditions , nowhe e lse eco d d , fill a gap in his r to y . ’ r O f r J our na ls 1 82 1 826 Po tions John Wo k s 5 and ,

M r . r r r edited by . T C . Elliott, have he etofo e appea ed

the r ua r te r l in Washington Histo ical Society Q y , iii , 1 8- 228 8 - 1 1 2 8-28 26 - e r r 9 ; v, 3 5 , 5 7 ; vi , 49 . Anoth jou nal cove ring a t rip f rom Fo rt Colville to Vancouve r and retu rn ( 1 828) recently app ea re d in the Washington

ri e ua r ter l 1 0 - 1 1 r t . Histo cal Soci y Q y , xi , 4 4 Ext acts ’ f rom Wo rk s J our na ls of the Or eg on a n d Sna k e Riv er

E x i i - d t 1 0 1 1 Mr . e on o 8 8 . . p f 3 3 , also edited by T C e r re r e Elliott, have app a ed in the O gon Histo ical Soci ty - - m ua r ter l 6 1 280 1 . r Q y , xiii , 3 3 3 7 xiv, 3 4 A su ma y of ’ this J our n a l appea rs in Banc roft s H is tory ofthe N or th w e oa s 1 - 1 r r s t C t 6 . , ii , 5 5 9 The jou nal of his t ip south ’ wa rd ( 1 83 4) mentioned in B anc roft s H is tory of the

The Jo u r n al o f Jo h n W o rk

1-8 1 8 1 r THURSDAY, AUGUST , 3 . Left Vancouve and joined the Snake Exp e dition men at the [lower] r e r e sawmill , whe e they w e s nt a few days ago to d rink the Some of the men being in liquo r I de r r r fe red sta ting till tomo r ow . The party consists of f . r o . men in four boats Fou the men , M ”

e . Cl ou re a . r Plant , L Quintal , A Masson , and I tu , e e are r sick with the f ver . They ve y ill , but it is ex p ected they will get bette r on exp e riencing a change of climate above the cascades [The Docto r fu rnished me

1 44 V ncou er . Fort V ncou er on the o u er the e u rters a v a v C l mbia Riv , h adq a ’ - of th Hu son s o n in th Nort st. w L s . . e d Bay C mpa y e hwe . 5 ’ 1 4 n x t on It w as the custo of the Hu son s o S ake E p e di i . m d Bay C mpany to s en d ex p editions i nto the S n ake River country to tr ad e with the Indi ans The ex e t on of 1 8 1 nne or e ex tens e tr t n and to tr ap . p di i 3 pla d a m iv ip ha t r n s t t f I o and nto tern ont ro e s so us ual acros s he p es e t a e o dah i wes M an a . P f r f th n . . r os n n Of the n er s t of I o has e s tu o e e C J B a , U iv i y dah , mad a dy S ak River br igades and the res ults of his labor s will p robably s oon be p ub i h — P P l s ed . . c. .

1 4“ - e es . lon e st b s e c usto the me n ost Fr enc n R gal By g a li h d m, , m ly h Ca a n - r ee s er e s u e t uor an d en few s c t on dia half b d , w ppli d wi h liq giv a day va a i r or to t e r e rtur e on one of t es x t ons To o an sturb p i h i d pa h e e pedi i . av id y di ance of the people at the Fort the men wer e r e quir e d to c amp for th ese t e les at s o st nc ro th o Th o er a ou o r ga me di a e f m e F rt . e l w mill w s ab t f u miles r o th tr n o t T s s econ s aw u t f m e adi g p s . hi d mill m s have been er ected s ome t r or to t t — w e s . L s . . im p i hi da e . 1 5 7 Four o ts ou or n r o n ot or t n rt I th b a w ld di a ily h ld m e ha fo y men . n e cour se of his n r r t e or re er s to s x t f e r ent o T e se ih a a iv W k f i y di f p e ple . h e u e be s es the Frenc and cotc tr e rs and tr ers n u er of l d , id h S h app ad , a mb

In n s men o en an d c ren . dia , , w m , hild 1 48 ’ For n or t on r e r n th me n of or s rt 1 - i f ma i ga di g e W k pa y s ee pages 6 6 5 . 1 49 Malaria feve r a nd ague s uch a s afflicte d the fi r st s ett ler s in the IVIis si s er e ou tles s s r b th o u t T e e s oes in the s r n . h ippi Riv vall y, d b ly p ad y m q i p i g e 72 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

for with a small quantity of medicine them] . In the r evening two mo e of the men , A . Houle and W. Ray r r Il l mu e , we e taken , but I suppose it to be the effect of liquo r .

R 1 . r r F IDAY, AUGUST 9 P oceeded up the ive r to r e r above the steep ocks , wh n we put asho e in the e for vening the night. The sick men , if anything, r It e r he two . r wo se is the f ve t taken ill yeste day have .

R 20. r ear SATU DAY, July [August] Emba ked at an ly hou r but soon had to put asho re on account of a r W r st ong head ind, which did not abate till the afte r so noon , and then some of the sick we e ill that we me r r n B . could not p oceed . Two mo e of the , t Gaudi e e r foux and Louis Kanota , tak n ill . Som of the othe s r or are r are ve y ill and one two of them getting bette .

S 2 1 . o our r UNDAY, August C ntinued oute up the r rr r r r ive to the cascades , and ca ied the ca goes pa t of 1 5 2 the way ac ross the po rtage . Some of the sick men r ve ryill and some of them a little bette . i he r r 22 . rr t MONDAY, August Ca ed ca goes ac oss the r r e r r po tage by midday, and p oce ded up the ive with the a sail wind . The sick men continued same .

ue r st e re on the c c Co st in 1 8 0. Lee and Fr ost Ten ea rs ag fi app a d Pa ifi a 3 , Y

in Or e on Ne w or 1 8 1 08 . g , Y k, 44, “ An nte r ttent e er wa s r n at V ncou er en I e t t s scour e i mi f v agi g a v wh l f , hi g w as c rr n off the few retc e n t es who esc e l st e r it a yi g w h d a iv ap d a y a , had r th o out th st n eo als o att acked s eve al of e pe ple ab e e abli s hme t. My p ple did not e sc e it s e er of t e er e t en and s o e of t e r e n e s o ap , v al h m w ak ill, m h m mai d b t t I o e to e e t e er e as t e are not e to rocee adly ha am blig d l av h m h h y abl p d , ” t s I uc r e r et as n u er s at r st e re too e . Letter o n or hi m h g my mb fi w w ak , J h W k, - t 6 1 1 6 . w L e . 8 . Ib . 2 . s . . S p , 3 id , 3 1 5 ° B ncr o t The octor ust e turne c at the for be xc a f MS . d m hav d ba k mill i r r nt in th P P es no u t e e on J ur na l . C ce v f h m i e o . . . “ ” 1 5 1 r - T E o c e o n . LL TT O . L c ally all ed Cap H . C . I 1 5 2 Thi s portage w as on the north s id e of the Col umbia River where the — ' rst ort e r ro w as u t out t rt r s t r . C e e r . . E fi p ag ail ad b il ab hi y y a la . THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 73

2 r r TUESDAY, August 3 . The weathe too sto my to ur r admit of o marching, so that we did not sti all day. M Some of the sick men very ill , Quintal , . Plante , Ray

r r . mu e , and A . Houle are becoming ve y weak I much r r e r im reg et that they came away f om Vancouv , it is possible to attend them as they ought to be on the voyage , and what little medicine I had will soon be r r done . I am so r y I did not send them back f om the r cascades , but I was still in hopes they would get bette , r r i mo eove , I could not send them back W thout some healthy men with them ( as I could not risk them alone) r and that would weaken my pa ty too much .

2 . o r r WEDNESDAY, August 4 C ntinued up the ive r e the as with a st ong sail wind to the Dall s , and with sistance of Indians ca rried the goods to the sand half 1 5 3 r r e The way ac oss the po tag . sick people continue 1 5 4 r e the same , the wo st ones weak ning again . R 2 rr THU SDAY, August 5 . Had the goods ca ied r he r r r ac oss t po tage ea ly in the mo ning, but it was past midday before the boats we re got up to the head of the party We then p roceeded to the little 1 56 r r Dalles , whe e we had also to make a po tage , and with the assistance of Indians had the baggage all ac ross e er m w a e . en s in the v ning Anoth of the , L . Rondeau , e e r r is r taken ill with the f v yeste day, and today ve y bad . r are r The othe s still continue ill , and becoming ve y

5 1 3 Thi s p ortage w as on the s outh sid e of the Col umbia where the Dalles

e o n has s nce een u t. It w as roun F e e s or the C lil Ca al i b b il a d iv Mil Rapid , o r D es — T C E L we all . . . 5 “ ” “ 1 4 Th or st on s n n n n r e e e e . c o t r e s . Th n w w ak i g agai Ba f MS . ad e wi d ” w as e n n n r n - P e . T s es bette s e s e . P c w ak i g agai hi mak . . . 1 5 5 “ ” “ ” - ncro t . r e s ort in f r P e ce o t C . P Ba f MS ad p ag pla pa y. . . 1 5 6 Thi s portage w as als o on the s outh s ide of the r iver a nd around the u r D - e es or N n e s . T C pp all i e Mil Rapid . . E . 74 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

e Gadifoux weak, xcept and Kanota , who are getting bette r .

R 26 . r e F IDAY, August P oceed d to the Chutes , and had the baggage and boats (with the help of Ih r r dians) ac oss the po tage by noon . Some time was lost r the ri r gumming the boats , when we p oceeded up ve r r with a st ong sail wind , it blew so f esh that we had to r M r r for r e . put asho e an hou . We eached opposit ’ ‘ “ r h Day s River whe e we encamped in t e evening. e Another of the men , Osie , taken sick with the f ver. e r The So many of the men falling ill is a s rious affai . only thing we can do is to push on as expeditiously as possible . R 2 r SATU DAY, August 7. Continued on up the rive “59 r en with a sail Wind to below Big Island, whe e we B D br ill . t. u u e camped Another man , took ill with the r ot r e feve . A . Houle had g a little bette and had b gun r to wo k a little against my advice , and is again fallen back Wo rse than he was at fi rst. 28 SUNDAY, August . We had a sail wind which rr r ca ied us to near River, whe e we encamped late in the evening . The sick men continuing the same . w r 2 r . MONDAY, August 9 . Wa m , calm eathe Continued our route and encamped a little below the

“ 1 5 7 ut r th o F l s The ort e ere w as us u l The Ch es we e e Ce lil a l . p ag h a ly - on th n ort si of th r e r . T C E . e h de e iv . . “ ” ’ 1 5 9 In B ncro t e a s - The o n D s er of Ore on - s o a f MS . J y J h ay Riv g n ame d for J ohn D ay - the Kentucky tr apper with the Astor party who di ed in 1 8 1 9 from the ha rd s hips be encounter ed in the mountains of Idaho. A O re on s mall creek in Id aho and one in Wyomi n g also he ar his n ame . g

H s tor c oc et ua rterl x iv 80 x . He was estee e i i al S i y Q y , , 3 ; vii , 3 75 highly m d - his s s oc te s . W L s . by a ia . . 1 5 9 Bi Is n o ten c e on Is n b the fur tr e rs and e r g la d, f all d L g la d y ad a ly ’ s ett e r s is now c e loc s Is n for the te Dr . loc of onee r l , all d Bla k la d la Bla k pi - r ro e on e of the e r s ett ers of ll s n ton . T. C . . ail ad fam , a ly l Walla Wa a, Wa hi g E 1 6 ° - - Uta ll e t r s e o out of r er of t t n e . T. C . . Uma illa apid , b l w m h iv ha am E TH E ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 75

m ’ r r fo rt. Having no wind this was a ha d day s wo k e w as r on the people . The h at ha d on the sick people , e e e r r som of them who had got a littl b tte elapsed again . the e r r re It was lucky weath was g own ally cool , had it been wa rm it would likely have caused the death of our some of sick men . 0 r TUESDAY, August 3 . Had a little b eeze of wind “ 2 r r the r re [in the mo ning] and eached fo t to b akfast, ‘ “ Mir McGill iv ra and found . y and people all well Some men who we re sent f rom Vancouve r to Colville with lette rs and for some suppli es of ho rses and ho rse agents passed here on the inst . , and have not yet e r is r e are e i e r tu ned , it p obable th y d ta n d till the Col ville p eople retu rn f rom the F[lat] h ead summer ) “ trade

1 6 1 Fort Nez Percé [or Walla Walla] at the mouth of the W all a Walla River whi ch had be en establi s hed in 1 8 1 8 by Don ald MacKe nzie and Alex — n er os s W s . L a d R . . 1 ” Bancroft MS . 6 3 1 on McGilliv r a c er in c r e of the ort w as s on of l Sim y , l k ha g f , a Wi liam , l r t on M illiv r a r t th n n an o d No thwes erner . Sim cG y s e ve d wi h e Ca adia c s s ur s in th a r o 1 8 1 n s r n th tur of n ha e e W f 2 a d w a p es e t at e c ap e Macki ac . In 1 8 1 he entere the e o of the Nort est o n rr n in the 3 d mpl y hw C mpa y, a ivi g Columbia River dis trict with the fall br igad e a nd wi nteri ng at Fort Okan o - ’ - an 1 8 1 . See ox s o u er 2 8 1 0 1 1 . On the un on of the g , 3 4 C C l mbia Riv , i , 3 , 3 3 i ’ two compan i es in 1 82 1 he bec ame a chief tr ad er of the Hud s on s Bay C om

n . His n e r s a s n s n r s on th s ts f m e o . 2 28 a d 2 e ect e e o e pa y am app a 4 , , 7 p iv ly li lo ees of the co n for the e r s 1 821 -2 1 822- an d 1 82 - In etter p y mpa y y a , 3 , 3 4. a l

E . H r r ott te Fort V ncou er Fe r u r 2 1 8 1 e r n in by J . a i , da d a v , b a y 5 , 3 , app a i g “ M r on s n ton H stor c oc et ua r terl 260 26 1 w e find : . Wa hi g i i al S i y Q y, i , , , Sim McGilliv r ay r e ache d thi s on the 6th Jan [uar ] y an d afte r r egaling himse lf a few s at t s ce too hi s e rtur or to r e M r day hi pla k d pa e f Walla Walla place . ” r n utes of coun for 1 8 1 h a s s to th Ba nston . By mi cil 3 e w s a ign e d e New — e on rt nt for 1 . w L s . . Cal d ia d epa m e 83 2 . 1 6 4 Fort Colville on the upp er Col umbia s ome di s tance below the m outh ’ of r s For T s ort w as s ort of r n o t Cla k k . hi f a cl e a i g h us e for the tr ad e wi h th In h ’ e ns to t st See e n x for or s o n o hi r o ct s . dia e e a . App di W k acc u t f s p sp e P P . C. . 1 6 5 The Flathe ad s umm er tr ade w as an important as set to the Northwe st ’ Company a n d w as conti n ued by the Hud son s B ay Company aft er it ah 76 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

1 w WEDNESDAY, August 3 . Stormy eather. We requi re one hund red and twenty ho rses to equip r are our party, and the e only about eighty here , so that r e we still want about forty ho ses . Wh ther that number 1 6 6 r will be obtained f om Colville I cannot say. Some

r r . of the sick men ve y ill , M . Plante was nea ly dying Some of them who had got a little better have relapsed again . R r I THU SDAY, Septembe . Very little doing. The the e sick continue sam , some of them becoming very weak.

S 2 . FRIDAY, eptember Some of the sick men a little

t r r . better, o he s of them ve y ill Late in the evening the men arrived f rom Colville with all the supplies r c e h r o requi ed except horses , of whi h th y ave b ought nly - r twenty fou , and these so lean that they Will be of little or r no se vice to us this yea r. One was left sick by the way. R SATU DAY, September 3 . Employed giving out the r o people supplies and p ovisions and ther things . Our r r sick men getting a ve y little bette . r m r a SUNDAY, Septembe 4. E ployed as yeste d y.

The sick men continuing much the same . r r MONDAY, Septembe 5 . A number of the ho ses s or b th Nort st o n in 1 8 1 D o s on rent re ed e hwe C mpa y 2 . avid Th mp appa ly al ized the potential importance of this tr ade when he s topped in the Kootenai ’ “ untr i 1 On th st s n d Or ill he bu t Kull s co y n 809 . e e a id e of Lake Pe d e e il y ” ’ el Hous e and on r s For bo th s te of o s on F s ont n p Cla k k a ve e i Th mp all , M a a , he u t Saleesh Hous n s J a x a n e H enr a nd o Dav d e . o e ourn ls o Ale r b il C , f d y f i Th m o s on 606 n . p , ii , The term Flathe ad pr obably refers to the vari ous tribes of the Sali s han ’ family that i n habited the bas in of Clark s Fork of the Columbia River. P C P . . . “ 1 Fort C olville w as ne ar enough the Nez Percés to c arry on a tr ade in r t t t tr o or n - P C P ho s es wi h ha ibe f h s eme . . . .

78 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

R r F IDAY, Septembe 9 . Some of the people came o r it back for s me st ay horses , and did not go away as was late when they found them .

r 1 0. r SATURDAY, Septembe Employed today w it ing letters .

r 1 1 . ez r SUNDAY, Septembe Left Fort N Pe cés , and the r r w -five at end of five hou s ma ch , about t enty miles

N . E . came up with the people on a fork of W . W . "

r) . Rive Two of the horses lost, one belonging to J

“7 er : C n on l ree s o e ere be tween Walla Walla Riv amp i g Mi l C k, m wh th r es ent s t t on s of t n and ol e c E teen les e p a i Whi ma C l ge Pla e. igh mi NE Fro Mi l r e th st n or th n n e e ces e rect o s e Mr . or for his m l C k, di a di i giv by W k ourne s e te er 1 2-1 6 nc us e ust be ter e to r n out ne r j y S p mb i l iv , m al d b i g him a the out of the on er c is cons er e to the s out of Fort m h Salm Riv , whi h id abl h

Nez erc . oc net c r nces ounti n to e en t ent or twent P é L al mag i va ia , am g v w y y five e r ees e st are occ s on l encountere in the o u er str ct d g a , a i a ly d C l mbia Riv di i , and ex n t s scre nc enc th e tor s r r r r may plai hi di pa y ; h e e di he e dis ega d M . ’ or s r ect ons and a r e u e his st nces n e s u t in W k di i g id d by di a o ly. W a s me hat ste ad Of taking the we ll -tr ave led Nez Percé tr ail towar ds the mouth of the e r te r he rocee e e st cros s the n ort er n e e of the ue ount n s Cl a wa , p d d a a h dg Bl M ai ’ by an other In dian tr ail s hown on Li euten ant Symons maps of the d epart ’ ent of the o u c n on the 1 2 of e te er on us s e s ree . m C l mbia, ampi g S p mb R ll C k ’ Co r e ere t eter en e O en s route e te er 1 828 b . x i 81 mpa h wi h P Sk gd S p mb , , i id , , 3 ; ’ - and o n or s r oute u ust 1 8 b x 6 . J h W k A g , 39 , i id iii , 3 4 5 Thi s r oute from the Walla Walla River to the Sn ake River w as a we ll ’ no n Nez erc tr and the tte r ort on of or s route w as r ct c k w P é ail , la p i W k p a i ally ’ that taken by Jos eph s ban d an d the Nez Percés fr om the Imn aha and vicin it of s ot n in une 1 8 en t e t e r e an d cr os se the n e i er y A i J , 77, wh h y ga h d d S ak R v above the mouth of the Salmon ; march ed up that str e am and cr os s i ng it at ’ r s Fer r For c e at the ren e ous on oc n on ree C aig y ( d ) amp d d zv R ky Ca y C k, - st of th on r or to th tt of t r . W L e e e e e . s . . a Salm , p i ba l Whi Bi d

T. . E ott of the e n o n ut or t on the Mr . C lli Walla Walla , w ll k w a h i y ’ Hud s on s Bay Company r egime in the Columbia River distr ict is of the firm Opi ni on that a differ ent and nor thern r oute w as taken by the Wor k party and 'he has s ubmitted the following : “ 1 - Fr o Fort Nez erc at the out of the S eptembe r 1 26 . m P é m h Walla Walla M r or a nd his rt o o e the r e u r er on the o u . Riv C l mbia, W k pa y f ll w d g la In dian tr ail us ed by Lewi s an d Clar k ex pe diti on when goi ng e a stwar d in 1 806 cros s the s to the Touchet e r and t e r c on the e en n , a hill Riv h i amp v i g f th 1 th s e e s to e een at the r es ent s te of D ton o u o e 2 m hav b p i ay , C l mbia

ount s . er e t t re e ro et te or s cr ee c C y, Wa h , wh Pa i C k ( f m p i mall k) , whi h THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 79

Sa ak a r Faul and one belonging to P . t ys . Two othe s r we e left below two days ago , which could not come on . e r 1 2 ou r r MONDAY, Sept mbe . Continued oute five

r . r r r hou s , eighteen miles N . E to anothe small ive , want m of wate r was the cause of making such a long [Sho rt] ’ r e day s jou n y. 1 r r r TUESDAY, September 3 . Ove cast but ve y wa m r weathe .

- our r r t . Continued jou ney six hou s , twen y two miles E to anothe r small the re was no wate r to encamp

r r e . soone . Many of the ho ses fatigu d [Two of the sick men again taken ve ry ill ; had some seve re fits to day] Some of the Indians visited us in the evening r and changed ho ses with the people .

r 1 . r . WEDNESDAY, Septembe 4 Cloudy, cold weathe r ou r two - r P oceeded on r jou ney and one half hou s ,

c rr es er l tt e ter in e te er enters the ouc et er . Fro t ere a i v y i l wa S p mb , T h Riv m h ’ the party le ft the Lewi s and Clar k party s route and followed the upper Indian tr ail ne a rer the mountain s acros s Ga rfie ld County by what is now Col umbia Center and Peola to the Sn ake Rive r ( Nez Percé river he c all s it) few es b o th out o h r t r h s it h on a mil el w e m h f t e Cle a wa e ( e c all t e Salm ) . Cros si ng the r iver the party p roceed ed up on the north ban k of the Cle a r w ter er s cros s n to the s out s e urther u to er e the Nort a , p hap i g h id f p , wh h For co es in on the 2 th an d t en to the tr e n o er the bills to k m 4 , h ail l adi g v

r r on th 26th. Hi s n i th Fr o t er e Weipp e p ai i e e s Cama Plai s e Weipp e. m h the r oad to the Hot Sp ri ngs is the Lolo Tr ail with d eviati on s ; evid ently they got Off the tr ail j ust as the Lewi s and Clar k party did when comi ng acros s ’ in th o 1 T s r t e fall f 805 . hi w as a ou e not us ually followed by the Hud son s B ay Company tr ader s in goin g to the Sn ake and Mi s sour i Rive r country an a t n Mr d w s s r to . or a ge W k . ’ If thi s is the c as e Wor k s party j ourneyed up the Cle arwater i nste ad of the on er cr os s n the nort or of the e r ter on e t m er Salm Riv , i g h f k Cl a wa S p e b 2 and rocee e u th s out or for two s h t t r r 4, p d d p e h f k day when e le f he ive to o to s n n r g s e e e I o. Fro t s o nt Mr. . E . ees Cama Plai a W ipp , dah m hi p i J R tr ces the r out to o o s s - C e . P P a L l Pa . . . 6 8 “ ” 1 ou d b s ort as in ncr o t Sh l e h Ba f MS . 1 6 9 Camping on the upper W en aha in the vici nity of Willow and Owl - Cree s . w L s . . k . ° 1 7 B ncro t a f MS . 80 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

i . r r e r h eight miles E to anothe small iv . We were duced to stop e a rli e r than usual on account of the coun try be ing bu rnt and d reading that we could not get r r e r r g ass fa th on . Some mo e Indians visited us and r e few r e he t ad d a ho s s with t people . ’ TH UR DAY m e r 1 Se e b . r r r S t . , p 5 Sult y, wa m weathe M r one - r e -five a ched seven and half hou s , tw nty miles ” 2

. . e . r N E to N . P . Riv r The count y along the way was rn r for r bu t and no g ass the ho ses , which induced us to ’ r r make such a long day s march , even whe e we we e r e rr fire encamped the count y has b en ove un by , and r r the r r ve y little g ass left for ho ses , hung y and fatigued are are r they . Two of the sick men ve y ill . ! as

R r 1 6 . or F IDAY, Septembe Moved five six miles up r r the rive , and crossed it a little below the fo k of Snake 1 73 ”4 e Rive r and Salmon Riv r . We got two canoes f rom r the e the Indians , yet it was nea night when baggag was r e W all ac oss . Som Indians encamped ith us . Some r ho ses bought from them , but the people are such fools that they outbid e ach other and gave double the p ri ce o they ought f r a ho rse .

e e r 1 . r two SATURDAY, S pt mbe 7 Ma ched and one " 5 r e the r half hou s , ight miles , up rive to above the forks wh e re we encamped to allow our ho rses to feed a

little as they have had ve ry little thes e last two nights . e r us e Sev al Indians joined in the ev ning.

1 1 7 n on the 1 th ne r the unct on of the W en aha t the Gr n e Campi g 4 , a j i wi h a d - oun e en W s . L . R d Riv . 1 72 ’ To Nez Pe rcé or Sn ake River ; the day s march has been d own the G r n oun and r os n t tr Th c w a s e on the n s a d e R d e c s i g hi s s e am . e amp mad ba k of the S n ake River s ome di stance about south of the mouth of the Gr and e - 0un . W s L e . . R d . 1 73 “ r E ott t n s or s ou r tt n e r t r . M . lli hi k W k h ld have w i e Cl a wa e “ ” 1 74 ncro t r s n or r Ba f MS . e ad c a d es be ave . 5 1 7 T t is u on nort n of the on er to ne r W a s hilla ha , p h ba k Salm Riv a p r - w Mr E o t n t t . L r ee . s . . . tt s s s ou b e r e C k lli hi k hi h ld e Cl a wa . TH E ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 8 1

e r 1 8. re SUNDAY, S ptembe The being excellent g razing he re for the ho rses we did not move camp in e e e r o r de r to allow th m to fe d . Som mo e Indians

e . e r join d us Th ey had a r ligious dance . Some ho ses

re r r . O n e we t aded f om them , and others exchanged r r e of them made a p esent of one , and received a p es nt r to the value in eturn . e 1 r r MONDAY, S ptember 9 . Ma ched fou hours . 1 76 w e t elve mil s E . N . E . up the river, the road in places stony, but otherwise good . r 20 our r TUESDAY, Septembe . Continued oute up r h r r r . . t e the ive th ee hours ten miles E N E . The oad , ,

as r . same yeste day, some stony spots We encamped in r Sowi ies r the evening nea the chief t lodge . Some ain in the evening . r 2 1 r WEDNESDAY, Septembe . Heavy ain in the r r r r night and fo epa t of the day, fine weathe afte noon . The unfavo rable weathe r de te rred us f rom moving r r r r camp in the mo ning . Afte wa ds we did not sta t on account of the illness of one of Satroux s little daugh

e r . e Sauwashen t s , who is dying The chi f made us a e e fo a pres nt of a moos r the people to e t.

R 22 . THU SDAY, September Fine weather . r re r Continued our oute th e hou s , ten miles E . N . up h t e r r . r e r ive A good deal of the oad v y stony, and bad for r e re re the ho ses fe t . We we commended by some of the Indians to take the road on the opposite side of r r r r e e us the ive as the e we e less stones . Th y advis d to

e . e r r e e e r e r k ep to the N sid as it was sho te and l v ll . Th e r for r is all along good g azing the ho ses . r r raw r 2 . e FRIDAY, Septembe 3 Sto my, , cold w athe h t e r e r . in mo ning, fine aft rwa ds

1 " Camping on north bank of Salmon e ast Of the big ben d s outh of Deep - C ree . w Mr E ott t n o b t r . s . L . s t s s u e e r k . lli hi k hi h ld Cl a wa e . 82 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

iProceeded r r - r h r th ee and th ee fou t s hou s , eleven

s . r r r r mile E N . E . up the ive . The count y he e becomes r r r mo e hilly, and the hills app oaching close to the iver Our r the on both sides . oad the most of the day along r ‘ b ow of the hill , and was good except a short piece w r hich was stony in the mo ning.

R r 2 . SATU DAY, Septembe 4 Cold in the morning, but r r r fine weathe afte wa ds .

- Continued our journey one and one half hours , five 1 7 7 miles up the rive r to a fo rk which falls in f rom the r r northwa d , whe e we encamped with some Indians as it would have been too long to go to anothe r good en m men r ca t. r p The e is plenty of g ass for the horses . r C our r 2 . SUNDAY, Septembe 5 ontinued jou ney up the river to whe re the road leaves the river to strike “ into the country to Camass Plain? The country hilly r o e and pa tially w od d . e 26 r MONDAY, S ptember . Fine weather, but coole r in the mo ning . Quitted the rive r and p roceeded ac ross the country

r e . . . . five hou s , twenty mil s E N E to Camass Plains ro r od o r r h i n The ad th ough a wo y c unt y, ve y illy the r In mo rning but p retty l evel afterwa ds . Found some for re . dians here . It is a g at place collecting camass e r 2 r r TUESDAY, S ptembe 7. Sha p f ost in the night,

1 7 7 - ' Nort or of e r t r . r c . h f k Cl a wa e . . E 1 7 " - on th Lo o r P C . P. Al g e l T ail . . “ 9 “ Thes e a r e the North Camas Plai ns in what is now c alle d the C amas ” t ere a re n Pr ai rie country between the Salmon and Cle arwa er . Th ma y “ ” “ c s ns or r r es in I o the ost ort nt be n the ama plai p ai i dah , m imp a i g Big ” “ ” C s r r e and the tt e s r r e in E ore Count I o ama P ai i , Li l Cama P ai i lm y, dah , r ere is s o along the e ast br anch of the Malade or Big Wood Rive . Th al a “ ” tt s r r e on the s out s e of the B o se i er in E ore C ount Li le Cama P ai i h id i R v lm y, - o w s . L . Idah . .

Mr E ott and Mr . ees be e e t s s ou be nort of the Cle r te r . lli R li v hi h ld h a wa - r e e. P c .P ne a W ipp . . TH E ORIGINAL MAN UscRIPT JOURNAL 83

oo r r fine e e r r da and c le in the mo ning, w ath du ing the y. Did not raise camp in o rder to allow the ho rses to r r r feed befo e taking the summits . Some ho ses we e

r e ro . t ad d f m the Indians , and some exchanged It is ve ry difficult to effect any ba rgains with them . r h r 28 . r t e WEDNESDAY, Septembe Sha p f ost in fin r r e . night, weathe afte wards r our r e - r P oceeded on jou n y five and one half hou s , 1 8 0 e e r eight en mil s N . N . E . to a little plain , the g eater pa rt of the way th rough ve ry thick woods and difficult r e r oad though w ll f equented .

e r 2 . r r THURSDAY, S ptembe 9 F ost in the mo ning,

fine weathe r afte rwa rds . r e Satraux r Did not ais camp owing to one of child en , r a little gi l , who has been some time ailing dying this r mo ning .

e r 0. r r FRIDAY, Sept mbe 3 Fog and f ost in the mo n

r r . r our r ing, fine weather afte wa ds P oceeded on jou

- n e r r . . . r y eight hou s , twenty fou miles N N E th ough con tinu al r thick woods and up seve al steep hills , and n r e r r r encamped i a valley, whe e th e is ve y little g ass

for the r e r . ho ses , and very littl wate e r 0 r r FRIDAY, Septemb 3 . Began to ain a little befo e

r . r daylight, and ained all day In the evening a g eat r r r deal of thunde with ve y heavy ain and hail . m - s r Raised ca p and moved one and one half hou r , fou 1 ” r e r miles N . N . E . to a little valley whe e th e is a little r for he r r r r g ass t ho ses . The count y he e has been bu nt and is p retty bare of wood .

1 9 ° Ne ar Weippe c amping probably s ome place to north and e ast of Pie rce

t . R . Ci y 1 . E . 1 8 1 - n Tr . o olo . R Al g L ail J . E . 1 3 2 - uss e s r ek . R. M l hell C e 1 E . 84 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

R r 1 SATU DAY, Octobe . Began to snow in the night, and snowed all day . r e rre r r The bad weathe d te d us f om aising camp . e e r M . Plant lost a colt yest day.

N r 2 . e r SU DAY, Octobe Som snow in the mo ning.

e r . our r Cold weath , the snow thawing Continued jou

- - one r r . ney eight and half hou s , twenty fou miles N . N

. r r e r N . E ove ve y st ep hills and th ough thick wood , and 1 8 3 encamped late r in the evening in a deep valley with little or no grass and nothing but b rambles and b ria rs for our r e ho ses to feed upon . We let th m loose in the night and expect we will be abl e to find them in the r e r heatP Our mo ning as th y cannot t avel in the [ ] . re r for us r Indian guide tu ned this mo ning, we have “ r r now fallen on the great road . Th e e is a bette place for e us ncamping on the hill behind , but we did not r h know it . Two ho ses gave up on t e way. The snow on the hills is about nine inches deep . Both people r e r and ho s s much fatigued , and completely d enched on a rrival at camp . The soft melting snow falling off re e r the t es wet ev ything.

r . r r r MONDAY, Octobe 3 Fai weathe till towa ds n eveni g when it began to snow.

- ou r r r r . Continued jou ney fou and one half hou s , N

. E . e t r ee r N , sev n een miles ove st p hills , th ough thick r e woods , and encamped late in the ev ning in a hill the r of re w e side of which was clea woods , and whe had the satisfaction of finding a good deal of grass for ou r 1 8 5 r e e re ho s s , though it was cov d with snow. By day e re ee the r e light all hands w s king ho s s , the most of

1 8 3 D n ita s r - ee e o W e e k E R . p Saddl C e J . . 1 8 4 - LO10 Tr . P P C . . ail . 1 8 5 - ount n . R Bald M ai J . E . .

86 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

R r e r F IDAY, Octobe 7. Snowed thick, and cold weath the most of the day. r r five - r P oceeded on our jou ney and one half hou s , r ee fifteen miles , and encamped whe e there is a little f d ing for the ho rs es on the declivity of a hill wh e re e r th re is a little snow and p retty clea of wood . The people who remained behind came up with the camp . r e re r r They found all the ho s s that we ast ay yeste day, ' m n two . e . but cannot be found today Two of the , J r e Louis and J . Raybu n who w nt back to a station of the r r r e saw fi st in quest of the st ay ho s s , but nothing of The r e r them . snow on the mountains the e is n a ly six diflicul t e e the feet deep , it was with y th y could k ep

: et ee . t rack . We have not y had the snow a foot d p The r o r oad today lay ver hills , one of them ve y steep , and the road emba rrassed with fallen wood .

e r 8 r r. SATURDAY, Octob . Fai weathe e ou r r - r fif Continu d jou ney five and one half hou s , teen miles ove r a succession of hills and down a very 1 8 8 steep bank to the rive r which we l e ft on the [25 ] e r e for the S ptemb e r . He e we stopp d night though we ar r e r for e among the woods , and sca c ly any g ass the r re e e r the r ho ses , but we app h nd s ve al of ho ses would e w e not be able to get to a littl station ahead , but do not

how far r . know . He e we have no snow

r . r SUNDAY, Octobe 9 Rained in the night and fo e r pa t Of the day . r two - r Raised camp , and ma ched and one half hou s , ” 9 e r eight mil s up a steep , long hill to a small c eek with some swampy cle a r ground on its banks whe re the re is e r for r a good d al of good g ass the ho ses , of which they

1 3 8 o t — P r of h r t r . P. c . Middle f k e Cle a wa e . 1 99 - c C re e cros s the tter oot D e . . E . R. Pa k k, a Bi R ivid J THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 87

r e are in much need . Some of the people emained b r r e e hind to allow the ho ses to feed and epos . Th y said

they found a little grass among the hills .

r 1 0. MONDAY, Octobe Rained and a little snow fell e r -a in the night and for pa t of the d y. rr r The bad weather dete ed us f om raising camp , re r our r are mo ove , ho ses in much need of feeding . This he r is a good place . Some of t people who we e behind e cam up , some remain behind still .

r 1 1 e r r . TUESDAY, Octobe . V y heavy ain all day h r r On account of t e bad weathe we did not aise camp . Though the ho rses have a good feeding this continual e r e rain is much against th m , and a g eat many of th m r r a e ve y lean . e r 1 2 r WEDNESDAY, Octob . Continual ain and sleet

in the night and all day . r r re Did not aise camp . The est of the people who r mained behind came up , they are completely d enched .

r 1 . e r r e he r r THURSDAY, Octobe 3 Ov cast, fai w at fo e

r oi r . pa t the day, ain in the evening e r - r Raised camp and proceed d th ee and one half hou s , e r Sal oas eleven mil s N . to a small plain at hot sp ing on 1 9 0 r r r Rive . The oad today not hilly but ve y much em r he ba rassed t r . with fallen wood , and fatiguing on ho ses r r e re Th ee gave up by the way, and th ee w lost at the

1 90 i i B n ro t . olo Hot r n s Fro Octo er to Le Lou s n a c f MS L Sp i g . m b 2 ’ ctob r 1 ork s our n l s t tes he r c e out one un re es to O e 3 . W j a a ma h d ab h d d mil Lo o s s The ne of rc w as r o on the o o r and r e l Pa . li ma h p bably al g L l T ail va i d ro s out t t n ort s October 1 or st te s he w as t rteen es f m he as o he a t. 3 W k a hi mil ’ s out of o o s s D ur n t s r c or s rt r o b cros s th h L l Pa . i g hi ma h W k pa y p ba ly ed e e ters of the Cle r ter the out For e For e For to h adwa a wa , S h k, S lway k, Middl k

o o s s . oc tr t on has it t t the n e o o for n e r s s e e L l Pa L al adi i ha am L l , ma y y a p ll d Lou Lou is an In n ronunc t on of r ence - the n e of tr er , dia p ia i Law am a app and tr er who ur n th t s o t s cr u Fr n n ad lived d i g e fif i e n hi eek . J dge a kli oo oneer of estern ont n and Dunc n MacDon a ld W dy, a pi w M a a, a , a half 88 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

encampment and could not be found , and one lost in the are wood . The people who ahead killed fourteen r beave . R r 1 . r r F IDAY, Octobe 4 Light ain in the mo ning, it r e r e then fai ed a littl , but the ain soon cam on again and continued all day.

e ca-m r - r Rais d p and ma ched five and one half hou s , r r fifteen miles N . to a little fo k which falls in f om the 1 9 1 r The r r r westwa d . oad ve y hilly and slippe y and r e r mi y, and xceedingly fatiguing both on the ho ses and r people . Some of the ho ses gave up on the way owing r r to the bad oad and the bad weathe . This was a most r harrassing day both on the men and ho ses . Some of

r s. the people we e out hunting, but without succes 1 ” few chive raux The re a re a about this plain . Pich r ette killed a bea .

’ br ee the s on of an Old Hu s on s B a o n tr er and now tr b u e d , d y C mpa y ad i al j dg of th s or F t e In n tr be bot ec re t s is the tr ue or n e Sali h la h ad dia i , h d la d hi igi - of the or . See ee er Tr a l o Lew s a nd Cla r k 8 . P. c . P. w d Wh l , i f i , ii , 7 A mor e plaus ibl e ex planation is that the p res ent n ame of the cr eek and “ ” ount n s s o o is cor r u t on of the Frenc n e Le Lou s en m ai pa , L l , a p i h am i giv th fur tr r s in onor of er et er Le s the stre am and pas s by e ade h M iw h wi .

W S. L . .

e ers St tes t t t s or is the noo for the erb a ck Jacob A . M y a ha hi w d Chi k v p “ ” “ ” n s or ca r ry ; and that Lolo Pas s s imply m e a s pack pa s . n o i ar on Lo-Lo = to c rr Fr e er c . on D ct o a r f Ch n ook J g . , . d i k J L g, i i y a y 9 G c na r h h nook Ja r on ort n 1 0 1 o n D t o o t e C . ill , J h , i i y f i g , P la d , 9 9, 4 G n ok a r o a n H o 1 eor e . The Ch o J n d w to Us e It e tt e 0 Shaw, g C i g , S a l , 9 9 ,

44.

The Ch n ook B ook e tt e 1 1 1 08 . Phillip , W. S . i , S a l , 9 3 , G or A D ct ona r o the Ch nook Ja r on or Tr a e La n G s e e . ibb , g S i i y f i g d ua e o Or e on s n ton 1 86 . g g f g , Wa hi g , 3 , 34 D na o th Ch n ok Ja r on or In ia n T a L T . ct o r e o r e an H e n . ibb , L i i y f i g d d

ua e o the N orthw es t C oas t V ctor B . C . 1 8 2 . g g f , i ia, , 99 , 5 n na M a nua o h Or n H e Hor t o. An Inter a t o l I om a l t e e o Tr a e al , a i i di , f g d

La n ua e or Ch n ook Ja r on on on 1 8 0 . g g i g , L d , 9 , 54 1 91 Re ally n or the ast d own Lol o Cr eek to Gr ave Cr eek on the Lewi s and r - P t . P C . Clark ail . . 1 9 2 v a ux r Che er d ee . TH E ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 89

R r 1 . r r r. SATU DAY, Octobe 5 Ove cast, showe y weathe Did not raise camp in o rde r to allow the ho rses to ’ repose a little and feed afte r the ha rd day s wo rk yes

erda are e . re t y, they much fatigu d Those that we left behind yeste rday we re b rought up to the camp this

r e r . Satoux mo ning. S ve al of the people out hunting

e two r Gadif . r e kill d dee , one , T Smith two and Cha li one sheep .

6 r r . r 1 . SUNDAY, Octobe Clea , fine , sunny weathe Did not raise camp in o rde r to allow the ho rses to r r r r feed as the e is p etty good g ass he e, and as we must r was r r r soon begin night gua d . It , mo eove , necessa y d r e are r r to y out things , th y nea ly otten . Some of the r r ho rses which we re left behind we e b ought up . A pa rt of the people raise d camp and moved a sho rt en c am ment r r are p fa the on . Some of the people out hunting. r 1 r r MONDAY, Octobe 7. Cloudy, showe y weathe . a r e e re r Raised c mp and p oce d d th e hou s , nine miles 3 ” E r r E . N . to a nice plain whe e the e is a good feeding or r r f the ho ses . The men ahead killed beave and one r elk and [sic] two beave . TU r 1 8 r af ESDAY, Octobe . Cloudy, showe y in the

ternoon .

our r six r . . . e Continued jou ney hou s , E N E twelv miles 1 9 4 wn r r r r r do the ive to Bitte Root Rive , the oad good . re e r r r He we comm nced night gua d on ou ho ses . Some e re e of the peopl we hunting, but with littl success .

1 93 Do n o o r ee to the n e or oo of o n — C o . P P w L l C k ighb h d W dma . . . 1 9 4 “ ” Bitter Root River w as s o c alle d fr omthe Sp ettellum ( Flathe ad In “ ” n or for the tter root or Lew is a r ed v v a an ort nt rti c e of dia w d bi i i ) , imp a a l In n oo r o n in r o us on t r ou th tt r — L e e oot e . W s dia f d g wi g p f i h gh Bi R vall y . . . Fr om her e Wor k follow ed the tr ail of Lewi s on his r eturn d own the Bitt er ’ oot u r s For and th B - C e c oot er . P P R , p Cla k k, la kf Riv . . . 90 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

1 WEDNESDAY, October 9 . Rained in the night and all day. Did not raise camp in o rder to allow the ho rses to r r feed, since the e is fine grass . Th ee elk and a moose were killed .

e r 20. THURSDAY, Octob Fair weather in the morn r r ing, but heavy ain afterwa d . r - r e Ma ched one and one half hou s , s ven mi les E . N . E . ’ ac ross a fine plain to the ri ver at the entrance of Hell s ” Gates . R r 2 1 F IDAY, Octobe . Snowed the most of the day . m The snow elts as it falls .

r . . two Raised camp and proceeded up the iver N . N E

rs r r . hou , eight miles to the fo k of Blackfoot Rive R r 22 r SATU DAY, Octobe . Overcast in the mo ning, r thick snow all day afterwa d . P roceeded up the Blackfoot Ri ver fou r and one-half

r N . N . . hou s , fifteen miles E and encamped in the r woods . The oad hilly, and in places stony, thick r r for h r woods all the way, ve y little g ass the o ses at night .

e r 2 . e r r SUNDAY, Octob 3 Ov cast, mild weathe . r h r r two . r t e r P oceeded hou s , eight miles E ac oss ive 1 9 8 a and a point of woods to Cam ss Plain , a fine feeding

’ ’ 1 95 He l s G ate z— orte en er of the Fr enc fur tr er s ust e s t of l P d f h ad , j a

s s ou ont n . e e t rou the n r es of the oun t ns Mi la, M a a A d fil h gh dividi g idg m ai , noted as being the gre at w ar road by which the Pi egan and Blackfoot In ns o ten s te the est s e of the oc es and the s s c the dia f vi i d w id R ki , pa by whi h Flathe ad s and other tribe s cros s ed over to the Mis souri s id e in quest of bu o and the s cene of n oo contest bet een t es e ost e n t ons . ffal , ma y a bl dy w h h il a i It was the us ual and on ly w ell kn own p lace to the whites for pas s ing the - - ount n s in t s n t os s F ur H unters 1 1 . W s L . c . See 2 . . m ai hi vi i i y R , , ii , 3 ’ r s For of th o s t rou s d fil - P C P C la k k e C lumbia flow h gh thi e e. . . . “ 1 9 T t is out of th l c oot n - W L s . . ha m h e B a kf Rive . ’ 1 9 7 Ne r McN amar n n F H RMA H. . . a a s La di g. E N 1 9 9 Ne r oto c. H . F. H er is C s l n at t s l ce P. c. P. a P ma . Th e a ama P ai hi p a

94 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK ac ross the rive r to a small fo rk at a good feeding for r e Th r r . e place the ho s s people out with thei t aps ,

- six beaver taken . Payette killed a black tailed deer r and Smith two bea s .

r 26 . r r WEDNESDAY, Octobe Ove cast weathe , some light snow.

r r e Did not aise camp in o der to make lodg poles , all e e r e s e hands busily mploy d p oviding thems lve with on s .

Some of the men who slept out last night arrived, one, B airvent old , is still behind . Beaver taken . Kanota killed an elk .

r 2 . THURSDAY, Octobe 7. Snowed all day The unfavo rable weather dete r red us from raising r camp . Two beave were taken . The snow melted r B en 0 f a sv t. ea ly as it fell . N news yet O i R r 28 w F IDAY, Octobe . Snowed all day, sno melted nearly as soon as it fell . r r r Raised camp , and p oceeded up the ive three and 204 - r . . E one half hou s , twelve miles E S . We missed the

r . road , and passed through a bad pa t of the woods Sent o a pa rty of men in quest Of B ainvent. They f und him e re r r r wh his t aps we e set, he was lost, and so bewilde ed

r . . that he did not know whe e to go . The old F H chief, LaB ent son rr , accompanied by his , a boy, a ived late in r r the evening in o de to accompany us . He left his

r . people yeste day . Eighteen beaver were taken Some h of t e people were in quest of elk, only one was killed Sotraux by . 2 r SATURDAY, October 9 . Sto my, cold weather, hail and snow showers .

203 r t - F H out of l er . H . . M h C e a wa . 204 r H F H S e note 1 6 C . . . . e ou b 8 . 8 n on otton oo ee Sh ld e . N . Campi g C w d k 7 ’ on regardi ng Work s compas s directi s . TH E ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 95

. . r e r Moved one hour, four miles E S E . up the iv to a 205 r r w e fo rk which falls in f om the no th ard . Twelv r r r the r beave and two otte we e taken . Some of hunte s e e lk r the m r we re out and kill d two . Some ma ks of A e r The e icans we e s een . Indians had hunted the littl r far r fo ks up this , and p obably all above this is hunted

r so us . by Ame icans , that nothing is left for

r 0. r . SUNDAY, Octobe 3 Ove cast, cold weather

- r i . . s x . P oceeded one and one half hours , miles E S E across a point to another fork of the rive r which falls r the r r in f om N . and he e, as well as in the othe two r r r re fo ks the e has been a good many beave , but cently e r e r r hunted by the Am icans . Some b ave still emain , ffi r but they are shy and di cult to take . This fo k passes t r through a moun ain at no g eat distance , the head of it

" beyond the mountain which is in a plain country, is r r said to be ich in beave , but it is in the Blackfoot coun tr r r r y and ve y dange ous , and at this late season f ozen , o r e re are s that it could not be t ad d . The small st ams e r e r all g tting f oz n up . The people p oceeded up the fo rk with the traps to nea r the lies through a na rrow valley thickly woode d with steep hills on each

. O r e are side N ma ks of Blackf et to be seen , but an old LaB ruh r guide , [La Buche] wa ned the people to be p a rticula rly on the i r gua rd as that was thei r road and r r far Off r e r e r e thei count y not . Thi teen beav w e tak n . r 1 fine r e . MONDAY, Octobe 3 . Cloudy, weath Did not raise camp in o rder to allow the p eople time tr e r the r to y what succ ss the e might be with t aps , which e e m n they s t y ste rday . The e are Off in diffe rent direc

205 onteur r - H F H N ee . . . . a e ter N c o s onteur Nort M C k m d af i h la M , a h est o n c er s soc te t D T o son and on of the rst w C mpa y l k, a ia d wi h avid h mp e fi te men in the ooten r tr f Mont - L e s ct o n . W s . whi K ai Riv di i a a . . 206 s cr n - F ee e r O n o. H H A mall k a va d . . . 96 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

r r tions visiting the t aps and hunting. Befo e noon r e t Champagne, Masson and C . Riendeau a riv d wi h the news that some of thei r traps had been stolen by the e r Blackfeet and that th y suspected J . Cloutie was killed as three shots we re fired (we hea rd the shots he re) very r r w t o r . sho tly afte he passed them , othe men A Letan d re rr r r r the r r and Cu y who we e still fa the up ive , it is fea red we re also kille d” Our cannon was fi red twice ’ to app rise our men who we re out of the enemy s ap 207 r r p oach , and a pa ty accompanied by old La Buche Soteau r e off and , we e immediat ly sent but on entering the valley they h ea rd some of our people firing at ducks below the camp , and imagining that perhaps it was the enemy app roaching the camp in that direction retu rned with one of the men ( Ca rn ey) who had f rom his swift r r e ness out un the savages and ba ely scaped with his life, he relates that he and Letand re we re both visiting a r r r trap , had left thei ho ses on the bank and set their a ms e r re beside them , when they h a d the shots fi d at Clou r r e r Off tie , when one p opos d to the othe to be , but were instantly fi red upon by five or six of the savages f rom r Le and re w a the bank, poo t s wounded but they missed

“ C [a rney] who crossed the rive r and escaped to the t r mountains , bo h we e taken so suddenly that they had r not time o wanted p resence of mind to fly to thei r a rms . r C [a ney] thinks he saw only six Indians . A party of ee fift n men accompanied by Payette , La Buche and Soteau off , immediately went to visit the place and r Letan d re e r found Cloutie and both d ad , the fo mer

0 2 7 B ncro t r i ns rt a f MS . he e e s Cl antin 6 tr s sto en r e n n J . ap l 4 mai i g

. o n do do 1 do. J C vi e 3 .

F. Letand e 3 - C . on u 1 do d o P C P R d e a . . . . . THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 97

e r r or stripped of his cloth s , neithe of them we e scalped or de mangled, except that wolves Indian dogs had ’ o r d e r e v u e one of Clouti s thighs , he s ems to have been r e killed instantly, both of his arms were b ok n below r r r the shoulde s and the balls passed th ough his b east, the savages we re so nea r that f rom the size and appea r ance of the wounds the wadding as well as the balls r r Letand re appea to have ente ed his body. seems not r to have died so soon , he eceived two balls one passed e re r r r through his l ft b ast nea his hea t, and one th ough his back and belly, besides a knife was dashed into his r r head at the oot of his nose , p obably to dispatch him . or r r They did not take his waistcoat shi t . The pa ty is not supposed to have been mo re than ten or twelve men r in all , afte committing the murder they seem to have made a most p recipitate retreat as they th rew away two r r r two robes , a pai of leggins , seve al co ds , and of the

r . t aps which they had stolen They have , however, got r r e r r ammuni th ee ho s s, th ee guns , and ho se bags , and r r r Letandre tion of two men and t aps f om Cloutie , , r e r r r his r e Ca ney, Clouti s t aps we e all on ho s as he had C ar e r not set any. Champagne [ ney P] app ris d Cloutie that his traps had been stolen and advise d him to take r r r care of himself , he eplied yes take ca e of you selves and pushed on without stopping and was in a few min e r r e The r are utes aft wa ds kill d . pa ty supposed to r e e have come f om b low, th y had dogs with them .

e r I r e r. TUESDAY, Novemb . Cold , sto my weath ’ Did not raise camp on account of it being All Saint s r F Day which is a g eat festival with the [ L ] Canadians . Bu ried the remains of our unfo rtunates who came to such an untimely end yesterday by the hands of the r r e inhuman , mu de ous Blackf et . 98 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

2 . WEDNESDAY [November] . Cloudy, fine weather

- Raised camp and p roceeded three and one half hours ,

r . . r r r fou teen miles E s . E ac oss a point to anothe fo k and it r r rr up to nea the uppe end of a na ow defile, through r r r which this fo k here uns , which is pa tially wooded . e h r t - The people visit d t eir t aps , twen y one beaver were e r r r taken . Beav have been nume ous he e some time r e ago , but it has ecently be n hunted by the Americans , are t r r r there s ill some bea [beave ] he e , but they are r h fi ve y s y and dif cult to take . The swamps and small rivulets whe re beave r are to be found are f reezing up ’ so e r Kanota s r that the beav cannot be taken . ho se was shot by his Indian last night . R r THU SDAY [Novembe ] 3 . Raw, cold weather .

- r r r . . . Ma ched two and one fou th hou s , nine miles E S E up the river and across a point to a small swamp where we r r r the o encamped , he e this fo k issues f om m untain 209 r the r r f rom the northwa d . The people visited ive t e but no chance of taking any beaver, it has been so c n l e t y hunted by the Americans . e r Raw FRIDAY [Nov mbe ] 4. , cold weather, some r hail showe s in the mo rning. r - r r Marched th ee and one fou th hou s , fourteen miles r E . S . E . to the Little Blackfoot Rive , where we encamped “ r on a small point sur ounded by hills . Some of the f w r f e r Ob people set a e t aps . Some buf alo bulls w e

r ou the a t r se ved hills , par y of the people went afte them r ff r and killed two . The meat is ve y indi e ent, but nev erthel ess acceptable as p rovisions a re ve ry sca rce with us .

208 N e C r ee to out of otton oo re e ne r the res ent Up vada k m h C w d C k, a p - F H H . . . town of Helmvill e . 209 - B c to Ne r . H F H . a k vada C eek . . 21° Ne ar the p res ent Avon . TH E ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 99

R o r . r SATU DAY [N vembe ] 5 Ove cast, cold weather. r r Marched th ee hou s , twelve miles S . S . E . down the 211 r r r l intP r ive and ac oss a point to [F ] River, Whe e we for hull encamped , here is good feeding the horses . A was killed but notwithstanding the people had little to eat ; none of the meat was taken .

r 6 . r SUNDAY [Novembe ] Cloudy, blowing, f esh , some rain in the evening.

- r w . W . t o . Ma ched and one half hours , eight miles S S 21 2 r few up the iver and some of the people set a traps , r r the little signs of beave . The Americans hunted he e in e r e e r r summ . The p opl we e out hunting but ve y little success . They thought two days ago that bulls would

er w e r are . be found ev y h e , but they disappointed wea h e r . t MONDAY [Nov mbe ] 7 Cloudy, fine , mild

- W r . . . Ma ched one and one half hours , six miles S S r r up the iver, and camped on a fork which falls in f om “ w r r r the west a d , he e the e is excellent feeding for the

- set r r . horses . The people thei t aps one beaver taken r r w as e r r r This ive form ly ich , but being f equently hunted both by the whites and the Indians , beaver now The r are very scarce in it. people we e out hunting but are be only a bull and a sheep were killed . Provisions r coming sca ce with us .

“ ” 3 1 1 B n rr at r s F nt. Th r u not e a croft MS . e ad li e pa ty co ld have a iv d F nt r th o r ob Deer li C ee k from e Littl e Blackfoot in so s h rt a time . P ably ’ ’ o e er loc l n e for rt of r s For as n c te b or s L dg Riv , a a am a pa Cla k k i di a d y W k - l ter tr els . P c P a av . . . Accordi ng to Angus McDonald the fir st gold foun d in Montan a w as dis ’ co er n F n r in 1 See McDon ald s A Few I m the v ed e ar li t C eek 850. te s of W - es t. In s n ton H stor c l oc et ua r terl 1 88 22 . Wa hi g i i a S i y Q y , viii, 9 The fi rs t re al di scovery of gold w as on Gold C reek about twenty miles s t - P P ea . . C. . 3 1 2 - ou be s . s . . to ne r D r Lod C ee e . P P Sh ld E a g . . . 21 3 - ro bl De s re . P P ba y mp ey C ek P. c. . 1 00 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

r 8. r TUESDAY [Novembe ] Ove cast, foggy, cold r r r r Of weathe , ained heavy the fo epa t the night and

a r o . fterwards snowed , nea half a foot of sn w fell Did not raise camp in o rder to allow the people to try e r r what success th y might have with thei t aps , and that they might ende avo r to kill some bulls for food . Sev i eral of the people went out hunt ng. r WEDNESDAY [Novembe ] 9 . Cloudy, cold weather.

- wo one r r . . Marched t and fou th hou s , eight miles S S “ 4 h Th r o r r to t e r . e E . up the ive hot sp ing oad go d h r a th rough a fine plain . T e men visited thei tr ps w n - which had been in the ater two ights , twenty one r e s r beaver we e tak n . Notwithstanding, that thi qua ter has been recently hunted both by the Indians and r r are r Ame icans , the e still some beave , but having been e are r sh r so lately hunt d they ve y y, mo eover the dams and small fo rks are f reezing up so that they cannot be e r taken . S veral of the people we e in the mountains hunting sheep , and killed five . R r 1 0 Raw r THU SDAY [Novembe ] . , cold weathe , froze keen in the night .

r r . . r r Ma ched two hou s , eight miles S S E . up the ive , 2“ he re we had to leave it and c ross a small hill to the “ r i wate s of the M ssou ri . Several of the people out

r r . hunting . Numbe s of bulls we e seen ahead No r r re set r beave taken in the t aps which we yeste day, they r r we e f ozen up . o r I I r FRIDAY [N vembe ] . Raw, cold weathe .

r . . r r e . . Ma ched S S E . fou hou s , fifte n miles S S E . to a

1 2 4 r r n s ont n - P C P Wa m Sp i g , M a a . . . . 21 5 ’ r s For and e r B ow C ree to ne r tu rt ont n . Up Cla k k Silv k a S a , M a a Cros s e o er D r o r on ort n - A ee e s s now us e the O e e . d v L dg Pa , d by g Sh Li JE N

B xSHop . 1 ° 2 n f th s r t t - P O e o e c s r bu r to th Bi Hol e P C . . mall eek i a y e g e Riv n .

Ioz JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

some cows among them , whom the people went after and killed eight or ten of them , but the most of them r we e very lean . r 1 r MONDAY [Novembe ] 4. Cloudy, cold weathe .

- r r . . Ma ched one and one half hou s , five miles S E r r e r down the ive , and ncamped to allow the ho ses to r ff r is . feed where the e some g ass , left by the bu alo About this p a rt of the rive r the re we re fo rme rly a good many beaver and our guide says there are a few y et but on account of the coldness and the sides of the rive r be

“ in r r g f ozen , they cannot be taken now. Shortly afte we Soteau encamped , who had gone to the hills , brought r r ff a la ge he d of bu alo close by the camp . Several of the p eople immediately went afte r them and killed or en eight t of them . I r TUESDAY [November] 5 . Ove cast, cold , stormy r weathe . Did not raise camp in o rde r to allow the ho rses to e e are r e for fe d of which th y in ve y great n ed , some time r r ff r past the g ass has been both sca ce and indi e ent, and the ho rses having to be confined at night without eat are r ing, they becoming ve y poor. 1 r WEDNESDAY [Novembe r] 6. Weathe as yester day. r e our r - P oce ded on jou ney two and one half hours , 220

. r w . S eight miles S E . to a small c eek hich falls into r r r O ff the ive which we left this mo ning. N bu alo to ee r o e be s n on the oad , but s me of the men who w nt to aw the hills s plenty ahead . N 1 r e e THURSDAY [ ovember] 7. F oz ke n in the

o e r e r . night ; v cast, cold w ather du ing the day

22° F es e o r os to tr ut r c B r r Fro ive mil b l w Mel e a ib a y alle d i ch C eek . m B i rch Creek the par ty could s ee a lar ge part of the B e averhe ad v alley where “ ” — t er e er e ent of bufialO. . B h w pl y J .

1 06 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK ple a rrived f rom the buffalo hunt to send to examine r r he r the t acks and to asce tain t numbe of the party . are r ? he e We he e just in the road of t Blackfe t . r 1 e r he SATURDAY [Novembe ] 9 . Bl w a storm f om t r the e r southwa d , though w athe is cold the snow thawed a little . r e o Did not ais camp , s me of the people went after ff i e e r bu alo but w th littl succ ss , the stormy weathe was

e for . unfavorabl hunting Our guide Buche , and some men went to examin e the Indian tracks which were seen r e Of t t yeste day, th y compute the party to consist wen y or - re men r r twenty th e , they have th ee ho ses with them r O and are going down the rive , they passed on the p o i p s te side in the night .

e r 20. SUNDAY [Nov mbe ] Cold , stormy weather. r e r two r - r P oce ded up the iver and th ee fourths hou s , 222 e ff . r the r r e ten mil s S and c ossed ive . No bu alo to b e ou r r o r our r se n at fi st stati n , but nea fi st encampment are r r e r there seve al he ds , the p ople went afte them and l r ki led several . T acks of Blackfeet are here in the snow .

r 2 1 . . MONDAY [Novembe ] Cloudy, cold weather Did not raise camp as we have good fee ding for the r e re are ff e r ho ses and th bu alo close by. Th e is little necessity for ou r hu rrying on as the dange r f rom the l r e e r . B ackfeet is the same whe v we can go F . Payette i e i on e s r s t . v y ill , and unable to a horse The p ople e a- r ff w nt hunting and killed seve al bu alo .

r 22 . r TUESDAY [Novembe ] Cloudy, cold weathe e r e but mild than thes days past . Did not raise camp in o rder to allow the ho rses to feed and that the people might have time to dry thei r

222 B e av erhe ad r to ne r D on — P C P e . . Up Riv a ill . . THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 1 07

meat . Some of the people went after buffalo and kill ed only five . r 2 r w e e r WEDNESDAY [Novembe ] 3 . Sto my ath , r r snowing and d ifting fo epart of the day. The unfavo rable weathe r dete rred us f rom raising our camp as we intended . No buffalo to be seen in b r neigh o hood .

r 2 . THURSDAY [Novembe ] 4 Cloudy, cold weather r some light snow and blowing towa ds evening. ’ Du ring the second watch about six O clock last night a pa rty of Blackfeet app roached the camp and fi red upon the men who were gua rding the ho rses about fifty r r he ya ds f om t lodges , at the same time raising a hid eous w ar yell to f righten the ho rses which it did and they ran off but we re fortunately soon stopped and b rought back chiefly by the activity of Champagne who was one of the men on watch . In the meantime the Indians continued firing upon the lodges and on our people who turned about to the plains to meet them . Our cannon was fired in the direction some of them e re r w supposed to be in , they ceased fi ing immediately off the t he and made . Not knowing strength of party and the pa rty being occupied s ecuring the ho rses they r D l r . d r e . es an we e not pu su d Unfo tunately J , one of men on r r r the gua d , was dange ously if not mo tally e the r fire r wound d by fi st f om the savages , the ball r r e arm entered his left b east and came out unde his l ft , one of the ribs and pa rt of the b reast bone supposed to be r r b oken , he was one of the men on guard nea est the s r villians e e e e e he bu hes whe e the conc al d th ms lv s , is ve ry ill today and too weak to be moved which dete rre d r r e r us f om aising camp . On visiting th i r t acks this morning the pa rty is supposed not to have exceeded 1 08 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

t twen y men . It is to be regretted it w as not daylight as probably few of the da ring scound rels would have

~ r r r escaped . They th ew away seve al co ds and othe r n rr off thi gs in their hu y to be , one of the cords is a r rr P st and of a ta ed [tanned ] boat line . R r 2 F IDAY [Novembe ] 5 . Cloudy, mild weather . The wounded men being too ill to be moved we did r r for not move camp . We have still good g ass he e the r r ho ses , but having them up at night this cold weathe and being fou rteen or fifteen hou rs without eating is ’ r r do e ve y ha d upon them , yet we can t oth rwise as we s know not when a band of Blackfeet may et upon us . N O f buf alo to be seen .

R e r 26 . r . SATU DAY [Nov mbe ] Sto my, cold weather

r r r . W . Moved camp and ma ched th ee hou s S S . , ten miles up the rive r and encamped on a small plain ; he re ” r r r the ocks app oach close to the iver on both sides . It is not a good situation but we could not find grass in r ff one a bette . A small band of bu alo were seen, and e or two of them we re killed . The wound d man was ’ ca rried on men s shoulders on a bed constructed on r poles , whe e he lay pretty easy. ' e r 2 . r SUNDAY [Nov mbe ] 7 Cloudy, cold weathe .

r r r . . Proceeded up the ive two hou s , seven miles S S . W and encamped in a good situation for defence . No ee buffalo except a chance bull to be s n . The most part ’ of yeste rday and today s jou rney th e re is a little more r snow on the g ound than below.

e r 28 r. MONDAY [Nov mbe ] . Cold weathe the Did not raise camp on account of wounded man , r r e r e O he equi es a littl epos . N buffalo except a chance s n bull to be eé .

’ 223 r B arr att s - P P Ne . c a . . . r 1 0 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

r . FRIDAY [Decembe ] 2 . Again stormy weather r Th ff Did not aise camp . e people hunting bu alo and killed a few D e r r SATUR AY [Dec mbe ] 3 . Sto my and very cold all day. r tw Did not aise camp . No ithstanding the coldness r ff of the weathe , some of the people went after bu alo , but with little success . Our old guide La Buche ac Lon im i l . t u nta l companied by F Payette, g , Pichette , Q r r r r oh and Ca ney, went up the ive on discove y, and r r r se ved two Blackfoot Indians passing with fou ho ses , e r re th y immediately pu sued them , but we not able to t r come up with hem , they have pressed them so ha d e e r our that th y abandon d two of the ho ses , which peo r Of ez ple b ought to camp , one them is known as a N r o Soteau r r Pe cé h rse . obse ved another pa ty of Black fe et with seven ho rses passing along the mountains some distance from the camp , had he given notice in time , they might have been pursued and killed or at least the h s horses taken from t em . The e horses are all sup pos ed to have been stolen from the N ez Percé and r F [lat] heads at Salmon Rive . r SUNDAY [Decembe ] 4. Cloudy, cold weather.

Fell about th ree inches Of snow in the night . r Seve al of the people went in quest of buffalo , but r killed ve y few. r MONDAY [December] 5 . Sto my, cold weather . r Did not aise camp . Some of the people hunting

ff few e re e . e bu alo , but w kill d All hands mployed themselves cutting grass to give the ho rses in the night

s r e e . while tied up , which i g eat s rvice to th m r 6 r TUESDAY [Decembe ] . Cloudy weathe , some light snow . THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL I I 1

e . Did not raise camp . The peopl hunting buffalo

e e r . a r r WEDNESDAY [D cemb ] 7 We the as yeste day . o r Some of the pe ple in pu suit of buffalo , but with e our e r are so little succ ss . The most of runn s weak ff that they cannot come up with the bu alo . The r so r the r e are r g ound is slippe y that ho s s af aid . R e r THU SDAY [December] 8. Mild w athe in the r r r r morning but became sto my and ve y cold afte wa ds . and r r r Raised camp moved up the ive th ee hours , “ ” e W e r C umcarn S. nine mil s . to a ste p ock called y m [Cumcarney] p revious to reaching the encamp r ff e r O e e ment, a large he d of bu alo w e bs rv d close to , r and the people went afte them but killed only two . D s an he . e l d t J , wounded man , insisted on going on i r r e s re . ho s back alone, it to be fea ed it will inju him r r e r eev He is ecove ing v y slowly, and is becoming so p ish tempe red that the people who attend him can sca rce l ear r y h him . Two Blackfeet with fou horses passed yesterday. R r r F IDAY [Decembe ] 9 . Cold , cloudy weathe . Did not raise camp on account of Souteau supposing to have seen some Blackfeet passing with a band of r eo e r e r ho ses , and the p ple w nt afte th m but it tu ned out that the old man was mistaken .

R r 1 0 . SATU DAY [Decembe ] Cloudy, still , cold weathe r . e - r W r two . . P oceed d and one half hou s , seven miles S ” 7 r r r r up the middle fo k of the ive to nea the mountain ,

22° T s is os one In n n e r onounce oon-c rn a nd e ns hi a Sh h dia am , p d C a y, m a “ ” c r e s o n e on u ust 1 6 1 80 bec use t n e s an d In n s ampfi , am d A g , 5 , a Cap ai L wi dia bu t c to o r st It is a t rro - co e . t he n s ne r r enner . . R. il amp k b akfa a w , a B J . E 227 loo D c r ee n e for D c Gr eene an E n s n t B dy i k C k, am d i k , gli hma wi h “ ” w o it w as s oo t s and - R oo t t. E . h m alway , bl dy hi bl dy ha J . . r 1 2 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK and encamped at a hummock Of woods at a good place for defence . 1 1 o SUNDAY [December] . Cloudy, c ld weather, a r bitte cold night. Ea rly in the mo rning som e Blackfeet we re Obs e rved ascending the hill opposite our camp ; a pa rty of the people immediately went in pu rsuit of them and they fled and took shelte r among thick willows and unde r r r r e wood on the south fo k of the ive . Our peopl com menced an attack upon them and continued their fire he e e till late in t vening, wh n they gave up the attack deeming it too great a risk to go into the wood after e r th m . They conjectu e that there were eight or ten r Indians , they had eight ho ses wi th them which they r l a d stole in the night f om F[ t] hea s on Salmon Rive r . e r e Our people killed thr e of the ho ses , and th y suppose that two or th ree of the Indians are badly wounded if r r r r fire on not killed , at fi st they etu ned a b isk our people, but soon stopped , and lay quiet in their holes , r had‘ m t r it is p obable they little a muni ion . They at fi st our e o at talked with peopl , and t ld them th the F[lat] r t o o heads we e close o , and that the Americans had a f rt 22“ on the Missou ri about the fo rks They said they did not ca re to fight with us and enqui red why we fi red upon them . M e r 1 2 ONDAY [D cembe ] . Some snow in the night, r o Of and light snow and sleet du ing the day . S me the young men visited the place where the Blackfeet took e r e r r refuge y ste rday. F om the app a ance of the t acks a nd blood on the snow they think two at least of the

228 - Th ur r in Fort n on at month of o ston E . R See e F e U i Ye ll w e . J . . T ad the Nor t es t . 0 to for ccount of er c n ct t es . hw , pp 3 47, a Am i a a ivi i r 1 4 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK most of the day along the side of a slanting hill was r r r r slippe y and ve y ha d and fatiguing on the ho ses .

R IO. r r r F IDAY [December] Ove cast, milde weathe r these th ee days past. our - r Continued route two and one half hou s , eight

S. W r r miles . down the c eek and ac oss a point to Salmon r r the re r Rive . The oad , fo pa t of the day the same as yesterday but the snow diminished as we descended the r r r r is r r ive whe e the e ve y little . He e we came up with — r - l at head a camp thi ty eight lodges , F[ ] Indians , who are Th r ascending the river. ey inform us that a la ge 23 2 rt ri r pa y of Ame cans are encamped at the fo k below, that the N ez Pe rcés with some more Ame ricans have ? ” gone up anothe r fork Of Salmon River There is no f r buf alo below he e, and the people both whites and In r f r dians have been sho t O food for sometime . He e we f r expect to find buf alo a little farthe up the river. A la rge he rd of elk were seen in the mountain n ea r our

23 2 The e t of l n at the s ources of the s sour the Color o and the h igh a d Mi i, ad ’ Clar k ( Pen d d Or eille ) and Lewi s ( Sn ake ) br anches of the Columbia w as a r f r r t nue L s and n r H nr of the pa adi s e o the e a ly fur hun ers . Ma l i a A d ew e y Mi s s ouri Fur Company had been active in thi s regi on and Henry had e recte d ’ a s est s ent cons st n of s e er l lo uts and no n as Henr s mall abli hm i i g v a g h , k w y ’ ost or ort on Henr s For one of the sources of the n e er in p f , y k, S ak Riv , Mr unt nu r “ t o e r e or e the stor o er n rt un er . H Ja a y, , a y a b f A v la d pa y d tr er s e the s e s ect on r 8m -r 8 r r n as u es o ns on Renzer av d am i ( ) havi g g id R bi , , ’ ’ and Ho c t r ee of Henr s or er e o ees at Henr s ost. ublette ba h, h y f m mpl y y p S , t and Co n e the r e on in the t ent es and n e lo ees Smi h, . had i vad d gi w i ma y mp y of the oc ount n Fur o n er c n Fur o n and n R ky M ai C mpa y, Am i a C mpa y, ma y on ind epend ent tr ad e r s and tr app er s were now sc attered through the regi . “‘ ” Thei r pres ence led to the establi s hment of the gre at Ameri can r end ezvous r be ore our of the tr ers of t s str ct. lex n er os s in 1 82 e t e s app hi di i A a d R 4, igh y a f ’ - ut or s res ent r t n co ns of the er c ns in t s r e on . w. s . L. a h p w i i g, mplai Am i a hi gi The Amer ic an s were appa rently c amp ed at the j uncti on of the Salmon and r s Se Lemhi Rive . e page 37 . 23 3 Nort For of the l on a s the Nez erc tr ent t t . h k Sa m , P é ail w ha way

J . E . R . LEWIS AN D C LARK TRAIL OVE R LEM HI PASS

’ o n or s r t s s e o er t s tr on Dec e er 1 1 8 1 J h W k pa y pa d v hi ail mb 5 , 3 .

The tr w as r e r a e for its s te e n e s s but w a s uc us e ail ma k bl p , m h d by

un ter s a n d tr a e r s ur n the fur tr n r o h d d i g adi g pe i d .

r 1 8 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

R r e r 2 . r e . F IDAY, Dec mbe 3 Sto my, cold w athe Did not raise camp on account of one of the Indians being in a dying state .

R r 2 . . SATU DAY [Decembe ] 4 Stormy, cold weather e e r two - Mov d up the riv and one half hours , seven 23 6

. fo . In . s r r miles S E , and put a ho e the night The dians killed a few bulls of which they are in much need a r as they e starving . e e 2 r SUNDAY [D c mber] 5 . Sto my, cold weather. e r we r w B ing Ch istmas Day did not aise camp . O ing to our not having fallen in with buffalo lately many of the people fared but indiffe rently havingonly dry r no meat, and seve al of them t much of that . e r r MONDAY [D ec mbe ] 26 . The weathe milder than these days past . a n d r e Moved camp , p oceed d two hours , seven miles 23 7 E r r to a little fo k issuing f om the mountains , some buffalo were obse rved in the morning a good way r Of our ahead , seve al the Indians and some of people

r re . S r went in pu suit . They we all bulls eve al of

e r our e . them w e killed , p ople killed seven of them r 2 SUNDAY [Tuesday] [Decembe ] 7. Mild , soft r weathe . r Did not aise camp . Some of the Indians went in

r f . pu suit of buf alo , and killed a few bulls Some buf falo supposed to be cows we re seen passing ove r the height of land towa rds this way in the evening. e WEDNESDAY [December] 28 . Mild w ather . r e r f ob Did not aise camp . A h d of buf alo were er r our s ved in the mo ning, the Indians and several of

28 6 E t le r J R igh Mi C eek . . E . . 28 7 T r r e ee ne r e ore I o. . . R. imb C k, a L ad , dah 1 E THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL I 1 9

e r r e people w nt in pu suit and killed a g eat many of th m .

O ur p eople kill e d seven .

R r 2 . r THU SDAY [Decembe ] 9 Soft, mild weathe .

two r . Raised camp and moved hou s , seven miles S E . along the foot of the mountains to anothe r small 28 8 r r r r r c eek . The e we e some buffalo nea but we e In raised and went off back . Late in the evening the e dians thought they saw two Blackf et about the camp .

0 r. FRIDAY [December] 3 . Mild , soft weathe A few buffalo were to be s een in the morning but they were too far off to go after them ; a few Indians

r few . r r a went, but killed ve y Some mo e we e seen p n r rt e p roachi g towa ds evening. A pa y of tw lve Ameri in f cans passed the morning on the way to buf alo . They r appeared to be very hung y but did not stop , or they would have received [bee n asked] to eat f rom [by] i r so our people , ndeed it was not known that they we e r short Of food till they we e gone .

R r 1 r. SATU DAY [Decembe ] 3 . Fine , mild weathe Nearly all the people with the Indians we re out ff r hunting bu alo , and we e successful all having killed

P . [ P] . Our people killed [ ]

u I 1 8 2 . . SUNDAY [Jan ary] , 3 Fine , mild weather e r h r ou r This being Sunday, and New Y a s Day neit e ‘ ’ people nor the Indians went in pu rsuit of bufial o tho r r far ff e large he ds we e to be seen o . The men and som of the p rincipal Indians we re tre ated with a d ram and the r u rum some cakes in mo ning, and a small q antity of r r for he c had been brought f om the fo t t o casion . One of the Americans who passed on F riday retu rne d yes te rda y evening.

23 3 E teen e C r eek - E R igh Mil J . . . 1 20 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

r 2 r r r MONDAY [Janua y] . Sto my the afte pa t of the day but not cold . Raised camp and moved five mil es down the rive r r e for our r r to find bette f eding ho ses , and he e it is little r r Our r a re bette than whe e we left . ho ses becoming lean since we cam e so close to the mountains as the grass ’ tho of a good quality so thin that they cannot fill thei r ’ e e r the r b lli s du ing day, and don t eat at all du ing the r e r m night . It is app eh nded that we e we ca ped on the rive r in the middle of the valley whe re the re is plenty r r our r e be of long g ass , and whe e ho s s would much e r Off Of r e Off bett , that the smoke the camp would d iv the buffalo to such a distance that we could not get e SO w e s e e r r th m . that mu t nd avo to kill some p ovi

ou r r . r e sions , and then feed ho ses Seve al of the p ople as well as the Indians went in pu rsuit of buffalo but the cattle being raised while the hunte rs we re still at too r r r g eat a distance , and the weathe being unfavo able e r few e re e e r or v y w kill d , ithe by the whites by the ’ India ns and the ho rses fatigued to little pu rpose tho e are r r r r e th y f om thei pove ty ill able to bea it . Som of the people saw a camp of N e z Pe rcés who came ac ross the mountains f rom anothe r fo rk of Salmon 24m Ri r ve .

r . TUESDAY [Janua y] 3 Some light snow . h e r ff r Some of t e p eopl e w nt in pu suit of bu alo . Fou e r Chiefs of the N ez Pe rcés paid us a visit . Th i camp of twenty-five to thi rty lodges is in the opposite side of h t e valley . a r e r r WEDNESDAY [J nua y] 4. Raw, cold w athe pa t of the day.

23 9 - n on re k . R . Ca y C e J . E 4 2 0 O er the e r n e th E t e Tr r o Pahs imaroi v L mhi a g by e igh Mil ail f m , a “ ” - r . . Shos hone wor d m eani ng a lone cedar on the bank of a st e am . J . E R

1 22 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

our r e - r e Continued jou n y two and one half hou s , s ven

. . r r e our e miles N N . E down the ive to b low ncampment ”49 e ff e few of the 8 Dec mbe r . No bu alo xcept a bulls to be see n though they have b een ve ry nume rous along

r - e e men r he e not long sinc . Som young we e ahead on r re r saw f discove y, and po t that they some buf alo , and r Of ee r also a pa ty Blackf t towa ds the mountains . r e TUESDAY [Janua y] 1 0 . Cold w athe r in the night r r r and mo ning and mild afte wa ds . P roc ee ded down the rive r to the Rock where we rr r - f r r a ived about noon afte two and one hal hou s ma ch , e e r e e r sev n mil es . H e som of the young men who w e ahead of the camp met a pa rty of twenty or twenty-five fire e Blackfeet. A was immediately op ned on both e two e r sid s , of the F[lat] heads w e wounded , one in the r re ou r b east and one in the thumb . On some mo of r e pa ty coming up , the Blackfe t fled into a thicket of e ou r rr e willows ; wh n people su ounded th m , and kept a r r r up a he vy fi ing upon them f om eve y side till night, but as is suppose d not with much effect as they ac o r knowledge only two r th ee being wounde d . The r of r are i pa t the willows whe e they , was occup ed by a r l at heads e r sit pa ty of F[ ] last s ason , who simila ly Th a e r . e u t d, made a numbe of huts to hide in Indians r e e r e p opos k eping a st ict watch all night, and ke ping them f rom escaping so that the attack may be renewed r re we an or in the mo ning . He had opp tunity of see ing the Indian mode of fighting. r I e r WEDNESDAY [Janua y] I . V y cold in the night r and mo ning. The e e r the Indians n gl cted thei watch , and Black

243 C umc arn r t er Coonc ar n . y , a h y 2“ - o os one o e . . E . R T Sh h C v J . THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 1 23

r r feet escaped towa rds mo rning . F om the t racks th ee are or e of them supposed to be killed badly wound d . On examining the place whe re they we re it is a wonde r r r some of them we e not killed , the willows we e com is r re e pl etely lashed with the balls . It to be eg tt d the Indians did not keep bette r watch as it would not have e diflicul t r be n to have sto med the place, and killed the r whole of them . They had some conve sation with a O f e r he r woman th i own nation who is with us , and told

‘ that the Ame ricans have a fo rt at the falls of the Mis that the Blackfeet have p rovided themselves re r are with a g at quantity of a ms and ammunition , and m r r e asse bling in g eat fo ce to com , and attack the

F[l at] heads in the Sp ring . r r e r Raised camp , and p oceeded down the iv two 246

r six our r . hou s, miles to below camp at the fo k Not a buffalo to be seen though great numbe rs we re he re r r r r r yeste day but we e aise d by the fi ing yeste day.

r 1 2 . r e r THURSDAY [J anua y] Sto my, cold weath . r e r Raised camp , and p oce ded up the main fo k two

- r e . Our O and one half hou s , eight mil s bject is to find “ f re e re buf alo . Some bulls we se n , and the Indians r r ee e W e are en po t that some cows we e s n ah ad . n O l ar r ff r e camped i a clump of p p , but ve y indi e ent fe d for r e The ff e e e ing the ho s s . bu alo hav at n up What r re w as r r w the little g ass [the ] , sho t way fa ther do n r r iver the re i s good g ass . r e r he FRIDAY [J anua y] 1 3 . Bl w a sto m in t night a and all d y . The f r r Did not raise camp . un avo able weathe de

24 5 For r t Pi egan at m outh of Maria s Rive . J . E . R . 24° To out oc r n e r r st —P C P of Red ee e . . . . m h R k C k, a A m ad 247 R d oc r to n r e r oc ont n . J R e ee e . . . Up R k C k a R d k, M a a E 1 F 24. JOURNAL O JOHN WORK

rr d r r ff te e the people f om going afte bu alo . Some bulls r we e killed . R r I S r . SATU DAY [Janua y] 4. tormy and ve y cold r the Did not aise camp . Some Indians unknown to are chiefs raised the buffalo which ahead , which will p robably be the cause of our retu rning down the river again . r 1 r r SUNDAY [Janua y] 5 . Still sto my, cold weathe . Rais ed camp and moved down the rive r to near the ” r ff fo k . No bu alo to be seen , all hands , whites and r Indians are sho t of food . r IO r MONDAY [Janua y] . Cloudy weathe milder thes e days past. Raised camp an d proceeded down the rive r two and - ur r our e Of one half ho s , seven miles to nea encampm nt f be e the Not a buf alo to seen , but the people w re In out hunting in the mountains , and both whites and dians killed seve ral sheep which is a most seasonable e r are s r supply as sev al of the people ho t of food . r 1 r TUESDAY [Janua y] 7. Cloudy, cold weathe . our r r e r r Continued oute down the iv , fou and one r e e r our e the half hou s , fifte n miles to n a ncampment of 249 w m r e r a re f t entieth of N ove be . Th e buf alo along the mountains on both sides of the rive r but at a conside r e e r r abl distance . Som we e also seen a sho t way down r far off the rive not so .

w e r. r I 8. WEDNESDAY [Janua y] Cloudy, cold eath ou r r the r e r r Continued oute down iv two hou s , six 25 0 e e miles . Immediat ly on encamping all hands w nt in r ff re r the e pu suit of bu alo , and tu ned in ev ning loaded

248 of R d oc an r r r r - P c P Fork e R k d Ho s e P ai ie C eeks . . . 249 D on P Ne r ont n . P. C. . a ill , M a a 25 0 - Do n to th B a rh ad o D on P c . P. w e e ve e bel w ill . .

1 26 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

. W r r r N . to the little ive whe e we encamped on the P r are [ ] . The Indians who we e encamped h e re a lit ff e tle below us . Bu alo w re ve ry nume rous h e re a few now h are r off days ago ; t ey all d iven to the mountains . r 2 er r TUESDAY [J anua y] 4. V y cold weathe . r Did not aise camp . Some buffalo in the mountains e r but non nea .

r 2 . WEDNESDAY [Janua y] 5 Cloudy weather, some r snow du ing the day.

Did not rais e camp . Last night the Blackfeet stole r r r e r eleven ho ses f om the Indians, six f om the Am icans ’ are o r r who with us , including f u of old Cha ley s , a colt belonging to Toupe which was left out of the guard , r r and killed a poo ma e which was also left out . They ’ r e left a gun , a ob , etc . , when they took the Indians r ho ses . 6 e r r 2 . THURSDAY [Janua y] . Fine w athe e us The Blackfe t again visited last night, and stole t re r our eo r h e ho ses , belonging to p ple , all ve y lean , one e r r r r of them f ll in the ive c ossing, and was d owned . Th ey also stole anothe r ho rse f rom the Indians and one r r f om the Ame icans . r 2 r FRIDAY [Janua y] 7. Mild weathe , light snow . r e Did not aise camp , and some of the people kill d a fe ff e r ff w . e bu alo The Am icans w nt o . These two e e r e days s v al lodg s of Indians left us , and went to the re e r Pd O ille camp . Finish d some l ette s to send below .

r 28. e r . SATURDAY [Janua y] Cloudy, mild w athe e r e ree r Rais d camp and p oc eded th hou s , ten miles 25 5

r h i . r W . o e r t e S . S . to a small f k n a mounta ns A he d of ff er d r r the bu alo w e iven down f om hills , and sev

25 4 - r o rc r ee . P C P P bably Bi h C k . . . 25 5 r o u r r - P C P c e . . . P bably p Bi h C ek . THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 1 27

eral of them killed by the people and the Indians . Sev r us e al of the Indians left , and went to join the Pd re or e r O ille camp . Only twelve fifteen lodg s emain now with us . r h 2 . r r weat SUNDAY [J anua y] 9 Cloudy, athe cold

of e Did not raise camp , on account one of the wom n r bed being b ought to and another being sick . No buf r falo to be seen nea . r 0 r r MONDAY [J anua y] 3 . Cloudy, mild , but athe r cold weathe . At b reak of day this mo rning we we re attacked by a r o f s r re e t pa ty at lea t th ee hund d Blackf e , they con tinued re r the battle to noon when they ti ed , and were pu rsued by a pa rty of our peopl e but we re too nume r to s r e r ous be attacked succes fully, and afte som sha p r r r r we r r e fi ing we e allowed to eti e [ eti ed] . Th y com menced the attack in. the mo rning by a wa r ye ll and a r r r r discha ge of guns, and we e p omp tly met by pa t of our people and the Indians who retu rn ed the fire with ffe m e r r e e ct which ad them eti e a little , and tak posi tions in the woods and on the hills ove rlooking the e r r camp . Some of th m we e wounded and seve al killed f r O . ou B . at the f set Two of men W . Raymond and t Gadi re r on e our p we e wounded , of Indians was killed r fire e and two wounde d . A b isk was k pt up on both on e e rr e our sides to noon , at time th y had su ound d e r Our camp , but k pt at a conside able distance . cannon r r r e e bu st the thi d discha g , one of the killed was scalp d our e e he e r he by p opl , is suppos d to be a chie f f om t e r e re e r his r or five t e r ffo ts th y made to cov body, fou o h s re e e e r e ee we kill d , and s v al wound d , but they succ ded rr off r in ca ying them . Ou loss is a F[lat] head kille d 1 2 8 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

re and th e wounded , two whites , W. Raymond wounded e B G a i r e r t. d e e dang rously, p s v ely but not dangerously, and my little W[alla] W[alla] I[n] d[ian] house -keep r Kanato er dange ously wounded , S . slightly wounded the in foot, and myself slightly in the arm . The F[l at] heads have six and us five horses killed and sev r e r w r r e al wounded . N a ly the whole of them e e a med with guns , and well supplied with ammunition , as they we re enabled to keep up a b risk and c on tinu ed fire upon 25 “ fo r r r Old us upwa ds of five hou s . The chief had two r ho ses killed under him . They we re however re pulsed .

r 1 . TUESDAY [Janua y] 3 Snowed most of the day . Did not raise camp owing to our wounded people r e and the bad weathe . The Blackf et after leaving us r r l at heads yeste day, fell in with fou lodges of F[ ] com ro e ing f m the Pd Or ille camp to join us . They aban don ed w r the baggage , and escaped ith the ho ses , the o Blackfeet [bu rnt] the p r pe rty. They had some con r r r ve sation at a distance , the pa ty we e chiefly Blood e one who our Indians and Big Belli s , the was killed at ”5 7 e a ac camp was the chief , he Wished the [Pi g ns] to on r company him this expedition , but the chief efused and said he wished to come and make peace with the

in. the e r r r F[lat] heads summ , the othe eplied that he r s r would go with his own pa ty, and wholly de t oy the l at heads whites and F[ ] , and that they would find only e disa the bones to make p ace with . He has been p

r r r . pointed , and his own ca cass emains on the g ound ~ F r r I WEDNESDAY [ eb ua y] . Snowed the most of the day.

25 ° The old F t e c e unte. la h ad hi f, La B 25 7 - B ncro t . e n s . P C P a f MS Pi ga . . .

1 3 0 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

r are c e ro well he e , they in mu h ne d of it, as f m the s evere cold we athe r for some time back they are falling off r ve y much . r r 6 r n MONDAY [Feb ua y] . Snowed in the mo ni g, r r r fine weathe afte wa ds . M r two - r oved camp , and ma ched and one half hou s , e r e o r s ven miles S . E . to the main iver a little abov u 26 0 - r o e r camp of the twenty fou th N vemb r . Some he ds of ff e r ee the bu alo w e s n along the mountains , Indians and some of the people went in pu rsuit of them but e with little succ ss , as it was too late in the day. e r r r TUESDAY [F b ua y] 7. Some snow in the mo n e r r r ing, fine w athe afte wa ds . r r r Did not aise camp . Fou Indians sta ted in the night to b ring a la rge he rd of buffalo f rom the moun r e tains down to the level g ound , and brought th m part r of the way, but the people f om the camp advanced too r r e r soon , and they etu ned to the mountain , very few w e e r r kill d , indeed the ho ses both the Ind[ians] and ou s are living so ba re that few of them can catch the buf O r . u falo people killed a cow and two bulls . r 8 r eb uar . WEDNESDAY [F y] Ve y cold in the night, and seve re squall of wind and snow past noon . Raise d camp and p roceeded up the rive r to above an e o e er ff ncampment of the [26 N v mb P] . Not a bu alo ’ be e r r r r to se n today, tho the e we e seve al he ds yesterday along the mountains . R r r THU SDAY [Feb ua y] 9 . Stormy but not cold

r e . weathe , snowed a good d al in the night

Continu ed our route up the rive r to nea r the fo rk . ff aw e e r w e e e e s . H e xp ct d to find bu alo , but non

26 ° - r n r D on ont n . P C . P . To B e av erhe ad e e . Riv a ill , M a a 29 1 - r P c . . Red Rock and Hor se Pr ai ri e C e eks . P TH E ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 1 3 1

R r r IO r s e r w F IDAY [Feb ua y] . Ove ca t weath , sno thawing a little . Did not raise camp in o rde r to allow a little repose to O ur r e a re e Of a wounded man . ho s s also in much ne d re e feeding and sting a little . Som of them gave up on r e r e r the the oad y ste day. Some of the Indians w e up r r r are ive on discovery, and eport that there a good ff r ff a e o . many bu alo , but they a good way

r I I r raw r. SATURDAY [Februa y] . Sto my, weathe r e r Raised camp , and p oc eded two hou s , seven miles 28 2 r r r our he up the ive to nea encampment of t [J an . f Our e All hands out in pursuit of buf alo . p ople e r o kill d nine . Several of the horses we e n t able to t r w as come wi h them , and seve al came home lame , it ad ran r b ground where they them . The buffalo we e on thei r way descending the river. Had we remained r a day longe below, it would have been of advantage ff as the bu alo would have passed , and gone on ahead our r r r road they a e now d riven back up the ive .

r I 2 . r SUNDAY [Feb uary] Ve y cold in the night, and r cold stormy weather with some snow du ing the day. r oo Did not aise camp . Here we have g d feeding f r r or the ho ses but fuel i s sca ce . r r 1 r r MONDAY [Feb ua y] 3 . Bitte cold weathe in the r night, and du ing the day. n ot r Did aise camp . r r 1 r e TUESDAY [Feb ua y] 4. Ve y cold weath r, did r e t r e r r not ais camp . This intense cold wea he is v y ha d ou r r upon ho ses. r 1 WEDNESDAY [Feb uary] 5 . Bitter cold weather in the night and all day. r h o r r e Did not ais e camp . T e p o ho s s ran in among

26 2 - Hor s e r r r to os on R. By P ai i e C eek Sh h e Cove . J . E . 1 3 2 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

o r the bushes , and w uld not ventu e out even to feed . r two r One was dead in the mo ning, and died du ing the day. r r THURSDAY [Feb rua ry] IO. Weathe milde than these days past . r Our r Did not aise camp . poor ho ses fed little today. r r 1 FRIDAY [ Feb ua y] 7. Some snow and blowing in

or we r e r r . the m ning, fine athe aft wa ds r r f d u e . Did not raise camp . O ho ses well today the ff Some of people went in quest of bu alo , and killed r r are r r th ee . The e conside able numbe s in the hills r r r ha d bye , but the snow in the avines is ve y deep , and ffi r di cult to cross with ho ses . R r r 1 8 r SATU DAY [Feb ua y] . Thick fog in the mo n fine r r r ing, weathe afte wa ds . rr Did not raise camp . It was a aigned in the morn ing with the Indians that all hands we re to go and sur r ff r r r Of ound the bu alo , but the g eate pa t the Indians

f r r e . a terwa ds aised camp , and went on a piec ahead Seve ral of the people went in quest of buffalo but with s little succes . r r 1 r SUNDAY [Feb ua y] 9 . Foggy in the mo ning,

r r r . clea , cold weathe afterwa ds Raised camp and p rocee ded on to whe re the Indians are re o had r encamped whe we st pped , as we gone fa th e r we r e might have ais d the buffalo , and it would have run e been too late to th m . r r 20 r the MONDAY [Feb ua y] . Ve y cold in night and all day. r r The The cold dete red us f rom aising camp . poor r a ho ses re f reezing .

e r r 2 1 . r TUESDAY [F b ua y] Snowing, blowing, d ift r ' ing, and ve y cold all day.

1 34 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

e r S eve ral Of the men and Indians w nt afte buffalo . h r r r T e most of ou people etu ned late at night. They killed four buffalo . The Indians , slept out, to push f the buf alo this way.

e r r 2 8. r TUESDAY [F b ua y] Fine mild weathe , the o l ow r sn w on the g ound wasting fast. A he rd of buffalo was Obse rved close to the camp e r in r e r a ly the mo ning, and all hands w nt in pu suit of r our e six them by sun ise , people kill d , and the Indians e r e r r r sev al , a numb of ho ses we e not able to come up o ur e with them . S me of o people who sl pt out last night retu rned ; they killed six buffalo — the Indians r also etu rned . r 2 WEDNESDAY [Feb uary] 9 . Some light snow in r e r the mo ning. Fin mild weathe the snow thawing r r afte wa ds . Some of the people went in quest of buf falo but with little success . 1 o r THURSDAY [March] . Bl wing p etty fresh , the snow thawing. Raised camp and mad e up the rive r to nea r an en c am ment Of P r r p the [ ] . La ge he ds of buffalo were r feeding not far f om the camp , all hands went in pur of r . O ur suit them , and killed seve al people killed t welve .

2 . r . FRIDAY [March] Fine weathe , snow thawing r e Did not ais camp . Some of the people went in r ff e . pu suit of bu alo , and kill d five r h e r . SATURDAY [Ma ch] 3 . Weat er as y ste day me e for Did not raise camp . Five young n l ft Sal r our e r mon Rive . Some of people w nt in pu suit of f e r . buf alo , and kill d th ee

r . r r SUNDAY [Ma ch] 4 Ove cast fine weathe , snow thawing. THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 1 3 5

r N O f e e e r Did not ais e camp . bu falo to b s e n n a . The young men who sta rted for Salmon Rive ryeste r r r sa r h day etu ned , they y the e is too muc snow in the mountains .

c . r MONDAY [Mar h] 5 Mild weathe . Raised camp and moved up the rive r to near our en men O am f P e . c p t [ ] . The snow melting a good d al ff Some of the bu alo were seen . Some of the people r r was too went afte them , but the e much snow, and they could not come up with them .

r 6 . TUESDAY [Ma ch] Fine weather, snow thawing s l ow fa t in the ground . A he r d o f buffalo were Obse rved descending the r mountains . Several of the people went in pu suit Of r them , but the snow was so deep that ve y few of them o could be killed ; pe ple killed only three bulls . r r WEDNESDAY [Ma ch] 7. Fine weathe . “ Raised camp and proceeded up the rive r to near r our encampment of [Jan . The e still appears a good deal of snow on the mountain but there are three or r r f fou oads of buf alo , so that we expect to find a track round .

R r 8. raw r THU SDAY [Ma ch] Cloudy, weathe , the snow thawed fast in the middle of the day . Did not raise camp in orde r to let our weak horses r e r the est b fo e taking mountain . Numbers of them are r are ve y weak, and giving up short as the encampment was . r FRIDAY [Ma ch] 9 . Stormy but thawing pa rt of the day . 2“ Raised camp and c rossed the height of land to

28 4 Hor s e r r r — P e ee . P. C . Up P ai i C k . 2 65 B nn c s s . s u s e e nnoc . . a a k Pa U ally mi p ll d Ba k J E . R . 1 3 6 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

r our e r nea encampm nt of 4 Jan [ua ]y . Found a good deal of snow at the no rth side of the hill ; it was ve ry r r r r ha d and fatiguing on the fi st ho ses . Afterwa ds we e ff r r found a well beat n bu alo oad. The ho ses we re ffi t much fatigued , and some of them with di cul y r w as r our eached the encampment. This a ha d day on r e poo wound d man . R r SATU DAY [Ma rch] 1 0. A violent sto m of snow in the fo repa rt of the night ; fine weathe r du ring the da y . Raised camp and p roceeded to Salmon Rive r a little “ o r r r r is ab ve the popla fo k . He e the e good feeding w w s for r o . the ho ses, and no sn except hat fell la t night

Some he rds of buffalo we r e obse rved towa rds . the

e O f s h ight land , and all hand went in pursuit of them , seve ral of the ho rse s we re not able to catch them as they

fled into the snow which is ve ry hard . Our people fi e s aw r killed only v . The Indians some ma ks of r Blackfeet in the mountains yeste day. r I I S SUNDAY [Ma ch] . nowed all night, about nine w e raw r r inches deep of sno f ll , cold weathe du ing the f o . day. Some of the pe ple went after buf alo today w r 1 2 . r MONDAY [Ma ch] Fine weathe , sno thawed a little in the mi ddl e of the day. The p eopl e we re again in quest of buffalo but with

t e the r are . li tl success , most of the ho ses now too weak r Our men killed fou . r 1 e r r TUESDAY [Ma ch] 3 . Raw w athe in the mo n ing, snow thawed a little in the middle of the day . e r r r All hands w e in pu suit of buffalo , but sca cely a

266 For : Tex s and T er r ee c s t is s tu e t cottonwoo k a imb C k, whi h la dd d wi h d trees be longin g to the p opul a r g enus . J . E . R .

1 3 8 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

r the r people that had been tu ned out of gua d to feed . r One belonging to R . Cook [one] to P . B [i nie] , and on e L . Riendeau . Two young men of the Indians e pursued th m , and came up with them that we re behind r r r the est, whom they attacked and killed afte a sha p r battle , and b ought the scalps to the camp about nine ' ’ o clock in the morning. One of them was wounded in ’ r our the arm by an a r ow . They have found people s m r r w r so t ise able ho ses , but they e e knocked up hat they r r r r w ar could not b ing them on , mo eove they hea d the c r r y of some mo e of the Blackfeet in the hills , and did

“ r t r r not deem it p uden to delay. They conside the pa ty of Blackfeet altogether to consist of fifty to sixty men ; they had two lodges in the defile . r 1 8 r r SUNDAY [Ma ch] . Fai weathe in the morning, r r but became sto my with snow and sleet afterwa ds . Raised camp and p roceeded ten miles down the riv “ for er, and encamped at a fine feeding place the was e r r horses . It v y unpleasant ma ching, but the bad we r e r we athe r did not set in till we e getting und way. r 1 r r MONDAY [Ma ch] 9 . Fai weathe . Did not raise camp in o rde r to al low the horses to

e wo . fe d . All the Indians but t lodges went on ahead re r d r r P . Th e Indians a ived f om the Oreille .

M rc 20. e r TUESDAY [ a h] Fine w athe . Continued our route ten miles down the rive r to ‘ ” below the lowe r defile to Cumc a rnyf No buffalo to ee r r e r r e be s n , a la ge he d of elk w e obse v d on the moun e n r tains . Som of the people went i pu suit of them but without success . r 1 r WEDNESDAY [Ma ch] 2 . Fine weathe .

2“ s - R s . . . Lemhi Pa J . E 26 9 - r Defile of C um C rne Le ss . P. C . P. Agency C eek . a y mhi Pa THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 1 3 9

Continued our jou rney down the rive r to a little above the grand camp of the N [ez] P [e rcé] F[lat] 270 r f r head Indians . In the afte noon a te encamping, a ’ r r-in - or youth M . Plante s b othe law aged sixteen seven r r e teen yea s , ate hemlock oot in a mistak ; was poisoned , ’ an d die d in a sho rt time . When he was found he was far for r too gone any emedy to be applied . A child of ’ 2" r r six e for J . S . Lo ange s , weeks old who has b en sick some time , also died .

r 22 . r THURSDAY [Ma ch] Fine weathe . Move d a few miles down the rive r to nea r the Indian in r r camp , and a sho t time we e visited by most of the Our r Indians . object in coming was to obtain info ma o ti n relative to the route we mean to pu rsue .

. r 2 r r FRIDAY [Ma ch] 3 . Cold , sto my weathe , some r light snow showe s . D d r sic r i not aise camp [ ] . Did not aise camp . R r R r w . 2 . a SATU DAY [Ma ch] 4 , cold weathe Raised camp and cut ac ross the [p artP] nine miles to 272 r r e the p incipal fo k n ar the rocks , and encamped at a e r r n good fe ding place for the ho ses . S eve al of the I are r dians accompanied us . We glad to get away f om for ez r are r them the N Pe cés eally an annoyance .

2 . r r SUNDAY [March] 5 Did not aise camp . Fou men are p repa ring to descend the rive r in a canoe to 27 3 e r is e hunt this ev ning to the fo t, it xpected they will r r make a good hunt . Seve al mo e Indians visited us .

27 0 A j oint winter c amp of the N ez Percé and Flathe ad In dian s at the - Le i s and r fish e r s on e en . R w Cla k w i L mhi Riv J . E . 271 Six ee s old born ur n the ex e t on r e n nt In n an d l w k , d i g p di i ; p g a dia ha f br o n o t n n t r us n on u x - W L ee e e cco e e s s c t on s . . d w m f a mpa i d h i h ba d h e p edi i s . 272 Salmon River at commen cement of the gorge six miles s outh of Salmon - C t . i y J . E . R . 273 - Fort . P C P Walla Walla . . . 1 40 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

a r 26 e r MONDAY [M ch] . Fine w athe . Raised camp and p roc eede d e ight miles up the 274 i e r . B D ma s r . o n i sd t . u r . riv Fou men , L , A , M r n Plante , and J . Lau i left in a small skin canoe to r r descend the ive , and hunt their way down . It is ex p ected they will make a good hunt as this part of the r r iver is not known to have eve been hunted by whites . r Lewis and Cla k passed down this in canoes .

ar 2 r r. TUESDAY [M ch] 7. Showe y weathe 27“ P roceeded up the rive r ten miles Some N [ez ] r e r P[e cé] Ind [ians] join d us yeste day evening.

WEDNESDAY [Ma rch] 28 . Heavy rain the most of the day.

r e . r P oceeded sev n miles up the iver. There are r plenty of sheep on the mountains . The iver is rising fast these two days .

r 2 o w r. THURSDAY [Ma ch] 9 . Sh wery eathe o t he r r C n inued our journey ten miles up t ive . The road very hilly and fatiguing for the horses . G reat r e sev numbe s of sheep on the hills . The p ople killed eral of them .

R r 0. o t . F IDAY [Ma ch] 3 Raw, c ld wea her Did not raise camp in o rder to allow the horses to e r pose and feed . r 1 SATURDAY [Ma ch] 3 . Raw, cold weather. Raised camp and moved up the rive r eight miles to

2“ l on r - P C P Up Sa m Rive . . . . 5 27 In u us t 1 80 the Le s and r rt tr erse uc the s e A g , 5 , wi Cla k pa y av d m h am ground a s Work from the forks we st of Gallati n up the J effers on to what “ " “ they termed Shos hone C ove and acros s the divide by Lewi s and Clark ” pas s - Lemhi Pa ss — to the Salmon ; thence acros s to the Bitte r Root and n o th n S Or na l Lewis dow t e vi ci ity of Mis s oula and Pas s . ee igi

Cla r k Journa ls t o n d as te s and . es cd . v l. 2 a Atl 0 , Thwai , , , map 3 , pla i , ii , iii

W L. . 8 .

27° - on r to ne r o son r E . R. Up Salm Rive a P i C eek . J .

THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 1 43

’ Ka e e s . Mc y d fil Plenty of sheep on the hills . No e buffalo to be s en . r 1 e r SUNDAY [Ap il] . Cold w athe , a heavy hail e r r r show in the afte noon . Did not aise camp . r 2 r MONDAY [Ap il] . Fine weathe , but cold .

Did not raise camp . The people out in different di r bu r e . f ections hunting, some sheep we killed Some e re e falo w se n , but none killed .

TUESDAY [April] 3 . Fine weather. r Moved up the ive r seven miles . He re we have good feeding for the ho rs es ; the hills close to the river and l ow g round have b e en clea r of snow for a length e e r of time, and v getation is consid able advanced ; the r o e young g ass is a g od length . The hills a little farth r r r d f om the iver are still covere with snow, and along the sho res of the rive r the ice remains a conside rable

. r o r r thickness Seve al of the pe ple out with thei t aps .

But little signs of beaver. r WEDNESDAY [Ap il] 4. Fine weather .

r men . Did not aise camp . Two A Finlay, J . Favel we re off since yeste rday mo rning examining a small rive r whe re it was expected some beave r would be h r re o r a . found , but t e e none Some m re of the men we e ff r o visiting some of the small fo ks but without success .

A . Longtin took one beaver .

R r . r r THU SDAY [Ap il] 5 Fine , wa m weathe . M r r e e oved up the ive ten mil s , and encamp d at the

277 8 0 n e ro C r les McK a s on an In n ot e r of lex am d f m ha y , a , by dia m h , A ander McK ay of the As tor party who met a tr agi c e nd on the d estr ucti on of Mr n to n bor th Ton u n r es McK a cco n e . O e t s e e q i . Cha l y had a mpa i d gd hi igh - H stor oc t ua r t l 4 1 . oo in 1 82 6 . s n ton c e er . 1 8 h d 5 Wa hi g i i al S i y Q y , v 9 9

W S. L . .

Mr e e s f e rs on th s o nt and ex n s it a s o o s : 8 0 c e be . R di f i p i plai f ll w all d c us e T o s McK a nter e on t s s tr e in 1 N ow ca e the a h ma y wi d hi am 827. ll d P ah imaroi P s . . C P . . 1 44 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

S r The e r hot p ing. men visited s veral t aps which set they had , but found nothing. All hands went in

r ff o e e are r . pu suit of bu al , and kill d ight ; they ve y lean r 6 e r the FRIDAY [Ap il] . Fine weath , but cold in night and mo rnings — the snow still lies deep in the is off mountains , and it not long since it Went the low ground ; the re are la rge banks of ice along the sho res r e of the rive r. He e we intended to tak into the moun tains to the plain whe re we expected to find some beav

“ e r we , but cannot on account of the snow so that must r go a ound . r r r r Did not aise camp , in o de to allow the ho ses to r ff r feed , tho the g ass is but indi e ent . R r r SATU DAY [Ap il] 7. Fine weathe . C our r r ontinued oute fifteen miles up a little fo k, 279 is and encamped at what called the fountain . The r are people went afte buffalo , and killed nine ; they r mostly ve y lean . h r r 8 . SUNDAY [Ap il] Fine weat e . Did not raise camp in o rder to allow the ho rses to ’ r r the r est, and feed a little afte long day s ma ch they r r r r ff r as made yeste day. The g ass he e is ve y indi e ent has r r the snow but sho tly gone off the g ound , and the r r swamp is still f rozen . The e appea s a good deal of snow in the h e ight of land ahead of us . The people r ff r went in pu suit of bu alo , and killed fou .

r e r r . MONDAY [Ap il] 9 . Rath cold weathe P roceed ed ac ross the h eight of land to the fountain ’ 28 0 odd n s defil e r is in G i . The e a good deal of snow on

273 - t s of on r n r s . R E as id e Salm Rive e a Challi J . E . . 27 9 c e T ous n r n s . See Or e on H stor c l oc et Swamp , all d h a d Sp i g g i i a S i y - ua r t r x 6 . W s . L . e l . Q y, iii , 3 9 ’ 28 ° - T oodin s Bi ost r in T ous n r n . . R . he G g L Rive h a d Sp i g vall ey J E . x n 1 - Th er er of e er os s Fur H unters 2 . D sco ere b Riv Al a d R , , ii , 4 5 i v d y y y

1 46 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

Raised camp and p roceeded down the river P r r miles . There we e some buffalo he e but they have h t e r. e f fled down rive Som of the people set a ew traps .

r 1 e a r. FRIDAY [Ap il] 3 . Fin we the our r o e Continued oute d wn the river mil s . Some of the people who went ahead raised the buffalo re r r h r r t e . he , and they have fled fa the down ive Pich e e o w e r e t o . r e tt t ok b ave The peopl killed th e bulls .

r 1 r . SATURDAY [Ap il] 4. Fine weathe o our r r C ntinued jou ney down the iver nine miles . r r The most of the people set their t aps . There a e fl al o r bu a e . some signs of beaver . The still ahead r 1 SUNDAY [Ap il] 5 . Fine weather . e r nd r Did not raise camp . Fifteen b ave a one otte r e r ar e ff we e tak n . The e e pl nty of bu alo a short way

. set s or r ahead The people ome m e t aps . r 1 MONDAY [Ap il] 6 . Fine weather. r r w Did not aise camp . Twelve beave ere taken ; the r people set some mo e traps .

TUESDAY [Ap ril] 1 7. Fine weather . Moved camp a few miles down the rive r to find bet r The e e o ter feeding for the ho ses . p ople mov d d wn h r e e r e r r s . r e t ive with the t ap Fift en beav we e tak n . S ome of the people who went farthe r down the rive r saw o r r s me t acks of Blackfeet not ve y old . A e r 1 8 . WEDNESD Y [Ap il] Rain d in the night, fine weathe r during the day. r - r Raised camp and moved th ee and one half hou s , o h r r e eleven miles d wn t e ive . We had int nded to strike ac ross the mountains f rom our last station but

W t ro ee n on o s onous nts . See os s Fur Hunters o the Fa r es f m f di g p i pla R , f , - 1 1 - w L 82 . s . . ii , 3 , 5 . 28 2 Do n ost n - H P H w L Rive . . . THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 47

r is s the e too much now, and it would be too long to wait r a e r r till it be p actic ble . The people out with th i t aps ; e e r e r e r r six b av taken . The p ople ais d a la ge he d of ff r t e bu alo , and killed fou teen of h m .

R 1 . r r THU SDAY [April] 9 Fine wa m weathe . Did not raise camp in o rde r to allow the people time d r was e e r l et to y the meat that kill d yest day, and to e r r the horses fe d . The people out with thei t aps ; one e r Se fire the t . t b ave aken to plain , and the smoke will r off f probably d ive all the buf alo . R r 20 r F IDAY [Ap il] . Fine weathe . r r ree r N O Moved down the ive th hou s , ten miles E . f fire r r bu falo to be seen , the yeste day has d iven them off e r r or all . The people out with th i t aps , but little e r e r r no app a ance of beav . Some t acks of Blackfeet e r be ee not v y old to s n .

r 2 1 . SATURDAY [Ap il] . Fine weather r r re - r Ma ched th ee and th e fou ths hours , twelve miles for . S. E S . , and encamped at a fine feeding place the 28 3 r horses . Five men went ahead to hunt a little fo k . w e r r 22 . SUNDAY [Ap il] Fine eath . r Did not aise camp . r r r MONDAY [Ap il] 23 . Sto my weathe in the after noon . r r - r Raised camp and p oceeded th ee and one half hou s ,

e . . r W e e tw lve miles S S E . Road ocky . intend d to ” 4 r e r ou r st ik ac oss the mountains at last station , but r r m c w e e the e appea ed too u h snow , and hav to go r e re r ound . Some Blackfoot Indians w p owling about ou r r r h camp last night . A sho t way f om the camp t is mo rning the t racks of twenty-five or thi rty men we re

23 3 f nt r out o e o . . . R M h A l pe C eek J E . 3 2 4 ost i r o t n — F H e un s n . . L R v M ai . 1 48 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

ee s r r . s n . They t uck down into the ocks Five Black e r s r e r r ur f et we e de c ied immediat ly afte wa ds , and p sued but the ground was so stony that they could not be o r e in ve taken . They threw away th ir clothes their ar w ar r r r ro haste . They e a pa ty etu ning f m the

Snakes .

r 2 : r TUESDAY [Ap il] 4 Sto my weather, heavy show er r s of ain . our ro - r Continued ute four and one half hou s , sixteen ”5 o r miles S . S . E . al ng the foot of the mountains to iver i 286 B as t n . a . The road in places stony The men who h 1 r e r left on t e 2 retu ned with twenty b ave . Two of e Gadi ré r In th m , p and Rodin , we e kept a hill part of the day yeste rday and all night by some Blackfeet. A o r e Blackf ot descended f om the hills in the vening, and r unfor attempted to steal a horse but was discove ed , tunately the ho rs e keepe r had not his gun with him or he might have killed him .

r 2 . r WEDNESDAY [Ap il] 5 Overcast, ve y heavy rain r in the g eate r part of the day.

r o r S. Raised camp and p oceeded three h u s , nine miles to a little river. All hands proceeded up the river r with the traps . There are some signs of beave but the wate r is very high so that it is difficult to discove r whe re are they .

R r 6 r . THU SDAY [Ap il] 2 . Ve y heavy rain in the

o r r . night, s me light showe s du ing the day r e e r Did not aise camp . The p opl visited their t aps , se r r r and t mo e . Five beave we e taken . r 2 r r FRIDAY [Ap il] 7. Cloudy, sto my weathe .

Did not raise camp . The people went to visit their

23 5 - on the oot of th ost r ount ns P. C . P Al g f e L Rive M ai . 286 - tr e b h h w ter . . E R. S eam mad y ig a J .

1 50 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK men r e e r r p oc eded , som up and some down the ive , and

set r r e r m r . thei t aps . The app a ance of a good any beave r r r e e The The t aps set yeste day only p oduced lev n . r r e r r l e ive has been lat ly ve y high , but the wate has fa l n considerably.

2 . r r r WEDNESDAY [May] Sto my weathe , showe s of ba l r i and ain . r r Did not aise camp . The people out with thei traps . hirt - r T y six beave taken . r r r THURSDAY [May] 3 . Sto my, showe y weathe . r r r Did not aise camp . The people visiting thei t aps , -fi r . v . and setting mo e Twenty e beaver taken L . Q uintall e saw fou r Blackfeet ascending a hill attempt ing to app roach him as he was setting his traps in a r ar r small fo k . They e supposed to be pa t of a gang are r o o or that lu king in the m untains , seeking an pp 28 " tunit r y to kill and steal . The t acks of some Snakes are the r r seen about iver nea our camp , but none of them ventu r e nea r us . FREDAY r . s r [May] 4 Still tormy, showe y weathe .

r . r Did not aise camp The people out at thei traps . w - r r r 0 r T enty fou beave and two otte taken . N t acks ' the enem of y to be seen , the men keep a good lookout as th ey are af raid of being mu rde red while visiting

r r r r thei t aps . The ive is thickly wooded , thicketty

e w . l h . t o an d diflicu t to app roa c . F Payette kill d bulls r r SATURDAY [May] 5 . Sto my and violent showe of r ain and hail . r ee The p eople visited and reset thei r t aps . Ninet n r on r 0 r b e ave and e otte taken . N t acks of the enemy to

e e men are e r . b s en . The b coming less af aid It is suppos e d the pa rty in the mountains are but a few in

28 9 os on n n B R Sh h e I dia s . J THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 1 5 1 numbe r p robably remaining with some sick or wound ed companions .

6 . r SUNDAY [May] Heavy ain and hail in the night, he r r r t . sto my, showe y du ing day r are r Did not aise camp . The people out at thei

r . r r 0 r e t aps Thi ty beave taken . N t acks of Blackf et to be seen . r MONDAY [May] 7. Stormy, cold weathe . 29 0 Moved two miles up the rive r in o rde r to find bet

r for r r r . te feeding the ho ses . The men visited thei t aps r e S eventeen beave r and one otte tak n . r r r TUESDAY [May] 8 . Heavy ain the g eate part of the day . I intended to raise camp and p roceed up the rive r r e r but was dete red by the bad w athe . The men out at ' A r ez r r r e . thei t aps . Twelve beave tak n pa ty of N r r rt Pe cés, nine men and two women with thi ty to fo y r rr e the r r ho ses , a iv d in evening f om thei own lands on r r r thei way to join some of thei people at Salmon Rive . ou r men r Two of , G . Plante and C . Riendeau , we e com ro r r e ing f m thei t aps , and saw these p ople who they for r e r r mistook a pa ty of Blackfeet, and w e so f ight ened that they did not attend to the calls and f riendly the signals of Indians but fled full speed to the camp , and related that the Blackfeet had killed all our people r the r e r r r r e who we e up iv with thei t aps , and had pu su d for e r e r n w themselves th i liv s . All hands we e o busily employe d tying the ho rs es when the Indians a rrived and undeceived us .

. r e r WEDNESDAY [May] 9 Cold , showe y weath . r e f Did not ais camp . Owing to the quantity o snow

29 ° ’ tt e oo r or ns r nt Li l W d Rive . W k s pla appa e ly wer e to go to the s ources of the oo er t en cr os s to th t or f th on - P e e s o e . P C . W d Riv , h a a f k Salm . . 1 5 2 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

e ar r which still app s on the mountains , it is app ehended be we would not able to pass , and if we could pass that the small c reeks could not yet be hunted ; we have the re r rr r the re fo e defe ed c ossing the mountains for p sent, i but intend to p roceed a little to the southward whe re o e for ou r r e e we will find go d f eding ho ses , and xp ct to e r get a few beave r . P e rhaps we may find anoth r oad ’ r by Read s River to c oss the mountains . The head of ’ ” 1 Read s River is not known to have ever been trapped

be r r . by whites , and is said to ich in beave The peo r r r e r ple visited thei t aps . Fo ty b ave and one otter n r take . The most of the people up the iver took up r thei traps .

1 0. e e r . THURSDAY [May] Cloudy, cold w ath

” 1 ’ - o t t T s was r ood Re ad s Rive n S u h fork of he B oi s e . hi a ve y g be er s tre . It w as so n e ter o n e c er in the c c av am am d af J h R ad , a l k Pa ifi stor Fur o n who c e o er n in 1 81 1 and who cco n e ( A ) C mpa y, am v la d , a mpa i d ex n er M acKenzie on his n r x e t on of 1 8 1 - ter the Al a d S ake Rive e p di i 2 3 . Af fail ure of the Astor ente rp ri s e he w as s ent out from Astoria to the mountai n s s s in th n r countr in th 1 Her hi nt r r pa e e S ake Rive y e fall of 8 1 3 . e s e i e pa ty w as m ur d er e d and thei r good s plund ere d by the B an-at-tee Indians in the - - te l of 1 8 1 . B an at tee w as nt for th nnoc s T e ere la fal 3 me a e Ba k . h y w r e ount n n Tuknoik a r t r o s ox es or o ee E e s . See s C ally m ai S ak , , Sh p a R , ’ Columb a R v er 2 2- Fr anchere s N a rra t v e 1 820 2 1 -1 6 os s Or e on i i , i , 5 7 ; i ( ) 4 ; R , g - - - - Settlers 2 6 280 Ir n As tor a 1 8 6 2 6 . ese B an at tee In , 7 ; vi g, i ( 3 ) ii, 54 Th “ ns ere br nc of the n e In ns no n as the o ber of oun dia w a a h S ak dia , k w R b M ” - tai n n es . See os s F ur H unters 2 2 0 2 . At . 2 8 Or e on S ak R , , i , 49 5 , 57 p 7 , g “ ” tt r o - Th str is re erre to Se le s s s u s t e the Do rib tr e . e e , R d b h m g ib am f d by ’ os s as e s i er ib . 1 8 . It is now no n as the o se er . R R id R v , id , 9 , 9 k w B i Riv ot M acK enzie an d e bu t ous es in the c n t in 1 8 1 2- os s B h R ad had il h vi i i y 3 , R , r n t O eg o Se tlers , 278 . Th B oi s e River is c alle d Rous s ie River in Min utes of Council of 1 83 5 . e ’ n ame Boi s e is various ly s pe lled in e a r ly j ourn als and the Hud son s Bay C om n ort at the out of the r er e rs as For t o s s e For t o s s and pa y f m h iv app a B i , B i i ,

Fort B or s sie in the n utes of ounc for 1 8 1 8 0 a nd 1 8 . It is s Mi C il 39 , 4 , 43 aid that the s tr e am w a s given its p r esent n ame by m embe rs of Captain B onne ’ ville s ex pediti on fr om the exclamati ons of the Can adian-Fr ench members “ ” Les bo s l es bo s ! Vo es les bois ! - on ccount of the ux ur nt r o t i , i y a l ia g w h of poplar s along the s tre am - a welcome s ight to the men who had s tr uggled - w . r u us t s of s brus countr . s . L th o gh d y mile age h y .

1 54 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

1 6 . r r WEDNESDAY [May] Sto my weathe . r e The r r Did not ais camp . people visited thei t aps , r e r e r r and seve al w e out s tting mo e . Twelve beave

e . the e e tak n Some of peopl w nt ahead . 1 r THURSDAY [May] 7. Fine weathe . r e e e e r r Did not ais camp . The p opl took up th i t aps , as we mean to raise camp and p rocee d ac ross the moun ’ r o rr r tains to Read s Rive t mo ow. Eleven beave and one r elk e r r otte taken , some and a black tail d e we e killed .

1 8 r . FRIDAY [May] . Fine weathe r r r r Raised camp and p oceeded fou hou s , fou teen

e . W . r mil s N N . ac oss the mountains , and encamped on ’ “ r r r a small fo k which falls into Read s Rive . The oad for r r r a mountain p etty good , but in places the e we e banks of snow and thick woods which we re difficult to r d o r pass . F om the height of lan , the mountains t wa ds ’ the head of Re ad s Rive r appea r still deeply cove red r r r r with snow, and the count y altogethe appea s ve y h r t e r . mountainous . All hands out with t aps Th ee r beave taken . r h R 1 . t e SATU DAY [May] 9 Fine weathe , cold in night . W r o W . . our tw r . Continued oute hou s , seven miles N ’ to on e of the p rincipal fo rks of Read s Rive r which ? ” r r r N N r r r he e uns f om . E We c ossed anothe fo k of a r smalle r size which falls in f rom the N . The e is anoth e r la rge fo rk fa rthe r down which falls in f rom ? ” W r r e r the N . Pa t of the way today the oad was v y

e r r . bad , v y stony lying th ough thick woods The coun

29 4 - o ree cros s the ount ns to r r ee . . E . R. Up Will w C k, a m ai T ail C k J 29 5 - tt o ou E E . R. he s . s . . . Li l e Sm ky. Sh ld J 3 93 i o - B . . R . g Sm ky. J E 29 7 S t or o s — R R ou h f k B i e Riven J . THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 1 5 5

r o try is ve y mountainous , in places thickly w oded , and in places destitute of timbe r. All hands visited the r - r e traps . Thi ty six beave taken besides ninete n b rought by seven men who have been absent a few r r nights down the ive . The people complain that e r are e r r for r beav v y sca ce , a new count y which this M r r r r e r . may be conside ed to be . The t appe s und 29 8 Ross [we re h e re] eight years ago but d escended the r r e set r ive imm diately, and did not stop to t aps , no other w a e r e hites r known to have eve pass d this way. The Indians f requently rep res ent the he ad of this river as r r e r O ur being ve y ich in b ave . object is to get to them , but f rom the appea rance of the country we will p rob difli cul r ably have much ty . The Indians f om whom some info rmation might be obtained are so much af raid r ro that they cannot be p evailed on to app ach the camp . One of the men found fou r of them in the rocks yeste r e e re r day, but th y would not come to the camp . Th we e o r on r some the s seen , but they fled app oach of the peo are r ple . The men directed to use eve y means to dis r pell thei app rehens ions . M r r a 20. e r . SUNDAY [ y] Thund , showe y weathe

r r r r . r e The wate in the ive ising Did not ais camp . Some o f the people towa rds the mountains are d esiring e fi . ve to find a road to pass F . Pay tte found Snake two r Indians in the mountains , of whom he p evailed r upon to accompany him to the camp . F om th es e we

29 3 ex n er os s c er of the or n c c stor Fur o n Al a d R , a l k igi al Pa ifi ( A ) C mpa y ’ who enter e the e o of the Nort est an d Hu s on s o n e s and d mpl y hw d Bay C mpa i , the ut or of A ventur es o the F rs t S ettl ers on the C olumb a R v er a nd a h d f i i i , Fur H unters o the F ar W es t ot e n t the e r fur tr n nte r f , b h d ali g wi h a ly adi g e r s in t i tr p i es he Col umbia Rive r bas in . H s adi ng ventur e i nto the S n ake River country a nd wes tern Montan a in 1 824 is r elated in volume ii of the

tter oo on . 8 . See s o Ore on H stor c oc et ua r terl xiv la b k pp 7 al g i i al S i y Q y, , no - w . 4. . s . L . ' 1 56 J OURNAL OF JOHN WORK l ea rn e d that the only pass in the mountains is by the r o h r h fo k t t e westwa rd . That on the othe side of t e mountain ther e is an extensive t rack of plain country e - r The we are w ll stocked with beave . fork on which encamped takes its wate rs in the mountains not far f rom

re r r e r . he , whe e it is fo m d by sundry b anches Nine e r beav taken .

2 1 . r r . MONDAY [May] Cloudy, fai weathe r e r r the Did not ais camp , in o de to allow people time e r r e r e The to take up th i t aps . Nine b ave tak n . two Snakes who we re b rought to the camp yeste rday we re r r r kindly t eated , and eceived little p esents , with which e re e r r accom they w much pl ased . They etu ned today r r p anied by two mo e men and th ee women . These also r e re e e eceiv d little p s nts . The account th y give of the e r r r road and b ave acco ds with that given yeste day. r They p omise to accompany us , and point out the r passes in the mountains . We had an ala m of Black feet but it tu rns out to be nothing . fin r 22 . e . TUESDAY [May] Cloudy, weathe r - r Raised camp and ma ched one and one half hou s , e r r five mil s W . ac oss a point of hills to the weste n 29 9 fo rk wh e re w e encamped to await the Indians who r p romise d to join us he e . M a 2 r r r weath WEDNESDAY [ y] 3 . Sto my, athe cold

Did not raise camp . The Indians not coming to join two men us as they p romised I took of the young , and d re r w e but fle . ent to find th m , they had On tu ning r re e f om whe they had been enc'amp d one of the young e r r and foun d e men took anoth oad , two of th m but could not p revail upon th em to accompany him , and

299 i o - R South fork of B oi se ne a r j uncti on of B g Sm ky J . E . .

1 5 8 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

r rr r tu n tomo ow . Sent afte the Indians today again in o rde r to b ring one of them to the camp to point out the r or e oad, let him be willing not, but th y had fled from r r e r not asce r whe e they we e yest day, and it could be tained whe re they had gone . 2 e r r r FRIDAY [May] 5 . Show y afte pa t of the day, he e and heavy thunde r in t ev ning . e off e r r e re The men who w nt y ste day eturn d , and port that they found a passable road ac ross the mountains but r w the e is still a good deal of sno . On the opposite side the re is a p retty extensive valley with a numbe r of small r r the r rive s issuing f om mountains , which eunite and 3 02 re he fo rm a p re tty la rge st am in t plain below . They h r r . set thei t aps last night, and caught eac two beaver R A Ma 26 r SATU D Y [ y] . Cloudy, cold weathe . r e the r e one - r P oce ded up iv r two and half hou s , sev “ 3

. W . the e r the e en miles N N . to nt ance of d file , the road r r ugged and hilly and mostly th ough thickets of woods , the rive r is too high to c ross or w e would find a good road on the opposite bank . a r th r SUNDAY [May] 27. He vy ain in e afte part f he o t day.

r e-d e r i n Sta t a littl afte daylight the morning, and r the n five - r c ossed mou tain and one half hou s , sixteen h r . . e t e r miles N . N E In asc nding oad pa t of the way ve ry stony and nea rly cove red up with fallen wood . The snow on the height of land and both sides of it two- r r e compose about the thi ds of the days jou n y, on descending we found pa rt of the way ve ry woody and 3 04 r r e r the r mi y . F om the badn ss of the oad and slippe

3 02 - on r . P C P e . Salm Riv . . 3 03 - out or o s r . R S h f k B i e Rive J . E . . 3 04 - V enn and o n r R. Up i a d w Smiley C eeks . J . E . THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 1 59

iness the r re of snow, and ho ses sinking in it f quently, r this was a fatiguing day both on ho ses and men . The e e r s e r vall y app a s of con id able extent, the hills on both e r e w sid s of it pa tially clothed with pin , the plain belo r the r r is clea of wood , along banks of the ive small stunted willows which are of too small a size to p romis e r r e r r many beave . All hands we e out s tting thei t aps . From trac es obse rve d it appea rs the Ame ricans with e r som F[lat] head Indians passed this way last summe . A N ez P e rcés woman who is now with us was along e find r we with th m . They did not many beave . Thus find the country which we expected to find new and r is e e r o e r the o e ich n ith , and d es not answ acc unt giv n he i of it by t Ind ans . Ma 8 r he 2 . t MONDAY [ y] Heavy ain in night, show h r e r r r t e . y cold weathe du ing day Did not aise camp .

s e r o r re set. All hand visit d thei traps , and s me mo e we - r Thi rty th ree beave taken . o TUESDAY [May] 29 . N e a r a foot deep of sn w fell r r r du ing the night, but the most of it disappea ed du ing

the day. Di r d . e r not aise camp The peopl visited thei traps . e r e r Sixte n beave and one ott taken .

0 . r WEDNESDAY [May] 3 Fine weathe . Di no d t r e . e ais camp The p ople out at their traps . e e e r Sev nteen b av taken . 1 THURSDAY [May] 3 . Raw cold weather. e r e r r Rais d camp , and p oceed d fou hou s , fifteen miles 3 05 W he r e r . . . t r e r o r N N down iv . Fou b ave and ne otte

. r fin e r taken The oad good , a plain along the rive , r hills pa tially wooded on both sides .

e I . e e e r FRIDAY [Jun ] Fin w ath .

3 05 Do n — on r . P. C P w Salm Rive . . 1 60 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

o e our r the r er r C ntinu d oute down iv two hou s , seven W W e e r w are . miles . now know whe e It is on the e r M r re r r . e h ad of the Salmon Rive . Ross tu n d f om 3 06 r e r r e r he e nine y a s ago , and descended the iv . Some he r r two r e r of t hunte s went a day o jou n y fa the r on . R 2 e e r SATU DAY [June] . Fine w ath . Raised camp and p roc eeded two and th ree -fou rths 3 07 r e W r r The e hou s , ten mil s . up anothe fo k . vall y r r r t e for swampy. The ive appa en ly w ll adapted beav e r yet there is no app e a rance of any eve r having been The fir in it. hills on both sides wooded with . The r r e r r r e e p incipal iv uns to the no th . Tw lv men went e r o r M r ah ad to a fo k which had s me beave in it when .

e re are r r rr . Ross pass d he , they to etu n tomo ow e r r SUNDAY [Jun ] 3 . Fine weathe fo enoon , a violent e r r r thund sto m , with a squall of wind and heavy ain afternoon . r for Did not aise camp , waiting the men who went e e r e m e r e r r . ah ad yeste day. Th y tu n d The A icans

‘ r hunted the fo rk they went to visit last yea r. A pa ty of Snakes consisting of th ree men and th ree women ou r r r came to camp , and t aded some leathe with the e e e are so fr e e the s O p ople . Th s not ight n d as la t nes e i we saw, th y have encamped along s de of us , but we are able to obtain no satisfacto ry info rmation from them e r r r a re be f or eith as to whethe any beave to ound , the e re he e r e pass s whe t mountains can b c oss d . fin e e r MONDAY [June] 4. Cloudy, weath . e r e r Rais camp and p oc eded two hou s , seven miles

’ 3 06 ex n er os s s rt in 1 82 c e nto the on er le Al a d R pa y, 4, am i Salm Riv val y ere r o the ood er s s n ne r G en and es cen e the h f m Big W Riv , pa i g a al a d d d - on er on r eturn o . . R Salm Riv h me J . E . 3 07 e o r - E R Up M ad w C eek . J . . .

1 6 2 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

our r e r o r W Continued jou n y th ee h u s , nine miles . 3 “ along a swamp and down a steep hill to a rive r which ’ 3 1 2 r r r r uns to the southwa d, it is a fo k of Payette s Rive .

r r e r . r The oad th ough thick woods , and v y bad Ve y r r e e r e r little g ass for the ho s s . Th e hav been beave er r r are now or e h e some yea s ago but the e few non . m r r Went to the ountains on discove y, g eat deal of snow. r r e Fou beave tak n . 8 r FRIDAY [June] . Fine weathe . ou r e o r r r Continued journ y d wn the rive th ee hou s , e r eight mil s S . Road swampy, th ough thick woods , fal

e r . e r e l n timbe Eleven beav taken . Found a littl plain p retty good feeding for the ho rses . r r SATURDAY [June] 9 . Cloudy, ve y heavy ain to e wa rds ev ning. r r r - P oceeded down the ive one and one half hours , r r fou miles , and encamped on a little fo k with swampy ”3 banks p retty clea r of wood in o rde r to find bette r B for r . r . t. feeding the ho ses Fou men , A Finlay, Gad

i re . . r p , C Plante, and F Champagne, c ossed the moun 3 1 4 t ain to the westwa rd to ano ther fork to discove r a

r one . oad . They found which will be passable Two

e r r . e b ave taken . The people out with their t aps B av e r r r r r fo me ly have been nume ous , but at p esent there ’ 3 1 5 a re r few r r ve y . This is a fo k of Read s Rive . Some our r of people ascended this fo k a few years ago , one of the men , L . Riendeau , knows the place .

1 0 . e r e r SUNDAY [June] V y h avy ain in the night, e r er r foggy show y weath du ing the day.

3 11 - D oo . R e . adw d Swamp J . E . 1 3 2 De oo e n - E R adw d Riv J . . . 3 1 3 - N ne e C r e . R i mil ek J . E . . 3 14 - tn n r . R Ligh i g C eek J . E . . “ 5 - e or ette r . E R Middl f k Pay Rive J . . . THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 1 63

The unfavo rable weathe r d ete rred us f rom raising the r e e r so r camp , t ees and bush s w e cha ged with wet that our baggage would have been completely d renched r passing th ough them . r e r MONDAY [June] 1 1 . Ve y h avy ain in the night r r and fo epa t of the day. As yeste rday the bad weathe r dete rred us f rom rais r ing c amp . S eve al of the people out hunting but with e e out success xcept Kanota who kill d an elk . Animals are e r r e re re n r v y sca c he at p se t, p obably owing to the r r snow having so lately gone off the g ound . F om the r r r appea ance of the old t acks , elk and deer we e very e r r num ous he e in the fall . 1 2 e r e r in TUESDAY [June] . V y h avy ain and the

mountain snow and sleet all day . The weathe r fai red a littl e in the mo rning and we r r r - r aised camp , and ma ched fou and one half hou s , e e W r s the r twelv mil s . ac os mountain to anothe small “ r r r e fo k . The oad ve y bad on a succ ssion of steep hills thickly wooded which with the bad weathe r ren de red this a most ha rassing and fatigui n g day both on e r e r r ad peopl and ho ses . Veg tation is much fa the an e r e r of v ced h e than on the oth side the mountain . Th wh r e men o came he re th ree days ago set thei t raps . o ea r r r S t u took fou la ge beave . r r WEDNESDAY [June] 1 3 . A pe fect pou r of ain in he r r t night and fo epa t of the day . e r e e rre r r The bad weath d t d us f om aising camp , being delaye d this way is much against us as p rovisions are e r e he eo r g tting sca c with t p ple and no beave . 1 r THURSDAY [June ] 4. A p ou of rain and sleet in the night and all day.

1 6 3 For of N n i r J e e C ee . . B R k i m l k . 1 64 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

The bad weather again dete rred us f rom raising

r our r r . camp , fo tunately ho ses have p etty good feeding e Some of the p ople out hunting but with little success . are Animals very scarce . we R 1 . r F IDAY [June] 5 Sho y during the day. Raised camp and p roceed ed down the rive r and on a range of hills to below whe re it falls into anothe r 3 1 7 r r e r w - la ge fo k , s ven hou s , t enty one miles south . The r er r r oad v y bad , th ough thick woods and ove a number of steep hills and deep gullies — whe re we encamped the woods are becoming clea r and the country much

r n our r . bette i appearance . Fine feeding for ho ses r re t r The iver here is p t y la ge . R 1 6 t SATU DAY [June] . A violent storm of hunder r r h r r and ve y heavy ain in t e night . Showe y du ing the r e r r day, heavy ain aft wa ds .

ro r r r e . P ceeded down the ive two hou s , ight miles S 3 1 8

W r . r r r S . . to the fo k He e a la ge river falls in f om a re re re the eastwa rd . Some of the men who ahead p r r r r r sent the oad along the ive as ve y bad , and a la ge

h . r fork which falls in from t e S W . olling down between steep banks so rapidly and deep that ou r c amp would be o re r e r not able t pass it. We have the fo e d te mined r r ou r r r to etu n on oad , and c oss the mountains to the r e r ou r westwa d n a last camp . Several of the people cheveau the c ountr out hunting, but only a killed, y has r a fine app ea rance for animals but they are very sca ce . r Some of the people set a few traps for beave .

e 1 r r . SUNDAY [Jun ] 7. Fai weathe r - C ossed the mountains ten hours , twenty eight miles 3 1 9 W e r W . N . . to a plain . We miss d the oad , and had a

9 1 7 or tt To middle f k Paye e . 3 1 9 r tt Mouth of middle fo k Paye e . ”9 Big flat at he ad of Willow C reek .

1 66 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

or . r i i are r r h se to eat P ov s ons becoming ve y sca ce . The e us Snake chi f paid a visit .

22 . r r FRIDAY [June] Showe y weathe . Raised camp and p roc eeded ac ross a pa rt of moun e e r t r tain woody, and down s v al hills o a fo k of Pay ’ 3 22 ette s e r two on e - r e Riv and half hou s , ight miles S . W e . ar d S . The Snak s e encampe some distanc e below the r few r us , they came to camp and t aded a oots , and e e r r exchang d s ve al ho ses with the people .

2 . e r SATURDAY [June] 3 Fin weathe . our r r - r fif Continued jou ney fou and one half hou s ,

e W . W r r r teen mil s . N . up the ive and ac oss a mountain 3 23 r o f r f r r clea woods to a fo k o the Wase Rive . The r r the mountain steep , the oad in places stony, and f om r r e m r late ain the ho s s in any places sink ve y much .

e e r . SUNDAY [Jun e ] 24. Fine w ath Continued our route down the fo rk two and one-half r e r e e r hou s , eight mil s . We we e induc d to camp a ly r e met for at the equ st of a Snake chief who us , to wait e r r r his p ople to t ade , they encamped on Wase Rive at some distance .

e r. MONDAY [June] 25 . Fine weath r Did not raise camp . A numbe of Snake Indians rr r e a ived accompanied by th e of the chiefs , and passed and r r the most of the day with us , t aded some fo ty

8 22 ’ tt s er n e ter Fr nc s ette . Little Will ow Cr eek . Paye e Riv am d af a i Pay

e ex n er os s ette or e er . F ur H unters 8 . Call d by Al a d R , Pay Middl Riv , ii , 9 W L . 8 . . 3 23 e r ee or of the e s er of to . V r ous s e e in e r Cav C k, a f k W i day a i ly p ll d a ly , - d a s z- Th W us er er of ex n er os s Fur H unters 8 a nd of y e Riv Al a d R , , ii , 9 9, ’ ’ Arrowsmeth s s and of r es es of 1 8 1 . e r e r e map , Cha l Wilk map 4 Wag , Way , ’ ’ and er s i er of O e n s Journa l of 1 82 Or e on H stor c oc et Wag R v gd 7, g i i al S i y ’ r in o onel ert s uar terl x i, 62 b d . x 6 6 . The e e Q y , 3 , i i , iii, 3 Wag Riv , C l Alb ’ e of 1 8 s o s e e ner s er . r es u e to e een n map 3 5 , al p ll d Wag Riv P m d hav b am d for co W a er or er Nort estern tr er t McKenzie who a Ja b y Wag , a hw app wi h , r tr t r in 1 8 - L st e e 8 1 . w s . . fi app d h e . TH E ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 1 67

r dr r r beave , some y salmon , and changed seve al ho ses .

26 . r r TUESDAY [June] Wa m weathe . r six r tw Raised camp and p oceeded hou s , enty miles “ . . E . r r a re l S S The oad ve y stony, and hilly. We n duced to take this road as being the sho rtest to the big ' ' l l veI .

e 2 r WEDNESDAY [Jun ] 7. Fine weathe . our r - Continued jou ney five and one half hours , eigh W o r . . t teen miles S S . the Snake Rive about midway ’ e e r r betwe n Pay tte s and Wase Rive rs . The oad hilly so r r but not stony as yeste day. The people we e set to r r wo k immediately and made a skin canoe, to c oss the

r r is not et d r . r e r is r ive , but it y y The iv ve y high , and f rom the steepness of the banks it is difficult to find a r good landing place to c ross the ho ses . Some of the rr r r r people went to a ba ier of Wase Rive , and t aded a n ar r few salmo . They e ve ry acceptable in ou p resent r of sca city food .

R r r . THU SDAY [June] 28. Sto my pa t of the day It was some time in the mo rning b efo re the canoe was dr for rv y and fit se ice, it was kept busily employed all r r e are day afterwa ds , yet not mo e than half the p ople ro m r e r r ac ss . At the sa e time the ho ses w e c ossed , and much difficulty we had getting th em into the wate r at

ff re e t a re r the di e nt tim s , about twen y still to c oss , all effo rts of the p eople could not get th em d riven into the r e wate though assisted by Snake Indians . Som of the the e the r people went to Snak camp in mo ning, and r e r t aded some and a f w d ried salmon . Seve al of the

n e r e few e r I dians cam to the camp , and t ad d a b ave and o some ther a rticles . e 2 r r FRIDAY [Jun ] 9 . Weathe as yeste day .

3 “ oul b w o n s r r e s . s . e e e . Sh d . d w W i Riv 1 68 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

w a All this day s occupied crossing the baggage . are r r of Some of the people yet to c oss . The emainder ’ the ho rses we re got ac ross except one of the company s r r r mules which was d owned in the t ave se .

T R . SA U DAY [June] 3 0. Fine weather o in r The rest of the people got acr ss the mo ning , the ’ B udard s [B urdolis] family were crossing the last voy a e e e e six e in g wh n the cano swamp d , p ople who were it i diflicul t e r the w th y gain d the sho e, not withstanding our s r t ass istance of some of people , ome of the p oper y ff r o . o was ec vered but a good deal lost Sent eight men ,

r . D . t u C Plante as head of the pa y, F Champagne , J .

i l l . e bruill . u n ta . r , L Q , C Ri ndeau , A Masson , P G ell , Re hn r r and J . y , to hunt up the ive Mathon . The 3 26 r S lvank r r head of the iver y , and six fo ks of the iver

- chutes . They have twenty four days to reach the r r fort . Raised camp and p oceeded down the iver, two

- one . and half hours march , eight miles e h SUNDAY [July] 1 . Excessive h avy rain in t e night r and forepa t of the day. r It was midday befo e we could raise camp , when we continued our route down the rive r and ac ross a point

25 “ ” ’ 3 ur r in Th n ortun t er of n s The Malhe Rive Oregon . e U f a e Riv Ogde

Journal 1 826 Ore on H stor c oc et ua rterl x . Mr . G eor e H. , , g i i al S i y Q y, , 3 54 g H es s ecret r of the Ore on Hi stor c l oc et who c e at t is im , a y g i a S i y, amp d wha now V e Ore on in u ust 1 8 r ec lls an old Fr enc tr er s t t n al , g , A g , 5 3 , a h app a i g “ ” “ t t the r er w as n e eur on ccount of s o e e r s ortune ha iv am d Malh a m a ly mi f , “ ” “ ” os s of oo s c c e or bad ter encountere b the rst tr l g d a h d away, wa d y fi ap ers on th s tr m — W L e s . . p al g e a . ’ 3 26 o nto th D s c ut h nt nt on as to l nt s Sylvi e fl ws i e e h es . T e i e i w have P a e party tr ap up the Malhe ur River and cr os s over to the water s of Crooked River ( which flows i nto the Deschutes ) for further tr apping and then p ro - c d rect to Fort N z rc in th o u b . T c . . ee di ly e Pe é e C l m ia . E 3 27 T t is the rt rocee e o n n e er on the est n to ha , pa y p d d d w S ak Riv al g w ba k the well known place n ame d Old s Ferry and then cros s ed over the bills to n T a th u r ut o th urnt er at Hu t n ton Or e on . s w s e re r o e f e B Riv i g , g hi g la - in t r r T. . . Oregon Tr ail la e ye a s . C E

1 70 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

terda . r r r y Eight beave taken today, and seve al mo e t r e r e traps se . The iv has be n not long since hunted by r are r are r the Indians , beave sca ce , and what few ve y

lean .

R 6 r . F IDAY [July] . Fine weathe

ro r r W W . Raised camp and p ceeded up the ive . S . r r - o r r eleven miles , th ee and th ee f u ths hou s . The peo r r O ne r ple out with thei t aps . beave taken . R r SATU DAY [July] 7. Fine weathe . Did not raise camp on account of Payette having to ’ 8 3 1 r r examine the oad ac oss the mountain to Day s River . r r r One beave and one otte taken , the hunte s out and r are few killed th ee blacktail deer, there a animals ’ r r along the mountain . Gilbe t s ho se missing, not known w o r hether st len or st ayed .

8 . r SUNDAY [July] Fine weathe . R ro e aised camp and p ceed d five hours , fifteen miles ? ”

. W W . S across the mountain to a small plain on a small stream which we suppose falls into the southe rn ’ r r r r r fo k of Day s Rive . We kept fa the to the no th than the usual road in o rde r to avoid a steep mountain

fi o - r r which is dif cult t pass . The oad th ough thick woods and in places hilly and th rough woods but not

r . Sote aux ve y thick One of the men , , went to take up r r rr his t aps in the mo ning, and has not yet a ived at the r camp . It is conjectu ed he has gone ahead , and fallen upon the rive r which is supposed to be close too an d set ' r or r or dee r his t aps , pe haps has killed some elk , and

’ 3 3 1 o n D o Da wa s ro e ere the In ns J h ay s River of Oreg n . y bb d h by dia i 1 8 1 1 - w n . . s L . . 3 2 3 It is impos s ible to follow clos ely the road tr aveled among the streams ’ and ount ns of th t r r o o n D s er ul - he r m ai e h ee fo ks f J h ay Riv J y 7 1 7. T i ’ guide had evidently been with Peter Skene Ogden s party in the wi nter of - -' 1 82 6 s ee Ore on H stor c oc et uarterl vol . 1 0. r C. E . 5 ; g i i al S i y Q y, . THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 1 7 1

l Des and . was too late to come to the camp . J . , and L e r e Riendeau ach killed a ho s to eat . r MONDAY [July] 9 . Showery, very heavy ain in the r afte noon . Raised camp and p roceeded down the little fo rk which is now become p retty la rge th ree and th re e

W . r r r r e e W . . fou ths hou s , lev n miles S The oad th ough occcasional e woods and little plains , in plac s stony and ’ the e our e bad upon horses feet . Payett , who is guid suspects we have fallen upon the head of the no rth r e r r r b anch of the riv . It was winte and eight yea s a o r r the g when he passed , and cannot emember clea ly r oad . We found a family of mountain Snakes , three r e six r e men and thei wiv s and child n , and had a few r e r f esh salmon from the m and two beave r. They sp a s o r the alm n along the rive . Some of the men out with r r e the traps . The e has been a chance of beave but th e r " Indians hav t aps and have been taking them . The r r people can give us no info mation , we cannot unde Soteaux e r . 0 t stand them N news of y , he p obably has r r fallen on the south fo k , and may pe haps be waiting for us .

1 0. r r TUESDAY [July] Showe y weathe , very heavy r rain in the mo ning. Owing to the bad weather it was near noon when we raised camp and p roceeded down the rive r th re e and - r W The r r r one half hou s , ten miles . ive becoming la g ’ e r e r tho e as we advanced, but no beav , in som places it r e e appea s w ll adapt d for them . The road th rough woods and small plains and p retty good though hilly e r and stony in plac s . Passed th ee mo re families of the w r Indians , only omen and children we e in the huts , 1 72 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

r off r the men we e hunting. The people t aded a few r So eaux t . roots f om them . has not yet come up

1 1 . r r WEDNESDAY [July] Showe y weathe . ‘ r ar r d fo Did not aise camp . We e becoming ala me r o e aux has r the safety of S t . He time if he emained to or the r to hunt missed oad have found it, and come up r Paul r with us now. Sent fou men , J . , Gilbe t Ross , Gadi re t e r r . o e W p , and Pinet, seek him . Th y etu n d late in the evening, without having seen anything of

. to our 8 him They went camp of the evening of the . One of them struck across to within sight of anothe r r r fo k which we suppose to be the south b anch .

R 1 2 r . THU SDAY [July] . Showery weathe r off the Did not aise camp . Sent men , Faul , Pearce , r Soteaux h are r r and Smith , to seek afte . T ey o de ed to r r e to go on whe e he was fi st missing, to s arch dili

if . gently, and see they can find any mark of him They r r t are fu nished with good ho ses , and will have plen y . of time to come up with us . R 1 r r r F IDAY [July] 3 . Showe y,ve y heavy ain with r thunder in the afte noon . Raised camp and p roceeded down the river one and

- h r W . W . r one half ou s , five miles S . , and then st uck r - ac oss the foot of the mountains two and one half hours , W r r S . . , eight miles . The oad along the rive stony and r hilly. Along the mountain the oad hilly but not many stones . R 1 r r e SATU DAY [July] 4. Showe y du ing the day, v ry r heavy rain in the mo ning. The bad weather dete r red f rom raising camp till

r r r r r W . nea noon , p oceeded and ma ched fou hou s , five r r r miles to a smalle rive , he e we found the river so

1 74 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

Continued ou r route out of the woods and down a 3 3 3 r e r the f r one- r fif little iv in plain ou and half hou s , e e the ro r te n mil s , ad pa t of the way stony . 1 h r THURSDAY [July] 9 . Fine weat e . ' Came ahead of the camp with a few men an d after e r r r r h f r r twelv hou s ha d iding e ached t e o t. Whe e we o n M r r e r Pambrum e f u d . Pa k [ ] . The men who l ft

I . e r rr e me on the inst Butte Riv have a ived . Th y ot no e has rr e g b aver . Plante also a iv d , but his party

a re et e . e r y b hind Th y also got no beaver wo th while , r e r e r r r they tu n d back f om the h ad of ive Malheu , and the did not pass distance they even decided . They r r e r we e af aid of not having tim , and became discou n r e r e aged not findi g beave . The r po t we hav among the Snakes regarding our men who desc ended Salmon r e r r e r Rive b ing d owned , unfo tunat ly tu ns out to be too

e . s e r r d . tru , M Plante and A . Dumoi w e d owne L .

B ia sonette . re s r s and I . J we walking a ho e heir n and r r t tur c . , and es aped eached the fo t Quite naked

3 3 3 Via ot oc Or e on and to the t er be o en eton Pil R k, g , Uma illa Riv l w P dl , - ' r r of x and an s l . E and f om there to Fort Ne z Pe cé by way Heli V yc e r . C . . 3 3 4 B ncr o t r e s Pambr in Pambrum who is e ent the erson a f MS . ad [ ] vid ly p

i 1 Mr . err e e nt as Mr . r er not s t rt on h s tr unt 8 . m a , Pa k did a ip il 3 5 Pi C r solo ue P ambr um c er and c e tr e r ose n e e r s as num y g , a l k hi f ad wh am app a - ber s 1 1 8 and 1 on the sts for the e rs 1 821 . He w as Fr enc 7 , 977, 9 3 li y a 4 a h Can adian and held a commi s s ion in the Can adian forces d uri ng the W a r n ter th co t on of 1 8 1 2 and afterwar d s j oi ned the Northwest Compa y. Af e ali i ’ h n H w as with the Hud s on s Bay Company he c ame west of t e mountai s . e ’ s tati oned at Stuart s Lake in 1 825 ; at the Babine s in 1 830 ; and c ame to the o u er str ct in 1 8 1 in c e r he w as r e -en e as c e r C l mbia Riv di i 3 , whi h y a gag d a l k

at £ 1 00 e r . He w as st t one at For t Ne z e rc or in a y a a i d P é , Walla Walla

1 8 1 s ucce e n rc McKinle a nd cont nue t ere unt his e th. 3 , di g A hibald y , i d h il d a He became a chi ef tr ad er in 1 840 a nd is frequently mentioned by the mem bers of the t n s s on es t s e in his ne bor oo . He w as Whi ma Mi i , abli h d igh h d t n ure 1 1 1 8 1 b e n t ro n ro ors e c he w as fa ally i j d , May , 4 , y b i g h w f m a h whi h ’ r n t cor In n s on . The cor c e out of the ors e s out idi g wi h a d , dia fa hi d am h m h,

a nd c us e th c H w as tt n e Dr . rcus t n at his a d e ac id ent. e a e d d by Ma Whi ma - e t bed . He w as bur at Fort ncou r . W s . L. d a h i ed Va ve . THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 1 75

Eve rything th ey had being in the canoe was lost. The unfo rtunate acc ident happ en ed wh en they we re just get r the sur ting out of the bad oad . How it happened i ors as see v v could not tell they did not it, but found e rr the paddles . The canoe it s ems was too small to ca y e r e all th i baggage and thems lves , and they walked r r the along thei tu n about. They had been descending rive r mo re than thi rty days and notwithstanding the e e account we had he a rd of beave r th y found none . Som N ez Pe rcés Indians whom th ey fell in with afte r the r r s r r the misfo tune , t eated the u vivo s with utmost kind s nes .

in e r. FRIDAY [July] 20. F weathe ’ r rr Some mo e of Plante s pa rty a ived .

R 2 1 e . SATU DAY [July] . Fine weath r

F . Payette and the people whom I left behind two rr days ago a ived .

r . SUNDAY [July] 22 . Fine weathe ’ o the o or Empl yed , settling accounts of pe ple s h ses ,

. r r . traps , etc , sto ing bye thei baggage r MONDAY [July] 23 . Fine weathe . Employed as yeste rday and had the boats cleaned out for ready gumming. 2 e e e r TUESDAY [July] 4. Fin w ath . the r re Finished gumming boats , and p epa d every r fo r thing to sta t r Vancouve tomo rrow . r r WEDNESDAY [July] 25 . Emba ked ea ly in the r r r o for r mo ning thi ty men and thei b ats Vancouve , and ’ e r r encamped in the vening nea Day s Rive .

R 26 . e e r THU SDAY [July] Fine w ath . Continued our cou rse e a rly in the mo rning pass ed e r e r ee few the Chut s and the Dalles po tag , and p oc ded a 1 76 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK miles down the rive r and put asho re for supper and r men to d ive all night . r r FRIDAY [July] 27. D ove all night and eached the e r r rr cascad s ea ly in the mo ning, and a ived at Van r r couve in the afte noon .

HORSES 1 83 2

r r . W Sta ted f om W . with Traded du ring the voyage

Lost in the N ez Pe rcés Mountains or Gave up died on the way in do .

Stolen by Blackfeet du ring the voyage r Killed do . du ing the voyage Died du ring the winter o r Gave up lost etc . Exchanged two for one Sold Killed to eat

Retu rned with

Not account[ed] for

3 29 Kill ed du ring the voyage three hund red and nine buf

falo .

1 78 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

r e r t r shall be so fo tunat this t ip , I am now just s a ting for r r e the bo de s of the Blackfoot and F[lat] h ad lands , a much mo re dange rous pa rt of the country than e r rt for wh [ich] we passed last y a , my pa y is too weak the r r e re unde taking, but f om the sickn ss p vailing at Vancouver no mo re men could be spa red but as this is the only qua rte r now whe re there Is a likelihood of r making anyt hing we must try. The count y to the southwa rd is ruined so m-uch that little or nothing is to be done in it — an inte rmittent feve r was raging at Van r h n e r r ff couve w [e ] I l ft . This scou ge was car ying o the f w r s e e r e w etched natives who had e cap d it last y a , it had also attacked seve ral of the people about the estab lishmen r t. My people did not escape it. Seve al of e r e r so them w e taken ill , and som of them emain badly to e r are that I am obliged leave them h e , as they not r r er able to p roceed , this I much eg et as my numb s at r r e fi st we e too w ak . r r Befo e this eaches you , you will have had all the m e r r Colu bia news , I n ed the efore not t ouble you on this subject. r e re Wishing you my eve y mann r of happiness , I r sir r e r r main my dea , You s sinc ely and t uly, “ a JOHN WoRK E R JOHN MCLEOD SO .

3 3 ° Or n in n n rc s igi al Ca adia A hive . L e tte r fr om J ohn Wor k to E dw a r d E r ma tinger

1 8 2 FORT VANCOUVER, 5 August 3 R E rr MY DEA DWD. On a ival from the Snake coun try a few days ago I was much gratified by the receipt r e e em r of you two most welcom , highly ste ed , and inte e e r 8 r 1 8 0 esting l tt s dated 4 August and Decembe 3 . It gives me particula r pleasu re to h e a r that you we re hearty and well and had at last fai rly got under way in busin e ss with good reason to ente rtain hop es of suc ce din m r e g well . You will no doubt y f iend meet with difli cul ties e r n un some , and xpe ie ces , some vexing and r r at en towa d occu rences the commencement, let me r o e o r r e r t eat you not to all w thes t discou age you , pe sev e and the re is no doubt p rudence and assid'uity will ’ r eventually command success . Heaven s g ant that the time may soon come that you r succ e ss may equal you r most sanguine expectations . I am happy in being able r h and am to info m you that I enjoy good healt , yet blessed with the possession of my scalp which is rathe r r r e r mo e than I had eason to xpect . This last my f iend has e r r t r re e been a sev e yea s du y on me , all my pe seve nc and fo rtitude we re sca rcely sufficient to bea r up against r e r the dange , mis y, and consequent anxiety to which I fi s the r was exposed . My dif cultie commenced at ve y f e e e r he o fset, on l aving this plac the f ve attacked t peo ple and they fell off so fast that every boat was like an re hospital , and I ally thought at one time that I would not be able to reach N [ez ] Pe rcés howeve r at last I got 1 80 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

that length , where I left a few of the sickest of the men r r r diflicul and p oceeded on my oute , and afte unusual ties in c rossing the mountains by a n ew road we a rrived r r r r on the bo ders of the Blackfoot count y, these ba ba ians immediately fell upon us and allowed us no respite r but kept continually hanging ound us . We had dif ferent battles with them which I regret we re attended with bloodshed on sund ry occasions but six men and an

re . the r Indian killed , and some mo wounded On thi rieth Janua ry we had a ha r d battle with a powe rful r t pa ty of hem , on this occasion I received a slight r wound in the arm . Seve al of the scoundrels fell also . r w as They were so nume ous I able to make no hunt. I have not had the ple asu re of seeing Frank [E rmating er r ez ] , but had a letter f om him , he had left N [ ] r e r rr e Pe cés a few days b fo e I a ived , he t lls me he did n r M r r r err ot . ag ee well with He n [F ancis H on , chief r t r r trade ] at Colville last win e , and he had a se ious

M r r . dispute with . Black du ing the summer He has given me ve ry little news f rom my old quarters Col

r r r . ville . The e is a g eat change he e since you left You would be astonished to see the quantity of ground under cultivation and the immense c rops which they r have, the season has been favou able . The vessels are M r n r employed to the no rthwa rd unde r . Ogde [Pete r r r few Skene Ogden , Chief Facto ] who is p ocu ing a r s r r r beave skins at mo t exorbitant p ice , the e is a ve y

r . M r . n st ong opposition [Dunca ] Finlayson , now a re off C . F . came in he last fall , he is now on a voyage to the islands so I have not had the pleasu re of seeing

r ur Dr . him . It appea s o worthy chief the [John Mc r re Loughlin] leaves us in the sp ing, which I much r e gret . He continues as assiduous as eve to ev ry

O rigi n al Le tte rs o f Jo h n W o rk to E dw ard E rm a ti n ge r

1 e r 2 1 828 ( ) Colvill , Janua y , .

2 e r 28 1 82 . ( Colvill , Ma ch , 9

r 1 1 8 0. ( 3 ) Flat Heads , Ma ch 9 , 3 8 2 r e r 1 . ( 4) Fo t Vancouv , August 5 , 3 r r r r 2 1 8 Fo t Vancouve , Feb ua y 4, 3 4. r r 1 1 8 Columbia Rive , Decembe 3 , 34.

r 1 1 8 6 . Columbia River, Janua y , 3 r W r r I I 8 Fo t Simpson , N . . Coast, Feb ua y 5 , 3 7.

e r r r 1 0 1 8 8. N . W st Coast, Ame ica , Feb ua y , 3 r r 1 0 1 8 8 Fo t Simpson , Septembe , 3 . B eunee r 2 1 8 e r . Steam , Octobe 4, 3 9

r r 1 8 1 . Fo t Colville, Ma ch 5 , 4 8 1 r r 1 1 1 . Fo t Simpson , Octobe , 4 1 1 8 1 r r r . Fo t Simpson , Feb ua y 5 , 4

r r 0 1 8 2 . Fo t Colville , Ma ch 3 , 4

r n r r 6 1 8 . Fo t Simpso , Feb ua y , 44

r e r 1 1 8 6 . Vancouve , Novemb 4, 4 ll 1 1 8 6 is ua e r 0 . N q y, Janua y , 4

r e r e e r 2 1 8 . Fo t Vancouv , Nov mb 3 , 47 r o r e r 1 8 8 Fo t Vict ia , Novemb 9, 4 .

r r r 1 0 1 8 . Fo t Victo ia , Decembe , 49 r r r 1 1 8 Fo t Victo ia , Ma ch 4, 53 . r r 8 1 6 8 . Victo ia , Vancouve Island , August , 5

1 86 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

K T e of the Far W es t O . E o o s C MAN , A HARINE c n mic B ginning l New or 2 o es . ( Y k, v um Cov E s E OTT E tor M s r o r als Of le er . d . t d , LLI ( i ) anu c ip J u n A xan e r Fur r der of the ort w est o d of d H n y, T a N h C mp any an Davi o s o Oflicial eo r er d E orer of the s e com Th mp n, G g aph an xpl am 1 - 1 8 1 New L t on the E rl s tor of the p any, 799 4. ( igh a y Hi y

ort wes t New or ol es . N h , Y k, 3 v um f Cox Ros s . d e t res on ol R er d rr t e o , A v n u C umbia iv , inclu ing na a iv res idence of s ix years on eas tern s ide of Rocky Mountains ( New or Y k, l - O O . s e S t E or t o s d the DALE , HARRIS N CLIFF RD A h y mi h xpl a i n an

s o er of e tr Ro te to the ac le el d Di c v y a C n al u P ific ( C v an , Particula r ly valuable for the oper ati on s of the Rocky Mountai n Fur Com n pa y. N rt w er e e V O OR O . o es t o DA IDS N , G D N CHARLES h C mpany ( B k l y, ers t of for i Publications in H is tor In Univ i y Cali n a y ,

volume vii . t n r h o t r o n The s a da d account of t e N r hwest Fu C mpa y. The ere r e E lor t o i o L E . d s d D sc v DE AND, CHARLES V n y xp a i n an

er es . So t ot H is torical Coll ections ol e . i In u h Dak a , v um vii The so Its os t o ros O . d o d D DDS , JAMES Hu n Bay C mp any, p i i n an p ects S st e of dd ress de ered to s re o ders 1 866 Lon p , ub anc a liv ha h l , ( on d ,

r hi r O V . o r e t d o s d s t D UGLAS , DA ID J u nal k p by Davi D ugla u ing av els ort er 1 82 -1 82 Lo do s ed uh in N h Am ica, 3 7 ( n n , Publi h der he d r o r t i ections Of the R yal Hort icultu al Society.

P e r M o r t r o e . DRI s W . s . ss s o S t , ANDRE Pap In i u i Hi ical ci y The d es t : Its d s o er the e r O . W S DUGAS , GE RGE Cana ian i c v y by i u de L ere dr e its de e o e t the fur tr d o a es a V n y , v l pm n by a ing c mp ni dow to the e r 1 822 Mo tre l r s ted from the n y a ( n a , T an la r F ench . err r d r or er O . The re o to t s t DUNN , J HN O g n T i y an B i i h N h Am i Fur Tr de l del can a ( Phi a phia, TT d T o o er d he o E O . s t d t a LLI , T. C Davi h mp n , Pa hfin , an C lumbi R er Kett e F lls W s to iv , ( l a , a hing n ,

TT The F r r de the o R er s r or E O . . u LLI , T C T a in C lumbia iv Ba in p i

to 1 8 1 1 . W s to stor So et uar terl 1 1 . In a hing n Hi ical ci y Q y , 9 5

E OTT e er e e de Fur r er re o . t S d . LLI , T. C P k n Og n , T a In O g n

s tor So et uar ter l o e . Hi ical ci y Q y , v lum xi BI BLIOGRAPHY 1 87

H TZGERALD E W . E t o of rter d Pro , JAMES D ARD xamina i n Cha an ’ ceedings of Hudson s Bay Company with reference to grant of ’ o er s s l d Lo do Vanc uv I an ( n n ,

ont n s n nte r e s t n ette r s a nd s t t st cs ot e r se un e C ai ma y i i g l a i i h wi availabl . ’ Host to th H s n ile e ud o s Bay Company.

F C . rr t e of o e to N ort wes o s RAN HERE, GABRIEL Na a iv V yag h t C a t

of er 1 8 1 1 - 1 2- 1 - 1 or the rst er s ettleme t on Am ica, 3 4, fi Am ican n the N ew or Pacific ( Y k,

e r nte in T tes E a rl W es ter n Tr a v els e e n o u e R p i d hwai , y ( Cl v la d , v l m

vi .

E Z T L. L fe d d e t res of o a o GEBHARD , LI ABE H i an A v n u J hn J c b stor ds o Y A ( Hu n , N . . , E o h 1 1 - R ss s o n t e 1 0. A O F. 6 8 c G LDER, u ian xp an i n Pacific, 4 5 count Oi the earlies t an d later expeditions made by Russ ians along the o s t of As d N ort er le el d Pacific c a ia an h Am ica ( C v an ,

T T : O O C l Re or : o e n o. 2 ts GREA BRI AIN C L NIAL OFFI E I v um i , . p

of Ye o tr e r. mfre lber oe o d o C n i S Hu y Gi t g s t iscou . C py in C a

d r es tt w t r o. na ian A chiv , O a a, On a i

GREAT BRITAIN : HOUSE OF COMMONS . Report from the S elect Committee on Aborigines ( B ritis h Settlements ) with the minutes of e e r ere he o f o videnc . O d d by t H use o C mmons to be p rinted

26 e 1 8 . Jun , 3 7

GREAT BRITAIN : HOUSE OF COMMONS . Report from the Select ’ o ttee on the dso s B a o to et er w t the ro C mmi Hu n y C mp any, g h i h p

eed s of the o ttee rdered r ted the o se of om c ing C mmi , O P in by H u C o s 1 l d 1 st 8 . m n 3 Ju y, an Augu , 5 7 R GREAT B RITAIN : COLONIAL OFFICE . eturn to an Add ress of the o o r l e The o se of om o s d ted 26 M 1 8 2 : for H n u ab H u C m n a ay, 4 C opy of the Exis tin g Charter or Gran t by the Crow n to the Hud ’ s on s Bay Comp an y : together with Cop ies or Ext racts of the Cor respon dence w hich took place at the l as t Renew al of the Chart er

etw ee the o er e t d the o or of d d s on b n G v nm n an C mp any, in ivi ual behal f of the Comp any : also the Dates of all former Charters or

r ts to t t o . Lon don rdered o se of om G an ha C mp any , O by H u C o b r d 1 8 s to e te 8 st 2 . m n p in , Augu , 4

. S t t st s of the W est at los e of e r 1 8 HALL, JAMES a i ic c y a 3 6 ( Cin cin n a i t ,

O W . o es of rt er he ort HARM N , DANIEL ILLIAMS V yag a Pa n in t N h w est o 1 800-0 do er C mpany, 5 ( An v , 1 88 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

Y X . r e s d d e t res d d the HENR , ALE ANDER T av l an A v n u in Cana a an d err tor es 1 60 d 1 6 New or In ian T i i , 7 an 77 ( Y k, CK r o M ou hlin he f O F . D cL t F t er o H LMAN , REDERI V . J hn g , a h re o le el d O g n ( C v an , ’ P Y e e t Of o o e r t t ss ffi e s . HUDSON S BAY COM AN . S a m n C mmi i n d O c

In d r es tt w t r o M 86 . Cana ian A chiv , O a a, On a i , 5 ree e rs o d Me O . s d ns JAMES , TH MAS Th y a am ng In ian an xica , by e er o s es of Mo roe o t ll o s : ed ted G n al Th ma Jam n C un y, I in i i by l Lo M sso r stor e W ter . o s St . s al So t al B D ug a ( ui , i u i Hi ic ci y, r A L OC . P. o r l of L r o e f o the ss o e to the AR QUE , J J u na a cqu m inib in ello o e 1 80 tt w E d ted L e wst . . r e Y n , 5 ( O a a, i by J Bu p in Re f he d r es o ss o p ort o t Cana ian A chiv C mmi i n .

L T T . o es t of the re t Nort wes t New AU , AGNES CHRIS INA C nqu G a h ( or Y k, L M Letter oo M s so r s tor So et ISA, ANUEL , B k, in i u i Hi ical ci y.

M CK X o es fro Mon tre r Z . l t o the A EN IE, ALE ANDER V yag m a h ugh o t e of ort A er to Froze d e s 1 8 c n in nt N h m ica n an Pacific Oc an , 7 9 W t o t of r se ro ress d res e t st te of fur tr de 93 . i h acc un i , p g , an p n a a of t t o tr Lo do Re r t 2 o es New ha c un y ( n n , p in v lum ( or Y k,

MCK Z . o r of Se o d E ed t o to the Mis EN IE , CHARLES J u nal a c n xp i i n

i r ic 1 oll ct on s ss ou i [s ] 805 in M as s on C e i . ’ MCL O o of w e t -fi e e r er h . tes v s S e t e EAN , J HN N a T n y Y a vic in ’ dso s err tor Lo do Hu n Bay T i y ( n n ,

MCL O O . o r s . In d r es tt w O u E D, J HN J u nal Cana ian A chiv , O a a, r o ta i . M L F R r eo e l o e or O O . . Les o s d a du d ASS N , UIS , B u g i C mpagni N

l me est e e 1 88 2 o s . Ou ( Qu b c, 9 v u

MO C . stor of ort er ter or of r t RI E, ADRIEN GABRIEL Hi y N h n In i B i ish o oro to C lumbia ( T n , r L 1 O of the o t west o o do 1 8 1 . ORIGIN AND PR GRESS N h C mpany, n n,

M as s on C ollection V. t Pamphle .

T SK . r ts of er d L fe d r OGDEN , PE ER ENE T ai Am ican In ian i an Cha

ter . Fur r der Lo do ac By a T a ( n n , P T d O . o es Ar es O t PA ERS RE BRI ISH C LUMBIA C pi in Cana ian chiv , t w d a a, Cana a .

1 90 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

ed fr M r l r t . tor . C . o e Re e o . os e s c iv m G n l , A chivi Vic ia, B , N v m er 1 8 b 20, 90 .

r t n s T e s e a r e not s o The re a e also s ome copi es in Bancr oft C olle c io . h ’ ccur te a s Mr . G s n a a o ell s copi e s . Y T r o r or stor of o o r e W O . e o S t E H , J HN B O g n a h Hi y a l ng j u n y from the Atlantic to regions of the Pacific by land in Thw aites l el d ol e X X I E ar l W es ter n Tr avels e . y ( C v an , V um - Y T T The orres o de e d o r l f 1 8 1 6 . W N . s o E H , A HANIEL C p n nc an J u na , 3 A record of two exp editions for the occup ation of the O regon

r H tor r o r ed. . o . In Sou ces o the is o O e c unt y ( T G . Y ung) f y f

- on E e e re o o e rts 6 . g ( ug n , O g n , V lum i , p a 3

In d e x

BOR G S Re ort r om Select s tor : 2 2 2 1 1 2 ootn ot A I INE , p f A ia 3 , 4, 5 , 4 , 5 , f e ; C omm ttee on : ootn ote s ee so Geor e F or t i 43 , f al g , enc ree : 1 1 ootn ote 1 8 Ag y C k 3 , f , 3 , B AE INES 1 footn ote : 74, footnote

ex n e r Fort : 6 B airv ent-B ais v ent-B oisd ant : 1 0 Al a d , 3 94, 4

en t n : tr es t In n s ount n : 8 ootn ote All , Cap ai ad wi h dia , Bald M ai 4, f 60 - - B an at tee Indians : s ee B a n nock In er c n Fur o n : 6 2 Am i a C mpa y 3 , 43 , 5 , d ia ns 1 1 ootn ote oun e st rn 4, f ; , 3 3 ; e e ncro t Hu ert Ho e : 6 2 oot f d d w Ba f , b w , f e rt ent es t s e in Yel d pa m abli h d , 34 ; n ote 6 uote 6 8 s tr ct of , 9 ; q d , ; ab a lowstone 0 ree ent t Hud ’ , 4 ; or s ourn s 6 H s tor of ag m wi h W k J al , 9 ; i y ’ s on s o n 6 so oot Bay C mpa y, 4 , al f s n ton I o an d ont n Wa hi g , dah , M a a, n ote etter s of 6 c t o ue of ; l , 4 ; a al g , 6 ootn ote or s 6 ootnote 4, f ; W k , 4 , f ; ootn ote e or n u of 8 47, f ; m m a d m , 4 , n us cr ts 6 ootn ote 2 oot Ma ip , 4 , f , 7 , f ootn ote s o ootn ote r s f , 49, al f ; ival n ote ootn ote ootn ote , 73 , f , 74, f , 75 , of oc ount n Fur o n R ky M ai C mpa y, ootn ote ootn ote 80 ootn ote f , 79, f , , f , 1 4 8 ootn ote ootn ote 6 oo 7, f , 9 3 , f , 9 , f t er c n Fur r er s : 8 Am i a T ad 9 3 , 9 5 , 9 , n ote ootnote 1 0 1 ootn ote , 99, f , , f , 1 00 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 99 1 , 1 4, 7: 9, 3 1 1 28 ootnote 1 ootn t , f , 3 3 , f o e, 1 74, 1 2 1 26 1 1 1 60 1 est 5 , , 37, 59, , 77 ; w footn ote r f r ex n s on of 1 ; o ts o , wa d pa i , 4 p fi nn c ss : 1 2 1 ootn ote 1 Ba a k Pa , f , 3 5 , i F t tr e 5 2 ; s e e to w n e , k la h ad ad footn ote o t n F t e ur s 8 5 7 ; b ai la h ad f , 5 nnoc In n s : 1 2 ootn ote Ba k dia 5 , f n er son . : 6 2 A d , A C B a iste I. : 1 p , J 74 nn an F A ce, : 57 rn ston Mr : ootn ote Ba , 75 , f nte o e r ee : 1 ootnote 1 A l p C k 47, f , 49, B ar s onette : 6 , L 3 footnote Bas ti n : 1 48 r s te ont : 1 0 ootnote A m ad , M 9, f r r n s on r o e e , e e e : s t s e E et : B av R v d mi i a y A hl y, lizab h 5 3 ort s t o n N e , 5 3 , fo t ote s e Henr : 6 r st hw A hl y, William y 3 , 3 7 ; fi er : 1 1 s o tn te 1 e 5 , 6 , foo o , 2 , r en e ous of on Gr een er 8 B av al d zv , Riv , 3 ; ootn ote 60 tr e in Nort ro ts of 2 so ootn ote f , 5 9 , ; ad h p fi , 5 , al f es t ec n es 2 tr e in e o stor o n co : 2 0 2 letter w d li , 9 ; ad Y ll w A , J h Ja b 3 , 3 , 5 ; s tone e 1 2 tr e in to er r e oute u 0 ootn ote vall y, 3 , 3 ; ad Pi Ch a , 3 , f ; r e ts No t est 4 s o footn ote ; , ette r to . oute u 0 ootn ote , 7, l A Ch a , 3 , f ; hw al p l

o r ce of 8 s o ootn ote, 50 ; s eeks to j oi n Mi s s our i Fur C m p i , 4 , al f o n n 1 oun s er c n Fur ount s ent or to e, pa y, 3 ; f d Am i a am by W k Sp ka o n or s s e of r um 6 n u ber o t ne ro F t C mpa y, 3 3 ; f bid al 5 ; m b ai d f m la to In n s 2 e s an d ooten s b or 8 dia , 4 h ad K ai y W k, 5 1 96 JOURNAL OF JOH N WORK

B e av erhe ad er : 1 0 ootn ote 1 06 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 1 22 1 2 1 2 Riv 5 , f , , 3 , 7, 9 , , , 3 , 5 ,

ootn ote 1 0 ootn ote 1 0 1 26 1 2 1 28 1 2 1 6 1 1 f , 9, f , 3 , 7, , 9, 3 , 37, 3 8,

B e av e rhe ad oc : cture of 1 0 1 1 1 6 x 1 8 1 R k pi , 3 ; 4 . 4 , 47. 4 , 49. 1 50, 1 5 1 . f 1 s o ootn ote escr i t on o , 05 , f ; 1 6 1 6 1 80 tt c T r ee For s d p i al 5 , 7 , ; a a k h k , nt on 1 22 e e , 2 1 80 and er c n Fur C om m i d 3 , ; Am i a B en ets ee r ee : 6 ootn ote C k 4, f n nno or 8 tt c pa y, 3 5 ; a y W k, 5 ; a a k en ton en tor T o s : 6 B , S a h ma 3 3 , 3 fur tr er s out er 6 ad , 3 3 ; kill Cl i , 3 enton Fort on e o ston e er B , , Y ll w Riv Let a ndr e 6 kill , 5 ootn ote 3 3 , f c oot er : 8 ootnote 0 Bla kf Riv 9 , f , 9 , enton For t on s s our er B , , Mi i Riv ootn ote 1 ustr t on f , 9 , ill a i u t b il , 3 5 oc Dr . ootn ote Blal k, 74, f tus : 1 6 ootnote er n , Vi , f ’ B i g oc s Is n : ootn ote Blal k la d 74, f ert o ern r : 5 3 B h ld , B a d B lonte : 6 , A 3 B ethume n us : 2 ootn ote , A g 9, f ' Blood Indian s : 1 28 L : 1 B ias sonette , 74 Bloody Di ck Cree k : 1 1 1 er : 1 00 ootn ote 1 01 Big Hole Riv , f , , o s e Fort : 6 ootn ote 1 2 oot B i , 5 , f , 5 , f footn ote n ote Is n : s o ootn ote Big la d 74, al f B o s e er : 82 ootn ote 1 oot s r r e : 82 ootn ote , f , 45 , f Big Cama P ai i , f i Riv n ote 1 2 1 ootn ot 1 6 o t er : 1 ootnote 1 , 5 , 54, f e, 5 , fo t Big Los Riv 44, f , 45 , n ote 1 8 ootn ote footn ote , 5 , f R er : 1 ootn ote 1 6 B o s ert ou s : 6 Big Smoky iv 54, f , 5 , i v , L i 3 footn ote B on aventur a Valley : 5 9

oo i er : 82 ootn ote 1 onne e t n X 1 2 Big W d R v , f , 45 , B vill , Cap ai 4 , 45 : 5 : t 1 ootn ote 1 60 oot footno e, 5 3 , f , f footn ote

n ote B or i or t o n ot ss e, F : 65 , fo t e ootn ote Bi l o r ee : 1 65 , f B r er es : 6 0 1 g Wi l w C k idg , Jam 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 3 E a rl Tra n C om B r H. : y d g igga , P i Bridger Pas s : 38 a n tes o N ew Fra nce c te 1 p f , i d , 5 , r t s Co u b : er s r e 2 B i i h l m ia Pap , 9, ootn ote f n otn t foot ote, 48, fo o e B ighorn Mountains : 1 8 B riti s h Columbia Pr ovi ncial Libr ary 1 B orn er : 2 , 30, 3 3 igh Riv 1 8 1 6 8, 69, rc r ee : 1 02 ootn ote 1 26 oot Bi h C k , f , , f ros n n . : 1 ootn ote B a , C J 7 , f 1 ootn ote n ote, 29, f B uche : 1 06 B r n e : 6 1 8 1 6 i i , P 3 , 3 , 9 B ud ard : s ee B ur dod s o e n : 1 1 00 ootn ote Bi h p , J a 3 , , f 1 ootnote ootnote B uff o : 2 , f , 49, f , tt r oot D e : 86 ootn ote al Bi e R ivid , f otnote r n e in nort est 5 0, fo ; , tt r oot er : 8 8 s o oot a g hw Bi e R Riv 3 , 9, al f 1 6 r o es 1 ootn ote ; b , 7, 49, f 1 0 n ote, 9 3 , 4 1 6 8 B ur dod : 6 3 , B tter oot V e : 1 2 ootn ote i R all y 5 , f rnt er : 1 6 8 ootnote 1 6 oot B u Riv , f , 9 , f Black Hill s : 1 8 n ote c oot oun tr : 1 8 1 80 Bla kf C y 7 ,

B ur ee . : 22 ootn ote B c oot In ns : 1 1 0 8 62 p , L , f la kf dia 7, 3 , 4 , 5 , , J utt ont : 28 s o ootn ote 0 ootn ote 1 e, al f , 9 , f , 9 , 95 , B M 1 1 1 1 1 utte er : 1 6 1 0 1 06 1 0 08, 1 0, , R 74 9 , 97, 5 , , 7, B iv

1 98 J OURNAL OF JOH N WORK

Nort est o n 2 at s Desl and : 6 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 hw C mpa y, 4 ; Sali h , J 3 , 7, , 7 Hous e 2 D on ont : 1 0 ootn ote 1 06 , 5 ill , M 5 , f , , ’ r s Fer r : 8 ootnote ootn ote 1 2 ootn ote 1 0 oot C aig y 7 , f f , 4, f , 3 , f roo e er : 1 6 8 ootn ote n ote C k d Riv , f roo s s e : 2 etters of 6 D e r ee : 1 01 ootn ote C k , Ram y 5 ; l , 4 , ivid C k , f ’ ootn ote ootnote ootn ote Do s es : The H u s on s B a f , 47, f , 49, f ; dd , Jam d y ortune of C om a n c te 20 ootn ote f , 5 3 p y, i d, , f ro ountr : 0 Dou s D bot n s t : 60 6 C w C y 3 gla , avid , a i 5 7, , 4, r o In n s : 1 2 1 22 6 2 oot ootnote J ournal c te s o C w dia 7, , , , f f ; , i d , 5 7, al 1 n ote en e es of c eet 1 ootnote ; r en of . or 6 , ; mi Bla kf , 3 f f i d J W k, C umcarne : 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 22 ootnote ls o ootnote y , , , f , a f 1 2 1 8 Dou s Sir es : 2 etter to 9, 3 gla , Jam 7, 5 7 ; l

urr : 6 F. To i e 8 ootn ote e er C y 9 lm , 4 , f ; m mb uster ount I o : 1 ootnote o r of n er s o u b de C C y, dah 45 , f b a d ma ag C l m ia ’ artment Hu son s C0. 6 1 on p d Bay , ; s om : 1 8 ex e t on t or 6 s p di i wi h W k, 5 - Dubr uill 1 6 8 D e H . : As hl e Sm th E x l ora : al , C y i p , J t ons c te 2 ootn ote 6 oot Dubr uille B t : 6 i , i d , 3 , f , 3 , f , 3 , 74, 77 note ootn ote 8 ootn ote 0 Du s : 6 1 0 1 , 37, f , 3 , f , 4 , mai , A 3 , 4 , 74 ootn ote ootn ote Dunn o n : The Or e on Terr tor f , 44, f , J h g i y D es : 1 a nd Fa r Tra e c te 2 all 73 , 75 d , i d , 4 , D es - e o n : ootnote ootnote ootn ote all C lil Ca al 73 , f f , 45 , f D es or t e : 1 Dur ee Or e on : 1 6 ootnote all P ag 75 k , g 9, f

D s on G . : The N orthw es t avid , C C om a n c te 20 ootnote 22 E DDY ont : 1 2 ootnote p y, i d , , f , , , M 5 , f ootn ote 2 ootnote 2 ootnote E onton o n : ootn ote f , 3 , f , 4, f , dm , J h R 45 , f 2 ootn ote E hmin er G eor e : ootnote 7, f g , g 49 , f Da o n : ootnote E t e r ee : 1 1 8 ootn ote y , J h 74, f igh Mil C k , f ; ' D s er : 1 6 ootn ote 1 0 tr 1 20 ootn ote ay Riv 74, 9, f , 7 , ail, , f

s o ootn ote 1 s ee s o John E teen le Cr ee : 1 1 ootnote al f , 75 ; al igh Mi k 9, f ’ D a s R v er E ott . C : 1 26 8 ootnote 68 y i lli , T 3 , , 3 , f , , D ton s : 8 ootn ote 80 ootn ote 82 ootnote o u ay , Wa h 7 , f , f , , f ; C l m De oo er : 1 6 2 ootn ote bia Fur r e c te 2 ootn ote adw d Riv , f T ad , i d, 9, f ; ’ De oo : 1 62 ootn ote e s r e r n or s route 8 adw d Swamp , f vi w ga di g W k , 7 , De s e e s : 28 6 co n s ootn ote a , Jam W , 4 ; mma d f at s Hous e 2 so ootn ote E ore ount I o : 8 2 ootn ote Sali h , 9, al f lm C y, dah , f De e r e e : 8 1 ootn ote E r t n er E r : 28 2 oot p C k , f ma i g , dwa d , 9, f Dee e : 8 ootn ote n ote 6 6 60 ootn ote 1 1 8 1 p Saddl 4, f , 4 , 5 , , f , 79 , Deer o e ss : 1 00 ootn ote E r ti n er Fr nc s : 28 6 1 80 L dg Pa , f ma g , a i , 5 ,

Deer o e i e r : ootn ote E n G . : L dg R v 99, f wi g, W 5 3

De n r es E : The Ver en r e E n . G : la d , Cha l d y wi g, W 5 3 E x l or at ons c te 1 8 ootnote p i , i d, , f De s e r ee : ootn ote FAR HAM HOMAS i n F t e mp y C k 99, f N , T J la h ad Desc utes er : 1 6 8 ootn ote countr 2 h Riv , f y, 4 INDEX I 99

Paul : 6 1 2 Fur tr e : be nn n s of 1 5 ; on Up . J 79. 3 . 7 ad gi i g , F e : 6 er s s our 0 c r cter oi av l , A 3 p Mi i , 3 ; ha a , 43 , n n F e : 1 44, 46 , 5 3 , foot ote ; Fr e c a nd av l , J 43 h F n r : 6 6 ootnote r t s r r for 20 ro ts of i lay, Ab aham 3 , 4, f , B i i h ival y , ; p fi , 1 x 1 x62 1 6 0 2 ec ne of 1 n er s of 9 3 . 3 3 . 43 . 5 7. . 9 5 , 5 ; d li , 5 ; da g , F n Fr nco s : 6 ootnote 6 2 i lay, a i 4, f F n acco e : 6 ootn ote i lay, J Rapha l 4, f F n : 6 6 ootn ote C amp : 8 i lay, M 3 , 4, f , 9 3 9 F n O : 6 6 ootn ote G adi re B t : 6 1 2 1 28 1 8 1 62 i lay, 3 , 4, f p , 4, 7, , 4 , , F n : 1 2 i lay, P 93 7 F n s on Dun c n : 1 80 G adi re : 1 2 i lay , a p , W 7 F n s on o er c s on-ia -la w of G en : 1 60 ootn ote i lay , R d i k, al a , f or : 6 G l t n er : 2 J . W k 2 a la i Riv 3 B F t e r . E : E x a mina tion o G audefoux t : 64, 2, i zg ald , J f , 7 74 ’ Cha r ter o H u s on s B a G e or e Fort : 2 6 f d y g , 7, 5 5 , 5 C om a n c te 2 ootnote 2 1 G ert : 1 0 p y, i d , 7, f , 7 , ilb 7 ootn ote G l ore 8: ttsbur l : 1 21 f i m Pi gh Rai way , F t tr c o s : 6 0 1 dis ootn ote i zpa i k, Th ma 3 , 4 , 4 ; f co ers Sout s s Go n nto ne : 1 ootn ote v h Pa , 3 7 di , A i 45 , f F e e s : ootn ote Go n Henr : 1 ootnote iv Mil Rapid 73 , f di , y 45 , f F e e r ee : 1 6 1 otn ot G n o e o . : 1 ootnote iv mil C k , f di , J B 45 , f Fl t e ountr : tr e in 6 Go n Th er : 1 ootnote a h ad C y ad , 4 di , y y 45 , f F t e In ns : 2 28 6 8 6 Go n s Defile : 1 1 ootn ote la h ad dia 4, , 5 , 5 , 4, di 44, 45 , f ’ ootn ote 6 ootn ote 88 ootnote Go n s i er : 1 ootnote f , 7 , f , , f , di R v 45 , f 1 1 1 0 1 1 2-1 1 1 1 1 22 1 2 1 2 G o ree : 6 oot ote ootn ote 9 , , 4, 7, , 3 , 7 ld C k 4, f n , 99, f

1 2 1 ootnote 1 1 1 tr e Go er F . : 1 6 ootnote 9 , 3 9, f , 4 , 5 9 ; ad ld , A , f ’ t H u s on s o n G os nel . E : tr n scr ts of 6 wi h d Bay C mpa y, 5 7 ; l , R a ip , 9 tr e t er c ns 1 28 Gr e es s on -in - of ad wi h Am i a , 5 7, aham , Jam A, law F t e e : 26 28 or : 6 2 la h ad Lak , , 3 3 W k

F a t e ost : 2 ootn ote 6 oot G r n Mas k : 1 l h ad P 9, f , 4 , f a d y 49 n ote o e 6 1 2 ootn ote Gr n e oun e i er : 80 ootn ote ; m v d , 4 , 5 , f a d R d R v , f , F t e er : 28 1 6 ootn ote la h ad Riv 9 , f F t e tr e : s o ootnote Gr n Toux : 1 01 la h ad ad 75 , al f a d F nt r ee : ootn ote G r n V s e e : li C k 99 , f a d i ag , Chi f 5 7 Fox es : 1 6 tr e in Gr e r ee : 88 ootn ote ; ad , 49 av C k , f Fr aeb Henr : 6 0 G r e t r t n : 1 0 ootn ote 1 , y 3 , 4 a B i ai 9, 5 , f , 5 , Fr nc er e N a rr a ticve c te 1 2 ootn ote e orts on use of uor a h , i d , 5 , f ; R p liq , ootn o f te 43 , footn ote ’ Fr s e r s i er : 6 G re t es : 1 20 a R v 5 a Lak 7, Fr enc an d In n W ar : s to e ex G r e t t e : 2 8 sco er e h dia pp d a Sal Lak 9, 5 ; di v d , editions of s co er 1 20 8 p di v y, 9, 3 Fr enc r r e : 6 6 G r een er : 8 be er lenti h P ai i Riv 3 3 , 3 ; av p Fr o s er T o s and os e : en ful r st ren e ous at 8 bi h , h ma J ph , 37 ; fi d zv , 3

ter ester n fur tr e 20 .Gr eene D c : 1 1 1 ootnote w ad , , i k , f 200 JOURNAL OF JOH N WORK

Gre or Mr : 2 1 ootnote Ho es Hous e : 26 s o ootnote g y, , f w , al f ’ G r e : 6 1 68 Hu son s o n : 1 1 1 6 ll, P 4, d Bay C mpa y 3 , 5 , , G ros bin : 6 1 6 ootn ote 22 8 6c , C 4, 9 f . . 3 3 . 3 . 44. 5 5 . 5 9. . G ros e e : 6 ootn ote 6 ootn ote 66 Pi d , Chi f 5 7 4, f , 5 , f , , G u of ex co : 1 6 8 1 ootn ote ootnote 8 lf M i 7 , 7 , f , 75 , f , 7 , n n 1 foot ote, 79, 1 45 , foot ote, 5 2,

HAKLUYT OLL CT O S : 1 ootnote ootnote 1 ootnote 1 oot C E I N 5 , f f , 5 5 , f , 74, f H Fort : 6 ootnote u t b n ote c rter 1 os t on and all , 5 , f ; b il y ; ha , 9 ; p i i eth r os ects of 20 ootnote Pres ent Wy . 45 p p , , f ; H es : ootnote s tate o 20 ootn ote com et t on all, Jam 49, f f, , f ; p i i H r on D n e : Jour nal o Vo o rt 1 f No est Co. 2 26 2 ah a m , a i l W f y hw , , , 7 ;

‘ T a v els in th In ter or a es a nd r e s orbs Nort est Co. 2 E x a min g i hw , 7 ; o N orth America c te 22 oot a t n Cha rter a nd Procee n s f , i d, , f io of di g n ote o 2 ootnote council nutes of f, 7, f ; mi ,

H rr ott . E : ootn ote 28 ootn ote or s s e of rum a i , J 75 , f , f ; f bid al H en ree : 1 1 ootn ote to In ns 2 Re ort o comm t ayd C k 7, f dia , 4 ; p f i He G te C n on : 28 0 so oot tee on 2 ootn ote ootn ote ll a a y , 9 , al f , 4 , f , 43 , f , n ote 1 ootnote ree ent to er 5 , f ; ag m Am Hel e : 8 ootn ote c n Fur o n 6 en s activ mvill 9 , f i a C mpa y, 4 ; d Hen r ex n er : enter s fur tr e t es in o u s n ro ts y, Al a d ad , i i C l mbia Ba i , 47 ; p fi 20 ootn ote 2 Ma nus cr i t Jour of 0 so ootnote 1 urs ob , f , 3 ; p , 5 , al f , 5 ; f nal of Alexa n der H enry tained from Flathead s and Koote a nd o Dav i Thom s on cite n s 8 r o t e 0 1 f d p , d , ai , 5 ; p fi mad , 5 , 5 22 ootnote et o s of fur tr n bu , f m h d adi g, 44 ; y 1 Henr n r e : 3 6 ootnote, 1 4, out et r ce s for y, A d w , f Wy h, 45 ; p i paid footn ote ; Yel o ston e E x ed t on e ts 8 obt n be er nten e l w p i i p l , 4 ; ai av i d d of in G reen er V l e , 3 7 ; , 3 7 ; for or Riv a l y W k, 5 9 at T ree For s 1 h k , 3 Hu ins E r s on-in-l aw of gg , dwa d , ’ or 1 1 o n Henr s F : 3 2, 4, f ot ote y k Work : 62 ’ Henr s ost : 1 1 ootn ote y P 4, f Hunt . : 1 1 , W P 4 ur s 1 Her ot o s : ccount of , 5 , i , Th ma a f Huntin ton Ore on : 1 68 ootnote g , g , f footn ote

r n l 1 ootn ote He , H e : 3 , 90, f ma az D H 1 n 1 I A O : 3 8, 4 , 5 8, 65 , foot ote, 7 , Her ron Fr nc s c e tr er at Col , a i , hi f ad ootnote ootnote 82 ootn ote f , 74, f , , f , ville : 1 80 n 1 45 , foot ote H es Geor e H : 1 68 ootnote 1 6 im , g , f , 9 , I o n er s t : 1 ootn ote dah U iv i y 7 , f footnote In ns : s ee under v a rious tr bes Ho c : 1 1 ootnote dia i ba h 4, f In n G r e : 8 ootnote dia av Camp 5 , f H or s e Plains : 57 In n os t O fice : 8 ootnote Hors e r r e ree : 1 06 ootnote dia P f 5 , f P ai i C k , f , Inte r or B r e : 6 ls o ootn ote 1 0 ootn t 1 1 ootnote 1 i igad 5 , a f 9, f o e, 2 , f , 24, uo s In ns : 2 es ert to ootn ote 1 0 ootn ote 1 1 oot Ir oq i dia 5 , 37 ; d f , 3 , f , 3 , f ’ r c ns es ert Hu s on s n ote 1 ootn ote e , 44 ; d d , 3 5 , f Am i a

Hou e A : 6 2 o n 43 l . 4. 7 . 73 . 74. 77 Bay C mpa y,

202 JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK

ttle c oot er : 8 oot MacK en zie ex n e r : 1 ootnote Li Bla kf Riv 9 , 99, f , Al a d 7, f , n ot 26 1 2 oo n e a e , 5 , f t ot ; Voy ges fr om

tt e s r r e : 82 ootn ote M ontr ea l thr ou h the Cont nent o Li l Cama P ai i , f g i f tt e o er : 1 ootn ote N or th Amer ca to the r ozen a nd Li l Sm ky Riv 54, f i f ttle o ree : 1 6 6 ootn ote Pa c c Ocea ns in 1 8 -1 26 Li Will w C k , f ifi 7 9 793 , , L ttle oo er : 1 ootnote 1 ootn ote i W d Riv 45 , f , 49, f ootnote 1 1 ootn ote McKenzie r les : 2 1 ootn ote f , 5 , f , Cha , f Littlehorn Ri er : 21 McKenzie Don : ootnote on v , ald 75 , f ; LO10 r ee : 88 ootnote 8 ootn ote n e er 2 o ns Nort es t C k , f , 9 , f S ak Riv , 4 ; j i hw olo s s : ootnote 8 oot o n 2 L Pa 3 5 , 79, f , 7, f C mpa y, 5 n ote 1 0 ootnote McKenzie Fort : u t , 4 , f , b il , 3 5 Lolo Hot r n s : 8 ootn ote McKenzie ennet : 8 o ens tr e Sp i g 7, f , K h 4 ; p ad o o r l : ootn ote 82 oot t c eet L l T ai 79, f , , f wi h Bla kf , 3 5 n ote 8 ootn ote 8 ootn ote 8 McKen zie o er c : N orthw es t Com , 3 , f , 4, f , 7, , R d i k ootn ote a n c te 2 1 ootnote f p y , i d , , f on on E n n : r ces of fur in 1 McKin le rc : 1 4 ootnote L d , gla d p i , 5 y , A hibald 7 , f on Is n : ootn ote McLe an Ttwent - iv e ea rs s erv ce L g la d 74, f , y f y i ’ on t n : 6 1 1 0 1 in H u s on s B a C om a n : L g i , A 5 , , 43 d y p y 43 ,

or n er or n e . : 6 1 ootn ote L a g ( L a g ) , J S 5 , 39 f Los t er : 1 6 ootnote McLeod ex n er : 28 Riv 4 , f , Al a d R os t e r ount ns : 1 ootnote McLeod o n : 1 6 ootn ote 21 oot L Riv M ai 47, f , , J h , f , , f 1 ootn n ote 2 ootn ote Journa ls 1 6 48, f ote , 9, f ; , ,

n n ote oo not ou s : 86 foot ote, 28, foot , 45 , f t e, L i , J o er D es The : ootnote ootn ote 1 ootn ote oot L w all , 73 , f 47, f , 5 , f , 5 3 , f n o 6 1 ootn ot 1 1 8 com te, , f e, 77, 7 ;

C RTHUR 6 n s Inte r or r e 6 M A , 4 ma d i B igad , 5 MacDon ald n us Sr : oot McLeod co : 26 ootn ote , A g , 99 , f , Mal lm , f t n ote c o ete s Fort C onn ah 6 McLou hlin o n : 1 6 , footno e, 29, ; mpl , 4 , g , J h ootn ote 0 ootn ote 1 oot als o footn ote f , 4 , 47, f , 5 , f n c r cte r of MacDon a ld n us r : A ew Items n ote, 5 3 , foot ote ; , , A g , J f ha a ’ o the W es t c te 6 ootnote 2 ; c e ctor of Hu s on s B ay f , i d , 4 , f , 99, 7 hi f fa d o n 2 s t to footn ote C mpa y, 7 ; aid Smi h , 39 ;

McDon a ld rc : 2 8 etter o ttee of Hous e of o on s , A hibald , 57 ; l C mmi C mm ,

o McLou hlin tn 2 ootn ote test on of , t Dr . ot g , 47, foo e ; 4 , f ; im y , 43 ootn ote r es out er c n etter to . McLeod ootn ote f ; l J , 47, f d iv Am i a on oo n ote et o M acDon a ld D unc n : 8 ootn ote co et t 45 , f t ; , a 7, f mp i i , m h d McDon a ld F n n : 2 6 of tr e 45 ; est tes of rofits , i a 4, 5 ad , ima p ’ 1 Mc Dou al Dunc n : 2 2 of H u s on s o n , 5 g , a 3 , 5 d Bay C mpa y McG illiv r a on s o oot ote McMill an es : 25 ; in c r e of y , Sim 75 , al f n , Jam ha g McGilliv r a : ootn ote o ne Hous e 2 in e o of y , William 75 , f Sp ka , 4 ; mpl y ’ McK a ex n er : 1 ootn ote H u son s o n 2 y , Al a d 43 , f d Bay C mpa y, 7 McK a r e s : 1 ootn ote McN amar as n n : 0 ootn ote y , Cha l 43 , f La di g 9 , f , McK a T o s : 1 ootn ote 1 y, h ma 43 , f 9 ’ McKay s Defile : 1 43 Madi s on River : 40 INDEX 203

e er : 82 ootn ote 1 us r ts : 1 6 8 ount s ent b Malad Riv , f , 45 . M k a , 5 ; am y o r to o n e 6 n u er tak footn ote W k Sp ka , 5 ; mb ’ eur er t on er 1 6 8 en H u s on s o n Malh Riv ( Ma h Riv ) , by d Bay C mpa y, 49 ootn te 1 us s e s e r ee : 8 ootn ote f o , 74 M l h ll C k 3 , f

nue Fort : 1 ootn ote Ma l, 3 , f n n In ns : 1 8 2 1 N VADA CR K : 8 ootn ote Ma da dia , E EE 9 , f M at ias e r : 1 2 ootn ote N ew Fr nce : 1 Riv 3 5 , 3 , f a 9 rte n s : tr e in Nort e st 6 Ne w Or e n s : ootn ote Ma ad hw , 49 , 5 , l a , La 49, f 60 N ez erc Fort : 2 8 6 oot P é , 5 , 5 , 3 , 75 , f

s s on : 2 1 ootn ote 6 1 note 8 ootn ote 1 6 8 ootn ote Ma , A , f , 5 , 7 , 77, , 7 , f , , f , 6 1 68 1 6 ootn ote 1 ootn ote 1 9 , 9, f , 74, f , 77, t on : 1 68 s ee lso Mal 1 1 80 Ma h River ; a 79,

heur R v er Nez erc In ns : 6 1 ootn ote i P é dia 57, , f ,

M n e . : F our ea rs in B r t s h 6 ootn ote 8 ootn ote 1 1 0 1 1 ay , R C y i i 7 , f , 7 , f , , 4, C olumbia a nd Va n couv er Is la n 1 20 1 1 s o ootn ote 1 0 d , , 37, 3 9, al f , 4 , c te 1 ootnote 1 1 1 1 1 1 i d, 5 , f 4 . 5 . 5 9 , 75 e o r ee : 1 60 ootnote Nez ercé i er : 80 so ootn ote M ad w C k , f P R v , al f

e n E . : 6 N ne e s : ootn ote M a y, S 9 i Mil Rapid 73 , f

e ros e : 1 01 ootn ote 1 02 ootn ote N n e e r e e : 1 62 ootn ote 1 6 M l , f , , f i mil C k , f , 3 , en r er re : 1 ootn ote M a d , Pi 3 f M r ee : 8 ootnote 1 1 oot N s u Fort : 62 ill C k 7 , f , 7, f i q ally, n ote Nort s n s : 82 ootn ote h Cama Plai , f ' Llin : 6 60 n u er t en b Hud Nort est Fur o n : 2 1 22 2 k 5 , ; mb ak y hw C mpa y , , 3 , ’ s on s o n 2 26 2 0 0 6 ootn ote Bay C mpa y, 49 5 . . 7. 3 . 3 7. 5 . 4. f . s s s s er : 1 1 ootn ote 6 ootn ote 1 oot Mi i ippi Riv 5 , 7 75 , f , 7 , f , 45 , f

s s s s V e H stor c l Re n ote 1 ootn ote 1 ootn ote Mi i ippi all y i i a , 5 5 , f , 74, f ; ’ e : 6 ootn ote orce Hu s on s o n to vi w 4, f f d d Bay C mpa y s s ou ont : 28 1 0 ootn ote ex n est r 2 1 est s e Mi la , M , 4 , f pa d w wa d , ; abli h d s s our Fur Co : 6 ex e t on s on o u er 2 u s mer Mi i 3 , 3 7 ; p di i C l mbia Riv , 3 ; b y tt c e c eet ncor chan dis e r o c c F ur C om a a k d by Bla kf , 3 3 ; i f m Pa ifi orte 1 o er s e 2 n 2 n s os t on s tr en t p d , 3 ; imp v i h d, 3 pa y, 4 ; fi d p i i g h s s our i er : 1 6 1 1 8 2 1 28 e ne 2 r um use 2 r o ts Mi i R v , 7, , , , d , 4 ; d by, 4 ; p fi

2 1 2 1 a c t“ e 1 9 1 3 , 3 1 341 3 5 1 4 1 47s f mad by, 5 ' ”Ote 1 01 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 Nor t : 6 s 49 1 5 7s 9 3 s : 5 1 9 41 y s . 77

n 1 1 foot ote, 1 2 , 23

ont n : 1 8 1 ootn ote 22 2 OGD HOL : 2 M a a , 9, f , , 3 , EN E 9 1 6 ootn ote 1 ootn ote 6 O en ete r ene : 2 8 0 4 , 4, f , 7 , f , 7 , gd , P Sk 7, 3 , 4 , 5 5 , n ot n o o n o 8 60 8 ootn ote 1 ootn ot foot e, 95 , foot te, 99, fo t te, 5 , , 7 , f , 43 , f e,

1 ootn ote 1 0 ootn ote r e orts r c e e r 5 5 , f 7 , f ; p i h b av onteur r ee : ootnote countr 1 6 ootn ote c i e tr er M C k 95 , f y, , f ; h f ad ’ onteur N c o s : 2 ootn ote for H u son s o n 2 8 M , i h la 4, 9 5 , f d Bay C mpa y, ; t or ce . : 2 ex e ons Of 2 ; n e er M i , A J 4 p di i , 9 S ak Riv ontr e n : 20 urs s e ex e t on 1 c e tr er M al, Ca ada , f hipp d p di i , 5 ; hi f ad , 5 5 to 0 r etur ns ro n e er tr e , 3 f m S ak Riv ad , 204 JOURNAL OF JOH N WORK

8 1 80 J ourna l o 1 82 1 66 oot 6 1 06 1 1 0 1 1 66 I 5 , ; f 7, , f 94s 9 s ; , 5 5 : 1 75 :

n ote etter to o n McLeod 6 1 ootn ote 1 0 1 1 ; l J h , , f , 7 , 7 ootn ote ette er : 6 ootn ote 1 6 1 f Pay Riv 5 , f , , ’ O en s er : 2 ootn ote 1 62 s o ootn ote 1 66 gd Riv 9, 5 9 f , , al f , , O o er : 1 ootn ote 1 6 ootn ote 1 6 hi Riv 5 f , 4, f , 7 O n n Fort : 2 2 6 oot e rce : 6 1 2 ka aga , 3 , 4, 5 , 75 , f P a 5 , 7 ’ note en r e e In n s : 1 2 s o P d d o ill dia 5 , al

O s Ferr : 1 68 ootn ote ootn ote 1 26 1 2 1 28 1 8 ld y , f f , , 7, , 3 O r e on : 6 ootn ote eo s : ootn ote g 4, f P la, Wa h 79 , f Or e on H stor c oc et u rter : c ette : 88 1 1 0 1 6 1 g i i al S i y Q a ly Pi h , , 4 , 73 1 8 8 ootn ote 6 ootn ote 6 e n Fort : 1 2 ootn ote con , 5 , f , 4, f , 5 , Pi ga , 3 , f ; ootn ote 6 6 ootn ote 6 oot s tructe f , , f , 9 , 74, f d , 3 5

n ote 1 ootn ote 1 ootn ote er r e e : e er of Iro uo s , 44 , f , 5 5 , f , Pi , Chi f l ad q i , 44 ’ 1 0 ootn ote er r e s Ho e : 1 7 , f Pi l 4

Or e on or t n e ro : 1 00 c er os u : in the Nort est g Sh Li Rail ad , Pil h , J h a hw , 3 3 et : e s fur tr er s 2 footn ote Pill l ad ad , 4

Or e on T ot oc Or e on : 1 ootn ote g er r itory a nd the B r itis h Pil R k , g 74, f n t : N orth Amer ca n Fur Tr a e : c te i e 65 , 1 72 i d i d , P n s ont n : 42, footn ote Plai , M a a 5 7 nte : Or e on Tr : 1 1 6 8 ootn ote Pla , A 9 3 g ail 4 , , f nte : 6 1 1 6 2 1 68 Os e : 6 , 5 , 5 7, , i 5 , 74 Pla C nte G : 1 5 1 Ott er s : 60 ; n umer ous on upp er Mis Pla , ’ nte : 6 6 s o ootn ote 1 s our 1 6 t en b Hu son s B a Pla , M 4, 5 , al f , 7 , i , ; ak y d y 6 8 8 1 2 s o o n 73 . 7 . 77. 3 . 4. 9 3 . 5 . al C mpa y. 49 ootn ote x 1 0 I I O n o : ootn ote f . 3 9. 4 . 74. 75 va d 95 , f tte er : 3 8 Owl r ee : ootn ote Pla Riv C k 79, f o s on Cr ee : 1 0 ootnote P i k 4 , f on eter fur tr er : 20 2 1 oot AC F C Fur o n : 2 1 P d, P , ad , , f P I I C mpa y 3 , 3 3 , 4 ; n ote s ur r en er s to Nort est o n d hw C mpa y, ort e, 72, 73 2 2 1 P ag 4, 3 , 5 5 , footn ote Pos t Cr eek : 46 c r ee : 86 ootn ote Pa k C k , f o er ver : 2 1 tr e on 0 P wd Ri ; ad al g, 4 , P ahs iman Cr eek : 3 7 1 n 69, foot ote Pa hs imaroi : 1 20 ootno 1 , f te, 43 , foot r tte ern r : e of e st P a , B a d 5 3 ; h ad W n ote e r n Department Am er ican Fur P mbr um 1 a . : o n , 74, fo t ote P C o n C mpa y. 34 n n Mr : 2 1 ootn ote Pa gma , , f r tte B ern r a nd Co : 2 ootnote P a , a d 5 , f er F : Papi amily 5 3 r tte oute u and o n : P a , Ch a C mpa y 34 r s G : 6 8 1 Pa i , 5 , 5 , 57 r o ost E t enne : s co ers G r e t P v , i 3 7 ; di v a r er Pambr um [ ] : 1 74 t e 8 Pa k Sal Lak , 3 t t r ee : 8 ootn ote ’ Pa i C k 7 , f Pryor s For k : 2 1 us G : 6 8 Pa , 5 , 5 ' ette I o : 6 ootn ote UINr AL : 6 1 so ootnote Pay , dah 5 , f Q , L 5 , 7 , 73 , al f ette Fr nc s : 6 s o ootn ote 1 1 0 1 0 1 68 Pay , a i 5 , al f , 77, , 5 ,

2cx5 JOURNAL OF JOH N WORK

ee E ter s : 1 2 ootn ote out D ot H stor c ollect ons Sh p a 5 , f S h ak a i i al C i os one o e : 1 0 ootn ote 1 22 1 8 ootnote 1 ootn ote Sh h C v 9, f , , , f , 9, f ootn ote 1 1 ootnote oot out s s : s co er e f , 3 , f , f S h Pa di v d , 37 n ote Sowitie s e : 8 1 , Chi f os one In n s : 1 1 1 0 ootn ote n r s : 1 o os e to er Sh h dia 4 , 5 , f Spa ia d 7 ; pp d Am i c er : 1 so ootn ote 1 c n s n fluence In ns Si kly Riv 45 , al f , 49 a , 39 ; i dia , 59 ’ c n es s in or s rt : 1 2 o ne : 2 8 6 Si k W k pa y 7 , 7 , 73 , Sp ka , 5

6 80 I 1 o n e Hous e : 2 6 6 oot 74. 7s. 7 . . 77. 79 Sp ka 5 , 5 5 , 5 , 4, f ert : 6 6 n ote oun e 2 un er com Silb ; f d d , 3 ; d l er B ow C r ee : 1 00 ootn ote n of McMill an 2 Si v k , f ma d , 4 son Go ernor G eor e : 1 6 oot o n e er : 6 1 ootn ote Simp , v g , f Sp ka Riv , f n ote 2 8 ootn ote 2 ootn ote 2 Sta tis tics o the W , , f , 9 , f , 4 , f es t a t the cl os e of

1 ootn ote the ea r 1 8 6 : 0 ootn ot 5 , f y 3 5 , f e

s on Fort : 60 te ens G ov . 6 ootnote Simp , S v , 4, f oux In n s : 1 6 2 1 n u er of ton e and o n : Si dia , ; mb S C mpa y 34 bufialo r o es co ecte Str a horn : To the Roc ie b ll d by, 49 k s a nd B e e r ee : 1 8 ootn ote ond cite 1 0 ootn ote Smil y C k 5 , f y , d , 5 , f t e e : 6 s o tu r t D : u s Fort O n Smi h, J d diah S 3 3 , 3 , 3 9 , al S a , avid b ild ka a ootn ote e s ex e ti on to an 2 f , 5 3 ; l ad p di g . 3 ’ n ort es t ets O en s men to Stu rt o n : Jour na l at Rock M oun hw , 3 7 ; g gd a , J h y e s ert 8 ent one ootn ote ta in H ous e c te ootnote d , 3 ; m i d , 3 9, f ; , i d , 3 9 , f le s ex e t on to c c tu rt e : 1 ootn ote ad p di i Pa ifi , 3 9 ; S a Lak 74, f b n on s n e er countr 0 tu rt ont : 1 00 ootnote a a d S ak Riv y, 4 , S a , M , f ootnote u ett e ton : 6 1 in oc 44, f S bl , Mil 3 , 4 ; R ky t T : 6 6 8 1 2 ount n Fur o n 0 and Smi h, , 9, 94, 7 M ai C mpa y, 4 ; t c s on a nd u ette : 8 u ette 6 Smi h, Ja k , S bl 3 S bl , William, 3 n e E x e t on : 1 s o ootn ote u ette : 6 8 1 oot S ak p di i 7 , al f S bl , William 3 , 3 , 45 , f n e In n s : 6 2 6 6 ootn ote 1 0 n ote S ak dia , , f , 5 , 1 1 6 1 60 1 6 1 6 6 1 6 1 1 u ette t 8: o n : 1 1 5 5 , 5 , , 5 , , 7, 7 , S bl , Smi h C mpa y 4,

1 1 ste r o Iro uo s ootn ote 73 , 74 ; al f m q i , 44 f n e er : 2 2 28 2 2 Sukl er : s ee S ckl R v er S ak Riv 3 , 5 , , 9 , 3 , 37, y Riv i y i 1 8 6 6 ootn 1 uns et H : ootn ote 4 . 5 . 5 9. 3 . 5 . f ote. 7 . S ill 9 3 , f

ootn ote 8 ootn ote ootn ote S lv ank er : 1 68 s o ootn ote f , 7 , f , 79 , f , y Riv al f

80 s o ootn ote 1 1 ootn ote 1 6 S rnons L eut. 8 ootn ote , al f , 4, f , 7, y , i 7 , f 1 6 8 o n , f ot ote

n e e r r e s : 8 8 1 TACOMA s : 6 2 S ak Riv B igad 3 7, 3 , 5 , 7 , , Wa h ootn ote co n e or Te n o I o : 1 1 ootnote f ; mma d d by W k, d y, dah 3 , f 2 r o ts e 1 or n Tex s r ee : 1 6 ootnote 9 ; p fi mad by, 5 ; ga a C k 3 , f

iz ation of 6 6 1 so ootnote T o s on D : 26 6 ootn ote , , 7 , al f , h mp , avid , 7 , f , 1 2 ootn o n or 5 , f ote 95 , fo t ote, 1 25 , footn ote ; ex p l

Sotea ux Satoux : 6 6 s o ootnote ations of 22 u s s Hous e ( ) , al f , , ; b ild Sali h , 6 ootn ote 8 1 8 8 6 1 02 2 r e c es out of olu 2 7, f , , 3 , 9, 94, 9 , , 3 ; a h m h C mbia , 3 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 6 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 T o s on F s : 2 6 ootn ote , , 3 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 73 h mp all 3 , 7 , f out D ot : 1 8 T ous n r n s : 1 ootn ote S h ak a h a d Sp i g 44, f INDEX 207

T ree For s ost : 2 Van ure n Fort : 6 h k , P 3 B , 3 T r ee Teton s : 26 V ncou e r : 6 8 1 1 h a v 5 9. . 7 . 7 3 . 7s. 75 . T tes G : 1 ootn ote Or n x 1 8 hwai , R 7, f ; igi 77. 7 a l Jour na ls o Lew is a nd Cla r k V ncou er Fort : 1 6 ootn ote f , a v , , f , 45 , c te 1 ootn ote 1 0 ootn ote ootn ote 1 6 8 6 1 62 i d , 7, f , 5 , f ; f , 5 , 5 5 , 5 , 5 , , , Rock M ounta in E x lor a t ons cit ootn ote 1 8 ootn ote o un y p i , 75 , f , 5 , f ; f d ed 1 ootn ote e d 2 - 1 1 ootn ote it , 7, f , 7 3 9, 7 , 74, f ; Sm h er r ee : 1 1 8 ootn ote 1 6 s en s nter at 0 r ce of ur s Timb C k , f , 3 , p d wi , 4 ; p i f n at 8 foot ote , 4

o o n : 1 8 1 V n cou er Is n : 6 1 T dd , J h a v la d To e F : 8 ootn ote Ver en r e Fr nc s and ou s : dis lmi , 4 , f d y , a i L i o e Fr s er s on -in -l aw co er the oc ounta n s 1 8 d e T lmi , William a , v R ky M i , ; ri d of e s te rn r nts 1 of Wor k : 62 p ve w g a , 9 Fr s er : 6 8 Veren r e err e G u t e r d e To e Mr s . lmi , William a d y , Pi a l i la Ton u er : 6 our ne to n ns 1 8 n s g e Riv 3 j y Ma da , ; gai Touc et R er : 8 ootn ote oot ono o of estern tr e 1 h iv 7 , f , 79 , f m p ly w ad , 9 e t of 1 n ote d a h , 9 Ve r en r e te : 1 oo n t ou e : 6 6 1 26 1 1 6 1 6 9, f t o e T p , J , , 49, 5 , 9 d y pla V ctor : R v er th W t Tr ex er H . : B u a lo Ra n e o the o e es 1 oot l , A fi g f i i f , 45 , f N or thw es t c te 1 6 ootn ote n ote , i d , , f

r C r ee : 1 1 ootn ote 1 oot V ctor . : o n or e at T ail k 3 , f , 54, f i ia, B C J h W k di d , n 6 1 n ote, 1 6 1 , foot ote V ctor Co on st : uote 62 Tra v els a nd Adv entur es in Cana da i ia l i q d,

a nd the Ind a n Terr itor ies c te i , i d , ootn ot AG R ACOB : s ee W a er Ja cob 20, f e W E , J y ,

Tr e t of 1 8 6 : s : 2 ootn ote a y 4 47 Walla Walla, Wa h 5 , 74, f Tr o s T ton s 1 2 ootn ote s ee s o N ez er ce i e : 44 5 , f ; al P , F ort

mAr ILL P D : ootn o l Fort : 1 ootn ote U A A S te , 39 , f , R I 74, f Wal a Walla t Utalle e r : 1 1 ootn ote Uma illa ( ) Riv 4, 74, 74, f oo n 1 o n R er : ootnote 8 f t ote, 74, fo t ote Walla Walla iv 75 , f , 7 ,

Umfr evi lle E r : 20 ootn ote so ootn ote , dwa d , f al f ’ In n str o t ouse ee er : 6 6 1 28 Umpqua dia s : d e y Smi h s Walla Walla h k p , , rt 1 29 pa y. 3 9 In n ountr : W a shill a Cr ee : 80 ootn ote Umpqua dia C y 59 p k , f 1 1 2 1 oot n on Fort : 8 constr ucte W ar of 8 2 : 24, 3 , 4 , 75 , f U i , 3 5 , 4 , 49 ; d , 1 1 o n o n ote 1 ootn ote c us es ue 34, 2, fo t te , 74, f ; a val

t t or s s of rum of e ts to ec r e s e 8 Un ited S a e s : f bid al e p l d a , 4 r 1 oo n ote to In ns cens es In n r r n s ee : 00, f t , dia , 43 ; li dia Wa m Sp i g C k tr e 1 6 1 ootn ote ad , 43 , f er D es The : ootnote s er er : s ee We s er Riv er Upp all , 73 , f Wa Riv i Utalle River : s ee Uma tilla Riv er Was hington : 60 Was hi ngton Hi storical S oci ety Qu ar ter l : 8 ootn ote 6 1 ootn ote 6 VALLE FAMILY : 5 3 y 5 , f , , f , 4, 208 JOURNAL OF JOH N WORK

’ ootn ote 6 ootn ote 6 8 oot n s 6 ex e t on to Fr ser s f , 5 , f , , 75 , f dia , 5 ; p di i a n ote ootnote 1 ootnote er 6 tr n ex e t on e , 99, f , 43 , f , Riv , 5 ; adi g p di i mad 1 ootn ote the Inter or r e r o Fort 45 , f by i B igad f m et co : 1 66 ootn ote V ncou er un er co n of Mc Way , Ja b , f a v d mma d e e I o : ootn ote 82 oot e o 6 ootn ote tr n ex e W ipp , dah 79 , f , , f L d , 5 , f ; adi g p di n ote 8 ootnote t on for Inter or un er co n , 3 , f i i d mma d e e r r e : ootn ote of onne ootn ote eco es W ipp P ai i 79 , f C lly, 5 7, f ; b m e s er er : 1 66 s o ootn ote 1 6 c e tr er 8 ex ed t on to W i Riv , al f , 7, hi f ad , 5 ; p i i s o ootn ote Gr e t t e 8 unt n a nd al f a Sal Lak , 5 ; h i g W eita s r ee : 8 ootn ote tr n ex e t on o n n e C k 4, f adi g p di i d w S ak Wen aha er : ootn ote 80 oot Ri er to t 8 ootn ote ex Riv 79, f , , f v U ah, 5 , f ; n ote edition to N ort est Co as t p hw , 5 9, eeler O n D : Tr a l o Lewis a nd ootn ote ex e t on u u Wh , li i f f ; p di i p Umpq a Clar k c te 88 ootnote e tr es on n ort est , i d , , f vall y, 59 ; ad hw t n r cus : 1 ootnote co st ex e t on to B on av en Whi ma , Ma 74, f a , 5 9 ; p di i ’ t n s s on : 1 ootn ote tur e of O en s Whi ma Mi i 74, f a vall y by way gd Wihin as t In ns : 1 6 ootn ote er s o ootn ote 6 6 oot dia 5 , f Riv , 5 9 , al f , , f Willamette Valley : 3 9 n ote ; hunti n g ex p editi on down o r ee : ootnote 1 oot n e er ootnote tr n Will w C k 79, f , 541 f S ak Riv , 5 9, f ; adi g n ote 1 6 ootn ote a nd unt n tr to the s out r , 4, f h i g ip hwa d son ec es : The Gr ea t C om r o FortVa ncouv er ootnote Will , B kl f m , 59 , f ; a n c te 1 ootn ote 1 oot in c r e of Fort s on 60 p y , i d , 5 , f , 9 , f ha g Simp , ; n ote bu s New Fort o e 60 be ild C lvill , ; n er : 0 co es c e ctor 60 s ur e s Wi d Riv 4 m hi f fa , ; v y s o er : 1 01 ootn ote o t r r e 60 e er Wi d m Riv , f C wli z P ai i , ; m mb Wi nnip eg : 1 8 bo ar d Of man ager s of Col umbia ’ oo Fr n n : 8 ootn ote e rt ent of Hu s on s C om W dy, a kli 7, f d pa m d Bay

or o n : 1 2 1 6 6 2 l s o n 6 1 member ~ le is l ativ e coun W k, J h 3 , 9 , 4 , 4 , , a pa y, ; g ootnote 6 ootn ote 6 s o oot cil of V ncou er Is l n 6 1 Van f , 4, f , 5 , al f a v a d , ; n ote 6 1 ootn ote 2 ootnote cou er Is n 6 1 e t of 6 1 , 9, 7 , f , 7 , f , v la d , ; d a h , ; ootn ote 8 ootn ote oot e scr t on of 6 1 u ters of 75 , f , 7 , f , 79, f d ip i , ; da gh , note 80 ootn ote 8 1 ootn ote 8 6 6 s e n of 6 6 8 etter to , , f , , f , 7, ; p lli g , 7, ; l ootn ote 8 ootn ote ootnote o n McLeod 1 st c n f , 9, f , 94, f , J h , 75 ; la ampaig ootn ote 1 1 1 0 ootn ote 1 in n e countr not s ucces s ul 99 , f , 5 , 4 , f , 54, S ak y f , ootn ote 1 1 6 ootnote s ent to 1 r o ts 1 rt s uf ere f , 5 7, 9 , f ; 77 ; p fi , 77 ; pa y f d F t e countr 2 s uccee s O s cour e of e er 1 8 r eturns ro la h ad y, 9 ; d g g f v , 7 ; f m d en 2 Jour na l 8 ootnote n e countr 1 ex e t on to , 9 ; , 3 , f , 5 5 , S ak y, 79 ; p di i

66 6 ett ers to E . E r t n er 6 c oot countr 1 80 not s ee , 7 ; l ma i g , 4 , Bla kf y, ; did ootn ote 1 e of E tr er Fr n E r t n er 1 80 t r e of f , 77 ; lif , 5 5 ; ad a k ma i g , ; i d ’ for Hu s on s o n cur s e countr 1 81 d Bay C mpa y, 5 5 ; d y,

tr n ex e t on un e r . F . O or o n r : ne e of o n adi g p di i d C g W k, J h J ph w J h d en to o u a nd Fort G eor e or 6 1 C l mbia g , W k, ootn ote o e r s of o ser oo er : 1 1 ootn ote 5 5 , f ; p w b va W d Riv 5 , f t on 6 tr e t F t e In o n : ootnote i , 5 ; ad wi h la h ad Wy mi g 74, f