Estudio De Nuevas Variedades De Pummelo En España

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Estudio De Nuevas Variedades De Pummelo En España Estudio de nuevas variedades de pummelo en España. I. Porras1, J.A. Pina Lorca2, C.I. Tallón1, B. García-Olmos1, O. Pérez Tornero1 1Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA). Estación Sericícola. 30.150, La Alberca (Murcia). 2Servicio de Inspección Fitosanitaria .Valencia Palabras clave: Citrus grandis, Citrus paradisi, azimboa. Resumen El pummelo (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck), conocido en Murcia también como azimboa, es ampliamente cultivado y consumido en grandes zonas del sureste asiático. Es un árbol de origen asiático, que se supone que fue introducido por los árabes en España, y es cultivado en la Huerta de Murcia en plan de adorno por el gran tamaño de sus frutos. Los frutos de las variedades Chandler, Oroblanco y Melogold presentan muy buen sabor, aunque en España no ha despertado mucho interés en el sector citrícola. En este trabajo se compara la calidad de los primeros frutos de una nueva variedad procedente de semillas de un fruto considerado como de gran calidad, adquirido en un comercio de frutas "exóticas" en Madrid. Las semillas se sembraron en febrero de 2003 en invernadero. Después de aproximadamente dos años, se seleccionaron las plantas que tenían mejor desarrollo, y se desecharon las demás. Las yemas de la última brotación que habían perdido, al menos parcialmente, los caracteres juveniles y se había comprobado su sanidad, se propagaron sobre Citrus macrophylla. Estas plantas se llevaron a una parcela del I.M.I.D.A en el Campo de Cartagena en mayo del 2005 a fin de evaluarlas agronómicamente. En esta campaña (2008-09) un árbol que hemos denominado provisionalmente Mapoto, ha producido cinco frutos con un peso de más de 1.400 g, cada uno, casi el doble que los de la variedad Chandler. En este trabajo se hace una breve descripción de tres clones de pummelo seleccionados denominadas provisionalmente como Mapoto, Mascoma y Topona y se comparan los frutos de Chandler con los primeros frutos de Mapoto. INTRODUCCIÓN. Aunque el pummelo (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck), es ampliamente cultivado y consumido en grandes zonas del sureste asiático no lo es en Occidente. La introducción de nuevas variedades tales como Chandler de color rosado ó blanco como Oroblanco y Melogold de sabor más al gusto occidental, no ha despertado mucho interés en el sector citrícola. Plantaciones de pummelos no se conocen en España. La variedades Oroblanco y Melogold son obtenciones registradas de la Universidad de California y los pocos árboles que se han plantado han sido para el estudio de dicha variedades en España y no han llegado a comercializarse los plantones. Es un árbol de origen asiático, que se supone que fue introducido por los árabes en España, Los pocos árboles plantados de pummelo en la Huerta de Murcia así como en algún parque ó jardín son también conocidos como azimboa. Son árboles que cumplen un carácter ornamental, por el gran tamaño de sus frutos. Aunque el pomelo se le parece, pues procede de una hibridación natural de pummelo por naranja, se distingue fácilmente del pummelo por poseer éste en las ramas 151 jóvenes pecíolos pubescentes al igual que los frutos recién cuajados; el fruto es de eje hueco, muy voluminoso, de pulpa firme y crujiente, con semillas monoembriónicas. Los trabajos de pummelo en España son escasos debido al nulo interés comercial de esta especie (Porras et al, 1988; Porras et al., 1999), a pesar del intento de introducción de las variedades Oroblanco y Melogold. El Oroblanco era considerado como un pomelo Marsh de mayor tamaño y escaso contenido en zumo. Aunque organolépticamente era muy bueno, su periodo de comercialización era muy corto (mes de noviembre) debido a que el zumo tomaba mal sabor. En este trabajo se pretende informar de los trabajos que se llevan acabo sobre la introducción de nuevas variedades de pummelo, realizadas con la finalidad de seleccionar alguna que pueda tener características interesantes para el sector citrícola, tales como tamaño mas pequeño, mayor contenido en zumo, mejor cualidad gustativa, etc. adaptadas al mercado occidental. Así como aportar los primeros datos de las nuevas variedades ya plantadas y compararlas con Chandler. MATERIAL Y METODOS. Los árboles de las variedades Mapoto, Mascoma y Topona, proceden de semillas de tres diferentes frutos que se sembraron en febrero de 2003 en invernadero en el IVIA de Valencia. Después de aproximadamente dos años, se seleccionaron las plantas que tenían mejor desarrollo, y se desecharon las demás. Las yemas de la última brotación (las que habían perdido, al menos parcialmente, los caracteres juveniles y se había comprobado su sanidad) se propagaron sobre Citrus macrophylla. Estas plantas se llevaron a una parcela del I.M.I.D.A en el Campo de Cartagena en mayo del 2005, a fin de evaluarlas agronómicamente. Sólo la variedad Mapoto ha tenido en esta campaña frutos. En esta parcela se dispone de agua suficiente y de una conductividad inferior a 1 dS/m. Hay cinco árboles por variedad. Los árboles de Chandler injertados sobre mandarino Cleopatra de más de 20 años de edad, están en la parcela experimental del I.M.I.D.A situada en La Alberca (Murcia). El contenido de caliza activa ronda el 18%, el agua es escasa y de mala calidad con una conductividad 4.0 S/m. Se disponen de cinco árboles dispuestos en cuadrado latino de 5 x 5 dentro de una parcela de pomelos. El pummelo Chandler es un híbrido artificial procedente de un cruce de un pummelo de baja acidez, no pigmentado y de un pummelo de pulpa rosa, obtenido por la Universidad de California (Cameron, 1982; Cameron y Soost, 1961). Los muestreos de frutos se realizaron en diciembre de 2008. Los análisis de frutos se realizaron siguiendo los métodos estándar. Para el color se utilizó un colorímetro Minolta CR-300 en el espacio de color Hunter Lab e iluminante C. La fórmula utilizada de índice de color es la propuesta por Jiménez-Cuesta et al., (1981). RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN Los árboles de las variedades Mapoto, Mascoma y Topona, han mostrado un desarrollo vigoroso, compacto y erguido. Presentan numerosas espinas, la fructificación ha sido escasa en la variedad Mapoto y nula en las otras dos, probablemente debido al carácter juvenil de los árboles, siendo posible que desaparezca con la edad. En Chandler, los racimos son abundantes, aunque mucho menos que en pomelo, y el cuaje es pequeño, dando producciones en torno a los 60-70 kg/árbol, quizás debido a una mayor exigencia térmica. La producción es algo más de la mitad de la obtenida en México sobre naranjo amargo (Becerra et al., 2008). 152 Las características físico químicas de los frutos de pummelo se aprecian en la Tabla 1. Los frutos de Mapoto presentan un tamaño de algo más del doble que los de Chandler. Los datos de este trabajo muestran que son 166 g menos que los obtenidos en un anterior trabajo (Porras et al., 1999) quizás debido a que cuando el cuaje es pequeño los frutos son más grandes. En le caso del Mapoto al ser muy escaso el número de frutos de la primera cosecha los frutos son excesivamente grandes, aunque por otra parte muestran su potencial de tamaño que pueden alcanzar. En Colima (México) el tamaño medio de los frutos de Chandler es de 1163 g. casi un 50% superior a los nuestros (Becerra et al., 2008). El Chandler en nuestras condiciones no suele presentar semillas mientras que en México el número medio es de 4.4, que varía de año en año. Lo achacan a una baja fertilidad del polen de este cultivar. El número de semillas suele aumentar cuando hay polinización cruzada, que en nuestras condiciones de clima no se da, a pesar de que las parcelas contiguas son de limonero y producen polen viable. Tampoco diferentes variedades de pomelos presentes en la parcela del Chandler tienen más de dos semillas y en el caso del pomelo Star Ruby no suele ser frecuente encontrarle una semilla. El porcentaje de zumo está en Chandler ligeramente superior al 20% inferior en 6 puntos al trabajo de Porras et al., (1999), mientras que en México el porcentaje es del 19.8% (Becerra et al., 2008). En cuanto a la acidez y ºBrix de Chandler que en este trabajo es superior a los de los mismos árboles pero diez años más jóvenes. Nuestro índice de madurez es menos de la mitad que los de México. Organolépticamente el Chandler en nuestras condiciones es bueno, pero en el caso del Mapoto la acidez es elevada y no se compensa con los grados Brix que son muy bajos. Respecto al color (Tabla 2), los frutos exteriormente presentan un tono amarillento ligeramente verdoso, con un índice superior a los datos mostrados por Porras et al., (1999). Internamente Chandler es rosa mientras que Mapoto es blanco. Es de notar el bajo valor de b interno (amarillo) en las dos variedades. En este caso el color interno del Chandler es bastante inferior al obtenido diez años antes por Porras et al., (1999). Aunque estos datos se refieren a noviembre y los de este trabajo a mediados de diciembre y en pomelos si se aprecia una pérdida del color interno debido al frío en este periodo de tiempo (Conesa, 1999; Manera, 2004), pero no tan acusada como en nuestro caso. Sólo puede deberse a que este otoño ha sido anormalmente más frío. Conviene seguir estudiando el comportamiento productivo y adaptación a nuestra zona climática de nuevas variedades de pummelo que puedan ser comercialmente interesantes. Es posible que los frutos de los árboles adultos tengan menor tamaño, con lo que comercialmente serían más adecuados para su venta. Referencias Becerra, S.; Medina, V.M.; Robles, M.M.; Williams, T.
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