FishTaxa (2018) 3(2): 433-452 E-ISSN: 2458-942X Journal homepage: www.fishtaxa.com © 2018 FISHTAXA. All rights reserved

Callionymus vietnamensis, a new species of dragonet from the South China Sea off southern Vietnam, with a review of the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) Jordan & Fowler 1903 (Teleostei: Callionymidae)

Ronald FRICKE1*, Vo Van QUANG2 1Im Ramstal 76, 97922 Lauda-Königshofen, Germany. 2Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 01 Cau Da, Nhatrang, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam. Corresponding author: *E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Callionymus vietnamensis sp. nov. from Vietnam, South China Sea, is described on the basis of five specimens collected with a trawl in 60-68 m depth southeast of the Côn Đảo Islands. The new species is characterised within the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) Jordan & Fowler 1903 by 4 dorsal-fin spines, 9 unbranched soft rays in second dorsal fin (the last divided at base), 8 unbranched soft rays in anal fin (the last divided at base), 8-13 antrorse serrae dorsally on the preopercular spine (additional to the main tip and a strong antrorse spine at the base), caudal-fin length in the male 0.8-0.9 in SL, in the female 1.1-1.2 in SL, preorbital length 2.1-2.5 in head, first to third spines of first dorsal fin filamentous in both sexes, second spine longer than third (male) or shorter than third (female), first dorsal fin without an ocellus in both sexes, distal four-fifths (male) or three-fifths (female) of anal fin black, thorax with a small heart-shaped dark blotch in male in male, posteriorly surrounded by ocellate lines which are reaching on membrane connecting pelvic fin with pectoral-fin base. The new species is compared with similar species. The subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) Jordan & Fowler 1903 is reviewed, and a key to the species in this subgenus is presented.

Keywords: Dragonets, New species, Checklist, Identification key, Vietnam. Zoobank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E5F4FD6B-5E9B-462F-989D-D84FA8F556D3

Introduction Dragonets of the family Callionymidae are a group of benthic living fishes occurring in the upper 900 metres of all temperate, subtropical and tropical oceans of the world, and a few species found in estuarine and freshwater habitats (Fricke 1983a). They are characterised by a depressed body, a triangular head when seen from above, the eyes large, situated dorsally on the head, the presence of a preopercular spine which is bearing additional points and/or serrae, the gill opening reduced to a small pore, swimbladder absent, two dorsal fins, the first with thin, flexible spines, the second with soft rays, and jugular pelvic fins which are separated from each other, but each connected with the pectoral-fin base by a membrane (Fricke 1983a, 2001). The Indo-Pacific species of the family were revised by Fricke (1983a), who distinguished 126 valid species from the area. Fricke (2002a), in a checklist of the callionymid fishes of the world, listed a total of 182 valid species in 10 genera. Subsequently, 14 additional species and one additional genus were described [Callionymus kanakorum and Protogrammus antipodum from New Caledonia (Fricke 2006), Tonlesapia and Tonlesapia tsukawakii from Cambodia (Motomura & Mukai 2006), T. amnica from Vietnam (Ng & Rainboth 2011), Synchiropus tudorjonesi from Papua, Indonesia (Allen & Erdmann 2012), Callionymus profundus from the northern Red Sea (Fricke & Golani 2013), Diplogrammus paucispinis from the eastern Red Sea (Fricke et al. 2014a), Callionymus omanensis from the northwestern Indian Ocean (Fricke et al. 2014b), C. madangensis from Papua New Guinea (Fricke 2014), C. alisae from New Ireland (Fricke 2016a), C. petersi from New Ireland (Fricke 2016b), Synchiropus novaehiberniensis from New Ireland (Fricke 2016c), Protogrammus alboranensis from the southwestern Mediterranean (Farias et al. 2016), Synchiropus sycorax from the Philippines (Tea & Gill 2016), and Callionymus boucheti from New Ireland (Fricke 2017)], and Eleutherochir mccaddeni Fowler 1941 was removed from the synonymy of E. opercularis by Yoshigou et al. (2006), bringing the worldwide total to 198 species in the family. Accepted: 15 May 2018; Published: 19 May 2018 434 FISHTAXA (2018) 3(2): 433-452

In the most recent classification of callionymid fishes, Fricke (2002a: 101) distinguished the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) Jordan & Fowler 1903, formed by the former Callionymus-japonicus species group, which included seven species of the genus, C. afilum Fricke 2000, C. decoratus (Gilbert 1905), C. gardineri Regan 1908, C. japonicus Houttuyn 1782, C. ogilbyi Fricke 2002, C. rivatoni Fricke 1993 and C. scaber McCulloch 1926. The subgenus was previously alternatively classified as part of genus Calliurichthys by Nakabo (1982: 80). Callionymus rivatoni was removed from the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) and placed in the new subgenus Callionymus (Margaretichthys) Fricke 2017 (Fricke 2017: 185). Species of the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) live on soft bottoms on the continental shelf (known from depths of 20-174 m); they bury in the substrate, usually only leaving the eyes visible. Callionymid fishes typically occur in harem groups, with one male controlling a larger home range living together with several females (J.T. Moyer, M. Zaiser Brownell, personal communication). Spawning usually takes place around dusk; the courting pair ascends and releases the eggs well above the ground, following a complex courtship behaviour where the spreading of the first dorsal fin or flashing blue 'lights' (iridescent blue spots) are frequent motor patterns (J. T. Moyer, M. Zaiser Brownell, personal communication). The eggs and larvae are pelagic; during transformation into juveniles they shift to a benthic life style (Fricke et al. 2014b). In Vietnamese waters, 16 species of the genus Callionymus Linnaeus 1758 have been recorded: C. beniteguri Jordan & Snyder 1900, C. curvicornis Valenciennes 1837, C. doryssus (Jordan & Fowler 1903), C. fluviatilis Day 1876, C. hindsii Richardson 1844, C. japonicus Houttuyn, 1782, C. lunatus Temminck & Schlegel 1845, C. sagitta Pallas 1770, C. schaapii Bleeker 1852 and C. valenciennei Temminck & Schlegel 1845, (see Nguyen et al. 1997: 185-196); C. altipinnis Fricke 1981, C. filamentosus Valenciennes 1837, C. hainanensis Li 1966, C. octostigmatus Fricke 1981, C. pleurostictus Fricke 1982 and C. recurvispinnis (Li 1966) (see Fricke 2002a). Four species of this genus are found in brackish estuaries of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: C. fluviatilis Day 1876 (see Fricke 1983: 142-145), C. hindsii Richardson 1844, C. sagitta Pallas 1770, C. schaapii Bleeker 1852 (see Tran et al. 2013: 127-128). Five specimens of an undescribed species of the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) were collected off southwestern Vietnam during investigations of the subproject “The Collection of Marine Organisms in Southern Vietnam (BSTMV.22/15-19)” for the Vietnam National Museum of Nature by a fishing boat based at Ba Tri fishing port (Bến Tre Province) on 28 August 2017, at 60-68 m depth southeast of the Côn Đảo Islands. The new species is described herein, bringing the total number of species known in the subgenus to 7. The subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) is redefined in the present paper, and its species are diagnosed.

Material and Methods The holotype and paratypes of the new species are deposited in the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Abteilung Marine Zoologie, Sektion Ichthyologie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (SMF), and the Oceanographic Institute Museum, Nha Trang, Vietnam (VNMN). Comparative materials are listed below. Abbreviations of museum collections (see below) follow Fricke and Eschmeyer (2018a). The data of the holotype are given first, followed by those of the paratypes, in square brackets. Methods follow Fricke (1983a); fin-ray counts follow Fricke (1983b), osteological methods follow Nakabo (1983). The starting point for length measurements is the middle of the upper lip. The standard length (measured from the tip of the upper lip to the middle of the urohyal/caudal fin base) is abbreviated SL. The predorsal (1) length is measured from the middle of the upper lip to the base of the first spine of the first dorsal fin; the predorsal (2) length correspondingly to the base of the first ray of the second dorsal fin. The last ray of the second dorsal and anal fins is always divided at its base; counts in the key include this divided ray as one. In the identification keys, males and females are keyed out separately only if there are significant differences between male and Fricke and Quang - Callionymus vietnamensis, a new species of dragonet from the South China Sea 435 female morphology and colouration, and if females of two different species are more similar to each other than to the males of the same species. In callionymid fishes, sexes are easily externally distinguished by the presence of an enlarged urogenital papilla in the male (which is small or absent in the female) (Fricke 1988). Diagnoses of species of the new subgenus are mainly based on Fricke (1983a, 2000, 2002b). Species classification is based on Fricke (2002a). Higher classification follows Nelson (2006); the more recent version of Nelson et al. (2016) is here not used due to numerous errors, omissions and inconsistencies; for details see Britz (2017). Nomenclature follows Eschmeyer et al. (2018). Reference and journal citations follow Fricke (2018) and Fricke and Eschmeyer (2018b). The geographical limits of the South China Sea follow Anonymous (1953); the southern limit are Singapore and Malacca Straits, the western limit formed by the east coast of Malaya, the Gulf of Thailand and the coast of Vietnam, the northern limit the southern coast of China, and the eastern limit the western coast towards the southern point of Taiwan, the western coast of Luzon and Mindoro islands (Philippines), the northern coast of Palawan (Philippines), and the northern coast of Borneo. Comparative material (subgenus Calliurichthys Jordan & Fowler 1903): — Callionymus afilum Fricke 2000: AMS I.21943-004 (holotype), Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, Australia; AMS I.21842-028 (4 paratypes), Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, Australia; AMS I.21943-021 (1 paratype), Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, Australia; CSIRO 754 (1 paratype), Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia; CSIRO 2143 (1), off northeastern Monte Bello Island, Western Australia; CSIRO B.2079 (1), northwest of Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia; CSIRO B.2080 (1), northeast of Barrow Island, Western Australia; CSIRO H.745-02 (1 paratype), north of Cape Lambert, Western Australia; CSIRO H.146-01 (1 paratype), northwest of Port Hedland, Western Australia; CSIRO H.1479-01 (1 paratype), north of Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia; CSIRO H.4643- 02 (1 paratype), northwest of Port Hedland, Western Australia; KFRS F.01705 (1 paratype), Bramble Cay, Papua New Guinea; KFRS F.02709 (1 paratype), northwest of Yule Island, Papua New Guinea; SMNS 21375 (2 paratypes), Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, Australia; WAM P.26197-024 (1), Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia. — Callionymus decoratus (Gilbert 1905): USNM 51609 (holotype), off Oahu, Hawaiian Islands; BPBM 23929 (2), Oahu, Hawaiian Islands; BPBM 23959 (5), Oahu, Hawaiian islands; BPBM 24416 (4), Oahu, Hawaiian Islands; CAS 46809 (1), Midway Islands; LACM 3268-19 (4), Hawaiian Islands; MNHN 1975-0926 (5), Hawaiian Islands; SU 8533 (1), Laysan Island; SU 8632 (4 paratypes), Hawaiian Islands; SU 53031 (1), Hawaiian Islands; USNM 51681 (10 paratypes), Hawaiian Islands. — Callionymus gardineri Regan 1908: BMNH 1908.3.23.261 (holotype), Saint Brandon's Shoals; BMNH 1901.12.31.63-71 (10 syntypes of Callionymus maldivensis), Maldives; BMNH 1939.5.24.1423-1424 (2), Gulf of Aden, Yemen; CAS 32573 (2), Grande Comore Island, Comoros; CAS 3512 (1), Grande Comore Island, Comoros; HUJ 6199 (1), Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt, Red Sea; HUJ 6211 (1), Gulf of Suez, Egypt, Red Sea; HUJ 8066 (5), Eritrea, Red Sea; HUJ 8098 (1), Gulf of Aqaba, Israel, Red Sea; HUJ 9906 (1), Eritrea, Red Sea; MNHN 1966-0157-0158 (2), Gulf of Suez, Egypt, Red Sea; SMF 609 (1), Rasdi Atoll, Maldives; SMF 648 (2), Rasdi Atoll, Maldives; SMF 12767 (1), Egypt, Red Sea; SMNHTAU 5147 (1), Gulf of Aqaba, Israel, Red Sea; SMNS 9070-9071 (2), north of Platte Island, Seychelles; SMNS 11551 (3), Saya de Malha Bank; ZMH 5524 (2), Gulf of Aden, Yemen; ZMH 5525 (3), Yemen, Red Sea; ZMH 5526 (1), Yemen, Red Sea; ZMH 527 (1), Somalia. — Callionymus japonicus Houttuyn 1782: BMNH 1862.11.1.3 (1), Japan; BMNH 1905.2.4.436 (1), Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan; CAS 32841 (5), Batangas, Philippines; CAS 46790 (3), Hong Kong, China; CAS 46821 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46822 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46823 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46824 (2), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46825 (5), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46826 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46827 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46828 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46829 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46830 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46831 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; 436 FISHTAXA (2018) 3(2): 433-452

CAS 46832 (12), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46833 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46834 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46835 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46836 (2), Hong Kong, China; CAS 46965 (2), Batangas, Philippines; FMNH 91665 (5), Sagami Bay, Honshu, Japan; MNHN A.1512-A.1513 (2), China; NMW 76491 (2), Tokyo, Honshu, Japan; NMW uncat. (2), Yokohama, Honshu, Japan; NMW uncat. (3), Tokyo, Honshu, Japan; NMW uncat. (2), Japan; NMW uncat. (1), Yokohama, Honshu, Japan; NMW uncat. (1), China; RMNH 1002-1003 (2 paralectotypes of Callionymus longicaudatus Richardson 1844), Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan; RMNH 1004 (lectotype of Callionymus longicaudatus Richardson 1844, as selected by Boeseman 1947: 130), Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan; RMNH 1005-1009 (5 paralectotypes of Callionymus longicaudatus Richardson 1844), Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan; RMNH 2075 (2 paralectotypes of Callionymus longicaudatus Richardson 1844), Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan; RMNH 2076 (2 paralectotypes of Callionymus longicaudatus Richardson 1844), Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan; RMNH 6218 (4), Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan; SMF 15504 (1), Kochi Prefecture, Japan; SMNS 8538 (1), Java, Indonesia; SMNS 8575 (2), Chiba Prefecture, Japan; SMNS 24629 (1), Kueishan Island, Taiwan; SMNS 24766 (2), Kueishan Island, Taiwan; SU 29055 (1), Guandong Province, China; SU 7757 (9), Wakanoura, Honshu, Japan; SU 7895 (4), Wakanoura, Honshu, Japan; SU 19334 (1), Manila Bay, Philippines; SU 19335 (1), Manila Bay, Philippines; USNM 192560 (2), Penghu Islands, Taiwan; USNM 192561 (1), Penghu Islands, Taiwan; USNM 231445 (1), Samar Sea, Philippines; USNM 232255 (4), Visayan Sea, Philippines; USNM 232256 (3), Visayan Sea, Philippines; ZMB 2168 (1 paralectotype of Callionymus longicaudatus Richardson 1844), Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan; ZMUC P.64134 (1), Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan; ZMUC P.64137 (1), Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan; ZUMT 4623 (1), Tokyo, Honshu, Japan; ZUMT 7431 (1 syntype of Callionymus numeri), Misaki, Japan; ZUMT 7432-7436 (5 syntypes of Callionymus numeri), Misaki, Japan; ZUMT 7511-7512 (2), Wakayama Prefecture, Japan; ZUMT 18252 (1), Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan; ZUMT 18696 (1), Kochi, Japan; ZUMT 19940 (1), Kochi, Japan; ZUMT 20141 (1), Kagoshima, Japan; ZUMT 20645 (1), Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan; ZUMT 20710 (1), Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan; ZUMT 20711 (1), Misaki, Japan; ZUMT 22511 (1), Wakayama Prefecture, Japan; ZUMT 22547-22548 (2), Wakayama Prefecture, Japan; ZUMT 23159 (1), Kada Bay, Japan; ZUMT 23160 (1), Kada Bay, Japan; ZUMT 25868 (1), Toyama, Japan; ZUMT 26924 (1), Kamakura, Japan; ZUMT 26946 (1), Kagoshima, Japan; ZUMT 27076 (1), Nagasaki Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan; ZUMT 47873-47877 (5), Goto Island, Japan; ZUMT 49968 (1), Goto Island, Japan; ZUMT 50004 (1), Goto Island, Japan; ZUMT 50046-50047 (2), Nagasaki, Japan; ZUMT 50453 (1), Saseho, Japan; ZUMT uncat. (2), Kamakura, Japan. — Callionymus ogilbyi Fricke 2002: AMS I.26229-002 (holotype), New South Wales, Australia; AMS I.26229-000 (1), New South Wales, Australia; AMS I.26312-007 (9), New South Wales, Australia; AMS I.26828-005 (1), New South Wales, Australia; AMS I.32120-007 (1), New South Wales, Australia; AMS I.34028-001 (2) New South Wales, Australia. — Callionymus scaber McCulloch 1926: AMS I.4079 (lectotype, as selected by Fricke 2002b: 11), Lord Howe Island. Comparative material (South China Sea): — Callionymus acutirostris Fricke 1981: CAS 32642 (holotype), Zambales, Luzon, Philippines. — Callionymus altipinnis Fricke 1981: MSL 0001 (holotype), Hong Kong, China; CAS 46967 (10 paratypes), Hainan, China; CAS 46968 (1 paratype), Hainan, China; CAS 46969 (1 paratype), Hainan, China. — Callionymus beniteguri Jordan & Snyder 1900: USNM 151114 (3), Hong Kong, China. — Callionymus curvicornis Valenciennes 1837: MNHN 5469 (holotype), ? China; MNHN A.4272 (1), China; SU 25690 (3), Guandong, China; SU 28003 (1), Hong Kong, China; SU 29061 (2), Guandong, China; SU 46914 (1), Hong Kong, China; SU 60985 (1), Hong Kong, China; SU 61180 (1), Hong Kong, China; SU 61520 (1), Hong Kong, China. — Callionymus doryssus (Jordan & Fowler 1903): CAS 15121 (1), Formosa Strait, Taiwan; CAS 17807 (1), Hong Kong, China; CAS 28335 (2), Formosa Strait, Taiwan; CAS 30598 (1), Formosa Strait, Taiwan; CAS 46784(1), Macao, China; CAS 46807 (1), Guandong, China; CAS 56918 (3), Fricke and Quang - Callionymus vietnamensis, a new species of dragonet from the South China Sea 437

Formosa Strait, Taiwan; MNHN A.2550 (1), Macao, China; NMW 76492 (1), Guandong, China; USNM 192541 (5), Penghu Islands, Taiwan. — Callionymus enneactis Bleeker 1879: RMNH 4814 (holotype), Singapore; CAS 35158 (1), Singapore; CAS 42862 (15), Chumphon Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 42869 (1), Goh Kram Island, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 42872 (3), Koh Samet Island, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 42879 (1), Chumphon Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 42880 (39), Koh Samet Island, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 42885 (3), Chumphon Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 42900 (1), Rayong Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 42902 (1), Rayong Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 42932 (13), Koh Samui Island, Gulf of Thailand; LACM 37398-3 (2), Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, Philippines; SU 30665 (57), Singapore; SU 38267 (3), Batangas, Philippines; SU 60947 (1), Hong Kong, China; ZMH 6279 (1), Kaohsiung, Taiwan. — Callionymus filamentosus Valenciennes 1837: BMNH 1848.3.16.13 (1); CAS 32858 (1), Bataan, Luzon, Philippines; CAS 32862 (1), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; CAS 32871 (4), Linggayen Gulf, Luzon, Philippines; CAS 46915 (37), Sattahip, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46919 (2), Formosa Strait, Taiwan; CAS 46958 (1), Khánh Hòa Province, Vietnam; CAS 46963 (5), Goh Saket Island, Gulf of Thailand; NMW 76557 (1), Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Philippines; SU 29169 (1), Manila Bay, Philippines; USNM 112909 (2), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; ZMUC P.64146 (1), Terengganu, Malaya, Malaysia. — Callionymus formosanus Fricke 1981: CAS 46972 (holotype), Formosa Strait, Taiwan. — Callionymus guentheri Fricke 1981: SMNS 8510 (2), Oriental Mindoro, Philippines; SMNS 9097 (1), Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. — Callionymus hainanensis Li 1966: NZMC 35955 (holotype), Hainan, China; CAS 15634 (1), Formosa Strait, Taiwan; MNHN A.2414 (4), Hué, Vietnam; MNHN A.2415 (3), Hué, Vietnam; SMNS 24691 (1), northwestern Taiwan; ZMUC P.64147 (1), Koh Kong, Gulf of Thailand; ZMUC P.64148 (1), Nhatrang, Vietnam. — Callionymus hildae Fricke 1981: SU 27197 (holotype), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; BMNH 1933.3.11.697-698 (2 paratypes), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; CAS 46978 (1 paratype), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; SU 20671 (1 paratype), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; SU 32869 (2 paratypes), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; SU 68768 (7 paratypes), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines. — Callionymus hindsii Richardson 1844: BMNH 1980.7.9.30-31 (2), Singapore; BMNH 1981.7.7.5 (1), Singapore; CAS 46786 (1), Songhkla, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46787 (4), Chantaburi Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46788 (2), Ang Thong Archipelago, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46955 (1), Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia; MNHN A.1527 (1), China. — Callionymus japonicus Houttuyn 1782: CAS 32841 (5), Batangas, Philippines; CAS 46790 (3), Hong Kong, China; CAS 46821 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46822 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46823 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46824 (2), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46825 (5), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46826 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46827 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46828 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46829 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46830 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46831 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46832 (12), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46833 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46834 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46835 (1), Gulf of Thailand, Thailand; CAS 46836 (2), Hong Kong, China; CAS 46965 (2), Batangas, Philippines; MNHN A.1512-A.1513 (2), China; SU 29055 (1), Guandong, China; SU 19334 (1), Manila Bay, Philippines; SU 19335 (1), Manila Bay, Philippines; USNM 192560 (2), Penghu Islands, Taiwan; USNM 192561 (1), Penghu Islands, Taiwan. — Callionymus keeleyi Fowler 1941: CAS 33541 (1), Zambales, Luzon, Philippines. — Callionymus leucobranchialis Fowler 1941: USNM 99393 (holotype), Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, Philippines; USNM 99394 (1), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; USNM 99395 (4 paratypes), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; USNM 99397 (3), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; USNM 99399 (6 paratypes), Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, Philippines; USNM 99400 (1 paratype), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; USNM 99401 (1), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; USNM 99402 (1), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; USNM 99403 (3), Palawan, Philippines; USNM 99405 (5), Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, Philippines. — Callionymus luridus Fricke 1981: BMNH 1894.4.24.7 (holotype), Macclesfield Bank; BMNH 1848.3.16.87 (1 paratype); BMNH 1894.4.24.8 (1 paratype), Macclesfield Bank; 438 FISHTAXA (2018) 3(2): 433-452

USNM 223273 (1), Macclesfield Bank. — Callionymus macclesfieldensis Fricke 1983: USNM 232260 (holotype), Macclesfield Bank. — Callionymus martinae Fricke 1981: CAS 28206 (holotype), off Kaohsiung, Taiwan; CAS 47769 (1 paratype), off Kaohsiung, Taiwan. — Callionymus meridionalis Suwardji 1965: BPBM 28169 (1), Sattahip, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 28245 (18), Sattahip, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 34228 (1), Kaohsiung, Taiwan; CAS 35868 (1), off Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia; CAS 46917 (1), Koh-Sichang, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46962 (2), Rayong Bay, Gulf of Thailand. — Callionymus neptunius (Seale 1910): CAS 32866 (1), Batangas, Luzon, Philippines; USNM 231443 (1), Batangas, Luzon, Philippines. — Callionymus octostigmatus Fricke 1981: CAS 15958 (6 paratypes), Formosa Strait, Taiwan; CAS 20791 (1 paratype), Formosa Strait, Taiwan; CAS 32620 (11 paratypes), Batangas, Luzon, Philippines; CAS 32727 (1 paratype), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; CAS 32747 (7 paratypes), Bataan, Luzon, Philippines; CAS 32775 (1 paratype), Bataan, Luzon, Philippines; CAS 32828 (8 paratypes), Batangas, Luzon, Philippines; CAS 45896 (2 paratypes), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; CAS 46530 (2 paratypes), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; CAS 46531 (2 paratypes), Zambales, Luzon, Philippines; CAS 46945 (2), Quảng Nam Province, Vietnam; CAS 46946 (2), Goh Chuang Island, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46964 (7), Goh Saket Island, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 47768 (1 paratype), Batangas, Luzon, Philippines; MSL uncat. (1), Hong Kong, China; SU 32603 (1), Nasugbu Bay, Luzon, Philippines. — Callionymus olidus Günther 1873: AMNH 35825 (18), Fujian, China; SU 25747 (4), Guandong, China; USNM 130581 (1), Fujian, China; ZMH 6280 (18), Fujian, China; ZMH 6281 (1), Fujian, China; ZMH 6442 (11), Fujian, China. — Callionymus pleurostictus Fricke 1982: CAS 46723 (holotype), Nhatrang, Vietnam; CAS 46719 (1 paratype), Nhatrang, Vietnam; CAS 46724 (1 paratype), Rayong Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46725 (1 paratype), Nhatrang, Vietnam; CAS 46726 (1 paratype), Rayong Province, Gulf of Thailand. — Callionymus recurvispinnis Li 1966: BMNH 1848.3.16.20-21 (2); BMNH 1848.3.16.22 (1); BMNH 1892.8.4.1820 (3), Hong Kong, China; CAS 17688 (22), Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46913 (1), Hong Kong, China; CAS 46916 (2), Sattahip, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46920 (60), Khao Takiap, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46921 (9), Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46922 (2), Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46924 (2), Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46925 (1), Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46926 (1), Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46927 (1), Goh Chuang, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46928 (6), Gulf of Thailand; CAS 47764 (1), Formosa Strait, Taiwan; CAS 52677 (2), Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia; NMW 35168 (1), China; SMNS 9913 (3), Gulf of Thailand; SMNS 12516 (1), Phetchaburi Province, Gulf of Thailand; SU 21247 (1), Kaohsiung, Taiwan; ZMUC P.64123-P.64124 (2), Gulf of Thailand. — Callionymus sagitta Pallas 1770: CAS 46791 (1), Chumphon Province, Thailand; CAS 46792 (3), Chumphon Province, Thailand; CAS 46793 (19), Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thailand; CAS 46794 (2), Chumphon Province, Thailand; CAS 46795 (3), Songhkla Province, Thailand; CAS 46956 (1), Hong Kong, China; CAS uncat. (1), Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia; SMNS 12515 (1), Phetchaburi Province, Gulf of Thailand; SU 3568 (3), Singapore. — Callionymus schaapii Bleeker 1852: BMNH 1848.3.16.88 (1); BMNH 1981.7.7.7-8 (2), Singapore; CAS 2188 (1), Chumphon Province, Thailand; CAS 46796 (1), Chumphon Province, Thailand; CAS 46797 (3), Chantaburi Province, Thailand; RMNH 2083 (1), Xiamen, China; SU 25676 (2), Hainan, China; SU 32885 (2), Hainan, China; SU 39487 (1), Singapore; ZMB 9927 (1), Singapore; ZMB 31342 (1), Singapore. — Callionymus simplicicornis Valenciennes 1837: USNM 231441 (1), Batangas, Luzon, Philippines. — Callionymus umbrithorax Fowler 1941: USNM 99433 (holotype), Palawan, Philippines; USNM 99434 (1 paratype), Palawan, Philippines. — Dactylopus dactylopus (Bennett 1837): BPBM 28170 (1), Sattahip, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 27539 (3), Ko-Sichang, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 31457 (13), Sattahip, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 32661 (1), Batangas, Luzon, Philippines; CAS 45940 (2), Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; CAS 46802 (3), Ko-Sichang, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46837 (1), Trat Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46838 (1), Chon Buri Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46839 (3), Chon Buri Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46840 (1), Chon Buri Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46841 (1), Chon Buri Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46842 (1), Chumphon Province, Gulf Fricke and Quang - Callionymus vietnamensis, a new species of dragonet from the South China Sea 439 of Thailand; CAS 46843 (1), Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46844 (2), Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46845 (1), Chumphon Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46846 (1), Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46847 (1), Chon Buri Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46848 (1), Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46849 (2), Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46850 (1), Chon Buri Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46851 (1), Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46852 (1), Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46854 (1), Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46855 (1), Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Gulf of Thailand; SMF uncat. (1), Gulf of Thailand; SMNS 11949 (1), Phetchaburi Province, Gulf of Thailand; SU 32898 (3), Singapore; ZMUC P: 64155 (1), Nha Trang, Vietnam; ZMUC P: 64156 (1), Nha Trang, Vietnam; ZMUC P.64163 (1), Terengganu, Malaya, Malaysia. — Diplogrammus goramensis (Bleeker 1858): AMS I.21908-001 (1), Batangas, Philippines; AMS I.21914-003 (1), Batangas, Philippines; AMS I.21915-029 (1), Batangas, Philippines; CAS 46718 (1), Nha Trang, Vietnam; CAS 46759 (1), Hong Kong, China; CAS 61500 (1), Hong Kong, China. — Eleutherochir opercularis (Valenciennes 1837): SMNS 8468 (1), Occiental Mindoro, Philippines; SMNS 8470 (1), Occiental Mindoro, Philippines; SMNS 8483 (3), Occiental Mindoro, Philippines; SMNS 8484 (1), Occiental Mindoro, Philippines; SMNS 8486 (3), Occiental Mindoro, Philippines; SMNS 8543 (1), Occiental Mindoro, Philippines; SMNS 8544 (2), Occiental Mindoro, Philippines; SMNS 8546 (2), Occiental Mindoro, Philippines; SU 21503- 21505 (7), Batangas, Philippines; SU 27199 (1), Batangas, Philippines; SU 29620 (1), Batangas, Philippines; SU 33661 (1), Batangas, Philippines. — Synchiropus altivelis Temminck & Schlegel 1845: AMNH 44145 (2), Kaohsiung, Taiwan; CAS 34044 (1), Batangas, Philippines; SMNS 8509 (1), Oriental Mindoro, Philippines; SMNS 8533 (1), Linggayen Gulf, Luzon, Philippines; SU 68738 (1), Hainan, China. — Synchiropus bartelsi Fricke 1981: USNM 231440 (1), Batangas, Philippines. — Synchiropus lateralis (Richardson 1844): BMNH 1844.9.11.35 (holotype), ? Hong Kong, China; ANSP 53456 (holotype of Synchiropus ornatus Fowler 1931), Hong Kong, China; CAS 46905 81), Sattahip, Gulf of Thailand; SU 25748 (1), Guandong, China; SU 61185 (1), Hong Kong, China; USNM 6920 (3), Hong Kong, China; USNM 8192 (3), Hong Kong, China. — Synchiropus lineolatus (Valenciennes 1837): BMNH 1862.11.1.238 (1), Gulf of Thailand; CAS 17687 (2), Ko- Sichang, Gulf of Thailand; CAS 46905 (1), Sattahip, Gulf of Thailand; SU 32382 (2), Singapore; ZMH 18331 (4), Singapore. — Synchiropus ocellatus (Pallas 1770): AMS I.21909-002 (2), Batangas, Philippines; CAS 46799 (3), Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu Province, Vietnam; SU 20675 (2), Cagayan, Philippines; USNM 231442 (10), Batangas, Philippines; USNM 231444 (4), Batangas, Philippines; USNM 231446 (8), Batangas, Philippines. — Tonlesapia amnica Ng & Rainboth 2011: UMMZ 246104 (holotype), Mekong River Delta, Vietnam.

Results Systematic ichthyology: The present paper follows the classifications provided by Nelson et al (2016) and Laan et al. (2014): Superclass Gnathostomata Class Actinopterygii Subclass Neopterygii Division Teleostei Order Perciformes Suborder Callionymoidei Family Callionymidae Bonaparte 1831 Genus Callionymus Linnaeus 1758

440 FISHTAXA (2018) 3(2): 433-452

Subgenus Calliurichthys Jordan & Fowler 1903 Calliurichthys Jordan & Fowler 1903: 941. Nakabo 1982: 102 (part). Callionymus (Calliurichthys): Fricke 1983: 306 (part). Fricke 2002a: 101. Type species: Callionymus japonicus Houttuyn 1782 by original designation. Gender: Masculine. Diagnosis: A subgenus of the genus Callionymus with a small branchial opening in dorsal position; head short (3.3-5.4 in SL); eye moderate to large (2.4-3.6 in head length); preopercular spine with a short, straight main tip, 6-13 antrorse serrae on its dorsal margin, a strong antrorse spine at its base, ventral margin smooth, straight or slightly convex; supraorbital tentacle absent; two transverse lateral-line commissures on dorsal side of caudal peduncle; first dorsal fin with 4 flexible spines, in the male usually much higher than second dorsal fin, spines often bearing filaments, in the female slightly higher to as high as second dorsal fin, often without (rarely with) filaments; second dorsal-fin distally straight, with 9 unbranched rays (last branched and divided at base); anal fin with 8 unbranched rays (last branched and divided at base); 18-23 pectoral-fin rays; caudal fin distally extremely elongate, in the male longer than in the female, the seven median rays branched, the median four rays very long but usually not filamentous; cranium strongly depressed; lateral ethmoid not strongly depressed; supraethmoid with a large foramen in the centre; supraoccipital bearing a low crest; pterosphenoid lacking an inward projection towards the brain cavity; nasal bones present; upper jaw protracted ventrally; anterior tip of premaxillary half rounded; lower jaw strongly depressed; sesamoid articulars strongly curved, L-shaped; urohyal with the ventral ramus longer than the middle ramus, and anterior dorsal edge of middle ramus expands laterally, spoon-shaped; third branchiostegal ray attached to posterior abaxial face of ceratohyal; soft retrorse spine at posterodorsal end of opercle not filamentous; posttemporal notch opening vertically; anteroventral ramus of cleithrum well-developed, wide; coracoid with a large process at its dorsal margin, joined to ventral part of dorsal ramus of cleithrum; vertebrae 7+14; males often with dark spots on the cheeks, and the thorax white, usually with a heart-shaped black blotch occasionally also with lines (thorax plain white in females); second dorsal fin in females often with a black blotch on the third membrane; anal fin distally often black. Remarks: The longtail dragonets of the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) are easily distinguished from other subgenera by the preopercular spine bearing small serrae only on the dorsal side in addition to a strong antrorse spine at the base, and the extremely extended caudal fin (especially in males) with at least the median four rays very being long. An annotated checklist of and a key to the species of the subgenus is provided below. Selected characters of the species of the subgenus are compared in Table 1.

Checklist of species Callionymus afilum Fricke 2000 Common name: Northern Australian longtail dragonet Callionymus afilum Fricke 2000: 48-52, fig. 24 (Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, Australia; holotype: AMS I.21943-004). Diagnosis: A species of the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) with 4 dorsal-fin spines, 9 unbranched soft rays in second dorsal fin (the last divided at base), 8 unbranched soft rays in anal fin (the last divided at base), 7-10 antrorse serrae dorsally on the preopercular spine (additional to the main tip and a strong antrorse spine at the base), caudal-fin length in the male 1.2-1.3 in SL, in female 1.5-1.6 in standard length, preorbital length 2.5- 3.0 in head, first dorsal fin without filaments in both sexes, first dorsal fin in both sexes with a large ocellus distally on the third membrane with basal branches reaching to posterior part of second membrane, distal one- third (female) to half (male) of anal fin black, thorax in male with a small heart-shaped black blotch on white background but without lines. Fricke and Quang - Callionymus vietnamensis, a new species of dragonet from the South China Sea 441

Figure 1. Geographical distribution of species in Callionymus (Calliurichthys) in the Indo-West Pacific. (A) Callionymus afilum, (B) C. decoratus, (C) C. gardineri, (D) C. japonicus, (E) C. ogilbyi, (F) C. scaber and (G) C. vietnamensis n. sp. Description: Fricke (2000: 50-52). Illustrations: Fricke (2000: 49, fig. 24, drawings). Distribution and habitat: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland), Papua New Guinea (Fig. 1). Soft bottoms, 44-78 m depth.

Callionymus decoratus (Gilbert 1905) Common name: Hawaiian longtail dragonet Calliurichthys decoratus Gilbert 1905: 651-652, pl. 90 (Penguin Bank, south of O’ahu/Hawaiian Islands, 27– 29 fms (49–53 m) depth; holotype: USNM 51609). Calliurichthys astrinius Jordan & Jordan 1922: 80, pl. 4, fig. 1 (Honolulu market, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands; holotype: FMNH 55207). Calliurichthys zanectes Jordan & Jordan 1922: 81, pl. 4, fig. 2 (Honolulu market, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands; holotype: FMNH 55208). Diagnosis: A species of the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) with 4 dorsal-fin spines, 9 unbranched soft rays in second dorsal fin (the last divided at base), 8 unbranched soft rays in anal fin (the last divided at base), 7-13 antrorse serrae dorsally on the preopercular spine (additional to the main tip and a strong antrorse spine at the base), caudal-fin length in the male 0.7-1.1 in SL, in female 2.0-2.4 in standard length, preorbital length 2.3- 3.3 in head, first spine of first dorsal fin with a long filament in males, first dorsal fin without filaments in female, first dorsal fin in both sexes with a large ocellus distally on the second membrane (male) of third membrane (female), distal three-fourths of anal fin black in male, anal fin pale in female, thorax in male with a dark brown blotch surrounded by ocellate dark lines in male which extends onto membrane connecting pelvic and pectoral fins. 442 FISHTAXA (2018) 3(2): 433-452

Table 1. Comparison of selected characters of the species in the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys). Characters different from those of C. vietnamensis n. sp. are printed in bold face. + present; − absent.

C. C. C. C. C. C. C. vietnamensis afilum decoratus gardineri japonicus ogilbyi scaber n. sp.

Total pectoral-fin rays 18-20 19-23 18-22 18-23 18-20 20 21-2 Serrae on upper preopercular spine 7-10 7-13 6-12 6-13 7-12 7 8-13 Caudal-fin length in SL (male) 1.2-1.3 0.7-1.1 0.9-1.7 1.1-1.5 1.2-1.4 1.4 0.8-0.9 Caudal-fin length in SL (female) 1.5-1.6 2.0-2.4 1.6-2.6 1.3-1.8 1.6-1.7 ? 1.1-1.2 Preorbital length in head length 2.5-3.0 2.3-3.3 2.3-3.4 2.4-3.0 2.4-2.7 2.1 2.1-2.5 Filaments in D1 (male) [no./rays] 0/0 1/1 2/1;3 2/1-2 4/1-4 1/1 3/1-3 Longest filamentous spine in D1 (male) − 1st 1st 1st, 2nd 2nd 1st 1st Filaments in D1 (female) [no./rays] 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 ? 3/1-3 Longest filamentous spine in D1 (female) − − − − − ? 1st Presence of ocellus on D1 membrane (male) 3rd 2nd − 3rd −* − − Presence of ocellus on D1 membrane (female) 3rd 3rd 3rd 3rd 3rd ? − Width of distal black band in A (male) [width 0.5 0.75 0.1 0.6 0.8 − 0.8 of band in fin height] Width of distal black band in A (female) 0.3 − − 0.5 0.6 ? 0.6 [width of band in fin height] Colouration of thorax in male (blotch) + + + + + − + Colouration of thorax in male (lines) − + − − − − + Colouration of membrane connecting P1 and − + − − − − + P2 in male (lines) * D1 black, with short white lines Description: Fricke (1983a: 333-334). Illustrations: Fricke (1983a: 330, fig. 100, drawings), Randall (1999: 193, figs. 2-3, photographs). Distribution and habitat: Laysan Island; Midway Islands; Hawaiian Islands (Pearl and Hermes Reef; French Frigate Shoals; O’ahu; Moloka’i; Maui) (Fig. 1). Soft bottoms, 24-110 m depth.

Callionymus gardineri Regan 1908 Common name: Indian Ocean longtail dragonet Callionymus gardineri Regan 1908: 248, pl. 30 (fig. 5) (Cargados Carajos Island/Saint Brandon's Shoals, Indian Ocean, 20-30 fms [37-55 m] depth; holotype: BMNH 1908.3.23.261). Callionymus maldivensis Regan, 1908: 247, pl. 30, fig. 3 (South Nilandu Atoll, Maldives, 30-36 fms [55-66 m] depth). Diagnosis: A species of the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) with four dorsal-fin spines, nine unbranched soft rays in second dorsal fin (the last divided at base), eight unbranched soft rays in anal fin (the last divided at base), 6-12 antrorse serrae dorsally on the preopercular spine (additional to the main tip and a strong antrorse spine at the base), caudal-fin length in the male 0.9-1.7 in SL, in female 1.6-2.6 in standard length, preorbital length 2.3-3.4 in head, first dorsal fin with a long filament on first spine and a short filament on third spine in male, first dorsal fin without filaments in female, first dorsal fin with a small black spot distally on third and fourth spines in male, with a large ocellus distally on the third membrane in female, distal margin of anal fin black in male, anal fin pale in female, thorax in male with a dusky area or a dark blotch on white background but without lines. Description: Fricke (1983a: 369-370). Fricke and Quang - Callionymus vietnamensis, a new species of dragonet from the South China Sea 443

Illustrations: Fricke (1983a: 367, fig. 111, drawings). Distribution and habitat: Red Sea (Egypt; Israel; Eritrea; Djibouti); Yemen (Gulf of Aden); Somalia; South Africa (Natal); Comores; Seychelles; Saya de Malha Bank; Cargados Carajos/St Brandon’s Shoals; Maldives (Fig. 1). Soft bottoms, 20-174 m depth.

Callionymus japonicus Houttuyn 1782 Common name: Japanese longtail dragonet Callionymus japonicus Houttuyn 1782: 312 (Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan; no types known). Callionymus longicaudatus Temminck & Schlegel, 1845: 151-153, pl. 78, figs 1-2, pl. 80, fig. 1 (Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan; lectotype: RMNH D1004, as selected by Boeseman 1947: 130). Callionymus reevesii Richardson, 1844: 60-62, pl. 36, figs 1-3 (part: China Seas; no types known). Calliurichthys numeri Tanaka, 1917: 11-12 [Soshu, Miyaki, Japan; syntypes: ZUMT 7431 (1, described), ZUMT 7432-36 (5)]. Diagnosis: A species of the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) with four dorsal-fin spines, nine unbranched soft rays in second dorsal fin (the last divided at base), eight unbranched soft rays in anal fin (the last divided at base), 6-13 antrorse serrae dorsally on the preopercular spine (additional to the main tip and a strong antrorse spine at the base), caudal-fin length in the male 1.1-1.5 in SL, in female 1.3-1.8 in standard length, preorbital length 2.4-3.0 in head, first and second spines of first dorsal fin with long filaments in male, first dorsal fin without filaments in female, first dorsal fin in both sexes with a large ocellus distally on the third membrane with anterior branches reaching to distal part of second membrane, distal half (female) to three-fifths (male) of anal fin black, thorax in male with a brown or black blotch on white background but without lines. Description: Fricke (1983a: 387-391). Illustrations: Fricke (1983a: 388-389, figs. 114-115, drawings), Gloerfelt-Tarp and Kailola (1984: 266, photograph), Masuda et al. (1984: pl. 308 L, as Calliurichthys japonicus, photograph), Shen (1993: 785, pl. 174, figs. 3-4, photographs). Distribution and habitat: Japan; Korea; People’s Republic of China (Yellow Sea; East China Sea; South China Sea); Ryukyu Islands; Taiwan; Thailand (Gulf of Thailand); Indonesia (Java); Philippines (Fig. 1). Soft bottoms, 30-128 m depth.

Callionymus ogilbyi Fricke 2002 Common name: Ogilby's longtail dragonet ?Callionymus affinis Ogilby, 1910: 134-135 (Cape Moreton, Queensland, Australia; holotype: AMS E.1569; permanently invalid, primary homonym of Callionymus affinis Regan, 1908). Callionymus ogilbyi Fricke, 2002b: 5-9, fig. 1 (southeast of Evans Head, off Iluka, New South Wales, Australia; holotype: AMS I.26229-002). Diagnosis: A species of the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) with 4 dorsal-fin spines, 9 unbranched soft rays in second dorsal fin (the last divided at base), 8 unbranched soft rays in anal fin (the last divided at base), 7-12 antrorse serrae dorsally on the preopercular spine (additional to the main tip and a strong antrorse spine at the base), caudal-fin length in the male 1.2-1.4 in SL, in female 1.6-1.7 in standard length, preorbital length 2.4- 2.7 in head, all first dorsal fin spines with filaments in male, 2nd spine longest, without filaments in female, first dorsal fin black with short white stripes in male, with a large ocellus distally on the third membrane in female, distal three-fifths (female) to four-fifth (male) of anal fin black, thorax in male with a small heart-shaped black blotch on brown background but without lines. Description: Fricke (2002b: 5-7). 444 FISHTAXA (2018) 3(2): 433-452

Illustrations: Fricke (2002b: 6, fig. 1, drawings). Distribution and habitat: Australia (Queensland; New South Wales) (Fig. 1). Soft bottoms, 47-115 m depth.

Callionymus scaber McCulloch 1926 Common name: Lord Howe longtail dragonet Callionymus, Calliurichthys, japonicus var. scaber McCulloch 1926: 197 (Lord Howe Island; lectotype: AMS I.4079, as selected by Fricke 2002b: 11). Diagnosis: A species of the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) with 4 dorsal-fin spines, 9 unbranched soft rays in second dorsal fin (the last divided at base), 8 unbranched soft rays in anal fin (the last divided at base), 7 antrorse serrae dorsally on the preopercular spine (additional to the main tip and a strong antrorse spine at the base), caudal-fin length in the male 1.4 in SL, preorbital length 2.1 in head, only first spine of first dorsal fin filamentous in male, first dorsal fin pale with small brown spots in male, distal half of anal fin black in male, thorax pale in male, without dark blotch or lines. Description: Fricke (2002b: 10). Illustrations: Fricke (2002b: 9, fig. 3, drawing). Distribution and habitat: Australia (Lord Howe Island) (Fig. 1). Soft bottoms, depth unknown.

Callionymus vietnamensis n. sp. Common name: Vietnamese longtail dragonet Diagnosis: See below. Description: See below. Illustrations: See below. Distribution and habitat: South China Sea off southern Vietnam (Fig. 1). Soft bottoms, 60-68 m depth.

Key to the species of the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) 1 First spine of first dorsal fin filamentous in males (may or may not be filamentous in females).……………………….2 - First spine of first dorsal fin not filamentous in males (not filamentous in females)…………… …………………………………………………………….Callionymus afilum [northern Australia to Papua New Guinea] 2 Second spine of first dorsal fin filamentous in males (may or may not be filamentous in females). ……………………..3 - Second spine of first dorsal fin not filamentous in males (also not filamentous in females).……………… …..………..5 3 First dorsal fin with first to third spines filamentous in females (first and third longest); caudal-fin length in male 0.8- 8.9 in SL; first dorsal fin without black ocellus in females; thorax and membrane connecting pelvic fin with pectoral-fin base with ocellated lines (besides a dark blotch). ………………………………Callionymus vietnamensis n. sp. [Vietnam] - First dorsal fin without filaments in females; caudal-fin length in male 1.1-1.5 in SL; first dorsal fin with black ocellus on third membrane in females; thorax and membrane connecting pelvic fin with pectoral-fin base without ocellated lines (but thorax with a dark blotch) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..4 4 Third and fourth spines of first dorsal fin not filamentous in male; first dorsal fin in male with black ocellus distally on third membrane………………………….Callionymus japonicus [Japan to Thailand, northern Indonesia and Philippines] - Third and fourth spines of first dorsal fin filamentous in male; first dorsal fin in male black, with short white lines, but without ocellus...... Callionymus ogilbyi [eastern Australia] 5 Thorax in male with a dark blotch; preorbital length 2.3-3.4 in head length……………………………………………6 - Thorax in male pale, without a dark blotch; preorbital length 2.1 in head length…Callionymus scaber [Lord Howe Island] 6 Third spine of first dorsal fin not filamentous in male; first dorsal fin in male with black blotch on second membrane; distal three-fourths of anal fin black in male; thorax and membrane connecting pelvic fin with pectoral-fin base with ocellate dark lines in male (besides a dark blotch in thorax) ……………………Callionymus decoratus [Hawaiian Islands] - Third spine of first dorsal fin filamentous in male (filament may be short); first dorsal fin in male without black blotch; Fricke and Quang - Callionymus vietnamensis, a new species of dragonet from the South China Sea 445

Figure 2. Callionymus vietnamensis n. sp., SMF 35959, holotype, male (189.5 mm SL), Vietnam, Bến Tre Province, ca. 149 km southeast of Côn Đảo Islands, South China Sea. (A) Lateral view, left side (scale indicates 10 mm), (B) black blotch on thorax, illustrated on the same level as it would be situated in Figure A, (C) left preopercular spine (scale indicates 2 mm), (D) SMF 35960, specimen 1, paratype, female (171.3 mm SL), Vietnam, Bến Tre Province, ca. 149 km southeast of Côn Đảo Islands, South China Sea. Lateral view, left side (scale indicates 10 mm); and (E) thorax, illustrated on the same level as it would be situated in Figure D. only narrow distal margin of anal fin black in male; thorax and membrane connecting pelvic fin with pectoral-fin base without ocellate dark lines in male, but a dark blotch present on thorax…….Callionymus gardineri [western Indian Ocean]

Callionymus vietnamensis new species (Figs. 2-3, Tables 2-3) ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AEABCEFC-A93E-447D-9CC9-5E37B88BF607 Common name: Vietnamese longtail dragonet ?Calionymus longicaudatus (non Teminck & Schlegel 1845): Bourret 1927: 422 (Vietnam; listed). ?Calliurichthys japonicus (non Houttuyn 1782): Chevey 1932: 29 (Annam, Vietnam; listed). ?Callionymus japonicus (non Houttuyn 1782): Orsi 1974: 173 (Vietnam; listed). Holotype: SMF 35959, male, 189.5 mm SL; Vietnam, Bến Tre Province, ca. 149 km southeast of Côn Đảo Islands, South China Sea, 7°44'21"N 107°51'03"E - 7°37'32"N 107°38'36"E, 60-68 m depth, bottom trawl, 27 August 2017. Paratypes: SMF 35960, 2, female, 160.6-171.3 mm SL; same data as the holotype. VNMN FI.04218, 1, male 228.9 mm SL; same data as the holotype. VNMN FI.04219, 1, female, 167.2 mm SL; same data as the holotype. 446 FISHTAXA (2018) 3(2): 433-452

Table 2. Callionymus vietnamensis n. sp., holotype and paratypes, Vietnam, Bến Tre Province, South China Sea: Meristic data (measurements in mm). VNMN FI.04218 SMF 35959, SMF 35960, 2 FI.04219, 2 holotype paratypes paratypes Sex Male Female Female Male Female Standard length 189.5 160.6 171.3 228.9 167.2 Caudal-fin length 222.3 149.1 139.8 266.1 149.4 Predorsal(1) length 49.4 42.3 41.8 61.2 44.2 Predorsal(2) length 83.9 73 73.2 98.4 73.9 Preanal length 91.6 80.2 80.7 109.2 83.6 Prepelvic fin length 47.7 36.4 38.5 52.9 42.3 Prepectoral fin length 62.3 54.9 55 76.1 57.4 Length from tip of snout to end of 47.5 42.6 42.3 58.7 44.6 preopercular spine Head length 45.4 36.5 36.2 56.2 38 Body depth 14.4 9.5 9.3 17.8 10 Body width 25.4 21.3 26.2 25.2 22.6 Orbit diameter 13.1 12.3 11.8 15.4 11.2 Preorbital length 21 15.1 14.7 25.9 15.8 Bony interorbital 2.6 1.4 1.2 3.3 2.2 Caudal peduncle length 31.8 39.7 27.5 35.4 25.5 Caudal peduncle depth 7.2 6.2 6.3 7.6 6.5 Upper-jaw length 16.6 12.9 10.5 18.1 12.9 Urogenital papilla length 4.9 -- -- 5.5 -- Length of left preopercular 7.3 8.3 9.3 9.1 9.2 Length spine of 1st spine of D1 79.6 50.2 45 121.3 47.3 Length of 2nd spine of D1 56.8 39.5 39 62.6 36.1 Length of 3rd spine of D1 40.6 41.6 41.2 45.5 38.2 Length of 4th spine of D1 23.3 26.2 25.9 35.1 23.7 Length of 1st ray of D2 31.2 31.2 29.7 36.4 23.7+ Length of last ray of D2 42.5 45.7 39 52.6 41.3 Length of 1st anal-fin ray 19.8 21.1 20 22.6 21.1 Length of last anal-fin ray 34.8 37 33.9 40.2 35 Pectoral-fin length 36 32.2 34.4 38.6 30.8 Length of pelvic-fin spine 9.9 8.5 8.3 10.3 8.2 Pelvic-fin length 50 48.4 45.4 60.5 47

Diagnosis: A species of the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) with 4 dorsal-fin spines, 9 unbranched soft rays in second dorsal fin (the last divided at base), 8 unbranched soft rays in anal fin (the last divided at base), 8-13 antrorse serrae dorsally on the preopercular spine (additional to the main tip and a strong antrorse spine at the base), caudal-fin length in the male 0.8-0.9 in SL, in the female 1.1-1.2 in SL, preorbital length 2.1-2.5 in head, first to third spines of first dorsal fin filamentous in both sexes, second spine longer than third (male) or shorter than third (female), first dorsal fin without an ocellus in both sexes, distal four-fifths (male) or three- fifths (female) of anal fin black, thorax with a small heart-shaped dark blotch in male, posteriorly surrounded by ocellated lines which are reaching on membrane connecting pelvic fin with pectoral-fin base. Description: D IV + viii,1 [IV + viii,1]; A vii,1 [vii,1]; P1 ii,17,ii (total 21) [ii,17-18,ii (total 21-22)]; P2 I,5 [I,5]; C (ii),i,7,ii,(ii) [(ii),i,7,ii,(ii)]. Selected proportions are given in Table 3. Body elongate and depressed. Head depressed. Eye large. Interorbital narrow, 5.0 [4.7-9.8] in eye diameter. Preopercular spine with a straight main tip, 8 (left) or 11 (right) [8-13] very small antrorse serrae on its dorsal margin and a strong antrorse spine at its base, ventral margin smooth, slightly concave; preopercular spine formula 18-11 1 [18-13 1]. Cephalic lateral-line system with a forked suborbital branch, a preopercular branch, a - - supraoccipital commissure connecting lines of opposite sides, and a double commissure between the lines across Fricke and Quang - Callionymus vietnamensis, a new species of dragonet from the South China Sea 447

Table 3. Callionymus vietnamensis n. sp., holotype and paratypes, Vietnam, Bến Tre Province, South China Sea: Selected proportions (given for the holotype first, followed by those of the paratypes, in square brackets) (SL=standard length).

Proportion of SL Proportion as percentage of SL Holotype Paratypes Holotype Paratypes Male Male Females Male Male Females Caudal-fin length 0.8 0.9 1.1-1.2 117.3 116.2 81.6-92.8 Predorsal(1) length 3.8 3.7 3.8-4.1 26.1 26.7 24.4-26.4 Predorsal(2) length 2.3 2.3 2.2-2.3 44.3 43 42.7-45.4 Preanal length 2.1 2.1 2.0-2.1 48.3 47.7 47.1-50.0 Prepelvic fin length 4 4.3 4.0-4.4 25.2 23.1 22.5-25.3 Prepectoral fin length 3 3 2.9-3.1 32.9 33.2 32.1-34.3 Length from tip of snout to end of 4 3.9 3.7-4.0 25.1 25.6 24.7- 26.7 preopercular spine Head length 4.2 4.1 4.4-4.7 24 24.6 21.1-22.7 Body depth 13.2 12.9 16.7-18.4 7.6 7.8 5.4-6.0 Body width 7.5 9.1 6.5-7.5 13.4 11 13.3-15.3 Orbit diameter 14.5 14.9 13.1-14.9 6.9 6.7 6.7-7.7 Preorbital length 9 8.8 10.6-11.6 11.1 11.3 8.6-9.4 Bony interorbital 72.9 69.4 76.0-142.8 1.4 1.4 0.7-1.3 Caudal peduncle length 6 6.5 4.0-6.6 16.8 15.5 15.2-24.7 Caudal peduncle depth 26.3 30.1 25.7-27.2 3.8 3.3 3.7-3.9 Upper-jaw length 11.4 12.6 12.4-16.3 8.8 7.9 6.1-8.0 Urogenital papilla length 38.7 41.6 − 2.6 2.4 − Length of left preopercular spine 26 25.2 18.2-19.3 3.8 4 5.2-5.5 Length of 1st spine of D1 2.4 1.9 3.2-3.8 42 53 26.3-31.3 Length of 2nd spine of D1 3.3 3.7 4.1-4.6 30 27.4 21.6-24.6 Length of 3rd spine of D1 4.7 5 3.9-4.4 21.4 19.9 22.8-25.9 Length of 4th spine of D1 8.1 6.5 6.1-7.0 12.3 15.3 14.2-16.3 Length of 1st ray of D2 6.1 6.3 5.1-5.8 16.5 15.9 17.3-19.4 Length of last ray of D2 4.5 4.4 3.5-4.4 22.4 23 22.8-28.5 Length of 1st anal-fin ray 9.5 10.1 7.6-8.6 10.4 9.9 11.7-13.1 Length of last anal-fin ray 5.4 5.7 4.3-5.1 18.4 17.6 19.8-23.0 Pectoral-fin length (left side) 5.3 5.9 5.0-5.4 19 16.9 18.4-20.1 Length of first pelvic-fin spine 19.1 22.2 18.9-20.6 5.2 4.5 4.8-5.3 Pelvic-fin length 3.8 3.8 3.3-3.8 26.4 26.4 26.5-30.1 the dorsal part of the caudal peduncle. Occipital region smooth, with two low, rugose bony protuberances, each bearing a star of five low ridges. Body lateral-line system with few short branches. Urogenital papilla long in the male, not visible in the female. First dorsal fin higher than second dorsal fin in both sexes, the first to third spines bearing filaments, the second spine longer than the third in males but shorter than the third in females. Second dorsal fin distally nearly straight, rays unbranched, the last divided at its base. Anal fin beginning on vertical through second membrane of second dorsal fin. Anal fin distally straight; anal-fin rays unbranched, the last divided at its base. Pectoral fin reaching to base of first anal-fin membrane when adpressed. Pelvic fin reaching to base of first anal fin membrane when adpressed. Membrane connecting 5th pelvic-fin ray with pectoral fin base ending opposite 11th [10th-11th] pectoral-fin ray (counted from above). Caudal fin in male extremely elongate, nearly symmetrical, with short distal filaments; in the female also elongate but much shorter. Colour immediately after collection: Head and body brown, lower sides of body pale, sides of body with a row of dark brown blotches below the lateral line, and another row of larger dark brown blotches above, dorsally with numerous silvery white spots. Sides of head with numerous brown spots on paler background; eye greenish silver. Thorax in male with a heart-shaped dark grey blotch which is posteriorly surrounded by dark grey or ocellated dark lines which extend posteriorly onto the membrane connecting the pelvic fin with the pectoral-fin 448 FISHTAXA (2018) 3(2): 433-452

Figure 3. Callionymus vietnamensis n. sp., Vietnam, Bến Tre Province, ca. 149 km southeast of Côn Đảo Islands, South China Sea. Upper VNMN FI.04218, male (228.9 mm SL): Lateral view, colouration immediately after collection. Lower VNMN FI.04219, female (167.2 mm SL): Lateral view, colouration immediately after collection. base, in female whitish, without a blotch or lines. First dorsal fin yellow, with wavy light blue lines, third membrane with a narrow distal dark grey margin. Second dorsal fin yellow, with short wavy light blue lines and spots. Anal fin basally white, the distal four-fifths (male) or three-fifths (female) black. Caudal fin yellow, with numerous light blue spots and lines, lower margin black; central part of fin with 11-12 (male) or 6-8 (female) vertically arranged bars of dark grey spots. Pelvic fin basally brown, distally black, with blue spots. Pectoral fin pale, with a few very small brown spots in upper part. Colour in preservative: Similar to fresh colouration, except that the yellowish colour fades to pale brown. Sexual dimorphism: Males have an elongate urogenital papilla (not visible in females), a higher first dorsal fin with longer filaments, the second filament longer than the third (third filament longer than second in females), a longer caudal fin (longer than body in male, shorter than body in female), and the thorax with a dark blotch and lines that extend on the membrane connecting the pelvic fin with the pectoral-fin base (plain white, without

blotch and lines in females). Distribution: The species is only known from the type locality in the South China Sea off southern Vietnam, Bến Tre Province (Figs. 1, 4). The type specimens were collected at depths of 60-68 m. Etymology: This new species is named for the type locality (Vietnam). Comparisons: The new species is a member of the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys) as defined above (see Table 1). It is distinguished from all other species of the subgenus by its three filaments in the first dorsal fin of Fricke and Quang - Callionymus vietnamensis, a new species of dragonet from the South China Sea 449 both sexes (versus 0, 1, 2 or 4 filaments in males, no filaments in females of the other species), the extremely long caudal fin of females (1.1-1.2 in SL in C. vietnamensis n. sp., versus 1.3-2.4 in the other species), the absence of a black ocellus on the third membrane of the first dorsal fin in females (versus black ocellus present in the other species), and the colouration of the first dorsal fin in males (lacking a dark spot or ocellus, but yellow with wavy light blue lines and spots in C. vietnamensis n. sp., versus: with a large ocellus distally on the third membrane with basal branches reaching to posterior part of second membrane in C. afilum; with a large ocellus distally on the second membrane in C. decoratus; with a small black spot distally on third and fourth spines in C. gardineri; with a large ocellus distally on the third membrane with anterior branches reaching to distal part of second membrane in C. japonicus; black with short white stripes in C. ogilbyi; pale with small brown spots in C. scaber). The only other species of the subgenus occurring in the same region would be C. japonicus; the new species is furthermore distinguished from that species by its longer caudal fin in males (0.8-0.9 in SL in C. vietnamensis n. sp., versus 1.1-1.5 in SL in C. japonicus), the absence of a black ocellus on the third membrane of the first dorsal fin in males (versus black ocellus present in males of C. japonicus), and the presence of lines on the thorax and membrane connecting the pelvic fin with the pectoral-fin base in males (versus absence of lines in C. japonicus). From other species of Callionymus, the new species is distinguished by the characters of the subgenus (see above). In the greater region, the new species might be confused with Callionymus superbus Fricke 1983 from Indonesia, and Callionymus neptunius (Seale 1910) from the eastern Indian Ocean and the western Pacific; males of both species have an elongate caudal fin and three filaments in the first dorsal fin. From these species, C. vietnamensis n. sp. is distinguished by its wider caudal fin (the median 4-5 rays very long, versus the median 2 rays very long in C. neptunius and C. superbus), and the first dorsal fin of the female bearing three filaments (versus without filaments) and lacking a black blotch on the third membrane (versus with a black blotch in C. superbus), 8-13 serrae dorsally on the preopercular spines (versus 5-7 in C. neptunius), the longer caudal fin in females (caudal-fin length in SL 1.1-1.2 in C. vietnamensis n. sp., versus 1.6-3.0), the absence of a vertical dark bar below the eye (versus present in C. neptunius), and the pelvic fin distally blackish (versus spotted or pale).

Discussion Adult specimens of the new species were collected at depths of 60-68 m. This depth distribution is similar to the other species of the subgenus Callionymus (Calliurichthys), which were recorded from depth ranges of 20- 174 metres. Three species of the subgenus Calliurichthys are relatively widespread (C. gardineri in the western Indian Ocean, C. japonicus in the eastern Indian Ocean and northwestern Pacific, and C. afilum in northern Australia and Papua New Guinea), while the other species occur in narrow, restricted distribution ranges. The typical habitat includes of soft bottom (mainly sand) on the continental or insular shelf (young specimens may occur in slightly shallower water). Ecologically, most species live in nutrient-rich oceanic habitats, either along the continental shelf or around high islands; Callionymus gardineri and C. scaber, however, are found in nutrient-poor waters on the insular shelf, and an unidentified and probably undescribed species is apparently restricted to the Chesterfield Islands (New Caledonia) (see Fricke 2002). The widespread species Callionymus japonicus and C. afilum are exclusively found in continental shelf waters. The new species is similar to C. japonicus, which apparently prefers cooler water, and in tropical latitudes is mainly found under upwelling conditions, while C. vietnamensis n. sp. is found in warm water of the southern- central South China Sea. Apparently, temperature separates the distribution ranges of these species. Similarly, the Southern Hemisphere species C. afilum, C. ogilbyi and C. scaber are separated by a tropical barrier from the Northern Hemisphere species C. japonicus and C. vietnamensis n. sp. Two species, C. gardineri in the western Indian Ocean and C. decoratus in the Hawaiian Islands, are apparently separated by distance from the other 450 FISHTAXA (2018) 3(2): 433-452 species. Apparently, the larval dispersal is limited in species of this subgenus, so that it is often impossible to cross oceanic barriers. This may be either due to a short pelagic stage, or to a stationary life of the larvae and postlarvae that prevents dispersal by ocean currents. It seems interesting that species of the subgenus Calliurichthys are only marginally found in the centre of the high species diversity region, i.e. the Indonesian/Philippine triangle (see Carpenter and Springer 2005). Here, Callionymus (Calliurichthys) is apparently replaced by species of the subgenus 6 [see Fricke 2002a] (species related to C. persicus, especially C. neptunius and C. superbus). In an alternative classification by Nakabo (1982), Callionymus vietnamensis n. sp. would be a member of the genus Calliurichthys Jordan & Fowler 1903. In the present paper, Calliurichthys is treated as a subgenus of Callionymus (see above). Fricke (2000b) listed 42 species occurring in the South China Sea. We have examined material of 38 species of the family from the region (see the material list above). Eight species (19% of the totally occurring species) are currently considered as endemic to the South China Sea (Callionymus acutirostris, C. formosanus, C. leucobranchialis, C. luridus, C. macclesfieldensis, C. martinae, C. vietnamensis n. sp, and Tonlesapia amnica).

Acknowledgments We would like to thank the following persons for information, loan of specimens, or permission to examine specimens under their care: D.F. Hoese, M. McGrouther, J.R. Paxton (AMS), O. Crimmen, the late A.C. Wheeler, the late P.J.P. Whitehead (BMNH), J.R. Randall, A.Y. Suzumoto (BPBM), W.N. Eschmeyer, T. Iwamoto (CAS), P. Last (CSIRO), the late R.K. Johnson, D.J. Stewart (FMNH), the late A. Ben-Tuvia, D. Golani (HUJ), P. Kailola (KFRS), R.J. Lavenberg (LACM), M.-L. Bauchot, R. Causse, M. Desoutter, G. Duhamel, P. Pruvost (MNHN), K.-C. Au (MSL), H. Ahnelt and the late R. Hacker (NMW), the late M. Boeseman and M.J.P. van Oijen (RMNH), T. Alpermann, F. Krupp, W. Klausewitz, H. Zetzsche (SMF), M. Goren (SMNHTAU), S. Smith, V.G. Springer, J.T. Williams (USNM), G.R. Allen, J.B. Hutchins, S. Morrison (WAM), H.-J. Paepke (ZMB), R. Dohse, H. Wilkens (ZMH), the late E. Bertelsen, J.G. Nielsen (ZMUC), the late T. Abe and the late Y. Tominaga (ZUMT). We are grateful to S. Dorow (SMF) for providing catalogue numbers. We also would like to thank the subproject “The Collection of Marine Organisms in Southern Vietnam (BSTMV.22/15-19)” for support in collecting specimens.

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