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Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade Design Methodologies for Efficiency Enhancement—A Review

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Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade Design Methodologies for Efficiency Enhancement—A Review energies Review Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade Design Methodologies for Efficiency Enhancement—A Review Shafiqur Rehman 1 ID , Md. Mahbub Alam 2,*, Luai M. Alhems 1 and M. Mujahid Rafique 3 ID 1 Center for Engineering Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran-31261, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] (S.R.); [email protected] (L.M.A.) 2 Institute for Turbulence-Noise-Vibration Interaction and Control, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China 3 Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran-31261, Saudi Arabia; mujahidrafi[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-755-2662-3472 Received: 8 February 2018; Accepted: 20 February 2018; Published: 27 February 2018 Abstract: Among renewable sources of energy, wind is the most widely used resource due to its commercial acceptance, low cost and ease of operation and maintenance, relatively much less time for its realization from concept till operation, creation of new jobs, and least adverse effect on the environment. The fast technological development in the wind industry and availability of multi megawatt sized horizontal axis wind turbines has further led the promotion of wind power utilization globally. It is a well-known fact that the wind speed increases with height and hence the energy output. However, one cannot go above a certain height due to structural and other issues. Hence other attempts need to be made to increase the efficiency of the wind turbines, maintaining the hub heights to acceptable and controllable limits. The efficiency of the wind turbines or the energy output can be increased by reducing the cut-in-speed and/or the rated-speed by modifying and redesigning the blades. The problem is tackled by identifying the optimization parameters such as annual energy yield, power coefficient, energy cost, blade mass, and blade design constraints such as physical, geometric, and aerodynamic. The present paper provides an overview of the commonly used models, techniques, tools and experimental approaches applied to increase the efficiency of the wind turbines. In the present review work, particular emphasis is made on approaches used to design wind turbine blades both experimental and numerical, methodologies used to study the performance of wind turbines both experimentally and analytically, active and passive techniques used to enhance the power output from wind turbines, reduction in cut-in-speed for improved wind turbine performance, and lastly the research and development work related to new and efficient materials for the wind turbines. Keywords: horizontal axis wind turbine; vertical axis wind turbine; wind energy; turbine blade design; aerodynamics; renewable energy; blade load 1. Introduction The growing awareness of the adverse effects of the changing climatic conditions on global, regional, and local scales has led the people from all walks of life to utilize clean and renewable sources of energy to combat the increasing environmental pollution. The renewable sources of energy which are being promoted these days include the wind, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, geothermal, big and small hydro, biomass, municipal waste, to name some. Among these energy sources, wind power has been realized as the major source of energy globally due to fast technological development and availability of all sizes of wind turbines covering almost all types of applications starting from home to grid connected large utilities. The wind power is clean, renewable, and available round the clock, Energies 2018, 11, 506; doi:10.3390/en11030506 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 34 Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 34 technological development and availability of all sizes of wind turbines covering almost all types of technological development and availability of all sizes of wind turbines covering almost all types of applications starting from home to grid connected large utilities. The wind power is clean, Energiesapplications2018, 11 ,starting 506 from home to grid connected large utilities. The wind power is clean,2 of 34 renewable, and available round the clock, though intermittently. However, it is highly fluctuating renewable, and available round the clock, though intermittently. However, it is highly fluctuating meteorological parameter and changes with location, time of the day, day of the month and month meteorological parameter and changes with location, time of the day, day of the month and month thoughof the year, intermittently. and lastly from However, year to it year. is highly fluctuating meteorological parameter and changes with of the year, and lastly from year to year. location,The timeglobal of thewind day, power day of capacities the month have and monthbeen on of the year,rise for and almost lastly from last yeartwo todecades. year. The The global wind power capacities have been on the rise for almost last two decades. The continuouslyThe global encouraging wind power international capacities have trends been onare the clear rise indicative for almost of last an two increasing decades. role The of continuously renewable continuously encouraging international trends are clear indicative of an increasing role of renewable encouragingenergy sources international in general, trends and wind are clear power indicative in particular of an increasing meeting the role current of renewable and future energy electricity sources energy sources in general, and wind power in particular meeting the current and future electricity indemands general, [1]. and The wind cumulative power wind in particular power installed meeting capacity the current was and 17 GW future in 2000 electricity and reached demands to 194 [1]. demands [1]. The cumulative wind power installed capacity was 17 GW in 2000 and reached to 194 TheGW cumulative in 2010 GWEC wind [2], power an average installed annual capacity growth was 17 of GW around in 2000 104% and reached over a 10 to‐ 194year GW period, in 2010 as GWEC shown [ 2in], GW in 2010 GWEC [2], an average annual growth of around 104% over a 10‐year period, as shown in anFigure average 1. From annual 2010 growth onwards, of around on an 104% average, over a the 10-year global period, wind as power shown installed in Figure 1capacity. From 2010 growth onwards, was Figure 1. From 2010 onwards, on an average, the global wind power installed capacity growth was on24.64%. an average, The cumulative the global windcapacity power was installed 238 GW capacity in 2011 growthwhile reaching was 24.64%. 283 TheGW cumulative in 2012, corresponding capacity was 24.64%. The cumulative capacity was 238 GW in 2011 while reaching 283 GW in 2012, corresponding 238to an GW increase in 2011 of while 18.90%. reaching In 2016 283 the GW global in 2012, wind corresponding power installed to an capacity increase ofrose 18.90%. by 12.5% In 2016 compared the global to to an increase of 18.90%. In 2016 the global wind power installed capacity rose by 12.5% compared to wind2015. powerThe annual installed wind capacity power rose addition by 12.5% on compared global scale to 2015. is provided The annual in wind Figure power 2. China addition with on 23.328 global 2015. The annual wind power addition on global scale is provided in Figure 2. China with 23.328 scaleGW wind is provided power in capacity Figure2 addition. China with in 2016 23.328 remained GW wind on power top of capacitythe world addition while USA in 2016 with remained 8.203 GW on GW wind power capacity addition in 2016 remained on top of the world while USA with 8.203 GW topcapacity of the additions world while stood USA at with second 8.203 place. GW capacity Next Germany, additions stoodIndia, at and second Brazil place. took Next third, Germany, fourth, India, and capacity additions stood at second place. Next Germany, India, and Brazil took third, fourth, and andfifth Brazilplace tookin terms third, of fourth, annual and wind fifth power place capacity in terms ofadditions annual windof 5.443, power 3.612, capacity and 2.014 additions GW in of 5.443,2016; fifth place in terms of annual wind power capacity additions of 5.443, 3.612, and 2.014 GW in 2016; 3.612,respectively. and 2.014 It GWis worth in 2016; mentioning respectively. that It is India worth took mentioning the fourth that Indiaplace took whereas the fourth new placewind whereas power respectively. It is worth mentioning that India took the fourth place whereas new wind power newcapacity wind addition power capacity is concerned addition in the is concerned year 2016. in the year 2016. capacity addition is concerned in the year 2016. 600 600 487 500 487 500 433 370433 400 318370 400 283318 300 238283 300 194238 200 158194 200 94 121158 59 74 94 121 100 17 24 31 39 48 59 74 100 17 24 31 39 48 0 0 Installed capacity, (GW) Installed capacity, Installed capacity, (GW) Installed capacity, Year Year Figure 1. Cumulative global wind power installed capacity [2]. Figure 1. Cumulative global wind power installed capacity [[2].2]. 70 63.0 70 63.0 60 54.6 51.7 54.6 60 51.7 50 43.644.4 50 38.6 43.644.4 40 38.635.8 35.5 40 35.8 35.5 (GW) 26.7 (GW) 30 26.7 30 20.0 20 15.020.0 20 11.515.0 6.5 7.2 8.3 8.2 11.5 10 3.8 6.5 7.2 8.3 8.2 Annual new capacity, Annual newcapacity, 10 3.8 Annual new capacity, Annual newcapacity, 0 0 Year Year Figure 2. Annual global added wind power capacity [2]. Figure 2. Annual global added wind power capacity [2]. Figure 2. Annual global added wind power capacity [2].
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