Table of Hfcs and Pfcs and Pounds of Chemicals That Trigger
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Acidity, Basicity, and Pka 8 Connections
Acidity, basicity, and pKa 8 Connections Building on: Arriving at: Looking forward to: • Conjugation and molecular stability • Why some molecules are acidic and • Acid and base catalysis in carbonyl ch7 others basic reactions ch12 & ch14 • Curly arrows represent delocalization • Why some acids are strong and others • The role of catalysts in organic and mechanisms ch5 weak mechanisms ch13 • How orbitals overlap to form • Why some bases are strong and others • Making reactions selective using conjugated systems ch4 weak acids and bases ch24 • Estimating acidity and basicity using pH and pKa • Structure and equilibria in proton- transfer reactions • Which protons in more complex molecules are more acidic • Which lone pairs in more complex molecules are more basic • Quantitative acid/base ideas affecting reactions and solubility • Effects of quantitative acid/base ideas on medicine design Note from the authors to all readers This chapter contains physical data and mathematical material that some readers may find daunting. Organic chemistry students come from many different backgrounds since organic chemistry occu- pies a middle ground between the physical and the biological sciences. We hope that those from a more physical background will enjoy the material as it is. If you are one of those, you should work your way through the entire chapter. If you come from a more biological background, especially if you have done little maths at school, you may lose the essence of the chapter in a struggle to under- stand the equations. We have therefore picked out the more mathematical parts in boxes and you should abandon these parts if you find them too alien. -
Transport of Dangerous Goods
ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Recommendations on the TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS Model Regulations Volume I Sixteenth revised edition UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2009 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Copyright © United Nations, 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may, for sales purposes, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the United Nations. UNITED NATIONS Sales No. E.09.VIII.2 ISBN 978-92-1-139136-7 (complete set of two volumes) ISSN 1014-5753 Volumes I and II not to be sold separately FOREWORD The Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods are addressed to governments and to the international organizations concerned with safety in the transport of dangerous goods. The first version, prepared by the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, was published in 1956 (ST/ECA/43-E/CN.2/170). In response to developments in technology and the changing needs of users, they have been regularly amended and updated at succeeding sessions of the Committee of Experts pursuant to Resolution 645 G (XXIII) of 26 April 1957 of the Economic and Social Council and subsequent resolutions. -
Trifluoromethane)
SAFETY DATA SHEET Halocarbon R-23 (Trifluoromethane) Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Halocarbon R-23 (Trifluoromethane) Chemical name : trifluoromethane Other means of : Fluoroform; Arcton 1; Fluoryl; Freon F-23; Freon 23; Genetron 23; Methyl trifluoride; R identification 23; Trifluoromethane; CHF3; Arcton; Halocarbon 23; UN 1984; Carbon trifluoride; Genetron HFC23; Propellant 23; Refrigerant 23 Product type : Liquefied gas Product use : Synthetic/Analytical chemistry. Synonym : Fluoroform; Arcton 1; Fluoryl; Freon F-23; Freon 23; Genetron 23; Methyl trifluoride; R 23; Trifluoromethane; CHF3; Arcton; Halocarbon 23; UN 1984; Carbon trifluoride; Genetron HFC23; Propellant 23; Refrigerant 23 SDS # : 001078 Supplier's details : Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253 24-hour telephone : 1-866-734-3438 Section 2. Hazards identification OSHA/HCS status : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification of the : GASES UNDER PRESSURE - Liquefied gas substance or mixture GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Warning Hazard statements : Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. May cause frostbite. May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. Precautionary statements General : Read and follow all Safety Data Sheets (SDS’S) before use. Read label before use. Keep out of reach of children. If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand. Close valve after each use and when empty. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Do not open valve until connected to equipment prepared for use. Use a back flow preventative device in the piping. Use only equipment of compatible materials of construction. -
New and Improved Infrared Absorption Cross Sections for Chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22)
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 2593–2601, 2016 www.atmos-meas-tech.net/9/2593/2016/ doi:10.5194/amt-9-2593-2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. New and improved infrared absorption cross sections for chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) Jeremy J. Harrison1,2 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK 2National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK Correspondence to: Jeremy J. Harrison ([email protected]) Received: 10 December 2015 – Published in Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss.: 18 January 2016 Revised: 3 May 2016 – Accepted: 6 May 2016 – Published: 17 June 2016 Abstract. The most widely used hydrochlorofluorocarbon 1 Introduction (HCFC) commercially since the 1930s has been chloro- difluoromethane, or HCFC-22, which has the undesirable The consumer appetite for safe household refrigeration led effect of depleting stratospheric ozone. As this molecule to the commercialisation in the 1930s of dichlorodifluo- is currently being phased out under the Montreal Pro- romethane, or CFC-12, a non-flammable and non-toxic re- tocol, monitoring its concentration profiles using infrared frigerant (Myers, 2007). Within the next few decades, other sounders crucially requires accurate laboratory spectroscopic chemically related refrigerants were additionally commer- data. This work describes new high-resolution infrared ab- cialised, including chlorodifluoromethane, or a hydrochlo- sorption cross sections of chlorodifluoromethane over the rofluorocarbon known as HCFC-22, which found use in a spectral range 730–1380 cm−1, determined from spectra wide array of applications such as air conditioners, chillers, recorded using a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrom- and refrigeration for food retail and industrial processes. -
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 11 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane First draft prepared by Mrs P. Barker and Mr R. Cary, Health and Safety Executive, Liverpool, United Kingdom, and Dr S. Dobson, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Huntingdon, United Kingdom Please not that the layout and pagination of this pdf file are not identical to the printed CICAD Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. World Health Organization Geneva, 1998 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), established in 1980, is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Labour Organisation (ILO), and the World Health Organization (WHO). The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequisite for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management of chemicals. The Inter-Organization -
SAFETY DATA SHEET Difluoromethane (R32) SECTION 1
SAFETY DATA SHEET Difluoromethane (R32) Issue Date: 16.01.2013 Version: 1.1 SDS No.: 000010021734 Last revised date: 26.11.2018 1/14 SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking 1.1 Product identifier Product name: Difluoromethane (R32) Other Name: HFC-32 Additional identification Chemical name: Difluoromethane Chemical formula: CH2F2 INDEX No. - CAS-No. 75-10-5 EC No. 200-839-4 REACH Registration No. 01-2119471312-47 1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Identified uses: Industrial and professional. Perform risk assessment prior to use. Refrigerant. Use as an Intermediate (transported, on-site isolated). Use for electronic component manufacture. Using gas alone or in mixtures for the calibration of analysis equipment. Formulation of mixtures with gas in pressure receptacles. Uses advised against Consumer use. 1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Supplier Linde Gas GmbH Telephone: +43 50 4273 Carl-von-Linde-Platz 1 A-4651 Stadl-Paura E-mail: [email protected] 1.4 Emergency telephone number: Emergency number Linde: + 43 50 4273 (during business hours), Poisoning Information Center: +43 1 406 43 43 SECTION 2: Hazards identification 2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 as amended. Physical Hazards Flammable gas Category 1 H220: Extremely flammable gas. Gases under pressure Liquefied gas H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. SDS_AT - 000010021734 SAFETY DATA SHEET Difluoromethane (R32) Issue Date: 16.01.2013 Version: 1.1 SDS No.: 000010021734 Last revised date: 26.11.2018 2/14 2.2 Label Elements Signal Words: Danger Hazard Statement(s): H220: Extremely flammable gas. -
Fluoroform (CHF3)
SYNLETT0936-52141437-2096 © Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York 2015, 26, 1911–1912 1911 spotlight Syn lett S. Kyasa Spotlight Fluoroform (CHF3) ShivaKumar Kyasa ShivaKumar Kyasa was born in Telangana state, India, in 1978. After completing a B.Sc. (chemis- try, biology) and a M.Sc. (medicinal chemistry) Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA from Osmania University, he worked at Dr. Red- [email protected] dy’s Laboratories, Ltd., Hyderabad, India. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in chemistry at the Published online: 11.06.2015 University of Nebraska–Lincoln, USA under the DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1380924; Art ID: st-2015-v0519-v supervision of Prof. Patrick H. Dussault. His re- search focuses on C–O bond formation and syn- thesis of functionalized ethers using peroxide oxygen as an electrophile. Introduction with Lewis bases (most commonly catalytic fluoride) to af- ford pentavalent silicon species as nucleophiles has enabled Fluoroform, which is generated in ~20 kilotons/year trifluoromethylation of a number of electrophiles.4 The tri- as a side product of Teflon manufacture,1,2 is a low-boiling fluoromethyl group has great importance in medicinal, ag- (-82 °C), non-toxic and non-ozone-depleting gas.1,3 Howev- rochemical and materials science.5 This spotlight describes er, fluoroform is a potent greenhouse agent and there is recently reported methods for tri- and difluoromethylation great interest in methods for use of the gas as a synthetic based upon fluoroform. reagent. The direct use of trifluoromethyl anion as a nucleo- phile has been challenging due to facile α-elimination to CF3 CF2 + F fluoride and difluorocarbene (Scheme 1). -
SAFETY DATA SHEET Halocarbon R-503
SAFETY DATA SHEET Halocarbon R-503 Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Halocarbon R-503 Other means of : Not available. identification Product type : Liquefied gas Product use : Synthetic/Analytical chemistry. SDS # : 007306 Supplier's details : Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253 24-hour telephone : 1-866-734-3438 Section 2. Hazards identification OSHA/HCS status : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification of the : GASES UNDER PRESSURE - Liquefied gas substance or mixture HAZARDOUS TO THE OZONE LAYER - Category 1 GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Warning Hazard statements : Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. May cause frostbite. May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere. Precautionary statements General : Read and follow all Safety Data Sheets (SDS’S) before use. Read label before use. Keep out of reach of children. If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand. Close valve after each use and when empty. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Do not open valve until connected to equipment prepared for use. Use a back flow preventative device in the piping. Use only equipment of compatible materials of construction. Always keep container in upright position. Prevention : Not applicable. Response : Not applicable. Storage : Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place. Disposal : Refer to manufacturer or supplier for information on recovery or recycling. Hazards not otherwise : Liquid can cause burns similar to frostbite. -
Hexafluoroethane
Common Name: HEXAFLUOROETHANE CAS Number: 76-16-4 RTK Substance number: 0989 DOT Number: UN 2193 Date: May 1986 Revision: March 1999 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- HAZARD SUMMARY * Hexafluoroethane can affect you when breathed in. * If you think you are experiencing any work-related health * Contact can cause severe skin and eye irritation and burns problems, see a doctor trained to recognize occupational with possible eye damage. diseases. Take this Fact Sheet with you. * Breathing Hexafluoroethane can irritate the nose and throat. WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS * Breathing Hexafluoroethane can irritate the lungs causing No occupational exposure limits have been established for coughing and/or shortness of breath. Higher exposures Hexafluoroethane. This does not mean that this substance is can cause a build-up of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary not harmful. Safe work practices should always be followed. edema), a medical emergency, with severe shortness of breath. * Large amounts of Hexafluoroethane will decrease the * Exposure to the liquified gas can cause frostbite. amount of available Oxygen. Oxygen content should be * Hexafluoroethane can cause headache, nausea, fatigue, routinely tested to ensure that it is at least 19% by volume. mood changes, dizziness, unconsciousness and death. * Very high exposure can cause suffocation from lack of WAYS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE Oxygen. It may also cause the heart to beat irregularly * Where possible, enclose operations and use local exhaust (arrhythmia) or to stop, which can be fatal. ventilation at the site of chemical release. If local exhaust ventilation or enclosure is not used, respirators should be IDENTIFICATION worn. Hexafluoroethane is a colorless and odorless gas, or liquid * Wear protective work clothing. -
Finding Refrigerant Leaks with the Chempro100i
Application Note: 108 Finding Refrigerant Leaks with the ChemPro100i The ChemPro100i is a great sniffer for halocarbon refrigerants, often generically referred to as “Freon” because of its multiple sensors and broad sniffing capability. As refrigerant sniffers are only carried by a small subset of first responders, the ChemPro100i can fill the role for those that don’t have a refrigerant sniffer. As a bonus, if someone suspects that it may be a refrigerant leak, and it turns out to be something else, the wide range of detectable gases and vapors seen by the ChemPro100i means that it will most likely find the unexpected gas/vapor too. The ChemPro100i’s Sensors The ChemPro100i uses a suite of seven sensors including an aspirated Ion Mobility Spectroscopy (IMS), five metal oxide sensors and a field effect sensor to detect, characterize, and even identify, some gases and vapors. Using this suite of sensors, the ChemPro100i can find halocarbon refrigerant leaks using its “Trend” or “sniffer” screen. As one gets closer to the refrigerant leak, the trend line will Using other Sniffers for increase. This is a non-quantifiable reading Refrigerants that does not directly correlate with parts per Most dedicated refrigerant detectors use a million (ppm), but the fast response of the Metal Oxide Sensor (MOS) that is doped to ChemPro100i to refrigerants provides one with be relatively specific to the halogenated the means of quickly finding a refrigerant leak. hydrocarbons (halogens) that are the hallmark of most refrigerants. MOS sensors Increase in the Trend line leads you to the leak are non-linear and not suitable for quantification of refrigerants, but they provide sensitive and fast response to halocarbon refrigerants. -
Halocarbon 32 (Difluoromethane) CH 2F2
Halocarbon 32 (Difluoromethane) CH 2F2 Grade ULSI 4N ULTIMA 4N8 Purity, % 99.99 99.998 Nitrogen ≤40 ppmv ≤5 ppmv Oxygen ≤10 ppmv ≤2 ppmv Carbon Dioxide ≤15 ppmv ≤1 ppmv Methane ≤2 ppmv ≤1 ppmv Water ≤5 ppmv ≤1 ppmv Carbon Tetrafluoride ≤5 ppmv ≤1 ppmv Other Organics ≤100 ppmv ≤10 ppmv Carbon Monoxide ≤1 ppmv Acidity as HF ≤0.1 ppmw • A lot analysis is provided for each order – Individual analysis is also available upon request. • Other Organics = H 12 , H 22 , H 23 , H 134a Internal Volume Liters 43.8 17.1 7.3 R E Cylinder Sizes >> QF GF UF D N I L lbs 64 25 11 Y Content C kg 29.1 11.35 5 Change Point* lbs 4.3 1.7 0.7 *Recommended Cylinder Change Point at NTP, based on Phase Break, or the amount of product left in the cylinder when the liquid phase has completely evaporated and only gaseous product is left (estimate based on ideal gas behavior). DOT Shipping Name Difluoromethane Shipped as P I DOT Classification 2.1 (Flammable Gas) H S Liquefied DOT Label FLAMMABLE GAS Gas UN Number UN 3252 Cylinder Pressure 207 psig Temp, °C 0.0 15.5 21.0 32.2 43.3 A Vapor T A @NTP 15.6 atm Press, psig 102 172 207 279 372 D 3 Pressure L Specific Volume 0.45 m /kg Temp, °F 32 60 70 90 110 A 3 C NTP = 21°C or 70°F and 101.3 kPa or 1 atm I @NTP 7.2 ft /lb N H CAS No 75-10-5 C E T CGA/DISS/JIS 350/724/W22-14L Molecular Weight 52 g/mol Nominal Diameter (OD)xHeight* Material of Construction Cylinder Treatment cm Inches Cylinder Valve ® QF ULTRA-LINE 23x130/134/143 9x51/52.5/56 CS SS ® GF ULTRA-LINE 23x66/70/79 9x26/27.5/31 CS SS ® UF ULTRA-LINE 15x51/55/64 6x19/20.5/24 CS SS *Height is reported as the distance from the bottom of the cylinder to the cylinder neck/ center of the valve outlet/ top of the handwheel CS: Carbon Steel SS: Stainless Steel WARNING: This product can expose you to chemicals including Carbon Monoxide, which is known to the State of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm. -
Safety Data Sheet Tetrafluoromethane
Safety Data Sheet Tetrafluoromethane Section 1: Product and Company Identification Middlesex Gases & Technologies 292 Second Street P.O. Box 490249 Everett, MA 02149 (617) 387-5050 (800) 649-6704 Fax (617) 387-3537 http://www.middlesexgases.com/ Product Code: Tetrafluoromethane Section 2: Hazards Identification Warning Hazard Classification: Gases Under Pressure Hazard Statements: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated Precautionary Statements Storage: Protect from sunlight. Store in well-ventilated place. Section 3: Composition/Information on Ingredients CAS # 75-73-0 Middlesex Gases & Technologies page 1 of 5 Generated by the SDS Manager from AsteRisk, LLC. All Rights Reserved Generated: 06/01/2015 Chemical Substance Chemical Trade Names Family TETRAFLUOROMETHANE halogenated, CARBON TETRAFLUORIDE; CARBON FLUORIDE (CF4); CARBON FLUORIDE; FC 14; aliphatic PERFLUOROMETHANE; R 14; R 14 (REFRIGERANT); METHANE, TETRAFLUORO-; FREON 14; TETRAFLUOROCARBON; UN 1982; CF4 Section 4: First Aid Measures Skin Contact Eye Contact Ingestion Inhalation Note to Physicians If frostbite or freezing occur, Wash eyes immediately with If a large If adverse effects occur, remove to For immediately flush with plenty of large amounts of water, amount is uncontaminated area. Give artificial inhalation, lukewarm water (105-115 F; 41-46 occasionally lifting upper and swallowed, get respiration if not breathing. If consider C). DO NOT USE HOT WATER. If lower lids, until no evidence of medical breathing is difficult, oxygen should oxygen. warm water is not available, gently chemical remains. Get attention. be administered by qualified wrap affected parts in blankets. Get medical attention immediately. personnel. Get immediate medical immediate medical attention. attention. Section 5: Fire Fighting Measures Suitable Extinguishing Media Products of Combustion Protection of Firefighters Non-flammable.