Adaptive Alpine IPD All Levels

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PSIA - ROCKY MOUNTAIN - AASI ADAPTIVE CERTIFICATION STANDARDS Adaptive Alpine Assessment Material Individual Development Pathway Adaptive Skiing Standards

Revision 08-01-20

The information in this document is provided only as a guideline. Although every effort has been made in preparing and assembling this guideline, with a goal of providing timely, complete, and accurate information, PSIA makes no claims, promises, or guarantees about the timeliness, accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of the contents of this guideline, and PSIA assumes no liability or responsibility and expressly disclaims liability for any errors and omissions in its contents.

Local regulations and safety guidelines take precedence over this information. It is in your best interest to exercise due diligence in determining the appropriateness of the information for your particular circumstances. In addition, please take into account any and all factors that may affect your lesson. This includes, but is not limited to the health, well-being, and fitness of the student; weather conditions; terrain; other people on the slope; your own abilities, as well as those of your student and anyone who may accompany you.

This guideline provides diagrams from third party sources. The content of any such third-party diagrams are not within our control, and we cannot and will not take responsibility for the information in them, nor should any references to them be considered any endorsement by PSIA.

Copyright © 2020 PSIA-RM-AASI 1 Note: The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires that testing entities such as PSIA-RM-AASI make "reasonable accommodations" for qualified candidates with disabilities (whether physical or cognitive) and to the extent that they would not “fundamentally alter” the services being provided. Members with disabilities who are considering applying for an educational event or certification assessment must contact PSIA-RM-AASI at 970-879-8335 at least four weeks in advance of a scheduled educational event or assessment to provide notice of their requested reasonable accommodation and discuss their situations. This allows PSIA-RM-AASI to assess your request for a reasonable accommodation and to plan for reasonable accommodations, if necessary. Requests for accommodations will be considered on a case-by-case basis. The essential eligibility requirements for each Adaptive Alpine Level 1 and 2 educational event and assessment are presented in this material. The standards are national in scope and their maintenance is necessary in the interests of public safety, effectiveness, value for the consumer, and guest/employer expectations. The ADA does not require reasonable accommodations for a transitory or minor disability. A transitory disability is an impairment with a duration of six months or less, such as one caused by illness or injury. If this applies to you, you may contact the PSIA-RM-AASI office to receive or refund or to transfer to a future educational event or assessment.

You may refer to the PSIA-RM-AASI Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Policy for further information.

Alpine Skiing Fundamentals Relative to the Skills Concept

Pressure Control Control the relationship of the center of mass to the base of support to direct pressure along the length of the skis. (Fore/aft pressure) Pressure Control Control pressure from ski to ski and direct pressure toward the outside ski. (Ski to ski pressure) Edge Control Control edge angles through a combination of inclination and angulation. Rotational Control the skis rotation with leg rotation, separate from the upper body. Control Pressure Control Regulate the magnitude of pressure created through ski/snow interaction. (Overall magnitude of pressure)

Skills - Highlighted

The following tasks are designed to highlight edge, pressure, and rotational control skills. Competency in performing these tasks contributes to mastering the skills. Tasks are described relative to ski and body performance and tactical requirements.

Candidates will be asked to perform 2 tasks chosen by the assessment manager.

RMT

LEVEL III Rocky Mountain Trainer candidates should be LEVELS I & II able to accurately demonstrate any highlighted skill in any task. Linked Sideslips Linked Pivot Slips Rotational/Pressure Control Rotational/Pressure Control This maneuver highlights rotational This maneuver highlights rotational

and pressure control skills and can and pressure control skills and can be extremely valuable when be extremely valuable when working with any number of working with any number of diagnoses, as well as a method diagnoses, as well as a method used when tethering bi-skis and used when tethering bi-skis and guiding blind skiers. guiding blind skiers. This maneuver demonstrates the ability to rotate Why This Task?

Highlighted Skills the legs simultaneously and quickly.

Copyright © 2020 PSIA-RM-AASI 3 - Starting in a straight run, skis - Starting in a straight run, skis pivot 90° to a sideslip pivot 90° to a sideslip - Then, skis pivot 90° to a straight - Then, skis pivot 180° to the

run other direction - Then, skis pivot 90° to a sideslip - Then, skis pivot 180° to the in the other direction other direction - Skis pivot under the foot and - Skis pivot under the foot and bend from the center bend from the center - At the end of the maneuver, slip - At the end of the maneuver, slip

Ski Performance to a full stop to a full stop - Skis are equally pressured ski to - Skis are equally pressured ski to ski and tipped simultaneously to ski and tipped simultaneously to an obvious stop an obvious stop - Turn skis with leg rotation under - Turn skis with leg rotation under stable upper body stable upper body - Angulate to direct pressure - Continuously rotate legs toward the downhill foot when throughout the maneuver slipping - Angulate to direct pressure toward the downhill foot when slipping Body Performance - Corridor is less than 1 cat track - Corridor is less than 1 cat track

wide wide - Performed both directions - Performed both directions - 90° pivot - 180° pivot Tactics - Finish with a hockey stop - Finish with a hockey stop - Groomed blue terrain - Groomed blue terrain

Railroad Tracks Crab Walk Edge/Pressure Control Edge/Pressure Control This maneuver highlights edging This maneuver highlights edge and and pressure control skills and pressure control skills and isolates movements to the lower demonstrates the ability to create legs and feet. The movements and maintain a tipped ski with used to manage the edge and varied amounts of pressure.

pressure control skills are building Instructors should also be able to blocks toward the parallel turn. accurately demonstrate this Instructors may use this movement movement to visual learners when little friction is desired such working to acquire more advanced as moving across flat areas while movements of corresponding trying to maintain or generate edging movements themselves. speed when tethering a student. Why This Task?

Highlighted Skills Instructors should also be able to accurately demonstrate this movement to visual learners working to acquire more advanced movements of corresponding edging movements themselves.

- Link tracks in both directions turned slightly inward, and - Skis stay the same distance apart placed on edge in snow. - Skis flatten and edge at the - Extended ski carves back under same rate, time, and for same body duration - Skis release and are flat and - At the end of the maneuver, skid travels down the fall line to a full stop - Both skis bend from the center Ski Performance - Skis are equally pressured ski to ski and tipped simultaneously to an obvious stop - Tipping movements and - Move from a low stance with angulation start with the lower ankles, knees, hips/spine flexed

body - Lengthen extended leg to - Tip legs at the same time and achieve highest edge angle rate - Transfer sufficient weight to - Keep the center of mass over the extended ski to bend the edged base of support as you flex and ski extend - Flex extended leg to flatten ski as it carves toward base ski

Body Performance - Center of mass tracks about 1 meter sideways (may be adjusted to accommodate task) - Corridor is fall line oriented, - Corridor is approximately 1 cat maximum 1 cat track wide track wide

- Linked both directions - Finish with a hockey stop - Leaves tracks in snow like - Groomed green terrain railroad tracks Tactics - No pole touch is present - Finish with a hockey stop - Groomed green terrain

Copyright © 2020 PSIA-RM-AASI 5 Outside Ski Turn Advanced Outside Ski Turn Pressure Control Pressure Control This maneuver highlights pressure This maneuver highlights pressure control skills, specifically the ability control skills, specifically the ability to direct pressure to the outside to direct pressure to the outside ski. Outside Ski Turns require key ski. Outside Ski Turns require key elements in all aspects of modern elements in all aspects of modern skiing including balance and skiing including balance and

coordination. Instructors must be coordination. Instructors must be handy on their skis when providing handy on their skis when providing close-in assists such as two-point close-in assists such as two-point holds where the majority of holds where the majority of pressure may be required on the pressure may be required on the outside ski to direct the student on outside ski to direct the student on a necessary path or provide a necessary path or provide Why This Task? needed support. Instructors should needed support. Instructors should also be able to accurately also be able to accurately demonstrate this movement to demonstrate this movement to visual learners working to acquire visual learners working to acquire understanding and movements of understanding and movements of foot-to-foot pressure and directing foot-to-foot pressure and directing pressure toward their outside ski. pressure toward their outside ski.

- Inside ski tip is on the snow and - New inside ski is off snow prior tail is raised off the snow from to edge change and through all mid-initiation through mid-finish turn phases

phases - Inside ski is approximately - Outside ski bends through all parallel to snow surface turn phases - Outside ski bends through all - Outside ski leaves brushed track turn phases Highlighted Skill in snow - Outside ski leaves brushed track Performance - At the end of the maneuver, skid in snow

Ski to a full stop - Skis are equally pressured ski to ski and tipped simultaneously to an obvious stop - Flex leg to raise tail of inside ski - Upper/lower body separation midway through initiation and helps maintain balance on return ski to snow midway outside ski as legs rotate under through finish phase stable upper body - Angulate to direct pressure - Flex inside leg to lift ski toward the outside foot completely off the snow - Flex or extend to maintain - Flex or extend progressively to fore/aft balance maintain fore/aft balance

Body Performance - Rotate legs and edge ski(s) - Rotate legs and edge ski(s) under a stable upper body under a stable upper body - Tip of inside ski remains on snow - Finish with a hockey stop

- Tail lifted from mid-initiation to - Groomed harder green to low mid-finish angle blue terrain

Tactics - Finish with a hockey stop - Groomed gentle green

The following tasks are designed to exhibit blending of pressure-, rotational-, and edge-control skills at slower speeds. Emphasis is on the complementary execution of skills to demonstrate a task accurately.

Candidates will be asked to perform 2 tasks chosen by the assessment manager.

RMT

LEVEL III Rocky Mountain Trainer candidates should be LEVELS I & II able to accurately demonstrate any basic blended skill in any task. Wedge Turn Stem Christie This maneuver highlights ideal This maneuver is an excellent way blending skills at lower speeds. to quickly change direction. It is Because the outside ski is already extremely important in maintaining at an angle steering toward the speed control when tethering next turn, the wedge turn makes it because it minimizes time spent in easier for skiers to turn the skis in the fall line when changing the intended directions. Instructors directions. This maneuver is also may use wedge turns when a wider referred to as a blocking turn to and very stable base is required stop and change the direction of when assisting students on flatter travel. Stem turns are valuable terrain. Instructors should also be when working with any number of

Why This Task? able to accurately demonstrate diagnoses, as well as a method wedge turns, a maneuver regularly used frequently when tethering. taught at a variety of levels, for This task demonstrates the ability visual learners working to acquire to blend the five alpine the movements themselves. fundamentals at lower speeds on easier terrain. - Start with a narrow wedge with - New outside ski rotates, brushing tips together and tails apart on the snow at an angle (stem) Basic Blended Skill inside edges - Old downhill ski retains inside

- New inside ski flattens as both edge as new outside ski stems tips steer into the fall line - Stemmed ski bends as new - Skis turn at the same rate inside ski stems throughout the turn - Stemmed ski bends as new - Skis bend from center inside ski rotates, brushing the - At the end of the maneuver, skis snow, creating a parallel are brought to an obvious stop relationship Ski Performance through turn shape and - Skis are parallel before the fall increased pressuring of edges line - Both skis steer, leaving brushed tracks through turn completion

Copyright © 2020 PSIA-RM-AASI 7 - Turn legs inward to create - Tip feet and legs sequentially at narrow wedge, maintain initiation, and simultaneously consistent width after matching occurs - Tip feet and legs to manage - Transfer weight to the outside edge angles foot (stemmed ski) to control the - Turn skis with leg rotation under arc of the turn stable upper body - Tip and turn (steer) the inside leg to a parallel relationship before the fall line

Body Performance - Start angulating in the shaping phase to aid balance toward the outside ski - No pole plants - At end of turn, stem uphill ski - Speed controlled through turn into converging (wedge) position shape - Transfer weight to uphill ski to

- Opposing edges throughout initiate turning cs - Low speed - Speed controlled through turn - Finish with a controlled stop shape Tacti - Groomed green terrain - Stemming ski brushes across the snow - Finish with a controlled stop - Groomed blue terrain

Wedge Christie Hourglass in Blue Bumps This maneuver highlights ability to It is important to be able to change blend the skills as well as adjust the radius of your turns while the duration, intensity, rate, and maintaining speed control in order timing (DIRT) through all phases of to manage specialized adaptive

a turn. This traditional maneuver equipment safely. Hourglass turns helps skiers become aware of, and are an excellent way for instructors develop, the ability to turn the feet and students practice reducing turn and legs independently and radii. This task demonstrates the separate from the upper body. ability to blend the five alpine

Blended Skill Instructors may use the wedge fundaments in more advanced Christie when a stable base is terrain. Hourglass turns on blue

Why This Task? required for assisting students. bumps may be necessary when Basic Instructors should also be able to guiding more advanced students. accurately demonstrate wedge Christies for visual learners working to acquire the movements themselves.

Copyright © 2020 PSIA-RM-AASI 8 - At initiation, edges of parallel - Both skis sideslip and skid skis release (flatten) and open to through a series of medium, a small wedge progressively reducing radius

- Both tips steer down the hill turns to a very small radius - Outside ski turns faster to fall - At the halfway point, line to create wedge progressively return to a medium - From fall line, inside ski turns radius faster to create parallel skis - At the end of the maneuver, skid - Skis bend from center to a full stop - At the end of the maneuver, skis - Skis are equally pressured ski to Ski Performance are brought to an obvious stop ski and tipped simultaneously to with the skis in a matched an obvious stop position exhibiting increased pressure and edge angle - Allow turn forces to transfer - Feet and legs flex and extend to

more weight to the outside ski maintain efficient pressure through the shaping phase fore/aft and foot to foot - Steer lighter inside ski parallel to - Feet and legs tip to allow for outside ski adjustment of foot to snow - Rotate legs and edge skis under angles a stable upper body - Feet and legs rotate at a slow - Adjust ski performance and rate and progressively quicker

Body Performance balance with subtle fore/aft and and return to a slower rate vertical movements - Control speed through turn - A basic parallel linked turn shape starting with medium radius - Turns start as wedge and end as - Control speed through turn parallel due to low speed and shape active leg steering - Hourglass is symmetric from left

- Finish with a controlled stop to right and top to bottom - Groomed green terrain - Sequence might look like this, 6 – 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – Tactics 6 if numbers were assigned to each turn size - Pole plants provide timing and stability - Finish with a hockey stop - Blue Bumps

Lane Change Braking & Gliding Parallel Turns This maneuver highlights a blend It is important to be able to apply

of the skills. Also demonstrated are changes of duration, intensity, rate, the ability to modify the duration, and timing to your performance on intensity, rate, and timing of all advanced terrain. Instructors movements at a higher rate of routinely employ tactics to adjust speed than the Wedge Christie. duration, intensity, rate, and timing Instructors routinely employ lane when guiding, tethering, and change tactics when guiding, assisting students as well as to

Why This Task? tethering, and assisting students as avoid other guests and obstacles. Basic Blended Skill well as to avoid other guests and obstacles.

Copyright © 2020 PSIA-RM-AASI 9 - Skis scribe a series of 3 short - Skis scribe a series of three radius turns, then travel across braking turns followed by a the hill and scribe 3 short turns series of three gliding turns in a new lane; repeat - Skis are released in initiation - Skis scribe short radius turns in - Skis are tipped and rotated at a the fall line fast rate - Turns are round and linked with - In braking turns, highest edge smooth transition to new lane angle just after the fall line

- Skis steer through turns, or carve creating maximum snow spray through phases of turns after fall line and progressively - Outside ski bends more than flatten until initiation of next turn inside ski - In gliding turns, parallel skis - At the end of the maneuver, skid leave round, brushed tracks of to a full stop consistent width

Ski Performance - Skis are equally pressured ski to - Skis tip and turn at same time ski and tipped simultaneously to and rate in most turns an obvious stop - Width of skis stays consistent - Skis steer from center - At the end of the maneuver, skid to a full stop - Skis are equally pressured ski to ski and tipped simultaneously to an obvious stop - Adjust degree of counter to - In braking turns, feet and legs coincide with the radius of rotate at a fast rate into the fall upcoming turns line and stop after the fall line - Rotate legs under a stable upper - In braking turns, feet and legs body tip at a fast rate into the fall line - Flex ankles, knees, hips/spine to at are at the highest angle after Performance manage pressure in first turn of the fall line series - In gliding turns, feet and legs tip

Body - Tip legs at the same rate and and rotate progressively through time the fall line - 3 short radius turns; hold third - Three turns alternating between turn to move across hill; and 3 braking turns and gliding turns short turns in new lane - Control speed through turn

- Deliberate pole plants down the shape hill aids transition to short turns - Medium radius turns

Tactics - Rhythm of short turns and speed - Groomed black terrain are consistent - Finish with a hockey stop - Groomed blue terrain

Copyright © 2020 PSIA-RM-AASI 10 Parallel on Groomed Terrain Switch/Inverted Wedge This maneuver highlights a blend This demonstrates your ability to of skills. This application of the ski backward on easier terrain. This

skiing fundamentals and skills is may be a tactic used when working frequently performed as a with students, but also when demonstration. Parallel skiing is leading instructor training. often the most effective and safe way to ski when teaching adaptive lessons. Instructors should also be able to accurately demonstrate Why This Task? parallel technique accurately for visual learners working to acquire the movements themselves. - Parallel skis leave round, brushed - With skis parallel tips facing tracks of consistent width uphill in the fall line, skis - Skis tip and turn at same time internally rotate for backward

and rate in most turns skate down fall line to gain - Width of skis stays consistent momentum - Outside ski bends more than the - Flatten both skis

inside ski before the fall line in - Externally rotate skis into most turns inverted wedge - Skis steer from center - Both skis bend from the center - At the end of the maneuver, skid while the outside ski bends more Ski Performance to a full stop than the inside ski - Skis are equally pressured ski to ski and tipped simultaneously to

Basic Blended Skill an obvious stop

- Steer both skis at the same rate - Use athletic stance, flex and and time extend legs to skate backwards - Turning comes from the legs and - While facing uphill bring feet not the upper body underneath COM - Flex/extend joints and adjust - Rotate both legs internally to fore/aft to stay in balance skate backwards and externally - Director more pressure toward to create inverted wedge the outside ski - Flex inside leg more than outside Body Performance leg - Basic parallel - Link a series of turns with - Pole plants are functional consistent shape and tempo - Control speed through turn followed by another series of

shape turns of varying shapes and - Medium radius turns tempos

Tactics - Performed at moderate speed - Groomed harder green to easier - Finish with a hockey stop blue terrain - Groomed harder green to easy blue terrain

The following tasks are designed to demonstrate ability to adapt to terrain challenges and increased speed. Tasks require tactical solutions to blend pressure-, rotational-, and edge-control skills effectively for different outcomes. Candidates must consider the implications of duration, intensity, rate, and timing of movements to achieve their desired outcomes.

Candidates will be asked to perform 4 tasks chosen by the assessment manager.

RMT

LEVEL III Rocky Mountain Trainer candidates should be LEVELS I & II able to accurately demonstrate any applied skill in any task. Skiing Variable Terrain Skiing Variable Terrain Without Poles This maneuver displays your ability This maneuver displays your ability to adapt your skiing and adjust to adapt your skiing and adjust turns to meet the demands of turns to meet the demands of varying terrain and snow varying terrain and snow conditions. This also allows for an conditions. This also allows for an assessment of your basic skiing assessment of your basic skiing mechanics. Most skiers have mechanics. Most skiers have specific styles and preferred specific styles and preferred turning mechanisms that either turning mechanisms that either enhance or hinder their ability to enhance or hinder their ability to ski a variety of terrain or perform ski a variety of terrain or perform

specific skill-based maneuvers with specific skill-based maneuvers with accuracy. Teaching and assisting accuracy. Teaching and assisting occur on all types of terrain and in occur on all types of terrain and in varying conditions. Qualified varying conditions and there may instructors should be able to be times in which you may not address terrain and conditions have your poles in order to best Applied Skill

Why This Task? safely in their personal skiing and assist your students. Qualified while assisting guests in lessons. It instructors should be able to is important to be able to address terrain and conditions demonstrate skiing techniques and safely in their personal skiing and tactics while teaching on this type while assisting guests in lessons. It of terrain in and these conditions. is important to be able to demonstrate skiing techniques and tactics while teaching on this type of terrain in and these conditions, such as when guiding more advanced students with visual diagnoses or those mono-skiing.

Copyright © 2020 PSIA-RM-AASI 12 - Parallel skis make different sized, - Parallel skis make different sized, linked turns that flow smoothly linked turns that flow smoothly over varied terrain over varied terrain - Skis steer through turn, or may - Skis steer through turn, or may

be carved in phases be carved in phases - Skis bend and turn from center - Skis bend and turn from center in majority of turns in majority of turns - Skis edge simultaneously - Skis edge simultaneously commensurate with terrain commensurate with terrain - Skis maintain contact with the - Skis maintain contact with the snow when appropriate snow when appropriate Ski Performance - At the end of the maneuver, skid - At the end of the maneuver, skid to a full stop to a full stop - Skis are equally pressured ski to - Skis are equally pressured ski to ski and tipped simultaneously to ski and tipped simultaneously to an obvious stop an obvious stop - Vary turn size and flex (absorb) - Vary turn size and flex (absorb) and extend to promote ski/snow and extend to promote ski/snow

contact over uneven terrain contact over uneven terrain - Adjust fore/aft stance to - Adjust fore/aft stance to maintain balance maintain balance - Turning movements are - Turning movements are progressive, appropriate to the progressive, appropriate to the terrain terrain - Rotate legs and edge skis from - Rotate legs and edge skis from the lower body, separate from the lower body, separate from Body Performance and under a stable upper body and under a stable upper body - Skis maintain contact with snow - Skis maintain contact with snow unless deliberate jump unless deliberate jump - Pole plants are functional - No poles - Series of linked parallel turns - Series of linked parallel turns

- Turn size and shape may vary, - Turn size and shape may vary, but speed is controlled but speed is controlled - Speed down the hill may vary, - Speed down the hill may vary, Tactics but does not get out of control but does not get out of control - Finish with a hockey stop - Ungroomed black terrain - Ungroomed blue terrain

Copyright © 2020 PSIA-RM-AASI 13 Skiing Bumps Skiing Bumps Without Poles Bumps happen, especially here in Bumps happen, especially here in the Rocky Mountains. Our soft the Rocky Mountains. Our soft snow that starts off as groomed in snow that starts off as groomed in the morning can quickly become the morning can quickly become bumps by the afternoon. It is bumps by the afternoon. It is important for you to be able to ski important for you to be able to ski in bumps so you can effectively in bumps so you can effectively work with mountain skiing students work with mountain skiing students in a variety of conditions. in a variety of conditions. Teaching and assisting occur on all types of terrain and in varying conditions

Why This Task? and there may be times in which you may not have your poles in order to best assist your students, such as when guiding more advanced students with visual diagnoses or those mono-skiing. - Skis turn in short-radius turns - Skis turn in short-radius turns over, against, and around over, against, and around bumps, close to the fall line bumps, close to the fall line - Skis turn at same time and rate - Skis turn at same time and rate in as round a line as possible in as round a line as possible - Skis maintain contact with the - Skis maintain contact with the

snow snow - Skis bend from center as much - Skis bend from center as much as possible, but will vary with as possible, but will vary with

Applied Skill ski/snow contact in abrupt ski/snow contact in abrupt terrain terrain - Skis edge/flatten at same times - Skis edge/flatten at same times

Ski Performance although edge angles may vary although edge angles may vary due to terrain due to terrain - At the end of the maneuver, skid - At the end of the maneuver, skid to a full stop to a full stop - Skis are equally pressured ski to - Skis are equally pressured ski to ski and tipped simultaneously to ski and tipped simultaneously to an obvious stop an obvious stop - Turn feet/legs simultaneously - Turn feet/legs simultaneously and engage edges to shape turns and engage edges to shape turns to match terrain to match terrain - Use pole plants to stabilize and - Use pole plants to stabilize and keep upper body facing downhill, keep upper body facing downhill, enabling leg rotation enabling leg rotation - Maintain relatively level upper - Maintain relatively level upper body as legs/spine flex to absorb body as legs/spine flex to absorb terrain and extend to maintain terrain and extend to maintain

Body Performance ski/snow contact ski/snow contact - Skis maintain contact with the - Skis maintain contact with the snow snow

Copyright © 2020 PSIA-RM-AASI 14 - Pole plants provide timing and - No poles stability - Series of linked parallel turns - Series of linked parallel turns - Turn size and shape may vary, - Turn size and shape may vary, but speed is controlled

but speed is controlled - Look ahead to choose a smooth - Look ahead to choose a smooth line over, against, and around line over, against, and around bumps, close to the fall line Tactics bumps, close to the fall line - Turn shape and line control - Turn shape and line control speed speed - Finish with a hockey stop - Finish with a hockey stop - Black Bumps - Blue Bumps

Stem – Step Turns Carved Medium Radius Turns This maneuver is an excellent way This maneuver demonstrates your to quickly change direction. It is ability to tip and edge your skis extremely important in maintaining with increased speed on advanced

speed control when tethering terrain. You also need to be able to because it minimizes time spent in accurately demonstrate this the fall line when changing maneuver as it is a tactic used by directions. This maneuver is also more advanced skiers and racers. referred to as a blocking turn to stop and change the direction of travel. Stem Step Turns are Why This Task? valuable when working with any number of diagnoses, as well as a method used frequently when tethering.

- New outside ski rotates, brushing - Parallel skis turn in a medium the snow at an angle (stem) or is radius leaving round, carved lifted and placed laterally away tracks (step) - Edged skis are bowed, creating - Old downhill ski retains inside arcs with no to very minimal edge as new outside ski stems or sideways travel Applied Skills steps - Skis travel forward through the

- Stemmed or stepped ski bends arc of the turn as new inside ski rotates, - Skis edge and bend most in brushing the snow, creating a shaping phase parallel relationship - Both skis tip similar amount - Skis are parallel before the fall throughout turn line

Ski Performance - Both skis steer, leaving brushed tracks through turn completion - At the end of the maneuver, both skis are pivoted to a hockey slide (90°) to the fall fine - Skis are equally pressured ski to ski and tipped simultaneously to an obvious stop

Copyright © 2020 PSIA-RM-AASI 15 - Tip feet and legs sequentially at - Transfer weight early, tip feed initiation, and simultaneously and lower legs, and direct after matching occurs pressure towards the new - Transfer weight to the outside outside ski foot (stemmed or stepped ski) to - Direct the upper body toward the control the arc of the turn apex of upcoming turn - Tip and turn (Steer) the inside - Subtle fore/aft adjustments keep leg to a parallel relationship center of mass balanced over before the fall line base of support

Body Performance - Start angulating in the shaping - Legs rotate under stable upper phase to aid balance toward the body outside ski - At end of turn, stem or step - Pole touch occurs with edge uphill ski into converging change or slightly after

(wedge) position - Link turns of consistent size and - Transfer weight to uphill ski to speed

Tactics initiate turning - Groomed blue to black terrain - Finish with a controlled stop - Groomed blue to black terrain

Hourglass Turns Dynamic Short Radius Turns

It is important to be able to change This maneuver demonstrates your the radius of your turns while ability to quickly and efficiently maintaining speed control in order perform short radius turns at to manage specialized adaptive higher speeds and on advanced equipment safely. Hourglass turns terrain. You also need to be able to are an excellent way for instructors accurately demonstrate this and students practice reducing turn maneuver as it is a tactic used by Why This Task? radii. more advanced skiers. - Both skis sideslip and skid - Ski performance is as carved as through a series of medium, possible given terrain, snow

progressively reducing radius conditions, and turning radius of turns to a very small radius skis

- At the halfway point, - Skis travel primarily forward progressively return to a medium through the arc of the turn radius - Skis change edges before turning - At the end of the maneuver, skid - Skis are parallel with similar edge to a full stop angles Ski Performance

Applied Skills - Skis are equally pressured ski to - Both skis bend most in shaping ski and tipped simultaneously to phase an obvious stop - Feet and legs flex and extend to - Transfer weight early, tip feet maintain efficient pressure and lower legs, and direct fore/aft and foot to foot pressure toward the new outside - Feet and legs tip to allow for ski adjustment of foot to snow - Direct the upper body down the angles fall line - Feet and legs rotate at a slow - Match the inside ski with the rate and progressively quicker actions of the outside ski

Body Performance and return to a slower rate - Legs rotate under stable upper body

Copyright © 2020 PSIA-RM-AASI 16 - A basic parallel linked turn - Timing of pole plant compliments starting with medium radius body movement and ski action - Control speed through turn - Link completed turns of shape consistent size and rhythm - Hourglass is symmetric from left - Groomed harder blue to black

to right and top to bottom terrain - Sequence might look like this, 6

Tactics – 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 if numbers were assigned to each turn size - Finish with a hockey stop - Groomed harder blue to black terrain

Synchronized Skiing Synchronized Skiing on Variable Terrain This maneuver highlights skiers’ This maneuver highlights skiers’ ability to adapt their skills to ability to adapt their skills to another skier(s). Synchronized another skier(s). Synchronized Skiing is extremely valuable when Skiing is extremely valuable when

working with any number of working with any number of diagnoses, as well as a method diagnoses, as well as a method used when tethering bi-skis and used when tethering bi-skis and guiding students with visual guiding skiers with visual diagnoses. diagnoses. As you will be working with more advanced students, your ability to demonstrate your Why This Task? adaptability on more advanced terrain. This will demonstrate speed management while helping another skier to maintain

consistent momentum. - 2 or more skiers ski a series of - 2 or more skiers ski a series of linked parallel turns at the same linked parallel turns at the same

time as one another time as one another - Parallel skis leave round, brushed - Parallel skis leave round, brushed

Applied Skill tracks of consistent width tracks of consistent width - Skiers skis tip and turn at same - Skiers skis tip and turn at same time and rate time and rate

Performance - At the end of the maneuver, - At the end of the maneuver, skier(s) skid to a full stop skier(s) skid to a full stop Ski - Skis are equally pressured ski to - Skis are equally pressured ski to ski and tipped simultaneously to ski and tipped simultaneously to an obvious stop an obvious stop - Lower body uses a combination - Lower body uses a combination

of flexion and extension, along of flexion and extension, along with turning and tipping to with turning and tipping to create efficient ski to snow create efficient ski to snow interaction interaction Body Performance

Copyright © 2020 PSIA-RM-AASI 17 - Lead and follow in a series of - Lead and follow in a series of linked parallel turns linked parallel turns - Cue off the designated leader - Cue off the designated leader and match turns exactly and match turns exactly - Voice cues may be used - Voice cues may be used - Rhythm, flow, and consistency - Rhythm, flow, and consistency through a series of turns are through a series of turns are consistent consistent - Consistency as the leader and - Consistency as the leader and adaptability as the follower adaptability as the follower

- Remain in close proximity to - Remain in close proximity to other skier(s) other skier(s)

Tactics - Groups may include 2 or more - Groups may include 2 or more skiers skiers - Group formations can include - Group formations can include side-by-side, skier in front and side-by-side, skier in front and behind, lines, and V formations behind, lines, and V formations - Finish with a coordinated hockey - Leader may be asked to change stop formations while moving - Groomed harder blue to black - Finish with a coordinated hockey terrain stop - Ungroomed harder blue to black terrain