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Astronomy: a Physical Perspective Marc L Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82196-4 - Astronomy: A Physical Perspective Marc L. Kutner Index More information Index 062000, 217 gravitational effects, 371–2 and orbit eccentricity, 440, 440 21 cm line, 247, 248 M84, 372 quantization of, 29 and clouds, 249 M87, 372 and star formation, 267 and HI shells, 249, 250 results, 372–3 angular resolution, 41, 42–3 and Hubble constant, 344 jets, 370 angular size, 390 primordial, 409 large energy output, 370 anisotropies, 402 and redshift surveys, 345 light curves, 365 annular eclipse, 438 and Zeeman effect, 249 line spectra, 363 Antarctica, 55 30 Dorado, 323–4, 323 quasars, 362–8 antiparticle, 162, 411 30 m telescope, 72 radio galaxies, 355–9 antiquark, 411–12, 414 300 m telescope, 70 rapid variability, 370 Aphrodite Terra, Venus, 485 3C48 (quasar), 364 Seyfert galaxies, 361–2 APM Galaxy Survey, 336 3C273 (quasar), 363–4, 364, 388 starburst galaxies, 353–5 Apollo mission photographs spectrum, 364 supermassive black holes, 370 Apollo 11, 472–3 3C279, superluminal expansion, 360 unified picture of, 370–3 Apollo 17, 472–3 3C465 (radio galaxy), 356 Adams, John C., 499 Apollos asteroids, 533 4 m telescope, 47, 55 adiabatic process, 171, 460 apparent magnitudes, 20 40 Eriadni, 146 ages of rocks, 471 Arcturus, 27 5 m telescope, 47, 47 AGN, see active galactic nuclei Aricebo, Puerto Rico, 69, 70 1000 ft telescope, 70 albedo, 242 Aristotle, 430 of asteroids, 533 Armstrong, Neil, 471, 472 A spectral type, 35 of Earth, 453 asteroid belt, 532–3 AAVSO, see American Association of of Jupiter, 508 asteroids, 429, 532–4 Variable Star Observers of Uranus, 498 types, 533 Abell 2218, gravitational lensed Aldrin, Edwin E., 471, 472 astigmatism, 44 quasars, 369 Algol, 83 astrometric binary, 83, 84 aberration 44 Allende meteorite, 531 astronomical unit (AU), 18, 433 of starlight, 126, 126 ALMA, see Atacama Large Millimeter asymptotic giant branch, 179 aberrations, 44 Array Atacama Desert, 75 absolute magnitudes, 20–1 Alpha Bootes, 27 Atacama Large Millimeter Array absolute simultaneity, 127 Alpha Canis Majoris, 27 (ALMA), 75, 76, 323 absorption, 237, 256, 256 alpha particle, 27, 161 atmosphere, 43, 454–65 absorption coefficient, 103 Alpher, Ralph, 395 Earth, 450 absorption lines, 25, 26, 245, 245 and Follin and Herman, 408 layers, 455 absorption of radiation, 102 and Herman, Robert, 398, 401 from space, 455 abundances alt-azimuth mount, 49 Io, 515 of elements, 101 aluminization, 47 Jupiter, 497 of light elements, primordial, 408 aluminization chamber, 47 Neptune, 504 acceleration in expansion, 391 ambipolar diffusion, 271 outer planets, 500–5 acceleration of gravity, neutron American Association of Variable Star Saturn, 497, 504 star, 198 Observers, 180 Solar System, life in, 543 accelerators, 410 amino acids, on early Earth, 541 Titan, 517, 517–18 accretion disks, active galaxies, 370 Andromeda Galaxy, M31, 315, 317 Uranus, 504 achondrites, 531 CO map, 326 atmosphere (unit), 455 achromat, 45 FIR map, 326 atmospheric transmission, 12 active galactic nuclei (AGN), 353 HI map, 325, 325 atomic number, 159 unified picture, 370–3; see also Angstrom, A. J., 10 AU, see astronomical unit active galaxies angular magnification, 44 aurora active galaxies, 322, 353–73 angular measure, 19 Earth, 466, 466–7 accretion disks, 370 angular momentum, 254, 537 Jupiter, 503 BL Lac objects, 362 of Earth, 469 Saturn, 503 black hole searches, 371–3 in elliptical orbits, 91–2, 92 auto-correlation function, 71 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82196-4 - Astronomy: A Physical Perspective Marc L. Kutner Index More information 566 INDEX average gas distribution, Milky Way, binary stars, 83–4 bulge, Milky Way, 293 302–4 and circular orbits, 87–91 buoyant force, 169 Doppler shifts, 90 Burnell, Jocelyn Bell, 199 B spectral type, 35 extrasolar planets, 545 burster, 214 Baade, Walter, 202 binary system Butler, R. Paul, 545–7 Baade’s star, 202 binding energy, 90 Butterfly cluster, 222 balloon collection, meteoroids, 530 with circular orbit, 87 butterfly diagram, 114 Balloon Observations of Millimetric binding energy, 30, 160–1, 160 Byrd telescope (GBT), 67, 70, 70 Extragalactic Radiation and of binary system, 90 ϩ Geophysics (BOOMERANG), biological clocks, 129 C , 244 403–4 bipolar flows, 283, 283–4 CII regions, 278 measurements, 404 extrasolar planets, 547 Callisto, 512, 513 Balmer, Johann Jakob, 28 BL Lac objects, 362–3 camera, image formation in, 43 Balmer formula, 28, 31 Markarian 421 spectrum, 363 optics of, 44 Balmer series, 31 black hole, 148–52 Cannon, Annie Jump, 26 quasars, 363–4 approaching, 149, 149 capture, 474 bar (unit), 455 in close binaries, 216–18 carbon dioxide (CO2), on Earth, 448 Barnard’s star, 222 evaporation of, 152 carriers of forces, 411–12 barred spirals, 317 radio galaxies, 358 Cas A, supernova remnant in, 195 barrier penetration, 164 searches for in active galaxies, Cassegrain focus, 47, 48, 48 Barringer crater, 532 371–3 Cassini’s division, 507 baryon, 410 blackbodies, 13–6 causality problem, 405, 405, 420 baryon number, 418 cosmic background radiation of, CCD, see charge-coupled-device density, primordial, 408 395 C2H, 252 basalts, 470 spectra of, 14 cD galaxies, see central dominant on Earth, 448 see also cosmic background galaxies basic features of planets, radiation CDM, see cold dark matter Mars, 480–1 blockage in prime focus, 48 cell walls, 543 Mercury, 479 blueshift, 86 cellular level, 541 outer planets, 497–500 Bode’s law, 435, 539 Cen A (radio galaxy), 357 Venus, 479–80 Boeing 747 SP, 64 Centaurus cluster, 335, 337 Bell Telephone Laboratories, 68, Bohr, Neils, 28 X-ray image, 338 251, 398 Bohr atom, 28, 28–31 center of mass, 88 belts, Jupiter, 502 Bohr model, 31 center of universe, 385 asteroid 532–3 Bok, Bart, 68, 268 central dominant (cD) galaxies, 338 bending of electromagnetic radia- Bok globules, 268 central minimum, 42 tion, 144–5 bolometer, 64 central pressure of Sun, 169 bending of starlight, 144 bolometric correction, 21 central temperature of Sun, 170 Besselian year, 180 bolometric magnitude, 20 centrifugal force, asteroids, 533 beta decay, 162, 166 Boltzmann constant, 15 Cepheid distance scale, 182 beta particle, 162 Boltzmann distribution, 33 Cepheid mechanism, 180–1 Betelgeuse, 97 Boltzmann equation, 400 Cepheid variables, 179–83, 221, 315, Bethe, Hans, 395 BOOMERANG, see Balloon 341, 343, 391 big bang, 384, 395–422 Observations of Millimetric use in measuring Hubble constant, see also cosmic background Extragalactic Radiation and 342 radiation Geophysics in Milky Way, 293 big bang cosmologies, 395 bottom-up evolution of universe, period luminosity relation for, 182 big bang nucleosynthesis, 407–10 347, 348 Cerro Paranal, 50, 51, 52, 55 big bang theories, 378 bound system, 29 Cerro Tololo Interamerican big crunch, 384 bound–free process, 105 Observatory, 47, 54, 55 binary pulsar, 147, 215 Bragg crystal, 75 CH, 245 energy loss, theory and Brahe, Tycho, 432 CH+, 245 observation, 216 brightness of image, 44 CH3CH2OH (ethyl alcohol), 251 orbit of, 215 Brookhaven National Laboratory, 172 CH3OH (methyl alcohol), 251 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82196-4 - Astronomy: A Physical Perspective Marc L. Kutner Index More information INDEX 567 CH4 (methane), closed universe, 382 color force, 415, 417 on early Earth, 541 clouds Venus, 479 color–magnitude diagram on Earth, 448 Jupiter, 500–1 for cluster of stars, 231 on Titan, 517 Uranus, 498 for globular cluster, 232 Chandra, 76, 77 clumps, interstellar clouds, 266 colorless combinations, 414, 414 Chandrasekhar, S., 189 cluster dynamics, 335–8 colors of stars, 12–15 Chandrasekhar limit, 189, 193, 213 cluster variables, 183 column density, 103 channels, Mars, 487 clusters of galaxies, 335–51, 390 coma, 526 charge conjugation, 413 dark matter, 337, 338 spectra, 526 charge-coupled-device (CCD), 59 Doppler shifts, 336 Coma cluster, 335, 336 readout, 60 dynamics, 335–8 comet tails, 526, 530–2 Charon, 523, 524 effect on background radiation, comets, 429, 524–30 chemistry on Jupiter, 500–1 406 relation to meteoroids, 532 Chile, 75 internal motions, 337 co-moving coordinate system, Chilean Andes, 55 virial mass, 336–7 385, 388 chondrites, meteoroids, 531 X-ray emission, 337 composite spectrum binary, 83 chondrules, 539 clusters of stars, 221–32 composition of planets and moons meteoroids, 531 color–magnitude diagram, 231 Jupiter, 500 chromatic aberration, 44, 45 for globular cluster, 232 Neptune, 504 chromosphere, 101, 109–10 evaporation time, 229 Titan, 517 circular orbits, 86–91 HR diagram, 231–2 Uranus, 504 circulation pattern, Earth, 464, 464 main sequence fitting, 231 Venus, Earth and Mars, 492 classical Cepheids, 182 internal dynamics, 225 Compton, A. H., 17 classification of elementary particles, population I, 232 Compton scattering, 406, 407 411 population II, 232 computer models, 421 classification potential energy for globular clus- Earth, 464 of galaxies, elliptical galaxies, 315 ter, 227 atmosphere, 454 spiral galaxies, 317 relaxation time, 228, 228–9 interiors, 491, 506 close binaries, 209–11 rms velocity, 227 magnetic effects, 270 accretion disk, 211, 211 virial mass, 229 protostars, 273 binary pulsar, 215 virial theorem, 225–31 universe, 348 energy loss, theory and observa- CN, 245 computer simulations, 539 tion, 216 interstellar, cosmic background condensation, 474 orbit, 215 radiation, 399–401, 400 configuration of planets, 432 burster, 214 CNO cycle, 166, 166 conjunction, 432 with black holes,
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