DOCSLIB.ORG

Why Do People Move to Norway? Analysis of Determinants in Source Country

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Why Do People Move to Norway? Analysis of Determinants in Source Country Why do people move to Norway? Analysis of determinants in source country Rasa Svedaite-Palm Thesis for the Master of Philosophy in Economics Department of Economics UNIVERSITY OF OSLO May 2016 II Why do people move to Norway? Analysis of determinants in source country III © Rasa Svedaite-Palm 2016 Why do people move to Norway? Analysis of determinants in source country Rasa Svedaite-Palm http://www.duo.uio.no/ Printed Reprosentralen, University of Oslo IV Acknowledgments This thesis was written as a completion of the Master of Philosophy in Economics at the University of Oslo. First and foremost, I am grateful to my supervisor Professor Karen Helene Ulltveit-Moe for her guidance and valuable feedback throughout the writing process. I would also like to thank Margarita for the words of encouragement during our many coffee breaks and lunches. To Zivile and Chris, thank you for the proofreading, for always checking in with me and supporting me emotionally throughout my studies. Finally, I am grateful to my husband Aksel for his support, encouragement and endless patience, and to our son Matias for always putting things into perspective for me. V Summary In this thesis, I study the determinants of migration to Norway for the period of 2003 – 2013. I adapt the migration model developed by Clark et al. (2007) to Norway in order to explore the background factors in the source country that drive migration to Norway. I use panel data for 76 source-countries from 2003 to 2013 and run a panel data regression using a STATA statistical analysis tool in order to quantitatively assess the importance of these factors. I conclude that income, inequality, stock of previous immigrants and distance to the destination country are all significant factors affecting migration from EU/EEA-countries to Norway. For non-EU/EEA countries, stock of previous immigrants is found to be the single most important determinant affecting migration flow to Norway. In addition to this, I compare the results found by Clark et al. for the United States to migration determinants to Norway, concluding that the results differ significantly due to differences in the purpose of migration to the United States and Norway. VI Table of contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 2 Migration to Norway- Styled Facts .................................................................................... 3 3 International Migration: a Review of Theory and Empirical Evidence ............................. 7 3.1 International migration theory ..................................................................................... 7 3.2 Empirical Evidence on the Determinants of Migration ............................................. 11 4 Modelling migration to Norway ....................................................................................... 16 4.1 Modelling migration .................................................................................................. 16 4.2 Adapting model to Norway and data collected ......................................................... 20 5 Econometric results .......................................................................................................... 27 5.1 Results ....................................................................................................................... 27 5.2 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 32 5.3 Econometric Issues .................................................................................................... 35 6 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 38 References ................................................................................................................................ 40 Table 1. Number of immigrants living in Norway, by country of origin ................................... 3 Figure 1. Immigrants and Norwegians born to immigrant parents, by country of origin .......... 4 Figure 2. Non-Nordic Immigrants, by reason for migration ...................................................... 5 Table 2. Immigrants by reason for immigration and country of background, 2013 .................. 6 Figure 3. Ricardo-Viner model .................................................................................................. 8 Figure 4: Wage disparities in source and destination countries ............................................... 10 Table 3. Explaining U.S. Immigration ..................................................................................... 19 Table 4. The Balanced Panel For Immigration to Norway, 2003 - 2013 ................................. 22 Table 5. Numbers in the Panel and Total Immigration, 2003 - 2013 ....................................... 23 Table 6. Multicollinearity Diagnostics of Independent Variables ........................................... 24 Table 7. Immigration Rate Regression ..................................................................................... 28 Table 8. Immigration Rate Regression- EU/EEA-countries .................................................... 30 Table 9. Reason for migration to Norway by origin, 2013 (Percent of total for each source) . 31 Table 10. Class of Admission to United States by Source Area, 1998 .................................... 34 VII 1 Introduction The massive migration flow into Norway and other European countries over the last several decades has precipitated debate about the gains and losses from immigration. More than a million migrants came into Europe in 2015, causing a crisis in the recipient countries as they struggle to cope with the influx. Moreover, the open borders and single labor market - the founding principles of the European Union - are threatened as the countries struggle to find a common solution for coping with mass immigration. Hungary has closed its border to Croatia and Germany has reimposed its border controls with Austria in 2015. Migration has huge political and economic implications for the destination countries, raising the question whether the welfare of the developed countries can be sustained if the crisis continues and more refugees are admitted. Immigration to Norway has increased significantly over recent years, and as of the beginning of 2016 there were 700 000 immigrants living in Norway. Economists predict that the increase in the number of refugees in Norway will threaten the welfare of Norwegian society, which is already affected by the potential economic crisis due to oil price reduction. Furthermore, as the government has tightened legislation and started returning refugees to Russia in order to deter asylum seekers, society has become divided between those wanting to accept as many refugees into the country as possible, and those wanting to close the borders. There is a great deal of economic literature on the implications of migration for the destination and source countries. Here, I will focus on the determinants of migration in the origin country. Several recent studies have examined the economic and demographic determinants of migration. Karemera et al. (2000) studied migration flows to North America and found that the population of the source country and the income in the receiving country are the two main determinants of migration to the United States and Canada. Mayda (2010) and Pedersen (2008) analyze migration flows to OECD countries, while Clark et al. (2007) look at economic and demographic determinants in source countries that influence migration to the U.S. They find that income, inequality, stock of previous immigrants, distance and education are all important factors for migration decision making. The main objective of this study is to adapt the model developed by Clark et al. (2007) to Norway, explore the background factors in the source country that drive migration to Norway, 1 and quantitatively assess the importance of these factors. For this purpose, I use panel data for 76 source-countries from 2003 to 2013 and then run a panel data regression using a STATA statistical analysis tool. I conclude that income, inequality, stock of previous immigrants and distance to the destination country are all significant factors affecting migration from EU/EEA-countries to Norway. For non-EU/EEA countries, stock of previous immigrants is found to be the single most important determinant affecting migration flow to Norway. In addition to this, I compare the results found by Clark et al. for the United States to migration determinants to Norway, finding that they differ significantly due to differences in the purpose of migration to the United States and Norway. First, I will present the economic theory of migration by summarizing the main findings of previous theoretical and empirical works. Following this, I will describe the model developed by Clark et al. (2007) for migration to the United States, show the results of their study and explain how their model can be adapted to immigration to Norway. Moreover, I will describe the data collected for this study and explain the results obtained when analyzing determinants of migration to Norway. Finally, I will discuss how and why these results differ when analyzing EU/EEA countries and non-EU/EEA countries separately, and how the results differ from findings by Clark et al. I will conclude with section 6. 2 2 Migration
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Immigration and Immigrants 2015–2016. IMO Report for Norway
    Norwegian Ministries Immigration and Immigrants 2015–2016 IMO Report for Norway Prepared by the correspondent to OECD’s reporting system on migration: Espen Thorud Ministry of Justice and Public Security In collaboration with Toril Haug-Moberg Ministry of Justice and Public Security Taryn Galloway Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs Edit Skeide Skårn Ministry of Education and Research Else Margrete Rafoss and Ragnhild Bendiksby Ministry of Children and Equality Arild Haffner Naustdal, Pia Buhl Girolami, Truls Knudsen, Joachim Kjaerner-Semb Ministry of Justice and Public Security Statistics Norway: Statistics on migration, employment, education etc. The Norwegian Directorate of Immigration: Permit statistics Acknowledgement We are grateful for the valuable assistance provided by Statistics Norway, the Norwegian Directorate of Immigra- tion, the Norwegian Directorate of Education, and the Norwegian Directorate of Integration and Diversity and for contributions from colleagues in the four ministries. Table of contents 1 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................................... 9 2 MIGRATION – GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................................................ 13 2.1 Legislation and policy ........................................................................................................................................ 13 2.2 Migration ..........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Norway's 2018 Population Projections
    Rapporter Reports 2018/22 • Astri Syse, Stefan Leknes, Sturla Løkken and Marianne Tønnessen Norway’s 2018 population projections Main results, methods and assumptions Reports 2018/22 Astri Syse, Stefan Leknes, Sturla Løkken and Marianne Tønnessen Norway’s 2018 population projections Main results, methods and assumptions Statistisk sentralbyrå • Statistics Norway Oslo–Kongsvinger In the series Reports, analyses and annotated statistical results are published from various surveys. Surveys include sample surveys, censuses and register-based surveys. © Statistics Norway When using material from this publication, Statistics Norway shall be quoted as the source. Published 26 June 2018 Print: Statistics Norway ISBN 978-82-537-9768-7 (printed) ISBN 978-82-537-9769-4 (electronic) ISSN 0806-2056 Symbols in tables Symbol Category not applicable . Data not available .. Data not yet available … Not for publication : Nil - Less than 0.5 of unit employed 0 Less than 0.05 of unit employed 0.0 Provisional or preliminary figure * Break in the homogeneity of a vertical series — Break in the homogeneity of a horizontal series | Decimal punctuation mark . Reports 2018/22 Norway’s 2018 population projections Preface This report presents the main results from the 2018 population projections and provides an overview of the underlying assumptions. It also describes how Statistics Norway produces the Norwegian population projections, using the BEFINN and BEFREG models. The population projections are usually published biennially. More information about the population projections is available at https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkfram. Statistics Norway, June 18, 2018 Brita Bye Statistics Norway 3 Norway’s 2018 population projections Reports 2018/22 4 Statistics Norway Reports 2018/22 Norway’s 2018 population projections Abstract Lower population growth, pronounced aging in rural areas and a growing number of immigrants characterize the main results from the 2018 population projections.
    [Show full text]
  • Norway Then and Now Late 1960S and Today a Comparison of Norwegian Society in the Late 1960S and Today
    Social Movements in the Nordic Countries since 1900 157 Clive Archer links: Clive Archer rechts: A Comparison of Norwegian Society in the Norway Then and Now Late 1960s and Today A Comparison of Norwegian Society in the Late 1960s and Today Abstract Political, economic and social change in Norway from the late 1960s to the early 2010s has been substantial, though key elements of the politics and society have endured. Change is mapped using seven areas of interest, including economic growth, change in the country’s societal composition and in its relations to the rest of the world. In par- ticular, the developments in social movements and the continuation of Norway as an “organisational society” are examined. It seems that, while Norway’s organisations went into decline at the end of the last century, they have made something of a come-back. This may be in response to outside challenges in areas such as the environment but also may reflect an upsurge in youth activity. The country is now involved in European and world events as never before. Norway is becoming like many other West European soci- eties, only it is better organised and richer. Introduction During the forty or so years from the late 1960s to the 2010s, Norwegian society, in common with those throughout Europe, has changed greatly. Those visiting Norway in the late 1960s would remember a country that was still greatly affected by its war-time experiences, that was regionally diverse but socially and politically quite unified and had a society underpinned by social movements, often attached to economic activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Bodø 10.09.2019 Samera Azeem Qureshi MD, Phd Migrasjonshelse, FHI, Oslo Content of Presentation
    Bodø 10.09.2019 Samera Azeem Qureshi MD, PhD Migrasjonshelse, FHI, Oslo Content of Presentation • What is Immigration • Process of migration & Immigration to Norway • Integration • Migration & Health , Health of immigrants in Norway • Cancer Project • Conclusions Immigration According to the Wikipedia “Immigration is the international movement of people into a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle or reside there, especially as permanent residents or become citizens, or to take up employment as a migrant worker or temporarily as a foreign worker” Global Migration According to United Nations, the • All-time high, estimated 244 million international migrants in 2015 • Main reasons Economic, political and social conflicts • Immigration to the Nordic countries has increased considerably over the last decades Migration Process Can be divided into three phases: • Pre-migration • Migration • Post-migration Migration Process • Pre migration conditions: ✓ Socio-cultural and political issues ✓ Oppression, militarization, war violence, torture, imprisonment with out trial ✓ Harrasment by authorities, disappearance of close family members, living in hiding Migration Process • Migration ✓ Dangerous journey: imprisoment, abuse, rape, lost or kidnap; witnessing death or murder, ✓ Serious injury, lack of shelter, overcrowding, poor hygiene, poor medical care ✓ Disrupted education (children) lost or interrupted careers (adults) Migration Process • Post migration ✓ Trauma ✓ Challenges
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1: Introduction
    Concepts for the Better Management of Migration to Norway* Demetrios G. Papademetriou President, Migration Policy Institute January 2004 Kevin O’Neil Associate Policy Analyst, Migration Policy Institute *Paper prepared for the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (UDI). The research assistance of Betsy Cooper of MPI is gratefully acknowledged. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………1 Key Concepts and Plan of the Essay II. Norwegian Immigration Policy: Background, Trends, and Challenges………………………………………………………………………………..5 A Review of Recent Norwegian Migration Policies and Patterns Norwegian migration policy highlights Norwegian migration patterns Migration in the Nordic Neighborhood Future Trends in Migration and their Effect on Norway III. Migration and the Emerging Challenge of Demographic Change……14 Norwegian Demographics A growing retired and elderly population Slow labor force growth Fewer workers, more retirees Placing Norway’s Demographic Challenge in Context Aging populations and support ratios in Nordic countries Employment Structure Consequences and Policy Options for an Aging Population IV. Fundamental Concepts for Managed Migration……………………………21 Additional Elements of a Policy of Managed Migration Investment and accountability in administration and adjudication Mainstreaming migration considerations Working with the market and civil society Better public education and transparency Making immigrant integration an ongoing priority Realism about the demand for immigration A comprehensive strategy for illegal
    [Show full text]
  • Labour Market Integration in the Nordic Countries
    Nordic Economic Policy Review Labour Market Integration in the Nordic Countries Nordic Economic Policy Review Labour Market Integration in the Nordic Countries Bernt Bratsberg, Oddbjørn Raaum and Knut Røed Olof Åslund, Anders Forslund and Linus Liljeberg Matti Sarvimäki Marie Louise Schultz-Nielsen Hans Grönqvist and Susan Niknami Kristian Thor Jakobsen, Nicolai Kaarsen and Kristine Vasiljeva Joakim Ruist Torben M. Andersen (Managing Editor) Anna Piil Damm and Olof Åslund (Special Editors for this volume) TemaNord 2017:520 Nordic Economic Policy Review Labour Market Integration in the Nordic Countries Bernt Bratsberg, Oddbjørn Raaum and Knut Røed Olof Åslund, Anders Forslund and Linus Liljeberg Matti Sarvimäki Marie Louise Schultz-Nielsen Hans Grönqvist and Susan Niknami Kristian Thor Jakobsen, Nicolai Kaarsen and Kristine Vasiljeva Joakim Ruist ISBN 978-92-893-4935-2 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-4936-9 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-4937-6 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2017-520 TemaNord 2017:520 ISSN 0908-6692 Standard: PDF/UA-1 ISO 14289-1 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2017 Print: Rosendahls Printed in Denmark Although the Nordic Council of Ministers funded this publication, the contents do not necessarily reflect its views, policies or recommendations. Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an important role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community.
    [Show full text]
  • City of Stavanger Intercultural Profile
    City of Stavanger Intercultural Profile Background1 The city of Stavanger is located on the south‐west coast of Norway and is the third‐largest metropolitan area in the country (population 319,822) and the administrative centre of Rogaland county, whilst the local municipality itself is the fourth most populous in Norway (130,754). The city was founded in 1125 and still retains a substantial core of 18th‐ and 19th‐century wooden houses that are protected and considered part of the city's cultural heritage. Stavanger's history has been a continuous alternation between economic booms and recessions, often reliant upon the capricious bounty of the herring shoals. For many years Stavanger was one of the main ports of embarkation for Norwegian emigrants to the New World, and it is only far more recently that it has become a city of diversity. For long periods of time its most important industries have been shipping, shipbuilding, the fish canning industry and associated subcontractors. In 1969, a new boom started as oil was first discovered in the North Sea. After much discussion, Stavanger was chosen to be the on‐shore centre for the oil industry on the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, and a long period of growth has followed. Stavanger is today considered as one of Europe's energy capitals and Scandinavia's largest company, Statoil, has its headquarters in Stavanger, as well as several other international oil and gas companies. As a result, of both its past and present occupations, Stavanger’s identity is strongly bound up with international connectivity.
    [Show full text]
  • From Right to Earned Privilege? the Development of Stricter Family Immigration Rules in Denmark, Norway and the United Kingdom
    From right to earned privilege? The development of stricter family immigration rules in Denmark, Norway and the United Kingdom by Anne Staver A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Political Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Anne Staver 2014 From right to earned privilege? The development of stricter rules for family immigration in Denmark, Norway and the UK Anne Staver Doctor of Philosophy Political Science University of Toronto 2014 Abstract Family immigration is the most important immigration flow to Europe, but the existing immigration literature pays little attention to it. This dissertation is concerned with explaining family immigration policy development in Denmark, Norway and the United Kingdom between 1997 and 2012. In addition to addressing a broad and consequential trend of spreading restrictions on family immigration, the dissertation seeks so explain why this trend has manifested itself differently in these three countries. In Denmark, dramatic reforms in 2002 led to the introduction of an age limit for spouses and a so-called attachment requirement, measuring ‘attachment’ to Denmark. The two other countries considered measures inspired by Denmark, but instead adopted a high income requirement for sponsors. By examining these restrictive family immigration changes in light of the immigration control literature, we can demonstrate how policymakers are much more free from ‘constraints’ on their action than has been assumed until now. I develop a model of political agency focused on what I, drawing on the theoretical literature, call ‘debate limitation’, combining analyses of policy venues and policy frames with a focus on the contextual variable of time and the mediating variable of expert knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigrants in Norway, Sweden and Denmark There Are Very Few Good Analyses That Compare Immigration and Integration in Different Countries
    Scandinavian comparative statistics on integration Immigrants in Norway, Sweden and Denmark There are very few good analyses that compare immigration and integration in different countries. Also in Scandinavia, establishing data that is of sufficiently good quality for comparisons is not without its problems. Sweden has by far the most immigrants, par- ticularly refugees, both in absolute terms and in relation to the size of the population. Labour immigration from the EU has been relatively greater in Norway than in Sweden and Denmark. The integration of immigrants is often linked to differences in the extent and composition of the immigration. Immigration on a scale experienced in the Scandinavian countries over the Silje Vatne Pettersen and last 40 years has never been seen before (see Figure 1). Some fundamental si- Lars Østby, Statistics Norway milarities have been observed in the three countries’ migration patterns, and the countries also have strong historical and cultural similarities. Neverthe- less, there are important disparities in the nature and scope of immigration that are well worth studying. The blessings of comparisons… With so many political and social similarities between the Scandinavian countries, we are as close to an experimental situation as is possible in social Data source sciences. The purpose of comparative analyses of integration of immigrants This article uses register data from in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, is to identify similarities and differences in Norway, Sweden and Denmark on the the behaviour and living conditions of immigrants in the three countries. By population’s composition, education doing so, we can form a basis for evaluating the effect of somewhat differing and labour participation.
    [Show full text]
  • Intercultural Museum (IKM) Robert Wallace VAAGAN Oslo Metrop
    Intercultural Communication Studies XXIX: 1 (2020) VAAGAN & BOTHNER Confronting Stereotypes, Racism and Xenophobia in Oslo Museum – Intercultural Museum (IKM) Robert Wallace VAAGAN Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway Annelise Rosemary BOTHNER Oslo Museum — Intercultural Museum, Norway Abstract: Museums play an important role in society as repositories of culture history and knowledge, and also as meeting places for visitors. Oslo Museum – Intercultural Museum (IKM) is a municipal museum located in the Norwegian capital Oslo, in a diverse neighbourhood including a high concentration of immigrants. With its many exhibitions and local activities, IKM is a contact zone for the local community, the capital‟s inhabitants and numerous schools. The exhibition “It‟s just like them …” with the installation Anatomy of Prejudice encourages visitors to reflect on prejudices, to express and co-create them using their smart phones, and to exhibit them. In 2017, IKM and Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet) started exploring how IKM can strengthen its digital presence and reach out to a wider audience. The article first outlines and theorizes the mission and activity of IKM. Then the exhibition “It‟s just like them…” and the installation Anatomy of Prejudice are analyzed. Finally, IKM‟s external communication strategy and media management are addressed. Keywords: Museum, stereotypes, xenophobia, contact zone, plural societies, communication strategy, digital public space 1. Introduction Museums — especially museums that address intercultural issues — represent „contact zones‟ between diverse groups in plural societies (Pratt, 1992; Barrett, 2011; Naguib, 2013a; Naguib, 2013b). Oslo Museum is located in the Norwegian capital Oslo and includes four specialized museums: The Museum of Oslo, The Intercultural Museum, The Labour Museum and The Theater Museum (Oslo Museum, 2019).
    [Show full text]
  • MIPEX Health Strand Country Report Norway
    PORT NORWAY COUNTRY RE MIPEX HEALTH STRAND ©IOM MIPEX Health Strand Country Report Norway MIGRANT INTEGRATION POLICY INDEX HEALTH STRAND Country Report Norway Country Experts: Bernadette Kumar, Arild Aambø, Harald Siem and Thor Indseth General coordination: Prof. David Ingleby Editing: IOM MHD RO Brussels Formatting: Jordi Noguera Mons (IOM) Proofreading: DJ Caso Developed within the framework of the IOM Project “Fostering Health Provision for Migrants, the Roma and other Vulnerable Groups” (EQUI-HEALTH). Co-funded by the European Commission’s Directorate for Health and Food Safety (DG SANTE) and IOM. 1 | P a g e MIPEX Health Strand Country Report Norway This document was produced with the financial contribution of the European Commission’s Directorate General for Health, Food Safety (SANTE), through the Consumers, Health, Agriculture, and Food Executive Agency (CHAFEA) and IOM. Opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessary reflect the views of the European Commission or IOM. The sole responsibility for this publication therefore lies with the authors, and the European Commission and IOM are not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. The designations employed and the presentation of the material throughout the paper do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental body, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.
    [Show full text]
  • Svein Blom and Kristin Henriksen (Eds.) Living Conditions Among Immigrants in Norway 2005/2006
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Statistics Norway's Open Research Repository 2009/2 Rapporter Reports Svein Blom and Kristin Henriksen (eds.) Living Conditions Among Immigrants in Norway 2005/2006 Statistisk sentralbyrå • Statistics Norway Oslo–Kongsvinger Rapporter I denne serien publiseres statistiske analyser, metode- og modellbeskrivelser fra de enkelte forsknings- og statistikkområder. Også resultater av ulike enkeltunder- søkelser publiseres her, oftest med utfyllende kommentarer og analyser. Reports This series contains statistical analyses and method and model descriptions from the various research and statistics areas. Results of various single surveys are also published here, usually with supplementary comments and analyses. Standardtegn i tabeller Symbols in tables Symbol © Statistics Norway, February 2009 Tall kan ikke forekomme Category not applicable . When using material from this publication, Oppgave mangler Data not available .. please cite Statistics Norway as the source. Oppgave mangler foreløpig Data not yet available ... ISBN 978-82-537-7525-8 Printed version Tall kan ikke offentliggjøres Not for publication : ISBN 978-82-537-7526-5 Electronic version Null Nil - ISSN 0806-2056 Mindre enn 0,5 Less than 0.5 of unit av den brukte enheten employed 0 Subject group Mindre enn 0,05 Less than 0.05 of unit 02.01.10 av den brukte enheten employed 0,0 Foreløpig tall Provisional or preliminary figure * Brudd i den loddrette serien Break in the homogeneity of a vertical
    [Show full text]