DOCSLIB.ORG

(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,806,396 B2 Gelblum Et Al

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,806,396 B2 Gelblum Et Al USOO6806396 B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,806,396 B2 Gelblum et al. (45) Date of Patent: Oct. 19, 2004 (54) DISPOSAL OF FLUOROFORM (HFC-23) (52) U.S. Cl. ....................... 570/237; 570/153; 570/159; 570/170; 570/171; 570/216; 570/257; 570/261 (75) Inventors: Peter Gideon Gelblum, Philadelphia, PA (US); Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna (58) Field of Search ................................. 570/237, 153, Rao, Wilmington, DE (US); Charles 570/159, 170, 171,216, 257, 261 Joseph Noelke, Wilmington, DE (US); Norman Herron, Newark, DE (US) (56) References Cited (73) Assignee: E. I. du Pont de Nemours and U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS Company, Wilmington, DE (US) 3,009,966 A 11/1961 Hauptschein et al. 3,202.720 A 8/1965 Hauptschein et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 5,516,947 A 5/1996 Manogue et al. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 6,025,532 A 2/2000 Sage et al. U.S.C. 154(b) by 134 days. FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (21) Appl. No.: 10/320,143 GB 1076699 7/1967 (22) Filed: Dec. 16, 2002 WO 96/29296 2/1996 (65) Prior Publication Data Primary Examiner Elvis O. Price US 2003/0166981 A1 Sep. 4, 2003 (57) ABSTRACT Related U.S. Application Data The present invention relates to the co-pyrolysis of fluoro 60) ProvisionalrOVISIOnal application No.NO. 60/341,640,O4U, filedIlled on Dec.Lec. 1818, form and chlorodifluoromethane to form a mixture of useful 2001. fluoroolefin and Saturated HFCs, notably, tetrafluoroethyl (51) Int. Cl." ......................... C07C 17/26; CO7C 17/38; ene and hexafluoropropylene and CFCHF and CO7C 21/00; CO7C 21/02; CO7C 21/19; CFCHFCF, respectively. C07C 21/22; CO7C 17/02; CO7C 17/04; C07C 17/08; CO7C 21/18 14 Claims, No Drawings US 6,806,396 B2 1 2 DISPOSAL OF FLUOROFORM (HFC-23) Washing could also limit the ultimate reaction product to saturated HFC compounds. In the Examples the reactor is This application claims the benefit of Provisional Appli quartz. Quartz reacts with hydrogen fluoride, a probable cation No. 60/341,640, filed Dec. 18, 2001. intermediate in the pyrolysis reaction of HFC-23 and HCFC 22. The elements of hydrogen fluoride are part of the process BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION according to the present invention and its consumption in Side reactions, as with quartz, would lead to a reduction in 1. Field of the Invention the production of Saturated hydrofluorocarbons. This invention relates to the disposal of CHF. Another reference disclosing the auxiliary use of fluoro 2. Description of Related Art form in a pyrolysis reaction is U.S. patent application Ser. Fluoroform (CHF, HFC-23) is a by-product of the reac No. 09/878,540, filed Jun. 11, 2001 (U.S. patent application tion of HF with trichloromethane to form chlorodifluo Publication Ser. No. 2002/0032356-A), which discloses the romethane (CHF.Cl, HCFC-22), which is the primary pyrolysis of HCFC-22 in a gold-lined reactor to direct the source of perfluoroolefin, such as tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). 15 synthesis reaction to the formation of the fluoroolefins TFE The fluoroform by-product constitutes less than about 3 wt and HFP, without forming significant amounts of PFIB. The % of the HCFC-22 formed, but because annual production Examples disclose the co-pyrolysis of HCFC-22 and HCFC of HCFC-22 is large worldwide, the amount of fluoroform 124 (CFCHFCI) to favor the formation of HFP over TFE. by-product made amounts to Several millions of pounds per The possibility of fluoroform (CHF) being present with the HCFC-22 is also disclosed as a recycle gas in the reactor year. The fluoroform by-product either has to be used or has System, the fluoroform thereby being the major component to be Subject to disposal. fed to the reactor, indicating that the fluoroform is acting as U.S. Pat. No. 3,009,966 discloses that fluoroform is an inert carrier in the pyrolysis process, as would be thermally inert (col. 1, I. 13–14), but nevertheless finds a use expected from the relatively low pyrolysis temperatures and for the fluoroform as a source of TFE and hexafluoropro 25 short contact times disclosed. Such use of fluoroform is not pylene (HFP) by pyrolysis of the fluoroform at temperatures an effective way to dispose of fluoroform. of 700–1090° C., with temperatures of 1000° C. and higher The problem remains of finding an economically accept being required to obtain conversions of at least 50% for the able use for the fluoroform by-product so that it does not fluoroform at contact (pyrolysis times) of 0.1-0.12 sec. have to be incinerated. (Tables 1 and 2). The higher yields of HFP are accompanied by increasing amounts of perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB), BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION which is toxic. Even at lower pyrolysis temperatures, the The present invention Solves this problem by consuming yields of PFIB can be quite high. U.S. Pat. No. 6,025,532 fluoroform (HFC-23) to economically produce useful prod discloses the pyrolysis of fluoroform to a mixture of HF, 35 uct by co-pyrolyzing the fluoroform with chlorodifluo TFE and HFP at a temperature of at least 700° C., but romethane (HCFC-22) at a temperature in the range of about actually at 1000 C. at a contact time of 32 milliseconds 625-800° C., preferably about 690–775° C. and contact time (Examples), followed by contacting the mixture with a of less than two Seconds, and obtaining as a result thereof a fluorination catalyst to obtain HFC-125 (CFCHF) and/or product mixture of useful Saturated and unsaturated HFC-227ea (CFCHFCF). The high temperature required 40 compounds, i.e. at least three compounds Selected from the for pyrolyzing fluoroform at short contact times has limited group consisting of pentafluoroethane (CFCHF, HFC the use of fluoroform by-product, whereby excess fluoro 125), heptafluoropropane (CFCHFCF, HFC-227ea), TFE, form has been available, which to avoid venting to the and HFP, respectively. The process can be carried out by atmosphere has been disposed of by incineration. 45 feeding the mixture of reactants (HCFC-22 and HFC-23) Several references disclose the use of fluoroform in an through a reaction Zone, the Surface of which is metal, auxiliary pyrolysis role. WO 96/292.96 discloses the preferably gold, to minimize the formation of perfluor co-pyrolysis of HCFC-22 with fluoroalkane to form prima oisobutylene by-product in the pyrolysis reaction. rily large molecule fluoroalkanes. In particular, the reference Unexpectedly, the HFC-23 pyrolyzes at the relatively low discloses this reaction being carried out wherein the fluo 50 temperature of the co-pyrolysis reaction in Short contact roalkane co-reactant is fluoroform and the pyrolysis tem times to produce a high yield, e.g. at least 80%, of the perature is 700° C. and the contact time is 10 seconds, to above-mentioned useful products and little to no detectable obtain 100% conversion of the HCFC-22, with the result PFIB. Apparently, the presence of the HCFC-22 in the being a 60% yield of pentafluoroethane (Example 1). The 55 pyrolysis reaction reduces the reaction (decomposition) tem disadvantage of this process, besides the extraordinarily perature of the HFC-23 so that the latter is consumed in the long contact time, is that 40% of the yield is apparently not pyrolysis reaction. Typically at least 4 parts by weight of useful product. It is impractical to attempt to dispose of HFC-23 is consumed for each 100 parts by weight of HFC-23 by consuming it in a process which produces Such HCFC-22 Such that the amount of HFC-23 consumed is a high yield of by-product which itself needs disposal. 60 greater than the amount produced as by product during the Example 1 also reports that perfluoropropene is formed, manufacture of HCFC-22. without quantifying its amount, which is characteristic of The function of the fluoroform in the present invention is reporting trace amounts detectable in the gas phase chro to increase the amount of useful Saturated two- and three matography analysis used. The Examples of this reference 65 carbon atom compounds, CFCHF (HFC-125) and are conducted with an aqueous alkaline wash of the pyroly CFCHFCF (HFC-227ea), along with production of TFE sis reaction mixture to eliminate the HCl co-produced. The and HFP. US 6,806,396 B2 3 4 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE structural integrity to the reactor. Inconel(R) and Hastelloy(R) INVENTION are nickel alloys Suitable for use as Supporting materials for The pyrolysis reaction in the present invention is carried the gold lining of the reactors (see for example U.S. Pat. No. out by continuous feeding of the co-reactants to a pyrolysis 5,516,947). Other thermally conductive supporting materi reactor and continuously withdrawing the resultant mixture als can be used. Thermal conductivity enables the reactor to of reaction products and unreacted reactants from the reac be externally heated to provide the interior temperature tor. Pyrolysis reactors generally comprise three Zones: a) a necessary for the pyrolysis reaction. It is desirable that the preheat Zone, in which reactants are brought close to the Supporting material be metallurgically bonded to the gold reaction temperature; b) a reaction Zone, in which reactants lining for the best heat transfer. By a metallurgical bond is reach reaction temperature and are at least partially meant a bond in which atoms of the metals in the Supporting pyrolyzed, and products and any by-products form; c) a material and the gold lining interdiffuse, that is, diffuse quench Zone, in which the Stream exiting the reaction Zone among each other about the bonded interface.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Acidity, Basicity, and Pka 8 Connections
    Acidity, basicity, and pKa 8 Connections Building on: Arriving at: Looking forward to: • Conjugation and molecular stability • Why some molecules are acidic and • Acid and base catalysis in carbonyl ch7 others basic reactions ch12 & ch14 • Curly arrows represent delocalization • Why some acids are strong and others • The role of catalysts in organic and mechanisms ch5 weak mechanisms ch13 • How orbitals overlap to form • Why some bases are strong and others • Making reactions selective using conjugated systems ch4 weak acids and bases ch24 • Estimating acidity and basicity using pH and pKa • Structure and equilibria in proton- transfer reactions • Which protons in more complex molecules are more acidic • Which lone pairs in more complex molecules are more basic • Quantitative acid/base ideas affecting reactions and solubility • Effects of quantitative acid/base ideas on medicine design Note from the authors to all readers This chapter contains physical data and mathematical material that some readers may find daunting. Organic chemistry students come from many different backgrounds since organic chemistry occu- pies a middle ground between the physical and the biological sciences. We hope that those from a more physical background will enjoy the material as it is. If you are one of those, you should work your way through the entire chapter. If you come from a more biological background, especially if you have done little maths at school, you may lose the essence of the chapter in a struggle to under- stand the equations. We have therefore picked out the more mathematical parts in boxes and you should abandon these parts if you find them too alien.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Insulations on Cop in Vapor Compression Refrigeration System
    International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 10, Issue 01, January 2019, pp. 1201-1208, Article ID: IJMET_10_01_122 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType= 01 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed EFFECT OF INSULATIONS ON COP IN VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM Anusha Peyyala Assistant Professor P V P Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Research Scholar, Acharya Nagarjuna University, India. Dr N V V S Sudheer Associate Professor, R V R & J C College of Engineering, Guntur India ABSTRACT In this project, experimentation is done on Vapour Compression Refrigeration System [VCRS] as the COP is high for this system and it is the present trend of the HVAC in the domestic industry. This study presents investigation of best suited refrigerant and insulation combination for gas pipeline and liquid pipeline of a split air conditioning system. Analysis are performed for R22-Chlorodiflouromethane, a HydroChloroFlouro Carbon refrigerant, which has been using in the present world that cause both global warming and ozone layer depletion and R410a, mixture of di- flouromethane and pentaflouroethane, a Hydroflouro carbon refrigerant, which is future of HVAC which reduces the effect of ozone layer depletion [ODP] and Global Warming Potential [GWP].For these two refrigerants, we had found out the best insulation suitable as insulation also affects the COP of air conditioner, which has been observed from the literature. Minimizing the temperature of refrigerant in suction line helps condensing unit work more effectively intern the system performance increases. This reduces the overall power required for working of air conditioner, thereby reducing the maintenance cost of system.
    [Show full text]
  • Trifluoromethane)
    SAFETY DATA SHEET Halocarbon R-23 (Trifluoromethane) Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Halocarbon R-23 (Trifluoromethane) Chemical name : trifluoromethane Other means of : Fluoroform; Arcton 1; Fluoryl; Freon F-23; Freon 23; Genetron 23; Methyl trifluoride; R identification 23; Trifluoromethane; CHF3; Arcton; Halocarbon 23; UN 1984; Carbon trifluoride; Genetron HFC23; Propellant 23; Refrigerant 23 Product type : Liquefied gas Product use : Synthetic/Analytical chemistry. Synonym : Fluoroform; Arcton 1; Fluoryl; Freon F-23; Freon 23; Genetron 23; Methyl trifluoride; R 23; Trifluoromethane; CHF3; Arcton; Halocarbon 23; UN 1984; Carbon trifluoride; Genetron HFC23; Propellant 23; Refrigerant 23 SDS # : 001078 Supplier's details : Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253 24-hour telephone : 1-866-734-3438 Section 2. Hazards identification OSHA/HCS status : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification of the : GASES UNDER PRESSURE - Liquefied gas substance or mixture GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Warning Hazard statements : Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. May cause frostbite. May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. Precautionary statements General : Read and follow all Safety Data Sheets (SDS’S) before use. Read label before use. Keep out of reach of children. If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand. Close valve after each use and when empty. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Do not open valve until connected to equipment prepared for use. Use a back flow preventative device in the piping. Use only equipment of compatible materials of construction.
    [Show full text]
  • New and Improved Infrared Absorption Cross Sections for Chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22)
    Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 2593–2601, 2016 www.atmos-meas-tech.net/9/2593/2016/ doi:10.5194/amt-9-2593-2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. New and improved infrared absorption cross sections for chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) Jeremy J. Harrison1,2 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK 2National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK Correspondence to: Jeremy J. Harrison ([email protected]) Received: 10 December 2015 – Published in Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss.: 18 January 2016 Revised: 3 May 2016 – Accepted: 6 May 2016 – Published: 17 June 2016 Abstract. The most widely used hydrochlorofluorocarbon 1 Introduction (HCFC) commercially since the 1930s has been chloro- difluoromethane, or HCFC-22, which has the undesirable The consumer appetite for safe household refrigeration led effect of depleting stratospheric ozone. As this molecule to the commercialisation in the 1930s of dichlorodifluo- is currently being phased out under the Montreal Pro- romethane, or CFC-12, a non-flammable and non-toxic re- tocol, monitoring its concentration profiles using infrared frigerant (Myers, 2007). Within the next few decades, other sounders crucially requires accurate laboratory spectroscopic chemically related refrigerants were additionally commer- data. This work describes new high-resolution infrared ab- cialised, including chlorodifluoromethane, or a hydrochlo- sorption cross sections of chlorodifluoromethane over the rofluorocarbon known as HCFC-22, which found use in a spectral range 730–1380 cm−1, determined from spectra wide array of applications such as air conditioners, chillers, recorded using a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrom- and refrigeration for food retail and industrial processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluoroform (CHF3)
    SYNLETT0936-52141437-2096 © Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York 2015, 26, 1911–1912 1911 spotlight Syn lett S. Kyasa Spotlight Fluoroform (CHF3) ShivaKumar Kyasa ShivaKumar Kyasa was born in Telangana state, India, in 1978. After completing a B.Sc. (chemis- try, biology) and a M.Sc. (medicinal chemistry) Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA from Osmania University, he worked at Dr. Red- [email protected] dy’s Laboratories, Ltd., Hyderabad, India. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in chemistry at the Published online: 11.06.2015 University of Nebraska–Lincoln, USA under the DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1380924; Art ID: st-2015-v0519-v supervision of Prof. Patrick H. Dussault. His re- search focuses on C–O bond formation and syn- thesis of functionalized ethers using peroxide oxygen as an electrophile. Introduction with Lewis bases (most commonly catalytic fluoride) to af- ford pentavalent silicon species as nucleophiles has enabled Fluoroform, which is generated in ~20 kilotons/year trifluoromethylation of a number of electrophiles.4 The tri- as a side product of Teflon manufacture,1,2 is a low-boiling fluoromethyl group has great importance in medicinal, ag- (-82 °C), non-toxic and non-ozone-depleting gas.1,3 Howev- rochemical and materials science.5 This spotlight describes er, fluoroform is a potent greenhouse agent and there is recently reported methods for tri- and difluoromethylation great interest in methods for use of the gas as a synthetic based upon fluoroform. reagent. The direct use of trifluoromethyl anion as a nucleo- phile has been challenging due to facile α-elimination to CF3 CF2 + F fluoride and difluorocarbene (Scheme 1).
    [Show full text]
  • SAFETY DATA SHEET Chlorodifluoromethane (R 22) Issue Date: 16.01.2013 Version: 1.0 SDS No.: 000010021746 Last Revised Date: 18.06.2015 1/15
    SAFETY DATA SHEET Chlorodifluoromethane (R 22) Issue Date: 16.01.2013 Version: 1.0 SDS No.: 000010021746 Last revised date: 18.06.2015 1/15 SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking 1.1 Product identifier Product name: Chlorodifluoromethane (R 22) Trade name: Gasart 503 R22 Additional identification Chemical name: Chlorodifluoromethane Chemical formula: CHClF2 INDEX No. - CAS-No. 75-45-6 EC No. 200-871-9 REACH Registration No. 01-2119517587-31 1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Identified uses: Industrial and professional. Perform risk assessment prior to use. Refrigerant. Using gas alone or in mixtures for the calibration of analysis equipment. Using gas as feedstock in chemical processes. Formulation of mixtures with gas in pressure receptacles. Uses advised against Consumer use. 1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Supplier Linde Gas GmbH Telephone: +43 50 4273 Carl-von-Linde-Platz 1 A-4651 Stadl-Paura E-mail: [email protected] 1.4 Emergency telephone number: Emergency number Linde: + 43 50 4273 (during business hours), Poisoning Information Center: +43 1 406 43 43 SDS_AT - 000010021746 SAFETY DATA SHEET Chlorodifluoromethane (R 22) Issue Date: 16.01.2013 Version: 1.0 SDS No.: 000010021746 Last revised date: 18.06.2015 2/15 SECTION 2: Hazards identification 2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture Classification according to Directive 67/548/EEC or 1999/45/EC as amended. N; R59 The full text for all R-phrases is displayed in section 16. Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 as amended.
    [Show full text]
  • SAFETY DATA SHEET Halocarbon R-503
    SAFETY DATA SHEET Halocarbon R-503 Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Halocarbon R-503 Other means of : Not available. identification Product type : Liquefied gas Product use : Synthetic/Analytical chemistry. SDS # : 007306 Supplier's details : Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253 24-hour telephone : 1-866-734-3438 Section 2. Hazards identification OSHA/HCS status : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification of the : GASES UNDER PRESSURE - Liquefied gas substance or mixture HAZARDOUS TO THE OZONE LAYER - Category 1 GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Warning Hazard statements : Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. May cause frostbite. May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere. Precautionary statements General : Read and follow all Safety Data Sheets (SDS’S) before use. Read label before use. Keep out of reach of children. If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand. Close valve after each use and when empty. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Do not open valve until connected to equipment prepared for use. Use a back flow preventative device in the piping. Use only equipment of compatible materials of construction. Always keep container in upright position. Prevention : Not applicable. Response : Not applicable. Storage : Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place. Disposal : Refer to manufacturer or supplier for information on recovery or recycling. Hazards not otherwise : Liquid can cause burns similar to frostbite.
    [Show full text]
  • UNITED STATES PATENT of FICE 2,640,086 PROCESS for SEPARATING HYDROGEN FLUORIDE from CHLORODFLUORO METHANE Robert H
    Patented May 26, 1953 2,640,086 UNITED STATES PATENT of FICE 2,640,086 PROCESS FOR SEPARATING HYDROGEN FLUORIDE FROM CHLORODFLUORO METHANE Robert H. Baldwin, Chadds Ford, Pa., assignor to E. H. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wi inington, Del, a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application December 15, 1951, Serial No. 261,929 9 Claims. (C. 260-653) 2 This invention relates to a process for Sep These objects are accomplished essentially by arating hydrogen fluoride from monochlorodi Subjecting a mixture of hydrogen fluoride and fluoronethane, and more particularly, separat Inonochlorodifluoromethane in the liquid phase ing these components from the reaction mixture to temperatures below 0° C., preferably at about obtained in the fluorination of chloroform with -30° C. to -50° C., at either atmospheric or hydrogen fluoride, Super-atmospheric pressures, together with from In the fluorination of chloroform in the prest about 0.25 mol to about 2.5 mols of chloroform ence Of a Catalyst, a reaction mixture is pro per mol of chlorodifluoronethane contained in duced which consists essentially of HCl, HF, the mixture and separating an upper layer rich CHCIF2, CHCl2F, CHCls, and CHF3. A method O in HF from a lower organic layer. The proceSS of Separating these components is disclosed in is operative with mixtures containing up to 77% U. S. Patent No. 2,450,414 which involves sep by weight of HF. arating the components by a special fractional It has been found that chloroform is substan distillation under appropriate temperatures and tially immiscible With EIF at temperatures be pressures.
    [Show full text]
  • CYCLE D-HX: NIST Vapor Compression Cycle Model Accounting for Refrigerant Thermodynamic and Transport Properties
    NIST Technical Note 1974 CYCLE_D-HX: NIST Vapor Compression Cycle Model Accounting for Refrigerant Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Version 1.0 User’s Guide J.S. Brown R. Brignoli P.A. Domanski This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1974 NIST Technical Note 1974 CYCLE_D-HX: NIST Vapor Compression Cycle Model Accounting for Refrigerant Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Version 1.0 User’s Guide J.S. Brown The Catholic University of America R. Brignoli P.A. Domanski Engineering Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1974 December 2017 U.S. Department of Commerce Wilbur L. Ross, Jr., Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Walter Copan, NIST Director and Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology This software package was developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), is not subject to copyright protection, and is in the public domain. It can be used freely provided that any derivative works bear some notice that they are derived from it. NIST used its best efforts to provide a high-quality software package and to select modeling methods and correlations based on sound scientific judgement. However, NIST assumes neither responsibility nor liability for any damage arising out of or relating to the use of CYCLE_D-HX. The software is provided “AS IS”; NIST makes NO GUARANTIES and NO WARRANTIES OF ANY TYPE, expressed or implied, including NO WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
    [Show full text]
  • Liquefied Gas Conversion Chart
    LIQUEFIED GAS CONVERSION CHART Cubic Feet / Pound Pounds / Gallon Product Name Column A Column B Acetylene UN/NA: 1001 14.70 4.90 CAS: 514-86-2 Air UN/NA: 1002 13.30 7.29 CAS: N/A Ammonia Anhydrous UN/NA: 1005 20.78 5.147 CAS: 7664-41-7 Argon UN/NA: 1006 9.71 11.63 CAS: 7440-37-1 Butane UN/NA: 1075 6.34 4.86 CAS: 106-97-8 Carbon Dioxide UN/NA: 2187 8.74 8.46 CAS: 124-38-9 Chlorine UN/NA: 1017 5.38 11.73 CAS: 7782-50-5 Ethane UN/NA: 1045 12.51 2.74 CAS: 74-84-0 Ethylene Oxide UN/NA: 1040 8.78 7.25 CAS: 75-21-8 Fluorine UN/NA: 1045 10.17 12.60 CAS: 7782-41-4 Helium UN/NA: 1046 97.09 1.043 CAS: 7440-59-7 Hydrogen UN/NA: 1049 192.00 0.592 CAS: 1333-74-0 1. Find the gas you want to convert. 2. If you know your quantity in cubic feet and want to convert to pounds, divide your amount by column A 3. If you know your quantity in gallons and want to convert to pounds, multiply your amount by column B 4. If you know your quantity in pounds and want to convert to gallons, divide your amount by column B If you have any questions, please call 1-800-433-2288 LIQUEFIED GAS CONVERSION CHART Cubic Feet / Pound Pounds / Gallon Product Name Column A Column B Hydrogen Chloride UN/NA: 1050 10.60 8.35 CAS: 7647-01-0 Krypton UN/NA: 1056 4.60 20.15 CAS: 7439-90-9 Methane UN/NA: 1971 23.61 3.55 CAS: 74-82-8 Methyl Bromide UN/NA: 1062 4.03 5.37 CAS: 74-83-9 Neon UN/NA: 1065 19.18 10.07 CAS: 7440-01-9 Mapp Gas UN/NA: 1060 9.20 4.80 CAS: N/A Nitrogen UN/NA: 1066 13.89 6.75 CAS: 7727-37-9 Nitrous Oxide UN/NA: 1070 8.73 6.45 CAS: 10024-97-2 Oxygen UN/NA: 1072 12.05 9.52 CAS: 7782-44-7 Propane UN/NA: 1075 8.45 4.22 CAS: 74-98-6 Sulfur Dioxide UN/NA: 1079 5.94 12.0 CAS: 7446-09-5 Xenon UN/NA: 2036 2.93 25.51 CAS: 7440-63-3 1.
    [Show full text]
  • R-22 Safety Data Sheet
    R-22 Safety Data Sheet R-22 1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION PRODUCT NAME: R-22 OTHER NAME: Chlorodifluoromethane USE: Refrigerant Gas DISTRIBUTOR: National Refrigerants, Inc. 661 Kenyon Avenue Bridgeton, New Jersey 08302 FOR MORE INFORMATION CALL: IN CASE OF EMERGENCY CALL: (Monday-Friday, 8:00am-5:00pm) CHEMTREC: 1-800-424-9300 1-800-262-0012 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION CLASSIFICATION: Gases under pressure, Liquefied Gas SIGNAL WORD: WARNING HAZARD STATEMENT: Contains gas under pressure, may explode if heated SYMBOL: Gas Cylinder PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENT: STORAGE: Protect from sunlight, store in a well ventilated place EMERGENCY OVERVIEW: Colorless, volatile liquid with ethereal and faint sweetish odor. Non-flammable material. Overexposure may cause dizziness and loss of concentration. At higher levels, CNS depression and cardiac arrhythmia may result from exposure. Vapors displace air and can cause asphyxiation in confined spaces. At higher temperatures, (>250C), decomposition products may include Hydrochloric Acid (HCI), Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) and carbonyl halides. POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS SKIN: Irritation would result from a defatting action on tissue. Liquid contact could cause frostbite. EYES: Liquid contact can cause severe irritation and frostbite. Mist may irritate. INHALATION: R-22 is low in acute toxicity in animals. When oxygen levels in air are reduced to 12-14% by displacement, symptoms of asphyxiation, loss of coordination, increased pulse rate and deeper respiration will occur. At high levels, cardiac arrhythmia may occur. INGESTION: Ingestion is unlikely because of the low boiling point of the material. Should it occur, discomfort in the gastrointestinal tract from rapid evaporation of the material and consequent evolution of gas would result.
    [Show full text]
  • 181 Chloroform 4. Production, Import/Export, Use, And
    CHLOROFORM 181 4. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/EXPORT, USE, AND DISPOSAL Chloroform is used primarily in the production of chlorodifluoromethane (hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 or HCFC-22) used as a refrigerant for home air conditioners or large supermarket freezers and in the production of fluoropolymers (CMR 1995). Chloroform has also been used as a solvent, a heat transfer medium in fire extinguishers, an intermediate in the preparation of dyes and pesticides, and other applications highlighted below. Its use as an anesthetic has been largely discontinued. It has limited medical uses in some dental procedures and in the administration of drugs for the treatment of some diseases. 4.1 PRODUCTION The chlorination of methane and the chlorination of methyl chloride produced by the reaction of methanol and hydrogen chloride are the two common methods for commercial chloroform production (Ahlstrom and Steele 1979; Deshon 1979). The Vulcan Materials Co., Wichita, Kansas, was documented as still using the methanol production process during the late 1980s with all other facilities in the United States at that time using the methyl chloride chlorination process (SRI 1990). One U.S. manufacturer began chloroform production in 1903, but significant commercial production was not reported until 1922 (IARC 1979). Since the early 1980s, chloroform production increased by 20-25%, due primarily to a higher demand for HCFC-22, the major chemical produced from chloroform. The Montreal Protocol established goals for phasing out the use of a variety of ozonedepleting chemicals, including most chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). HCFC-22 was one of the few fluorocarbons not restricted by the international agreement. Chloroform is used in the manufacture of HCFC-22, and an increase in the production of this refrigerant has led to a modest increase in the demand for chloroform (CMR 1989).
    [Show full text]