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Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Stable Isotope and Geochemical Records from the Northern High Latitudes: Implications for Palaeoclimate

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Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Stable Isotope and Geochemical Records from the Northern High Latitudes: Implications for Palaeoclimate LATE JURASSIC TO EARLY CRETACEOUS STABLE ISOTOPE AND GEOCHEMICAL RECORDS FROM THE NORTHERN HIGH LATITUDES: IMPLICATIONS FOR PALAEOCLIMATE by ELIZABETH VICTORIA NUNN A thesis submitted to the Universit)' of Plymouth in partial fulfilment for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Earth Ocean & Environmental Sciences Facult}' of Science March 2007 University of Plymouth Library Item no. iShelfmartt , , , . ABSTRACT Elizabeth Nunn Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Stable Isotope and Geochemical Records from the Northern High Latitudes: Implications for Palaeoclimate The Jurassic and Cretaceous periods are widely accepted as being dominated by greenhouse conditions with elevated CO2 levels and warm polar regions. Although much compelling evidence to support this idea of global warmth exists, some recent studies propose that the greenhouse climate may at times have been punctuated by sub-freezing polar conditions and the presence of limited polar ice. The evidence, however, is somewhat equivocal and is both spatially and temporally limited with much of this research until now being concentrated in mid- to low latitudes, despite it being generally accepted that global climate is defined to a significant degree by prevailing conditions at the poles. Existing data are also often plagued by poor sampling resolutions and dubious diagenetic histories. This research presents the first extensive stable isotope and geochemical investigation of well-preserved belemnite rostra from the Callovian-Hauterivian Boreal Realm. Belemnites of the genera Cylindroteuthis, Pachyteuthis, Acroteuthis, Lagonibelus and occasionally Belemnopsis were investigated. Preservation was assessed using Backscattered Scanning Electron Microscopy, Cathodoluminescence, carbonate staining and trace element techniques. Organic carbon isotope analysis of fossilised wood was also undertaken where possible. Material from Staffin Bay, Isle of Skye, and Helmsdale, Sutherland, Scotland; the Izhma River, Timan-Pechora Basin, Russia; the Boyarka River, Yenisei-IChatanga Basin, Siberia; and Festningen and Janusfjellet, Svalbard was analysed. The carbon isotope data record relatively positive values in the Oxfordian, followed by a gradual shift towards more negative values through the Kimmeridgian and into the Volgian/Tithonian. A distinct Late Valanginian positive carbon isotope excursion is identified in both the marine carbonate and terrestrial organic carbon records from the Izhma and Boyarka rivers. The excursion occurs at a time of relatively low sea level in Russia and Siberia. The exposure and erosion of lowland areas and restricted ocean circulation (and therefore enhanced stratification) associated with a period of sea-level lowstand may account for increased rates of organic carbon burial. The Late Valanginian positive carbon isotope excursion is coeval with a distinct cooling in the Russian Izhma River succession. This could be explained by a fall in atmospheric CO2 concentration and a subsequent drop in temperature as the result of significant burial of sediments rich in organic carbon. Further evidence for cold conditions during the Valanginian interval comes from glendonites and dropstones, which were identified on Svalbard. High latitude warmth is most likely the norm for the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous interval, although this warmth is likely to have been punctuated by cold conditions providing the opportunity for the development of at least a seasonal cover of polar ice. The oxygen isotope data record the occurrence of cold episodes during the Lower Oxfordian Cordatum Zone, the mid-Ryazanian Kochi-Analogits zones and the Upper Valanginian Bidichotomus Zone. Palaeotemperatures as low as 2°C were calculated, providing strong evidence for the existence of cold polar conditions at theses times. Ultimately, climatic instability is probably the key characteristic of this greenhouse interval. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT I TABLE OF CONTENTS II LIST OF FIGURES V LIST OF TABLES VII LIST OF PLATES VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IX AUTHOR'S DECLARATION X 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Rationale I 1.2. Locations 4 1.3. Aims & Objectives 6 1.4. Thesis Structure 7 2. THE LATE JURASSIC AND EARLY CRETACEOUS 8 2.1. Biostratigraphy 8 2.1.1. Boreal-Telhyan Correlalion 9 2.2. Palaeogeography 13 2.2.1. Arctic Palaeogeography & Palaeoceanography 15 2.3. Palaeoclimate 18 2.3.1. Evidence for a Warm, Equable Climate 18 2.3.2. Evidence for Cold Polar Regions 22 3. BELEMNITES 27 3.1. Systematic Position 27 3.2. The Belemnite Animal 28 3.2.1. Belemnite Morphology 29 3.2.2. Belemnile Palaeoecology 31 3J. Belemnite Palaeobiogeography 34 3.3.1. Boreal Realm 35 3.3.2. Tethyan Realm 36 3.3.3. Austral Realm 37 3.4. Belemnites as Palaeoclimate Indicators 38 4. METHODOLOGY 42 4.1. Selection of Sites 42 4.2. Field Techniques 43 4.2.1. Graphic Sedimenlary Logs 44 4.2.2. Sample Collection 44 4.3. Laborator>' Techniques 45 4.3.1. Rationale 45 4.3.2. Optical Techniques 52 4.3.3. Trace Element Analysis 56 4.3.4. Carbonate Stable Isotope Analysis 57 4.3.5. Organic Carbon Analysis 58 4.3.6. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 59 4.3.7. Rock-Eval Pyrolysis 60 4.3.8. Storage of Material 60 5. STAFFIN BAY, ISLE OF SKYE, SCOTLAND 61 5.1. Location & Site Description 61 5.2. Geological Setting 62 5.3. Sampling & Methodology' 67 5.4. Results 69 5.5. Discussion 77 5.5.1. Stable Isoiope, Geochemical & Taxonomic Records 77 5.5.2. The Oxygen Isotope Record & Palaeotemperature Implications 77 5.5.3. The Elemental Records & Palaeotemperature Implications 81 5.5.4. The Terrestrial Carbon Isotope Record 85 5.5.5. The Marine Carbon Isotope Record 87 5.5.6. The Carbon Isotope Records & Ocean-Atmosphere Correlation 88 5.5.7. Callovian-Kimmeridgian Marine & Terrestrial Isolopic Records 89 5.6. Conclusions 93 6. HELMSDALE, SUTHERLAND, SCOTLAND 98 6.1. Location & Site Description 98 6.2. Geological Setting 99 6.3. Sampling & Methodolog>' 104 6.4. Results 106 6.5. Discussion 110 6.5.1. Stable Isotope, Geochemical & Taxonomic Records 110 6.5.2. The Oxygen Isotope Record & Palaeotemperature Implications 110 6.5.3. The Elemental Records & Palaeotemperature Implications 111 6.5.4. The Carbon Isotope Record 115 6.5.5. Kimmeridgian Stable Isotope Records 116 6.5.6. Correlation of the Helmsdale & Staffm Bay Isotope Records 119 6.6. Conclusions 122 7. BOYARKA RIVER, YENISEI-KHATANGA BASIN, SIBERIA 127 7.1. Location & Site Description 127 7.2. Geological Setting 128 111 7.3. Sampling & Methodology 132 7.4. Results 134 7.5. Discussion 139 7.5.1. Stable Isotope, Geochemical & Taxonomic Records 139 7.5.2. The Oxygen Isotope Record & Palaeotemperature ImpUcations 140 7.5.3. The Elemental Records & Palaeotemperalure Imphcations 143 7.5.4. The Terrestrial Carbon Isotope Record 145 7.5.5. The Marine Carbon Isotope Record 147 7.5.6. The Carbon Isotope Records & Ocean-Atmosphere Correlation 148 7.5.7. Ryazanian-Hauterivian Marine & Terrestrial Isotopic Records 150 7.6. Conclusions 154 8. IZHMA RIVER, TIMAN-PECHORA BASIN, RUSSIA 161 8.1. Location & Site Description 161 8.2. Geological Setting 162 8.3. Sampling & Methodology 167 8.4. Results 168 8.5. Discussion 171 8.5.1. Stable Isotope, Geochemical & Taxonomic Records 171 8.5.2. The Oxygen Isotope Record & Palaeotemperature Implications 174 8.5.3. The Elemental Records & Palaeotemperalure Implications 175 8.5.4. The Carbon Isotope Record 177 8.5.5. Volgian-Hauterivian Stable Isotope Records 178 8.6. Conclusions 182 9. FESTNINGEN & JANUSFJELLET, SVALBARD 187 9.1. Location & Site Description 187 9.2. Geological Setting 189 9.3. Sampling & Methodolog>' 195 9.4. Results 196 9.5. Discussion 199 9.5.1. Sedimentary Indicators of Palaeoclimate - Glendonites 199 9.5.2. Sedimentary Indicators of Palaeoclimate - Oulsized Clasts 201 9.5.3. Stable Isotope, Geochemical & Taxonomic Records 204 9.5.4. The Oxygen Isotope Record & Palaeotemperature Implications 204 9.5.5. The Elemental Records & Palaeotemperature Implications 207 7.5.6. The Carbon Isotope Record 211 9.5.7. Ryazanian-Valanginian Stable Isotope Records 212 9.6. Conclusions 213 10. DISCUSSION 218 10.1. Evaluating Belemnites as Palaeoenvironmental indicators 218 10.1.1. Preservation 218 10.1.2. Natural Variability in Belemnite Records 220 10.1.3. Oxygen Isotopes 226 10.1.4. Elemental/Ca Ratios 229 IV 10.1.5. Carbon isotopes 234 10.2. Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous Global Palaeoenvironment 237 I0.2.I Boreal Realm Data 237 10.2.2. Global Palaeoenvironmental Studies 242 IL CONCLUSIONS 251 I I.I. Summary' of Site SpeciHc Investigations 251 11.1.1. Staffin Bay, Isle of Skye, Scotland 251 n.1.2. Helmsdale, Sutherland, Scotland 252 11.1.3. Boyarka River, Yenisei-Khatanga Basin, Siberia 252 11.1.4. Izhma River, Timan-Pechora Basin, Russia 253 11.1.5. Festningen &. JanusQellet, Svalbard 253 11.2. Wider Implications of Research 254 11.2.1. Belemnites as Palaeoenvironmental Indicators 254 11.2.2. Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous Global Palaeoenvironment 255 11.3. Future Work 256 REFERENCES 259 APPENDIX L SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY 335 Al.l. Introduction 336 AI.2. Systematic Descriptions 338 APPENDIX 2. DATA TABLES : BELEMNITES 415 APPENDIX 3. DATA TABLES : ORGANICS 429 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Atmospheric CO2 through the Phanerozoic I Figure 1.2. Distribution of potentially glacially derived sediments and glendonites through the Mesozoic .... 2 Figure 1.3. Present day circumpolar view of the Northern hemisphere 4 Figure 1.4. Temporal distribution of the locations investigated as part of this study 5 Figure 2.1a. Tethyan-Boreal (British and Russian) correlation of the Middle-Upper Jurassic period 10 Figure 2.1b. Tethyan-Boreal (British and Russian) correlation of the Lower Cretaceous period 11 Figure 2.2. CaMovian palaeogeography map 13 Figure 2.3. Hauterivian palaeogeography map 14 Figure 2.4. Late Jurassic palaeogeography of the Arctic region 15 Figure 3.1. Belemnite morphology 30 Figure 3.2. Hauterivian palaeobiogeography 35 Figure 4.1. Volgian circumpolar map 43 Figure 4.2. Key to sedimentary log symbols used in this study 44 Figure 5.1.
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