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Belemnite Extinction and the Origin of Modern Cephalopods 35 M.Y. Prior to the Cretaceous−Paleogene Event

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Belemnite Extinction and the Origin of Modern Cephalopods 35 M.Y. Prior to the Cretaceous−Paleogene Event Belemnite extinction and the origin of modern cephalopods 35 m.y. prior to the Cretaceous−Paleogene event Yasuhiro Iba1,2*, Jörg Mutterlose1, Kazushige Tanabe3, Shin-ichi Sano4, Akihiro Misaki5, and Kazunobu Terabe6 1Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Geophysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Germany 2Department of Geology and Paleontology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan 3Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan 4Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum, Fukui 911-8601, Japan 5Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Fukuoka 805-0071, Japan 6Arabian Oil Company, Ltd., Tokyo 140-0002, Japan ABSTRACT determination of the strata studied is based on Belemnites, a very successful group of Mesozoic cephalopods, fl ourished in Cretaceous diagnostic ammonite species. Evaluations of oceans until the Cretaceous−Paleogene event, when they became globally extinct. Following museum collections (Mikasa City Museum, and this event the modern types of cephalopods (squids, cuttlefi sh, octopus) radiated in the Ceno- Kyushu University, Japan; California Academy zoic in all oceans. In the North Pacifi c, however, a turnover from belemnites to the modern of Science, USA) have also been done. Details types of cephalopods about 35 m.y. before the Cretaceous−Paleogene event documents a more of the localities, horizons, and the precise strati- complex evolutionary history of cephalopods than previously thought. Here we show that the graphic ages of Albian belemnites are shown in modern types of cephalopods originated and prospered throughout the Late Cretaceous in Table DR1 in the Data Repository.1 the North Pacifi c. The mid-Cretaceous cephalopod turnover was caused by cooling and the closure of the Bering Strait, which led to a subsequent faunal isolation of this area. In the Northwest Pacifi c Late Cretaceous the former niches of the fast-swimming belemnites were taken over by the While belemnites are common in Jurassic modern types of cephalopods, which evolved endemically. The Cretaceous−Paleogene event and pre-Albian Cretaceous strata, they became only allowed the modern types of cephalopods to spread globally and to take over the niches rare in the Albian. Our extensive fi eld studies of previously held by belemnites. Albian strata in Japan supplied rostra from fi ve localities (Figs. 1A and 2A–2F; Table DR1). All INTRODUCTION ern Interior Seaway (Doyle, 1992; Christensen, belemnites from the early to late Albian belong The mollusk group of the belemnites includes 1997; Mutterlose, 1998). to Neohibolites. N. cf. praeultimus (Loc. 3; extinct coleoid cephalopods, which were steno- The evolutionary history of this group is, Fig. 2E) and N. sp. (Loc. 5; Fig. 2F) from the thermal inhabitants of shelf seas providing a sig- however, hardly known from the North Pacifi c. latest Albian represent the last record of belem- nifi cant biomass in Mesozoic ocean, as do mod- The Pacifi c was the largest ocean in the Cre- nites in the Northwest Pacifi c (Table DR1). ern squids now (Doyle, 1992; Christensen, 2002; taceous, and therefore plays a key role for the The Yezo Group in northern Hokkaido (Loc. Rexfort and Mutterlose, 2006). They had an understanding of macroevolutionary dynamics 2; Fig. 1A) shows a continuous record of Cre- important position in ancient ecosystems, both as on a global scale. Belemnites occur in Juras- taceous strata from the late Aptian to the late predators and important prey for marine reptiles sic to Early Cretaceous marine strata in Japan, Campanian (Fig. 1B). Although megafossils are and sharks (Doyle and Macdonald, 1993; Rexfort western North America, and south Alaska (e.g., rare in the Aptian–Albian of the Yezo Group, and Mutterlose, 2006). Belemnites appeared in Hanai, 1953; Doyle, 1987). They are, however, Neohibolites occurs continuously from the late the earliest Jurassic, had a remarkable taxonomic absent in strata of Late Cretaceous age in these Aptian to the middle–late Albian of this unit and morphological diversifi cation in the world’s areas, though fossiliferous marine deposits of (Fig. 1B). The belemnites are found in vari- oceans for more than 130 m.y., and became this age are widespread. This pattern suggests ous facies, from mudstones and sandstones to extinct at the end of the Cretaceous (Doyle, 1992; that belemnites disappeared from the North conglomerates deposited by turbidity currents. Doyle et al., 1994; Christensen, 2002). Follow- Pacifi c in the mid-Cretaceous. Fossil records These different types of facies are also common ing the global Cretaceous−Paleogene extinction of the modern types of cephalopods (Decabra- in the Late Cretaceous part of the Yezo Group, event, during the Cenozoic, there was rapid diver- chia and Vampyropoda), including their earliest where numerous well-preserved molluscan fos- sifi cation of the modern types of cephalopods, fi ndings, have, however, been reported in recent sils have been elucidated by many paleontologi- which dominate modern oceans (e.g., Boyle studies of the Late Cretaceous of the North cal and biostratigraphical studies (e.g., Taka- and Rodhouse, 2005). The rich and continuous Pacifi c (e.g., Tanabe et al., 2008). Our study hashi et al., 2003). Belemnites, however, have fossil record of belemnites offers the potential sheds light on this major faunal shift by relat- never been found in the fossiliferous succes- for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of ing it to geological observations; we unravel the sions of the post-Albian Cretaceous (Fig. 1B). nektonic biota. Their diversity variations through extinction of belemnites in the North Pacifi c and the Jurassic and Cretaceous are well correlated address the environmental background. Northeast Pacifi c with Earth’s environmental changes, such as Cretaceous marine deposits in northern Califor- diversity increasing with high sea-level periods STRATIGRAPHY OF BELEMNITES nia (Ono area), the Budden Canyon Formation, are and decreasing with oceanic anoxic events (e.g., Fossiliferous strata of Cretaceous age are represented by a thick sequence of Hauterivian– Mutterlose, 1998). The evolutionary history of widely distributed in the circum–North Pacifi c; belemnites is well documented from Europe, the the most continuous and fossiliferous sequences 1GSA Data Repository item 2011153, Table DR1, Arctic, the Antarctic–South Pacifi c, and the West- are known from Japan and northern California details of Neohibolites from the Albian of North Pa- cifi c regions, is available online at www.geosociety (Fig. 1A). This study focuses on the Albian .org/pubs/ft2011.htm, or on request from editing@ *E-mail: [email protected]; ibayasuhiro@gmail successions of both regions in order to bet- geosociety.org or Documents Secretary, GSA, P.O. .com. ter understand the belemnite extinction. Age Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301, USA. © 2011 Geological Society of America. For permission to copy, contact Copyright Permissions, GSA, or [email protected]. GEOLOGY,Geology, May May 2011; 2011 v. 39; no. 5; p. 483–486; doi:10.1130/G31724.1; 3 fi gures; Data Repository item 2011153. 483 A Study areas B Yezo Group, northern Japan (Loc. 2) C Budden Canyon Formation, northern California (Loc. 6) 45° E133° 138° 143° W125° 120° 115° Loc. 2 N 40° Loc. 6 Hak. Loc. 3 Upper Middle Ceno- manian 40° UPPER Loc. 1 Turonian California Albian Japan Fig. 2G-H Loc. 5 35° Lower 35° Lower Loc. 4 Neohibolites 90° Gas Point Upper Chickabally No occurrence Shirataki Sakko. Omagari Osoushinai Japan San- tonian ? Upper California Aptian No occurrence Middle-Upper Nis. UPPER CRETACEOUS Coni- acian 0° Moe. Abundant molluscan fossils Albian Cenomanian Early Cretaceous H. unconformity Upper Saku UPPER CRETACEOUS Legend No occurrence LOWER CRETACEOUS (Fig. 2I) mds sst Bald Hills Abundant molluscan fossils Sandy mds cong. LOWER CRETACEOUS Turonian Campanian Fig. 2B Fig. 2C mds > sst Alternated beds Kamiji mds = sst Low. Middle of sst and mds Lower Chickabally Barremian N. fontinalis mds < sst Neohibolites “Belemnite” (Rodda and Murphy, 1987) Acroteuthis Acroteuthis Upper Albian Abundant molluscan fossils Occurrence of belemnites Sakugawa R. CRETACEOUS Upper Lower . Continuous occurrence of belemnites Aptian Ceno- manian 500 m L Continuous occurrence of belemnites Hau. U. Chickabally 150 m O. Figure 1. Stratigraphic distribution of belemnites in reference sections of North Pacifi c regions. A: Localities of Albian belemnites and Cretaceous paleomap. Loc.—locality. B: Stratigraphic distribution of belemnites in Yezo Group, Nakagawa area, northern Japan (Loc. 2). Generalized lithological columnar section based on Hashimoto et al. (1967), Takahashi et al. (2003), Iba (2009), and Yoshida et al. (2010), who researched exposures along the tributaries of the Teshio River. Moe.—Moehoro, Sakko.—Sakkotandake, Nis.—Nishichirashinaigawa, Hak.—Hakobuchi Formation. C: Stratigraphic distribution of belemnites in Budden Canyon Formation, Shasta County, northern California (Loc. 6). Generalized lithological columnar section based on fi eld work along North Fork Cottonwood Creek and its tributaries. Ammonite biostratigraphy based on Murphy et al. (1969) and Amédro and Robaszynski (2005). O.—Ogo, R.R.—Roaring River, H.—Huling Sandstone Member, Hau.—Hauterivian, mds—mudstone, sst—sandstone, cong.—conglomerate. The stratigraphic sections of B and C are split into two lithostratigraphic columns each. Details of localities of Albian belemnites are shown in Table DR1 (see footnote 1). Figure 2. Neohibolites from Albian of North areas
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