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Of Severe Jaundice of the Newborn by L
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.18.1.17 on 1 February 1955. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1955, 18, 17. MORPHOLOGICAL NERVOUS CHANGES IN SURVIVORS OF SEVERE JAUNDICE OF THE NEWBORN BY L. CROME From the Neuropathology Department, the Fountain Hospital, London The clinical sequelae of Rh sensitization have the neonatal period with hydrops foetalis or, more been fully described by Pentschew (1948), Pickles commonly, icterus gravis, and, on the other hand, (1949), and Evans and Polani (1950). The clinical on a small total of 17 morphological descriptions variability of the condition is well known, but it of cases of established residual kemicterus, some tends to follow, nevertheless, a certain pattern. A of which were of doubtful aetiology. stormy neonatal period with jaundice, drowsiness, The structural changes found in the early fatal feeding difficulties, opisthotonos, and respiratory cases of Rh sensitization are characterized by disturbances is usually followed between the ages of generalized jaundice with staining by bilirubin of 1 and 2 years by a "silent" period. After that, certain focal areas of the grey matter of the central guest. Protected by copyright. rigidity, intermittent opisthotonos, and involuntary nervous system, a blood picture marked by erythro- movements make their appearance. Hypertonia blastosis and haemolysis, and some less constant may be present and this may be replaced by the findings in other organs such as persistence of intermittent spasms of athetosis. Involuntary haemopoietic foci in the liver and spleen, increase choreiform movements may set in later, and deafness in size and weight of the liver and spleen, and the is also common. -
Abnormalities of Grey and White Matter [11C]Flumazenil Binding In
Brain (2002), 125, 2257±2271 Abnormalities of grey and white matter [11C]¯umazenil binding in temporal lobe epilepsy with normal MRI A. Hammers,1,2,3 M. J. Koepp,1,2,3 R. Hurlemann,2 M. Thom,2 M. P. Richardson,1,2,3 D. J. Brooks1 and J. S. Duncan1,2,3 1MRC Clinical Sciences Centre and Division of Correspondence to: Professor John S. Duncan, MA, DM, Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, FRCP, National Society for Epilepsy and Institute of 2Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Neurology, 33 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK Institute of Neurology, University College London, London E-mail: [email protected] and 3National Society for Epilepsy MRI Unit, Chalfont St Peter, UK Summary In 20% of potential surgical candidates with refrac- the 16 patients with abnormalities, ®ndings were con- tory epilepsy, current optimal MRI does not identify cordant with EEG and clinical data, enabling further the cause. GABA is the principal inhibitory neuro- presurgical evaluation. Group ®ndings were: (i) transmitter in the brain, and GABAA receptors are decreased FMZ-Vd in the ipsilateral (Z = 3.01) and expressed by most neurones. [11C]Flumazenil (FMZ) contralateral (Z = 2.56) hippocampus; (ii) increased PET images the majority of GABAA receptor sub- FMZ-Vd in the ipsilateral (Z = 3.71) and contralat- types. We investigated abnormalities of FMZ binding eral TLWM (two clusters, Z = 3.11 and 2.79); and in grey and white matter in 18 patients with refrac- (iii) increased FMZ-Vd in the ipsilateral frontal lobe tory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and normal quan- white matter between the superior and medial frontal titative MRI. -
Corticostriatal Interactions During Learning, Memory Processing, and Decision Making
The Journal of Neuroscience, October 14, 2009 • 29(41):12831–12838 • 12831 Mini-Symposium Corticostriatal Interactions during Learning, Memory Processing, and Decision Making Cyriel M. A. Pennartz,1 Joshua D. Berke,2,3 Ann M. Graybiel,4,5 Rutsuko Ito,6 Carien S. Lansink,1 Matthijs van der Meer,7 A. David Redish,7 Kyle S. Smith,4,5 and Pieter Voorn8 1University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Center for Neuroscience, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2Department of Psychology and 3Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, 4Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and 5McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, 6Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom, 7Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and 8Department of Anatomy, Research Institute Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands This mini-symposium aims to integrate recent insights from anatomy, behavior, and neurophysiology, highlighting the anatom- ical organization, behavioral significance, and information-processing mechanisms of corticostriatal interactions. In this sum- mary of topics, which is not meant to provide a comprehensive survey, we will first review the anatomy of corticostriatal circuits, comparing different ways by which “loops” of cortical–basal ganglia circuits communicate. Next, we will address the causal importance and systems-neurophysiological mechanisms of corticostriatal interactions for memory, emphasizing the communi- cation between hippocampus and ventral striatum during contextual conditioning. Furthermore, ensemble recording techniques have been applied to compare information processing in the dorsal and ventral striatum to predictions from reinforcement learning theory. -
Neonatal Nonhandling and in Utero Prenatal Stress Reduce the Density of NADPH-Diaphorase-Reactive Neurons in the Fascia Dentata and Ammon’S Horn of Rats
The Journal of Neuroscience, July 15, 1997, 17(14):5599–5609 Neonatal Nonhandling and In Utero Prenatal Stress Reduce the Density of NADPH-Diaphorase-Reactive Neurons in the Fascia Dentata and Ammon’s Horn of Rats R. R. Vaid,1 B. K. Yee,2 U. Shalev,3 J. N. P. Rawlins,2 I. Weiner,3 J. Feldon,3 and S. Totterdell1 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, England, 2Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, England, and 3Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv, Israel 69978 The density of nitric oxide (NO)-producing neurons in the fascia fascia dentata, and within Ammon’s horn the dorsal region was dentata and Ammon’s horn was assessed in 6-month-old male selectively more affected. Experiment 2 showed that prenatal rats using NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. Two stress, which involved the administration of daily restraint separate experiments investigated whether (1) the complete stress to pregnant dams throughout the gestation period, also absence of neonatal handling or (2) the administration of peri- led to a reduction in NADPH-d reactivity in the hippocampus of odic prenatal stress could affect the expression and distribution the offspring of these dam when they reached adulthood. of NADPH-d reactivity in the hippocampus, when compared The present results suggest that behavioral manipulations in with rats raised in normal standard laboratory conditions. Ex- the early neonatal or prenatal period can significantly alter the periment 1 demonstrated that adult rats that received no han- neurodevelopment of the hippocampal NO system and these dling during neonatal development (from birth to postnatal day changes might be related to some of the behavioral abnormal- 22) showed a very substantial reduction in NADPH-d-positive ities that emerge later in adulthood. -
Cortical Layers: What Are They Good For? Neocortex
Cortical Layers: What are they good for? Neocortex L1 L2 L3 network input L4 computations L5 L6 Brodmann Map of Cortical Areas lateral medial 44 areas, numbered in order of samples taken from monkey brain Brodmann, 1908. Primary visual cortex lamination across species Balaram & Kaas 2014 Front Neuroanat Cortical lamination: not always a six-layered structure (archicortex) e.g. Piriform, entorhinal Larriva-Sahd 2010 Front Neuroanat Other layered structures in the brain Cerebellum Retina Complexity of connectivity in a cortical column • Paired-recordings and anatomical reconstructions generate statistics of cortical connectivity Lefort et al. 2009 Information flow in neocortical microcircuits Simplified version “computational Layer 2/3 layer” Layer 4 main output Layer 5 main input Layer 6 Thalamus e - excitatory, i - inhibitory Grillner et al TINS 2005 The canonical cortical circuit MAYBE …. DaCosta & Martin, 2010 Excitatory cell types across layers (rat S1 cortex) Canonical models do not capture the diversity of excitatory cell classes Oberlaender et al., Cereb Cortex. Oct 2012; 22(10): 2375–2391. Coding strategies of different cortical layers Sakata & Harris, Neuron 2010 Canonical models do not capture the diversity of firing rates and selectivities Why is the cortex layered? Do different layers have distinct functions? Is this the right question? Alternative view: • When thinking about layers, we should really be thinking about cell classes • A cells class may be defined by its input connectome and output projectome (and some other properties) • The job of different classes is to (i) make associations between different types of information available in each cortical column and/or (ii) route/gate different streams of information • Layers are convenient way of organising inputs and outputs of distinct cell classes Excitatory cell types across layers (rat S1 cortex) INTRATELENCEPHALIC (IT) | PYRAMIDAL TRACT (PT) | CORTICOTHALAMIC (CT) From Cereb Cortex. -
Perspectives
PERSPECTIVES reptiles, to birds and mammals, to primates OPINION and, finally, to humans — ascending from ‘lower’ to ‘higher’ intelligence in a chrono- logical series. They believed that the brains Avian brains and a new understanding of extant vertebrates retained ancestral structures, and, therefore, that the origin of of vertebrate brain evolution specific human brain subdivisions could be traced back in time by examining the brains of extant non-human vertebrates. In The Avian Brain Nomenclature Consortium* making such comparisons, they noted that the main divisions of the human CNS — Abstract | We believe that names have a pallium is nuclear, and the mammalian the spinal cord, hindbrain, midbrain, thala- powerful influence on the experiments we cortex is laminar in organization, the avian mus, cerebellum and cerebrum or telen- do and the way in which we think. For this pallium supports cognitive abilities similar cephalon — were present in all vertebrates reason, and in the light of new evidence to, and for some species more advanced than, (FIG. 1a). Edinger, however, noted that the about the function and evolution of the those of many mammals. To eliminate these internal organization of the telencephala vertebrate brain, an international consortium misconceptions, an international forum of showed the most pronounced differences of neuroscientists has reconsidered the neuroscientists (BOX 1) has, for the first time between species. In mammals, the outer traditional, 100-year-old terminology that is in 100 years, developed new terminology that part of the telencephalon was found to have used to describe the avian cerebrum. Our more accurately reflects our current under- prominently layered grey matter (FIG. -
The Repulsive Guidance Molecule Rgma Is Involved in the Formation of Afferent Connections in the Dentate Gyrus
3862 • The Journal of Neuroscience, April 14, 2004 • 24(15):3862–3869 Development/Plasticity/Repair The Repulsive Guidance Molecule RGMa Is Involved in the Formation of Afferent Connections in the Dentate Gyrus Henriette Brinks,1,2* Sabine Conrad,4* Johannes Vogt,2* Judit Oldekamp,3* Ana Sierra,5* Lutz Deitinghoff,7 Ingo Bechmann,2 Gonzalo Alvarez-Bolado,3† Bernd Heimrich,2,8† Philippe P. Monnier,6† Bernhard K. Mueller,7† and Thomas Skutella1,4 1Neuroscience Research Center and 2Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charite´ Central Campus, 10098 Berlin, Germany, 3Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, 30625 Hannover, Germany, 4Institute of Anatomy, Department of Experimental Embryology, Tissue Engineering Division, and 5Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tu¨bingen, 72074 Tu¨bingen, Germany, 6Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, N5T 258 Canada, 7CNS Research, Abbott GmbH and Company KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany, and 8Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany In the developing dentate gyrus, afferent fiber projections terminate in distinct laminas. This relies on an accurately regulated spatio- temporal network of guidance molecules. Here, we have analyzed the functional role of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored repulsive guidance molecule RGMa. In situ hybridization in embryonic and postnatal brain showed expression of RGMa in the cornu ammonis and hilus of the hippocampus. In the dentate gyrus, RGM immunostaining was confined to the inner molecular layer, whereas the outer molecular layers targeted by entorhinal fibers remained free. To test the repulsive capacity of RGMa, different setups were used: the stripe and explant outgrowth assays with recombinant RGMa, and entorhino–hippocampal cocultures incubated either with a neutralizing RGMa antibody (Ab) or with the GPI anchor-digesting drug phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. -
Cyclic Nucleotide-Mediated Regulation of Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Development: a Target-Specific Guidance
The Journal of Neuroscience, August 15, 2001, 21(16):6181–6194 Cyclic Nucleotide-Mediated Regulation of Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Development: A Target-Specific Guidance Satomi Mizuhashi, Nobuyoshi Nishiyama, Norio Matsuki, and Yuji Ikegaya Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan The mossy fibers (MFs) arising from dentate granule cells innervation was disrupted by pharmacological blockade of project primarily onto a narrow segment of the proximal den- cGMP pathway. Similar apposition of the dentate grafts near drites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells. The mechanisms the CA1 region of host slices rarely resulted in MF ingrowth into underlying this specific MF target selection are not fully under- the Ammon’s horn. Under blockade of cAMP pathway, how- stood. To investigate the cellular basis for development of the ever, the MFs were capable of making allopatric synapses with stereotyped MF trajectories, we have arranged the fascia den- CA1 neurons. These data were further supported by the phar- tata and hippocampal Ammon’s horn tissues in diverse topo- macological data obtained from granule cells dispersed over graphical patterns in organotypic explant coculture systems. hippocampal slice cultures. Thus, our findings suggest that the Here we show that cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways regu- stereotyped MF extension is mediated by at least two distinct late the MF pathfinding. When the dentate gyrus explants were factors, i.e., an attractant derived from the CA3 region and a ectopically placed facing the CA3 stratum oriens of hippocam- repellent from the CA1 region. These factors may be regulated pal slices, MFs crossed the border between cocultures and differently by cAMP and cGMP signaling pathways. -
The Ventral Striatum in Off-Line Processing: Ensemble Reactivation During Sleep and Modulation by Hippocampal Ripples
6446 • The Journal of Neuroscience, July 21, 2004 • 24(29):6446–6456 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive The Ventral Striatum in Off-Line Processing: Ensemble Reactivation during Sleep and Modulation by Hippocampal Ripples C. M. A. Pennartz,1 E. Lee,1 J. Verheul,1 P. Lipa,2 C. A. Barnes,2 and B. L. McNaughton2 1Graduate School of Neurosciences Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, 1090 GB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and 2Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Neural Systems, Memory, and Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724 Previously it has been shown that the hippocampus and neocortex can spontaneously reactivate ensemble activity patterns during post-behavioral sleep and rest periods. Here we examined whether such reactivation also occurs in a subcortical structure, the ventral striatum, which receives a direct input from the hippocampal formation and has been implicated in guidance of consummatory and conditioned behaviors. During a reward-searching task on a T-maze, flanked by sleep and rest periods, parallel recordings were made from ventral striatal ensembles while EEG signals were derived from the hippocampus. Statistical measures indicated a significant amount of reactivation in the ventral striatum. In line with hippocampal data, reactivation was especially prominent during post- behavioralslow-wavesleep,butunlikethehippocampus,nodecayinpatternrecurrencewasvisibleintheventralstriatumacrossthefirst 40 min of post-behavioral rest. We next studied the relationship between ensemble firing patterns in ventral striatum and hippocampal ripples–sharp waves, which have been implicated in pattern replay. Firing rates were significantly modulated in close temporal associ- ation with hippocampal ripples in 25% of the units, showing a marked transient enhancement in the average response profile. -
Adiponectin Modulation by Genotype and Maternal Choline Supplementation in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome and Alzheimer’S Disease
Journal of Clinical Medicine Article Adiponectin Modulation by Genotype and Maternal Choline Supplementation in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease Melissa J. Alldred 1,2,*, Sang Han Lee 3,4 and Stephen D. Ginsberg 1,2,5,6,* 1 Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA 2 Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA 3 Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; [email protected] 4 Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA 5 Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA 6 NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.J.A.); [email protected] (S.D.G.); Tel.: +1-(845)-398-2176 (M.J.A.); +1-(845)-398-2170 (S.D.G.) Abstract: Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by the triplication of human chromosome 21, which results in neurological and physiological pathologies. These deficits increase during aging and are exacerbated by cognitive decline and increase of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuropathology. A nontoxic, noninvasive treatment, maternal choline supplementation (MCS) attenuates cognitive decline in mouse models of DS and AD. To evaluate potential underlying mechanisms, laser capture microdissection of individual neuronal populations of MCS offspring was performed, followed Citation: Alldred, M.J.; Lee, S.H.; by RNA sequencing and bioinformatic inquiry. Results at ~6 months of age (MO) revealed DS Ginsberg, S.D. -
REVIEW Hormones and the Hippocampus
205 REVIEW Hormones and the hippocampus R Lathe Centre for Genome Research and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, UK (Requests for offprints should be addressed to R Lathe, Centre for Genome Research, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, UK; Email: [email protected]) Abstract Hippocampal lesions produce memory deficits, but the Functionally, hippocampal enteroception may reflect feed- exact function of the hippocampus remains obscure. back control; evidence is reviewed that the hippocampus Evidence is presented that its role in memory may be modulates body physiology, including the activity of the ancillary to physiological regulation. Molecular studies hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, blood pressure, demonstrate that the hippocampus is a primary target for immunity, and reproductive function. It is suggested that ligands that reflect body physiology, including ion balance the hippocampus operates, in parallel with the amygdala, and blood pressure, immunity, pain, reproductive status, to modulate body physiology in response to cognitive satiety and stress. Hippocampal receptors are functional, stimuli. Hippocampal outputs are predominantly inhibi- probably accessible to their ligands, and mediate physio- tory on downstream neuroendocrine activity; increased logical and cognitive changes. This argues that an early synaptic efficacy in the hippocampus (e.g. long-term role of the hippocampus may have been in sensing soluble potentiation) could facilitate throughput inhibition. -
Cellular Localizations of AMPA Glutamate Receptors Within the Basal Forebrain Magnocellular Complex of Rat and Monkey
The Journal of Neuroscience, May 1993, 13(5): 2249-2263 Cellular Localizations of AMPA Glutamate Receptors within the Basal Forebrain Magnocellular Complex of Rat and Monkey Lee J. Martin,1.4 Craig D. Blackstone, Allan I. Levey,*e4na Richard L. Huganir,3v5 and Donald L. Price1n2,3e4 Departments of ‘Pathology, *Neurology, and 3Neuroscience, 4the Neuropathology Laboratory, and Yhe Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 212052196 The cellular distributions of cY-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- L-Glutamate and L-Aspartate are the major known excitatory isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors within the rodent neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain (Fagg and Foster, and nonhuman primate basal forebrain magnocellular com- 1983; Fonnum, 1984), and several lines of evidence suggestthat plex (BFMC) were demonstrated immunocytochemically us- neurons within the basal forebrain magnocellular complex ing anti-peptide antibodies that recognize glutamate recep- (BFMC) receive excitatory glutamatergic or aspartergic inner- tor (GIuR) subunit proteins (i.e., GIuRl, GIuR4, and a vation from a variety of regions. Cultured cells from the BFMC conserved region of GIuR2, GIuR3, and GluR4c). In both spe- are depolarized rapidly by glutamate (Nakajima et al., 1985). cies, many large GluRl-positive neuronal perikarya and Biochemical (Walaasand Fonnum, 1980; Fibiger and Lehmann, aspiny dendrites are present within the medial septal nucle- 1981; Davies et al., 1984) autoradiographic (Monaghan and us, the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, and the nu- Cotman, 1982; Halpain et al., 1984; Monaghan et al., 1984), cleus basalis of Meynert. In this population of neurons in rat and connectional (Mesulam and Mufson, 1984; Lemann and and monkey, GluR2/3/4c and GIuR4 immunoreactivities are Saper, 1985; Fuller et al., 1987; Carnes et al., 1990; Gaykema less abundant than GluRl immunoreactivity.