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A Review of Quantitative Social Science Research on Video Games and a Typology of Video Game Research Approaches Ivory, James D www.ssoar.info Video games as a multifaceted medium: a review of quantitative social science research on video games and a typology of video game research approaches Ivory, James D. Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Ivory, J. D. (2013). Video games as a multifaceted medium: a review of quantitative social science research on video games and a typology of video game research approaches. Review of Communication Research, 1, 31-68. https:// doi.org/10.12840/issn.2255-4165_2013_01.01_002 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de Diese Version ist zitierbar unter / This version is citable under: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-329036 OPEN ACCESS Top-Quality Science Review of Communication Research Freely available online 2013, Vol. 1, No. 1, 31-68 Video Games as a Multifaceted Medium: A Review of Quantitative Social Science Research on Video Games and a Typology of Video Game Research Approaches James D. Ivory Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.A [email protected] Highlights • Much quantitative social science research has explored video games’ social impact using widely varied methods and approaches. • As light is sometimes studied as a wave and sometimes as a particle, video game research has used many perspectives. • It is difficult to compare some game research because studies often examine one social dimension of games while ignoring others. • Researchers exploring different video game dimensions are sometimes like the Indian parable of the blind men and the elephant. • A typology of social science research approaches to video games will aid comparison, synthesis, and expansion of research. • This review of video game research approaches identifies four distinct perspectives used in much video game research. • The “video games as stimulus” perspective includes research focused on effects of game content and features on users. • The “video games as avocation” perspective includes research focused on users of video games and their commitment to the medium. • The “video games as skill” perspective includes research focused on video games as a tool for devel- oping skills and abilities. • The “video games as social environment” perspective includes research focused on social interaction between game users. Suggested citation: Ivory, J. D. (2013). Video Games as a Multifaceted Medium: A Review of Quantitative Social Science Research on Video Games and a Typology of Video Game Research Approaches. Review of Communication Research, 1(1), 31-68. Key words: Video Games; Media Effects; Violent Video Games; Video Game Characters; Video Game Addiction; Exergames; Active Video Games; Online Games; Virtual Environments Editor: Giorgio P. De Marchis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Received: Aug.6th, 2012 Accepted: Dec. 30th, 2012 Published: Jan. 2013 James D. Ivory Abstract Although there is a vast and useful body of quantitative social science research dealing with the social role and impact of video games, it is difficult to compare studies dealing with various dimensions of video games because they are informed by different perspectives and assumptions, employ different methodologies, and address different problems. Studies focusing on different social dimensions of video games can produce varied findings about games’ social function that are often difficult to rec- oncile—or even contradictory. Research is also often categorized by topic area, rendering a compre- hensive view of video games’ social role across topic areas difficult. This interpretive review presents a novel typology of four identified approaches that categorize much of the quantitative social science video game research conducted to date: “video games as stimulus,” “video games as avocation,” “video games as skill,” and “video games as social environment.” This typology is useful because it provides an organizational structure within which the large and growing number of studies on video games can be categorized, guiding comparisons between studies on different research topics and aid- ing a more comprehensive understanding of video games’ social role. Categorizing the different ap- proaches to video game research provides a useful heuristic for those critiquing and expanding that research, as well as an understandable entry point for scholars new to video game research. Further, and perhaps more importantly, the typology indicates when topics should be explored using different approaches than usual to shed new light on the topic areas. Lastly, the typology exposes the concep- tual disconnects between the different approaches to video game research, allowing researchers to consider new ways to bridge gaps between the different approaches’ strengths and limitations with novel methods. Content Introduction ...............................................................................................33 Figure 1. Conceptual Model of Social Dimensions of Video Games Examined by Different Video Game Research Approaches. .....................................................36 Table 1. Overview of Quantitative Social Science Video Game Research Approa- ches. ...............................................................................................................37 Video Games as Stimulus .........................................................................35 Definition and Characteristics ...........................................................................35 Examples .........................................................................................................38 Violence. ......................................................................................................38 Portrayals of gender, race, and age. ................................................................40 Advertising and product placement. ...............................................................42 Technological advancement. ..........................................................................42 Game controls. ............................................................................................43 Trends in Popularity over Time .........................................................................44 Advantages and Limitations .............................................................................44 Video Games as Avocation ......................................................................45 Definition and Characteristics ...........................................................................45 Examples .........................................................................................................45 Video game use. ...........................................................................................45 Problematic use and “addiction.” ..................................................................47 Trends in Popularity over Time .........................................................................48 Advantages and Limitations ..............................................................................49 www.rcommunicationr.org 32 Video Games as a Multifaceted Medium: Review and Typology Video Games as SKill .................................................................................49 Definition and Characteristics ...........................................................................49 Examples .........................................................................................................49 Perception, cognition, and motor skills. ..........................................................49 Physical activity. ...........................................................................................50 Trends in Popularity over Time .........................................................................51 Advantages and Limitations ..............................................................................51 Video Games as Social Environment ..................................................52 Definition and Characteristics ...........................................................................52 Examples .........................................................................................................52 Social interaction and relationships. ...............................................................52 Online behavioral observation. ......................................................................53 Trends in Popularity over Time .........................................................................54 Advantages and Limitations ..............................................................................54 ApplYing THE TYpologY WHen Critiquing and Conducting Rese- arcH.................................................................................................................54 Conclusions .................................................................................................56 References ...................................................................................................57 CopYrigHts and Repositories ................................................................68
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