GISAP Philological sciences

Historical Oikonymy of the Western in Common Slavic Context (as exemplified by the evolution of topoformant *-išče // *-isko in Slavic languages)

Y. Redkva, Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor Chernivtsi National University named after Y. Fedkovych, Ukraine

The historiacal - etymological analysis of archaic Slavic topoformant *-išče // *-isko, preserved in the oikonymy of and Lands of the Ruthenian , is carried out. On the basis of oikonymic materials from the majority of Slavic territories appellative lexemes, that formed base for the emergence of settlements names both on analyzable territory and on Pan-Slavic territory, are reconstructed on Old Slavonic level. Presented mechanisms of formation of the historical oikonymy on the basis of reconstructed appellatives showed autochthony of the Slavic population, which has long been living on these territories. Keywords: oikonym, base appellative, toponym, formant, reconstruction of appellative form.

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roto Slavic suffixes *-išče // *-isko Western Ukrainian dialects is explained Slavic languages, partially in Ukrainian Phave long been the focus of studies by Polish influence [5, 175–183]. and Polish, and absent in southern Slavic by Slavic linguists as their proto Slavic F. Slawski believes that formant *-isko is languages. [1, 32]. Therefore we can genesis have not yet been established by connected to *-ьskъ (-ьsko), explaining argue that suffix -ище [-yshche] has its now. *-išče and -isko derivatives, their its origin from Proto Indo European Ukrainian equivalent of the suffix-исько , use on Pan-Slavic area, especially in *-ǐsko to denote adjectives with neutral similar to Polish where suffix -iszcze(a) eastern Slavic countries have not been and diminutive and pejorative meanings. has its equivalent of -isko(a). established either. Scholars who work on The form *-isko is a result of absorption As far as chronology of these Slavic Onomastic Atlas constantly add of -i- to primary *-ьskъ from verbal formants appearance is concerned in up new material filling in the gaps where stems of the type *lov-i-ti // lov-i-sko // place names, we can trace here that toponymic coinages with *-išče and -isko lov-i-šče,lož-i-ti // loћ-i-sko // lož-i-šče. formant -iszcze(a) is older than -isko(a) formants are also represented. Polish formant *-iszcze is considered to despite their coexistence. Apart from One of the first scholars who tried to be the development of *-išče (< *-isk-jo-, that with time -isko (-исько) substituted provide explanation about the formants i.e. expansion of *-isko). The main its predecessor (-iszcze) by its frequency was W. Taszycki who presumed that function of formants *-isko // *-išče is the of use and became relatively more suffix-iszcze is a result of expansion and formation of place names derived from productive. Parallel use of the suffixes palatalization of initial *-istъ by means verbal and nominal stems [7, 95–97]. and predominance of (-isko) is proven by of jo-, i.e. *-istъ-jo- > -išče. He believed Y. Zakrevska believes that suffixes - sources of sixteenth through eighteenth that formant -išče was formed before ище // -ис(ь)ко [-yshche // -ysko] centuries. *-ьsko and is also of common Slavic (*-išče // *-isko) are the most productive We have found twenty-one ancient origin. On the other hand, *-isko is a derivational formants to denote place oikonyms (place names) and fifty-seven contamination of *-išče and *-ьsko, names (nomina loci) in Ukrainian more of their phonetic and morphological belongs to western Slavic coinages that and other Slavic languages and fairly varieties among place names of Halych superseded primary *-išče. In Polish allocates them to common Slavic names. and Lviv Lands of Ruske woyewodstwo the formant *-isko predominates, The scholar established correlation of with suffixes*-išče // *-isko. Due to lack and both are used in Slovak and the suffixes -ище // -ис(ь)ко [-yshche / of space here we provide reconstruction Czech. In Sorbian and Polabian -ysko] in place names from the point of of their basic appellative forms on *-išče predominates and its availability view of their territorial differentiation Proto Slavic level. These Proto Slavic in Polish toponymy and appellatives in Ukrainian linguistic area and other appellative forms are characteristic is a result of Eastern Slavic influences Slavic languages and drew a conclusion for oikonymy of all Slavic territories. according to [8, 213–227]. Y. Safarevych that suffix -ище [-yshche] is widely They are the following: *bуbьnišče ties initial -i- in the formant *-isko with used in nothern and eastern Ukrainian // *bуbьnisko, *уglišče // *уglisko, its expansion of its function of adjective- dialects whereas suffix -ис(ь)ко [-ysko] *gordišče // *gordisko, *gumnišče // nominal in Proto Indo European formant – western Ukrainian dialects (without *gumnisko, *duplišče // *duplisko, *-ǐsko to adjectival in Proto Slavic *-ьsk-. most of Carpathian patois) though *dvorišče // *dvorisko, *ћarъnišče // Nominal function has the formant parallel forms of -ище //-исько coexist *ћarъnisko, *kad0bišče // *kad0bisko, *-î-sko- (with long -î-), though conditions there as well. As far as other Slavic *kropivišče // *koprivьnišče, *lětovišče for lengthening existed in preverbal languages are concerned, formant -ище // *lětovisko // *l’utovisko // *l’utovišče, coinages ending in *-isko [6, 23–26]. [-yshche] is characteristic for Eastern and *nedělisko // *nedělišče, *nezъvisko S. Rosponds believes that suffix *-išče southern Slavic languages (and partially // *nezъvišče, *ezerišče // *ezerisko, is widely used in Southern and Eastern to western Slavic ones), and -ис(ь)ко *sědlišče // *sědlisko, *targovišče // Slavic languages, and its use in some [-ys’ko] is predominant in western *targovisko, *(j)asenišče, *(j)asenisko. 43 GISAP Philological sciences

Later appellative forms – гутисько (Tarnopol) „Nazwa tej włości pochodzi (1382) – Grodzisko (Grodzisco (1407), [hutysko] // гутище [hutyshche] / hucisko, od istniejącego tu dawniej grodu” at present Grodzisk; south western Lesser млинисько [mlynysko] // млинище [SG 3, 151]; Horodyszcze (Borszczów). : Grodzyscze (1254), Grodiscze [mlynyshche] // młynisko, манастирище Grodzisko [Lustr. 1661–1665 / II, (1256), Grodisce (1287) – Grodzisko [monastyryshche] // монастириско 83–84]. Grodzisko, z.lw., pow. i obw. (fifteenth century), Grodyszcze (1270) – [monastyrysko] – substantiate both the żółkiew., in 1368 „villas videlicet … Grodzisko (fifteenth century) [9, 30–31, appearance of new realia in material Grodzysko” (Wieś zatraciła swą nazwę) 33–35, 37, 39]; [10, 102, 104–105]. culture of the population of the historic [KDM, 3, 224–225]. Horodyszcze, z. lw. Polish ethnographer W. Milerski area and possibility to become names of (Pomorzany) [Atl. Jabł. m. 6]. Grodzysko traced the development of all the forms first settlements. We believe this process (pod Lwowem) in 1368 [KDM 3, 225]. of appellative городище (horodysche) happened simultaneously. Городиська [horodys’ka], Rohatynskyi exemplified by Silesian place name Alas, the limitation of space District, Ivano-Frankivska Oblast [АТУ, Grodziszcze. He studied evolution of prevents us from illustrating of more 126]. Grodziscze, z. hal., in 1431 „cum spelling of this place name beginning than one Proto Slavic appellative which opido Dolyna et villa Grodziscze in from 1405: in Grodische (1303-1306), is *gordišče // *gordisko “town // city, terries Russie” [ML, 61–63]. Hradysscze (1447), Grodischtz (1450), fortress” in onym function both on the Cf.: Czech Hradiště (1126), Sorbian Grodisscze (1607), Grodist (1681), territory of the former Lviv and Halych Grodišče – at present Groitsch (castellum Grodissz (1682), Grodischt, Grodischtz Lands of Ruske Woyewodstwo and Pan Grodista (952), Grodisti (965), Grothisti (1683), na Grodissti, Grodisst, Grodisstz, Slavic area. (1004) – at present Grцditsch; two Grodisscz (1703), Grodischtz (1736), Городище [horodyshche], villages: 1). Grodiz (1217), 2). Grodis Grodziszcze (1881), Grodziszcz (1877), District, Lviv Oblast [АТУ, 178], (1222), at present Grцditz); Polish Hradiště (1894), Grodišče (1920–1923) Grodziscze (Grodzisko, Horodyszcze, Grodziszcze: Greater Poland. (Grottische [4, 57]. Hrodziscze) 1376 “Waszconis de (1259), Grozisce (1277, 1280); Grodiscze The stem of all appellatives discussed Pkowicz, villam nostram Grodziscze in (1350, 1512) – the village does not exist is Proto Slavic appellative *gordišče // districtu Zudaczouiensi” [ML, 4–6]; today; Silesian (Grodische (1244); *gordisko (< *gordъ // *gorda // *gordь Hrodziscze: “super villam Hrodziscze Grody (1315); Grosziste (eighteenth „town / city, fortress” + -išče // -isko) in terra Zudaczowiensi dati per olim century), Grodiscze, Grodische), [ЭССЯ 7, 34–35, 37–38]). Ladislaum ducem Oppoliensem, Siradsko-Lenchynska Land, Western Cf later appellative coinages: Wyelunensem et Russie cuidam Pomorze; Horodyszcze: Podlaskie, городище [horodysche] „ancient earth Waszykoni” [BK]; in 1431 [ML, 75], north east of , (Horodiscze fortification, settlement” [Гр. 1, 315], [MRPS 1, 57]; in 1557 [SGL, t. 330, (1576), Horodziscze); eastern Lesser „settlement, fortified by bulwarks and 53], Horodyszcze Cetn. (pd. Strzeliska) Poland (Grodziszcze (1448), Hrodzyscze moats” [СУМ 2, 136]; Polish grodziszcze, in 1448 [AGZ, 2, 134], Horodyszcze (1522), Horodiscze (1562), Grodziszcze grodzisko „ruins of the town/city” Celtnerskie, z. lw. (Brzozdowce) [Atl. (1531), Grodzisko (1578), Horodyszcze from old Slavonic hrodziszcze [Słstp], Jabł. m. 3], Horodyszcze Królewskie, Kolonia, Horodyszcze Cegielnia); horodziszcze [SP XVI], horodyszcze z. lw. (Brzozdowce) [Atl. Jabł. m. 3]. Polish (Silesian) Grodziszcze, Grodische „uroczysko z pozostałymi śladami Evidently, we can assume that originally (1244); Greater Poland (Grottische okopów, dawnego zburzonego czy the same place name had the village (1259), Groszisce (1277), Grozisce opuszczonego gródka czy zameczka” of Городищенське Horodyshchenske (1280), Grodische (fourteenth century), [Źdź. XVIII / 2, 185]; городище, Zhydachiv District, Lviv Oblast Grodiszcza (Grosziste (fourteenth городисче, городишче, городишъче, [АТУ, 178], situated almost next to century), Grodiscza); Polish Grodziszcze хородище [horodyshche], [horodysche], it. The suffix of place relevance -ськ- > Grodzisko: 1) 1287, 2) 1290 – fifteenth [horodyshche], [horodyshъche], [-s’k-] was added to place name to century (south western Lesser Poland), [horodyshche] „settlement fortified by differentiate and therefore both place 3) 1321 (Silesia), 4) fourteenth century bulwarks and moats, ancient settlement; names Городище – Городищенське – 1679, 1783 (Silesia), 5) 1382–1407 place where the remnants of the fortified [Horodysche – Horodyschenske] (Greater Poland, at present Grodzisk), settlement were preserved”, cf ibid. should be considered oikonyms 6) 1401–1407 (Greater Poland, at place name: Городищeє [horodyshche], with binary oppositions that are present – Grodziszczko (1789)), Хородищe [horodyshchє], городище elementary toponymic microsystems. Horodyszcze (1673) > Horodysko (1882) Бельскоe [horodyshchе Belskoyе], Городище [horodysche], Kozivskyi – eastern Lesser Poland; Grodziszcze > городище Земенскоe [horodyshche District, . [АТУ, 263], Grodzisko: Polish (Silesian): Groddizst Zemenskoyе], городище Четвертенскоe Grodzyszcze (Brzeżany) in 1431 [MRPS (1234), Grodyscz (1321) – Grodzisko; [horodyshche Chetvertenskoyе] [СУМ 1, 57], Grodzisko (Horodyszcze) in 1467, (Grodische (1300) – Grodzisko (1783) XVI-п. пол. XVII / 7, 35–36]. and 1468 [AGZ 2, 111, 112], Grodzisko – Grodzisko (Grodzicko (1679); Greater So, the data presented above from „(dawniej Grodzisko) … osada miała Poland: Grodysce (1301) – Grodzisko different Slavic areas and etymologization ufortyfikowany zamek, z którego szczątki (1406), Grodzisce (1401) – Grodzisko of settlement names of Proto Slavic istnieją jeszcze na pagurku” [SG 3, (1407, 1510) – at present Grodziszczko appellative *gordišče // *gordisko of 150], and also: Horodyszcze in 1564 (1789); (Grodyscze (1352), Grodiscze Lviv and Halych Lands allow us to 44 GISAP Philological sciences draw a conclusion that suffixes *-išče // names for the area were Targowyscze suffix*-išče originated in the second *-isko were in parallel use in different (1368) and Grodzysko (1368). Therefore half of the twelfth – the beginning of Slavic languages. For Ukrainian, and we have evidence of parallel use of *- thirteenth centuries and is exemplified its patois in particular, that is supported išče // *-isko in place names in the lands by the following place names: Targoviste by historical place names of both lands in the fifteenth century (1153) Sedlisce (year 1208), Grodziszcze – as the most ancient Ukrainian place If we trace the data since Proto // Grodische (1244), and later in this names, – suffix -исько (-ysko) became Slavic era, the use of suffixes *-išče // Western Slavic language there is a dominant since fifteenth century, and *-isko in place names in other Slavic tendency to substitute suffix *-išče with as Y. Zakrevska states that “along territories and other languages, the most its parallel correspondent suffix*-isko in with an equal suffix in meaning -ище ancient records are available for Sorbian the fifteenth century. (-išče) in the literary language that is a language with names Gumnišče (Gimritz) On the other hand, we report the development of Church Slavic suffix // Guministi (850), Grodišče (Groitsch) // fact that in Ukrainian oikonymic system -иште (-yshte), as a result of which castellum Grodista (952), Grodisti (965, in modern place names the suffix -ище there was a parallel use in Ukrainian of the settlement is nonexistent today); < *-išče prevails over -исько (-иська) both suffixes -ище // -исько (*-išče // Polabian – Nedělišče // Nedialesci (965); < *-isko. The data provided in Table 1 -isko)” [1, 41]. The most ancient place Czech Hradiљtě (1126); in Polish the we can trace it:

Table 1. The Use of *-išče / *-isko in Ukraine 2001) Oblast 15–20) Jan. 1, 1987, Sep. 1, 1946, Sep. 1, 1946, *-išče / *-isko *-išče / *-isko *-išče / *-isko (Kryzhanivska, correspondence correspondence correspondence (Buchko, 2001) (Kovalyk, 1970, before renaming, before renaming, before renaming,

-ище -исько (а) -ище -исько (а) -ище -исько (а) (*-išče) (*-isko) (*-išče) (*-isko) (*-išče) (*-isko) Volynska Oblast 55 1 63 3 30 1 Rovenska Oblast 42 3 48 6 12 1 Zhytomyrska Oblast 34 4 44 3 35 5 Chernihivska Oblast 26 1 30 1 17 Lvivska Oblast 30 10 28 21 15 13 Kyivska Oblast 23 – 27 – 17 – Poltavska Oblast 13 – 10 – 4 – Sumska Oblast 9 15 12 Ivano-Frankivska Oblast 9 2 11 5 9 3 Vinnytska Oblast 8 – 9 – 9 – Ternopilska Oblast 7 7 12 9 6 5 Kharkivska Oblast 6 – 7 – 8 – Khmelnytska Oblast 6 3 7 5 4 2 Dnipropetrovska Oblast 4 – 6 – 1 – Luhanska Oblast 4 – 3 – 3 – Chernivetska Oblast 3 – 2 – 3 – Zakarpatska Oblast 2 – 2 – 2 – Kirovohradska Oblast 1 – 2 – – – Zaporizka Oblast 1 – 2 – 1 – Donetska Oblast – – 2 – 1 – Cherkaska Oblast – – – – 6 – Odeska Oblast – – – – 1 – Total 283 31 330 53 196 30 45 GISAP Philological sciences

As we can see from the data presented 3. Milerski Władysław. Wędrówki AGZ – Akta grodzkie i ziemskie in Table 1, that the largest number of nazewnicze. Grodziszcze (1). Nazwa czasów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z place names with formant -ище (*-išče) miejscowości // Zwrot: Miesięcznik Archiwum tak zwanego Bernardyńskiego – 330 – as registered in Administrative Społeczno Kulturalny polaków w we Lwowie.– Lwów, 1868–1935. – Division Index as of September 1, 1946, Czechosłowacji. – Czeski Cieszyn, 1990. T. 1–25. and later in the Index published in 1987 – nr. 11. – S. 57–59. Atl. Jabł. – Atlas historyczny this number is considerably decreased 4. Milerski Władysław. Wędrówki Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Epoka to 196 place names. The ratio of names nazewnicze. Grodziszcz (4). Grodziszcze przełomu z wieku XVI na XVII. Dział with -исько (а) (*-isko) suffix is 53 / 30 czy Grodziszcz ? // Zwrot: Miesięcznik II: Ziemie Ruskie Rzeczypospolitej. respectively. This happened not because Społeczno Kulturalny polaków w – Warszawa-Wiedeń, 1889–1904. of an attempt to restore historic names Czechosłowacji. – Czeski Cieszyn, 1991. BK – Biblioteka Kórnicka // Kopia z but administrative renaming to substitute – nr. 4. – S. 65–68. kodeksu II. 68., p. 75. more ancient dialect suffix -исько (а) 5. Rospond S. Próbny atlas KDM – Piekosiński F. Kodeks (*-isko) with its literary correspondence toponomastyczny Słowiańszczyzny. dyplomatyczny Małopolski. Monumenta – suffix -ище (*-išče): in Lviv and (Typy słowotwórcze -itjo-, -jь, -ьsk-, medii aevi historica. – Kraków, 1876– Halych Lands such renaming happened -isko // -išče, -ьno) // Z polskich studiów 1905. – T. I–IV. to the following place names Gutysko slawistycznych. Seria 2. Językoznawstwo. Lustr. 1661–1665 / II – Lustracja > Gutyshche, Litovysko > Litovyshche – Warszawa, 1963. – S. 175–183. województwa Ruskiego 1661–1665. [АТУ, 880-1040]. Apart from that we can 6. Safarewicz J. Pochodzenie Ziemia Lwowska. – Wrocław, 1974. see gradual (and considerable) decrease słowiańskich przyrostków -isko, -iszcze – Część II. – 216 s.+ mapa. in place names with the formants. The // Sprawozdania z Czynności i Posiedzeń ML – Materiały archiwalne wyjęte explanation is the loss in productivity PAU LXV, 1939–1944, S. 23–26. głównie z Metryki Litewskiej od 1348 of ancient derivative models in creating 7. Sławski F. Zarys słowotwórstwa do 1607 r. – Lwów, 1890. place names. There is an interesting prasłowiańskiego // Słownik prasłowiański MRPS – Matricularum Regni Poloniae fact (according to Index 1987) six place / Pod. red. F.Sławskiego. – T. I. – Summaria / wyd. T. Wierzbowski. – names with -ище (*-išče) suffix in Wrocław, 1974. – S. 43–141. T. I–IV (1905–1910). – Varsoviae, 1905– Cherkaska Oblast despite their absence 8. Taszycki W. Przyrostek -isko, 1961. in previous years [Table 1]. The data for -iszcze w językach zachodniosłowiańskich SG – Słownik geograficzny 1946 were presented by us and Kovalyk // Slavia IV, 1925. – S. 213–227. Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów [2] differ on the grounds that we took 9. Wyderka B. Polskie nazwy słowiańskich. – Warszawa, 1880–1902. into consideration place names that were toponimiczne z formantem -iszcze // – T. I–XV. renamed, unlike Kovalyk did who used Onomastica XXXVIII, 1993. – S. 29–43. SGL – Sąd Grodzki Lwowski. the data after September 1, 1946. 10. Wyderka B. Zachodniosłowiańskie Books of Acts of Lviv city court, Ruske Explanation of place name origins nazwy miejscowe z formantem -iszcze Woyewodstwo that are part of Central of Halych and Lviv Lands of the former // Onomastica Slavogermanica XX. State Historic Archive of Ukraine in Lviv Ruske Woyewodstwo in Pan Slavic – Wrocław, 1996. – S. 101–107. (ЦДІАЛ. – Fund # 9). Figures following area with ancient suffixes *-išče // the abbreviation denote volume and page *-isko, considering a phenomenon of List of Abbreviations: number. substitution, indicates to an even spread АТУ – Адміністративно-терито- SP XVI – Słownik polszczyzny of the place names and their appellative ріальний устрій. Українська РСР XVI wieku. – Wrocław, 1966–1988. – forms mostly to denote space in the area (1987). – К., 1987. – 504 с. T. I–XVIII. of Slavic linguistic and ethnic territory ЭССЯ – Этимологический словарь Słstp – Słownik staropolski. – since the time of Proto Slavic linguistic славянских языков: Праславянский Kraków, 1953- … – T. I–X. areal community. лексический фонд / Под. ред. Źdz XVIII / 2 – Polska XVI wieku pod О.Н. Трубачева. – М.: Наука, 1974– względem geograficzno-statystycznym. References: 2005. – Вып. 1–31. Ziemie Ruskie: Ruś Czerwona / opisana 1. Закревська Я. Нариси з Гр. – Словарь української мови / przez A. Jabłonowskiego. – Warszawa, діалектного словотвору в ареальному Упор. Грінченко Б.Д. – К., 1907–1909. 1903. – T. XVIII. – Część II. – 491 s. + аспекті. – К.: Наукова думка, 1976. – Т. I – IV. dodatki. – 162 с. СУМ – Словник української 2. Ковалик І.І. Українські мови. – К.: Наук. думка, 1970–1980. – Other Abbreviations: топоніми з суф. -ище, -нище, -бище, T. I–XI. żółkiew. Zhovkva -овище, -исько, -овисько на загально­ СУМ XVI–XVII – Словник pd. South pow. District слов’янському фоні // Вісник української мови XVI-п. пол. XVII ст. obw. Oblast Львівського державного університету. / Відп. ред. Д. Гринчишин. – Львів, z. hal. Серія філол., 1970. – Bип. 7. – С. 15–20. 1994–2004. – Вип. 1–11. z. lw. Lviv Land

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