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Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources: Addie Card, 12 years. Spinner in North Pownal Cotton Mill. Girls in mill say she is ten years. She admitted to me she was twelve; that she started during school vacation and now would "stay". Location: Vermont. 1910. Asheville Art Museum, ​ ​ https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/301919?searchField=All&sortBy =Relevance&who=Hine%2c+Lewis%24Lewis+Hine&ao=on&ft=*& offset=0&rpp=20&pos=4. Accessed 6 Mar. 2021. Hine’s photographs spoke for themselves, exposing the horrific working conditions young children had to endure. Including this photograph of a young working girl and Hine’s other photographs, we hope to illustrate and draw upon emotion just like Hine wanted others to do when they saw his photographs. An Amendment to the Constitution is Needed to Give the United States Power to Safeguard the Child Life of the Nation, 1924. VCU Libraries Gallery, ​ https://gallery.library.vcu.edu/items/show/82555. Accessed 9 Dec. 2020. It was no easy task to reform child labor in America. Many pamphlets were created in order to protest for the legisaltion of child labor laws. This pamphlet, along with others, brought more attention to the large numbers of people and organizations that were fighting for child labor laws. An Investigation into Child Labor. 15 Mar. 1906. National Archives David M. Rubenstein ​ ​ Gallery, http://recordsofrights.org/records/90/an-investigation-into-child-labor. Accessed ​ ​ 11 Dec. 2020. An image of a letter written by Juliet Goodenow to Senator John C Burrows calling for an investigation into child labor. Goodenow describes child labor “as a means to an end, the abolishment of this national evil.” This letter showed us that others viewed child labor as a problem in society and wanted change. A view of the Anatomy Building, Cobb Gate, and Botany Pond, all of which were complete by 1903. Ca. 1900. University of Chicago, https://www.uchicago.edu/about/history/. ​ ​ ​ Accessed 6 Mar. 2021. Hine studies briefly at the University of Chicago. We used an image of the university around the time that he went there to add visuals to our Early Life page Boys Working in Cotton Mill. Ca. 1900. Britannica, ​ ​ https://www.britannica.com/story/the-rise-of-the-machines-pros-and-cons-of-the-industri al-revolution. Accessed 6 Mar. 2021. Hine captured roughly 5,000 photographs of children at work. These photographs like this one of boys working in a cotton mill, demonstrate the dangerous working conditions that children were subject to. Child labor in Maryland oyster cannery. Ca. 1900. The New York Public Library Digital ​ ​ Collections, https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47d9-aa07-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99. Accessed 6 Mar. 2021. Pictured are children, with some adults, working in an oyster cannery in unsafe conditions. Hine’s photograph is so eye opening because many of the children in the photo look very young, maybe only five or six years old. We used this photograph to illustrate how impactful it was for Hine to take these photographs during his time. Child Labor Standards Poster. 1914. National Archives David M. Rubenstein Gallery, ​ ​ http://recordsofrights.org/records/111/child-labor-standards-poster. Accessed 14 Dec. 2020. This poster, like many of its time, was used to promote the idea that children under 16 should not be working full time jobs. Many wanted children under the age of 16 to be in school, as well as setting the minimum age for child labor to 16. This was more evidence that change was becoming an important topic in society. Consitutional Amendment Banning Child Labor 1924. 23 Dec. 1924. National Archives David ​ ​ M. Rubenstein Gallery, http://recordsofrights.org/records/81/constitutional-amendment-banning-child-labor. Accessed 11 Dec. 2020. In 1918 the US Supreme Court struck down a federal law regulating child labor. In 1924 Congress passed a constitutional amendment to regulate the number of hours children can work, however, the amendment never passed because the necessary number of states did not approve. This image of the amendment illustrates the struggle to abolish child labor. “Child Labor in the Beet Fields of Colorado.” 1915. U.S. Capitol Visitor Center, ​ ​ https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/artifact/child-labor-beet-fields-colorado-lewis -w-hine-1915. Accessed 27 Jan 2021. Hine documents what he witnessed in beet fields in Colorado. He notes the age of many of the children, often only six or seven years old, along with the harsh conditions that they face while working. We used this image of his documentation to show how Hine communicated the harsh conditions many children faced while working. Fair Labor Standard Act 1938. 3 Jan. 1938. National Archives David M. Rubenstein Gallery, ​ ​ http://recordsofrights.org/records/110/fair-labor-standards-act. Accessed 14 Dec. 2020. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 restricted child labor, except for agricultural and domestic labor. We included an image of this act to show the progression of the child labor movement -- a step closer to justice. Early 1900s Columbia University and Grounds, New York City Postcard. Ca. 1900. ​ HipPostCards, ​ https://www.hippostcard.com/listing/early-1900s-columbia-university-and-grounds-new- york-city-postcard/16536550. Accessed 6 Mar. 2021. Hine studied briefly at the University of Columbia becoming a trained sociologist. We used this image to add visuals when explaining Hine’s early life. H.R. 8234, A Bill to prevent intersate commerce in the products of child labor. 17 Jan. 1916. ​ U.S. Capitol Visitor Center, https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/artifact/hr-8234-bill-prevent-interstate-comm erce-products-child-labor-keating-owen-act. Accessed 27 Jan. 2021. The Keating-Owens Act was the first legal push for child labor reform. While this act was later ruled unconsitutional, it paved the way for the passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which made child labor illegal. Italian Family Looking for Lost Baggage, Ellis Island. 1905. Asheville Art Museum, ​ ​ https://www.ashevilleart.org/art/italian-family-looking-for-lost-baggage-ellis-island/. Accessed 29 Jan. 2021. Many immigrants were forced to work in labor intesive jobs because they were so poor. This image taken by Hine, depicts the worried emotions that many immigrants faced after arriving in America at Ellis Island. Letter Opposing Child Labor Laws. 7 Apr. 1924. National Archives David M. Rubenstein ​ ​ Gallery, http://recordsofrights.org/records/87/letter-opposing-child-labor-laws. Accessed ​ 14 Dec. 2020. This letter written to Senator Graham of Philadelphia by a businessman explains his opinion that child labor regualtion should be left up to the states because he -- like many others during the time, feared losing the young children he employed and barely paid. He also states that if children over the age of 16 didn’t work, the country would “be raising an inordinate amount of loafers,” showing the greedy beliefs of many businessmen. Lewis Hine photographing children. Ca. 1910. U.S. Capitol Visitor Center, ​ ​ https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/congress-and-progressive-era/lewis-hine-exp osing-child-labor. Accessed 27 Jan. 2021. Hine often disguised himself in order to capture the images of children at work. This is because many employers did not want the public to see the true nature of child labor. Lewis Wickes Hine. Ca. 1900. Legends of American, ​ ​ https://www.legendsofamerica.com/20th-lewishine/. Accessed 6 Mar. 2021. Lewis Hine and his camera is the first image shown on our website as you entire. We used this image and photograph reels to show how Hine used his camera to communicate the injustices millions of American children faced in the workplace in the early 1900s. Mapping Child Labor Laws and Compulsory Education in early 20th C. US. 1935. UVM Blogs, https://blog.uvm.edu/mcope-childhoods/working-and-schooling-mapping-child-labor-law s-and-compulsory-education-in-early-20th-c-us/. Accessed 6 Mar. 2021 In the early 1900s there were little to no laws or protections for child labor. This map shows by state if protections were in place or not. One of the many children under twelve who work in the lint-laden air of cotton mills. Ca. 1900. The New York Public Library Digital Collections, https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47d9-aa1f-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99. Accessed 6 Mar. 2021. Hine’s photographs depicted how child laborers often toiled with hazardous conditions and often only earned minuscule wages. Hine saw that changes had to be made so he used his camera to communicate to others what he saw first hand. Overseer supervising a girl (about 13 years old) operating a bobbin-winding machine in the Yazoo City Yarn Mills, Mississippi. 1911. Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lewis-W-Hine. Accessed 6 Mar. 2021. This photograph illustrates the pressure that was on children to complete tiring and inhumane tasks as they were forced to do so. Lewis Hine fought to relieve the pressure from young kids who should instead spend their childhood receiving an education. Poster for the National Child Labor Committee. Ca. 1913. A&E Television Networks, ​ ​ https://www.history.com/news/child-labor-lewis-hine-photos. Accessed 6 Mar. 2021. While child labor was booming throughout the Industrial Revolution, posters were often found over largely populated cities to advocate for The National Child Labor Committee and joing the fight against child labor. Portrait of Lewis Hine. 1938. The Clark Art Museum, ​ ​ https://www.clarkart.edu/artpiece/detail/portrait-of-lewis-hine-(1). Accessed 6 Mar. 2021. Hine is pictured sitting in a chair looking relaxed. We used this image because it was one of very few of Hine himself, due to that fact that he was often the one behind the camera.
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