A Line of Smiths

The Ancestors of Dick Smith A Line of Smiths

The Ancestors of Dick Smith

Cora Num 1999 First published 1999

All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the copyright holder

ISBN O9585235 2 5

Published by Cora Num 17 Pendred Street Pearce ACT 2607 AUSTRALIA e-mail [email protected] Web site at http://www.pcug.org.au/--dnum

Cover Illustration: Charles Henry Hector Smith and Alma Gudgeon 18 December 1912 Table of Contents

Introduction

Chart 1 - Smith Line

Elizabeth Connor (c1762-c1808) 1

Michael Connor {c1747-1829) 5

Roger Connor {c1778-1851) 13

John Cook (1796-1862) and Martha Vagg (1816-1873) 19

Christopher W Gudgeon ( 1859-1924) and Mary J Whittaker ( 1860-1932) 27

Henry Gudgeon (1832-1922) and Sarah Porter (1834-1905) 29

Richard Norris (1778-1843) 35

Thomas Norris ( 1805-1890) and Elizabeth S Connor ( 1811-1876) 47

Henry Power (1820-1904) and Elizabeth M Norris (1827-1891) 53

Elizabeth Ryan (1782-1836) 57

John Ryan (c1767- ?) 61

Charles Smith (1835-1897) and Mary E Cook (1841-1915) 71

Charles H H Smith (1883-1933) and Alma Gudgeon (1891-1941) 79

Herbert Stanley Smith (1916-1998) 85

William C Smith (1860-1933) and Florence Power (1861-1926) 93

John Whittaker (1825-1908) and Eliza Bradley (1824-1902) 97

Mary Williams (1788-1863) 101

Sarah Woolley {c1TT0-1809) 109

Bibliography 115

Index 121

Chart 2 - Cazneaux Line Introduction

My uncle, or my father's brother, Mr Dudley Smith commenced researching the Smith family history in 1980. He did an extremely thorough job spending many hours in libraries and archives including the libraries of the Society of Australian Genealogists, the Heraldry & Genealogy Society of Canberra, the National Library of Australia and St Mary's Archives, Sydney. He was also corresponded with, but never met, many distant relatives who generously shared their family information with him. My uncle extends his grateful thanks to these relatives for their assistance over the years.

He was kind enough to give me a copy of his research and I then engaged Don Mountain to do preliminary work formatting his research into a book. Don suggested that the research could be extended and it was sent to professional genealogist Cora Num who researched and documented our family history in Australia through this collection of biographies and family charts.

The in-depth research takes my forebears back to First Fleeter convict John Ryan and to eight other direct ancestors, male and female, who were transported to Australia. My First Fleet ancestor, John Ryan, was seventeen years of age when he was sentenced to seven years transportation for stealing a woollen coat and hat, valued at thirteen shillings.

I am delighted to have been involved in the completion of this project.

Dick Smith June 1999

Transportation as a reformatory system failed but as a means ofmaking men outwardly honest, ofconverting vagabonds most useless in one country, into active citizens ofanother, and thus giving birth to a new and splendid country, it has succeeded to a degree unparalleled in history. Charles Darwin Chart 1 A Line of Smiths

The following biographies of the ancestors of Dick Smith are arranged alphabetically Elizabeth Connor (c1762-c1808) Elizabeth Connor, wife of Michael Connor (qv), arrived in Sydney on 28 June 1790 with the Second Fleet aboard the ship Neptune. Nothing is known about her background, date of birth,1 place of birth, or maiden name. The Smith family oral tradition relates that Elizabeth was Spanish and that her son Roger (qv) was born on Gibraltar. There was another son named James Connor.2

Elizabeth accompanied her husband Michael to the colony. He was convicted at the Old Bailey, London of stealing an iron bar in April 1788 and sentenced to seven years transportation. A month later while awaiting transportation he escaped from Newgate Gaol by slipping out the gates when they were opened for visitors to leave. This followed several visits from Elizabeth who was experiencing great distress and hardship trying to look after herself and their three small children following Michael's imprisonment. Michael was recaptured two months later in Bainbridge Street, St Giles where he was employed shovelling mortar. He was tried with being found at large and sentenced to death. Fortunately this was reprieved a year later to transportation for life.3 He sailed with the Second Fleet aboard the ship Scarborough II.

When Michael's sentence of death was reprieved Elizabeth was destitute, facing the prospect of being left alone in England with three young children. Under these circumstances she was fortunate to be offered the opportunity to accompany her husband to New South Wales when the Secretary of State advised the naval agent that there was space available on the Neptune for up to forty more women. The male convicts were told that they could bring their wives on the voyage and that they would be supported by the Government on the same basis as the female convicts. If insufficient wives availed themselves ofth e offer de-facto wives would be accepted. Only six wives and thirteen children sailed with the Fleet, Elizabeth Connor one of them. It is not known if all three of her children embarked, only son Roger Connor is recorded in the colony.4

On board the Neptune Elizabeth was housed with the convict women in a section ofth e upper deck. Rations consisted of flour, bread, pork, salt beef, pease, butter, rice and soap. The women were organised into mess groups of six and each mess received a weekly ration of a quarter a pound of tea and three pounds of brown sugar. They were supplied with unfashionable but functional clothing which consisted of a striped jacket, a striped petticoat, a pair of stays, a hat, two flannel petticoats, two shifts, two handkerchiefs, two pairs ofstockings, shoes and a bag. 5

Elizabeth and her son Roger's fellow passenger aboard the Neptune was convict Sarah Woolley (qv) who became Roger's mother in law when he married her daughter Elizabeth Ryan (qv) in 1810. See Sarah's biography for detailed information on the voyage of th e Neptune.

The Second Fleet was known as The Death Fleet because ofth e high mortality rate suffered by the convicts (26% compared with 2.8% for the First Fleet). Nearly 40% of those landed from the Second Fleet were dead within eight months of arrival. The convicts suffered cruelty and mistreatment due to government cost cutting measures, official carelessness and private greed.

1 Age estimate based on Elizabeth being sixteen years of age when Roger was born cl 778 and being forty two when Margaret was born in 1804. 2 Descendant Dud Smith's research. Efforts to document this have failed. It is possible that her husband Michael served with the British Army during the American War of Independence possibly at the siege of Gibraltar (1779-1783) when Spain became involved because of their American colonial possessions. 3 Old Bailey Proceedings, part one, reel 17, pp 361-362, 668-669, 980. 4 FLYNN Michael C, The Second Fleet, p 31. Ibid p 34. 1 Inappropriate and insufficient rations led to disease and death. The Neptune's male convicts in particular suffered gross inhumanity at the hands of the captain Donald Trail, a former slave ship captain who has been described as a demented sadist. Elizabeth, Michael and Roger were lucky to survive the harrowing voyage and it is likely, though unrecorded, that two of their young children did not survive the voyage to the colony.

On landing at Sydney Cove the convicts who did not require hospitalisation were billeted among the First Fleeters who had established huts or houses or were sent to the new settlement at Rose Hill (renamed Parrarnatta) where huts that housed four or more convicts had been constructed. It is not known if the Connors were initially housed as a family or if Michael was kept with the other convicts.

Michael and Elizabeth bad at least four children born in the colony, George Connor (1794), Charles Connor (1797), Michael Connor (1801) and Margaret Connor (1804). There may have been others who died in infancy or early childhood. An infant Mary Connor was buried at St John's Church of England, Parrarnatta on 11 April 1792. 7 Her parents are not documented.

Very little is known about their life in the colony up until 1797 when Michael received a conditional pardon. Life for Elizabeth and Michael changed after April 1798 when Michael was granted eighty acres ofland in the Eastern Farms district at Kissing Point (now Meadowbank).8 By 1800 Elizabeth and Michael bad established a productive farm with thirty five pigs, seven sheep, two goats and twelve acres of wheat and twelve acres of maize sown. Michael was listed off government stores with one woman and one child on stores.9

On 25 November 1800 both Michael and Roger enlisted in the New South Wales Corps at Sydney. Michael served as a private and was discharged on 25 April 1803. 10 11 Michael had previous military service prior to his conviction in 1788. It is assumed that they were motivated to join the Corps because of generous land grants that were given to discharged officers and rank and file. During Michael's service Elizabeth and the younger children would have managed the farm, though Michael served in Sydney and would have spent some time at home. The family continued to prosper and by 1806 they owned 265 acres of land and fully supported themselves, four children and two convict workers.

Elizabeth Connor is recorded on Marsden's Female Muster of 1806 as married in England with three male and one female legitimate children. This muster, instigated by the Reverend Samuel Marsden, was designed to document the immorality of the population by recording the numbers of concubines and illegitimate children.12 No further entries exist for Elizabeth Connor in the colonial records. It is assumed that she died sometime between 1806 and 1811 with no record of her death or burial surviving. Her husband Michael remarried in 1811.

6 FLYNN Michael C, The Second Fleet, p 46. 7 AONSW, Burial Register, 1792, no 672, volume 2A, reel 5001. 8 RYAN RJ, Land Grants 1788-1809, p 117. 9 BAXTER Carol J, Musters and Lists New South Wales and Noifolk Island, 1800-1802, p 4. 10 PRO WO/25, piece 1342, AJCP reel 1302. Discharge date given as 25 April 1803. 11 ST ATHAM Pamela, A Colonial Regiment, p 266. Discharge date given as 25 March 1803. 12 BAXTER Carol J, Musters ofNew South Wales and Noifolk Island, 1805-1806, p 154. 2 Wife: Elizabeth Connor (MNU)

Birth: About 1762 Place: Spain? Death: 1806/1811 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: ...... Father: ...... Mother: ...... Other Spouses ......

Marriage: About 1777 Place: England

Husband: Michael Connor

Birth: About 1747 Place: Ireland? Death: Dec 1829 Place: Hobart, TAS, AUS Burial: 22 Dec 1829 Place: Hobart, TAS, AUS Father: ...... Mother: ...... Other Spouses Harriet Parker

Children ...

1. M Child: Roger Connor Birth: About 1TT8 Place: England Death: Sep 1851 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Burial: 1 Oct 1851 Place: St Matthews, Windsor, NSW, AUS Spouse: Elizabeth Ryan Marriage: 9 Jan 1810 Place: St Phillip's Sydney, NSW, AUS

2. M Child: George Connor Birth: 22 Sep 1794 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ......

3. M Child: Charles Connor Birth: 11 Apr 1797 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ......

4. M Child: Michael Connor Birth: 14 Sep 1801 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Death: 14 Aug 1853 Place: Hobart, TAS, AUS Burial: Place: ......

5. F Child: Margaret Connor Birth: 3 Mar 1804 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ......

3 Newgate Gaol c178013

13 BABINGTON Anthony, The English Bastille: A History of Newgate Gaol and Prison Conditions in Britain. 4 Michael Connor (c1747-1829) Michael Connor arrived in Sydney Cove with the Second Fleet aboard the transport Scarborough II on 28 Jun 1790. 14 He was sentenced to seven years transportation at the Old Bailey, London for the theft of an iron bar from a stable.

Michael was indicted for stealing, on 16 March 1788, one iron bar, weight twenty four pounds, value ten shillings, the property of John Edwin. He was tried at the fourth session of the Old Bailey on 2 April 1788 before Mr Justice Ashurst. During the trial a witness, named Alverton, who lived opposite John Edwin's stables in Crompton Street, Soho stated that he saw Michael using a crow bar to pry several iron bars loose from the stables. When he went across the street and challenged him a scuffle broke out. Michael dropped the iron bar, the crow bar, his hat and ran off. He was apprehended on the corner of Bloomsbury Square by John Smith who took him back to the stables where they found Alverton with five iron bars and Michael's hat. Michael was then taken to the Justice and committed.

In court Michael said in his defence, I heard the cry of stop thief, I ran as the rest and the Watchman took hold of me. I was taken a nonplus. Michael was found guilty and sentenced to transportation for seven years.15

He was held in the crowded cells ofNewgate Gaol while awaiting transportation. On 3 May 1788 he escaped from gaol by slipping out the gates when they were opened for visitors to leave. This followed several visits from his wife Elizabeth Connor ( qv) who was experiencing great distress and hardship trying to look after herself and their three small children following Michael's imprisonment. Michael was at large for two months. He was eventually arrested on 10 July in Bainbridge Street, St Giles where he was in a backyard shovelling mortar into a barrow.

On the 10 September 1788 he appeared before the Old Bailey, London Sessions charged with feloniously returning from transportation and being found at large on the 10th July. He told the court, Gentlemen I am guilty; when I found the gates open, I walked out of the gates; I saw nobody to hinder me or to stop me; I went at my liberty, I have three small children and a wife; they have no support; I had served my King and Country abroad during the time of war; and I thought it very hard to be kept here. 16

During the trial Michael stated in his defence My Lord, I have a wife and three small children; my wife came to me several times, and said her children and she were very much distressed; as I was in confinement, knowing that they were in this distress, I found the opportunity of walking out of the gate, when I saw the rest of the strangers going out; and I walked out along with them; I have no witnesses; they all told me I was to be tried the last day of trying; I will fetch them tomorrow; I will bring my master who I have worked for these four years.17 Michael was not offered this opportunity but was found guilty of the charge and sentenced to death.

14 AONSW, Bound Indents 1788-1835, fiche 621, p 58. 15 Old Bailey Proceedings, part one, reel 17, pp 361-362. 16 Descendant Dud Smith's research recalls the family oral tradition that son Roger was born in Gibraltar to a Spanish mother. Efforts to document this have failed but it is possible that Michael served with the British Army during the American War of Independence possibly at the siege of Gibraltar (1779-1783) when Spain became involved because of their American colonial possessions. The only Regiment serving in Gibraltar at the time ( 1775-1782) that was recruited from Middlesex was the 39th Dorsetshire Regiment, known as Sankey's Horse. (Kitzmiller p 525).

17 Old Bailey Proceedings, part one, reel 17, pp 668-669.

5 Twelve months later, on 28 October 1789, this verdict was reprieved to transportation for life.18 On 1O November 1789 Michael was delivered to the Second Fleet ship Scarborough II bound for Sydney Cove.

The Second Fleet comprised of six ships, the Royal Navy store ship HMS Guardian, four privately chartered transports Lady Juliana, Neptune, Scarborough II, Surprize and the store ship Justinian. 19 This was the second voyage for the transport Scarborough II to the new colony. The 418 ton vessel built in 1782 at Scarborough had sailed with the First Fleet in 1788 when she was also commanded by John Marshall.20 The male convicts aboard were issued with an outside jacket, a waistcoat, hat and worsted cap, two shirts and two pairs of stockings, drawers, trousers and shoes as well as a bag .

Michael's wife, Elizabeth Connor, and children were allowed to sail to New South Wales aboard the Neptune. It is believed that two of the children died during the voyage as only one child Roger Connor (qv) has been identified as growing to maturity in the colony. Elizabeth was facing destitution and was fortunate to be offered the opportunity to accompany her husband to New South Wales.

On 28 April 1790 the Fleet entered the heads and anchored the following day in Sydney Cove after sixty one days at sea. The landing of the convicts at Sydney was described as truly affecting and horrifying. The Second Fleet has since been labelled the Death Fleet. The high mortality rate (26% of the convicts died) resulted from cruelty, abuse and mistreatment. The convicts' rations aboard the Scarborough II were not deliberately withheld as on some of the other transports but they were closely confined due to reports of a planned mutiny. Seventy three of the 259 convicts (28%) who embarked on the Scarborough II died and another ninety six were landed sick suffering from scurvy, dysentery and infectious fever. Those who were not ill were lean, emaciated, filthy, dressed in rags and covered with lice. The hospital quickly filled and the only other accommodation available was tents and that first night of mid winter temperatures was spent with only grass for bedding because the blankets had yet to be unloaded.22

On landing at Sydney Cove the convicts who did not require hospitalisation were billeted among the First Fleeters who had established huts or houses or were sent to the new settlement at Rose Hill (renamed Parramatta) where huts that housed four or more convicts had been constructed. It is not known if the Connors were initially housed as a family or if Michael was kept with the other

18 Old Bailey Proceedings, part one, reel 17, p 980. 19 FLYNN Michael C, The Second Fleet, p l. 20 GILLEN Mollie, Founders ofAustralia, p 430. 21 BATESON Charles, The Convict Ships 1787-1868, pp 126-131. 22 FLYNN Michael C, The Second Fleet, pp 44, 46, 50. 6 .r.,ar Jd.so· ,1,,i s .I, Ml.i's. E

Extract from the Plan of the Settlements in New South Wales 1796 23

Historical Records ofNew South Wales, Volume III, Hunter 1796-1799. 7 prisoners. The convicts were put to work on fanns, building houses, felling trees and clearing land. It was hard physical labour as there were no bullocks, horses or asses in the colony at this time.24

Michael and Eliz.abeth had at least four children born in the colony George Connor (1794), Charles Connor (1797), Michael Connor (1801) and Margaret Connor (1804). There may have been others who died in infancy or early childhood.

Those convicts who worked hard and behaved themselves were given pardons and land grants. Michael Connor was granted a conditional pardon on 15 November 179 7. 25 A conditional pardon freed a convict of his sentence on condition he did not return to Britain. On 6 April 1798 he was granted eighty acres of land in the Eastern Fanns, Kissing Point district on a site bounded by modem Bowden, Mount, Clarke and McPherson Streets, Meadowbank. 26 27

Michael, Eliz.abeth and Roger worked hard using primitive and labour intensive methods to establish their farm. The ground was hoed and the seed scattered by hand. By 1800 the farm was productive with twenty four acres of wheat and maize sown and stock consisting of thirty five pigs, seven sheep, two goats and one cow.28

In January 1800 Michael purchased a one hundred and twenty acre property from the chaplain for the colony, Reverend Richard Johnson The farm, known as Porteous Mount, was situated in the Field of Mars district on the site of the modem Ryde District Hospital, Denistone Road, Eastwood. In January 1803 Michael sold his original, Kissing Point, farm to William Kent.29

On 25 November 1800 Michael, then aged about fifty three years, and his twenty two year old son Roger enlisted in the New South Wales Corps at Sydney. Michael served as a private and remained in the Sydney area during his service. He is recorded on the Kissing Point district register of arms, taken on 10 April 1802, as owning one pistol.30 He was discharged from the Corps on 25 April 1803 following Lord Hobart's advice to Governor King in August 1802 to reduce the strength of the New South Wales Corps.31 32 The discharged men were allowed to become settlers with the same privileges granted to the marines ie, non-commissioned officers granted one hundred and fifty acres of land, if married with an additional ten acres for each child or one hundred and thirty acres if single. Privates were allowed one hundred acres if married with an additional ten acres for each child or eighty acres if single. It is assumed the Connors were motivated to join the Corps because of the 33 generous land grants given to discharged officers and rank and file. On 11 August 1804 Michael was granted an additional one hundred and forty acres in the Kissing Point area, on a site bounded by modem Epping, Blenheim, Wicks and Coxs Roads, North Ryde.34 This grant indicating he was a married man with four children.

24 FLYNN Michael C, The Second Fleet, p 95. 25 AONSW, Registers ofConditional Pardons 1791-1825, fiche 820. 26 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers, 1788-1825: Land Registered, fiche 3267, 9/2731, p 100. 27 FLYNN Michael C, The Second Fleet, p 216. 28 BAXTER Carol J, Musters and Lists New South Wales and No,folk Island, 1800-1802, p 4. 29 FLYNN Michael C, The Second Fleet, p 216. 30 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers, 1788-1825: Register ofAnns, reel 6041, 4/1719, p 89. 31 PRO WO/25, piece 1342, AJCP reel 1302. Discharge date given as 25 April 1803. 32 STATHAM Pamela, A Colonial Regiment, p 266. Discharge date given as 25 Mar 1803. 33 HRNSW Vol IV, pp 832-833. 34 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers, 1788-1825: Land Registered, fiche 3268, 9/2731, p 150. 8 St Phillip's Church Sydney35 The building was commenced in July 1793 and was consecrated on 25 December 1810

35 MACLEHOSE James, Picture of Sydney and Strangers' Guide in New South Wales for 1839. 9 In April 1805 the Sydney Gazette reported Michael Connor, a settler at Kissing Point, had lately the misfortune to lose a fine cow, which died while calving; a circumstance to be regretted, as well from diminution of so valuable a stock, as from the immediate prejudice occasioned by the weighty loss to the circumstances of a large but infant family.36

By 1806 Michael was prospering. He supported his wife, four children and two convict workers, including Patrick Kennar (Tellicherry 1806). He held a total of two hundred and sixty five acres of land by grant, lease, or purchase with forty five acres planted in wheat, barley, maize and vegetables. He owned a horse, seven cattle, forty sheep, two goats, forty pigs and held thirty bushels of grain in store.37

In November 1811 Michael placed a notice in the Sydney Gazette offering a reward of £3 for the return of a three year old bay mare which was lost, stolen or strayed from Lane Cove four months ago. He described himself as a resident of the Field of Mars.38

Sometime between 1806 and 1811 Michael's wife Elizabeth's entries in the colonial records cease. It is assumed that she died with no record of her death or burial surviving.

On 22 December 1811 Michael, then aged about sixty four, re-married. His bride was sixteen year old convict Harriet Parker. They were married at St Phillip's Church, Sydney by the Reverend Samuel Marsden Both were residents of Kissing Point.39 Harriet arrived in the colony on the transport Canada II on 8 September 1810. Michael's colonial born children would have been seventeen, fourteen, ten and seven years of age. By 1814 the couple were living apart with Harriet recorded as living in Sydney with two children and Michael living at Parramatta.40 There are no birth records for any children of the couple and it is possible that Michael's two younger children from his first marriage were those living with Harriet. In 1822 Harriet was living in Sydney and Michael in Windsor. By 1828 Harriet was housekeeper 41 to George Atherdon of Cumberland Street, Sydney. Michael was resident at Parramatta.

By 1812 Michael's good fortune and prosperity began to decline as evidenced by an advertisement appearing in the Sydney Gazette in December 1812 offering his effects for sale by execution. He may have lost his land as early as 1809 when he assigned his one hundred and forty acre farm to James Chisholm for £85. He still held the Porteous Mount property in June 1816, when he transferred it to his son Roger.42 By 4 May 1820 Michael was employed as a town constable at Windsor.43 44

It was during this time that Michael demonstrated an uncanny ability to petition Governors and obtain positive results, a remarkable achievement considering he was illiterate. The first memorial on record is dated 21 August 1821. This was sent to Governor Macquarie reminding him that: Some time back your Excellency promised me a farm at Windsor Muster and now most humbly begs your Excellency will grant me a small farm ofland before you will leave the Country to help me to get me a living or otherwise put me in some situation. On your Excellency['s] arrival in the country I 36 Sydney Gazette, 21 Apr 1805, p 2. 37 BAXTER Carol J, Musters ofNew South Wales and Norfolk Island, 1805-1806, pp 140-141. 38 Sydney Gazette, 16 Nov 1811, p 2. 39 AONSW, Marriage Register, 1811, no 247, volume 5, reel 5002. 40 BAXTER Carol J, General Musters - 1811, pp 59 and 155. 41 SAINTY Malcolm & JOHNSON Keith, Census ofNew South Wales 1828, pp 99 and 295. 42 BAXTER Carol J, General Muster - 1822, p I 03. 43 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers, 1788-1825: List ofTown Constables, reel 6049, 4/1744, p 321. 44 Sydney Gazette, 20 May 1820, p l. 10 was in good circumstances but [have] been unfortunate that it slipt through my hands. I would be thankful to your Honour to leave me in some situation to gain me a living for I am an aged man or otherwise grant me a farm of land before your Excellency will leave the Country. I will in duty ever pray. Signed Michael Connor, Constable Windsor. 45

Macquarie not only granted him fifty acres of land at Windsor on 22 September 1821 but also 46 employed him as a constable at Government House, Windsor. The new Governor, Thomas Brisbane, moved him to Government House, Parramatta. The December 1823 pay lists of constables in the Parramatta district lists Michael as having no dependants and earning 6/8 per week.47

During the time Michael served as a constable at Government House Parramatta he sent a memorial, dated 1 i' May 1824, to Governor Thomas Brisbane requesting confirmation of the fifty acre land grant promised to him by Governor Macquarie. He also mentioned that any addition to the above which your Excellency may think Memorialist worthy of will be most gratefully received. Brisbane's notation on the memorial reads To receive one hundred acres of land in all.48 Once again his memorial was successful for on 15 July 1824 he was granted one hundred acres at South Colah. This land was sold in October 1828.49 50

Michael's duties at Government House Parramatta included those of principal messenger to Governor Brisbane, a position he held until Brisbane was replaced by Governor Darling on 17 December 1825. The new Governor retained Michael, then aged about seventy eight years, as the porter at the gate of the Government Domain at Parramatta.51 The 1828 census describes Michael (O'Connor) as aged eighty one, a Catholic, employed as a gatekeeper at the Government 52 Domain, Parramatta.

In late 1828 Governor Darling granted Michael permission to move to Van Diemen's Land to be with his son Michael and daughter Margaret who were living there. He left Sydney on 28 January 1829 aboard the ship Royal George which was bound for Bombay via Hobart Town arriving there on 10 February 1829.53 Prior to his departure Governor Darling granted him a 54 pension of one shilling per day for life in recognition of his long years of service. One could assume he was contemplating retirement? But no, on 11 May 1829 he petitioned Lieutenant Governor Arthur for a situation, stating that the pension of a shilling a day for life was not sufficient for his support. He gave his address as Elizabeth Street, Hobart near the Ship Inn and stated he was eighty three years of age. This prompted someone in the office of the Lieutenant Governor or his Secretary to add a quote from Shakespeare's 'As You Like It': At seventeen years many their fortune seek, but at fourscore, it is too late a week. On 13 May the following notation was added: J really have not an idea of any situation in this colony suited for a man of 83 years of age and it would be a proper precaution to write to ------in order to obtain more particular information of his character, but, supposing it to be good, anything that can be devised for him I

45 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers, 1788-1825: Memorial, fiche 3035, 4/1826, no 27. 46 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers, 1788-1825: Land Grants, AONSW fiche 3266, 9/2652, pp 67 and 71. 47 Ibid, Pay Lists of Constables -Parramatta District, reel 6030, 4/7017B, pp 13-324. 48 Ibid, Memorial, fiche 3083, 4/1836B, no 216. 49 Ibid, Lands granted by Sir Thomas Brisbane, fiche 3269, 9/2740, p 6. 50 FLYNN Michael C, The Second Fleet, p 216. SI Archives Office of Tasmania, Colonial Secretary's Office Records, Memorial dated 11 May 1829, no 8510. 52 SAINTY Malcolm & JOHNSON Keith, Census ofNew South Wales 1828, p 289. 53 Sydney Gazette, 27 Jan 1829, p 2. Shipping infonnation only no passengers listed. 54 Archives Office of Tasmania, Colonial Secretary's Office Records, Memorial dated 11 May 1829, no 8510. 11 shall approve. 55 Once again Michael received a positive response to his petition but the ensuing outcome is unknown for Michael died seven months later in Hobart Town and was buried there on 22 December 1829. His burial record describes him as a settler aged eighty five years. 56

Husband: Michael Connor

Birth: About 1747 Place: Ireland? Death: Dec 1829 Place: Hobart, TAS, AUS Burial: 22 Dec 1829 Place : Hobart, TAS, AUS Father: ...... Mother: ...... Other Spouses Harriet Parker

Marriage: About 1777 Place: England

Wife: Elizabeth Connor (MNU)

Birth: About 1762 Place: Spain? Death: 1806/1811 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Burial: Place: ...... Father: Mother:

Children ...

1. M Child: Roger Connor Birth: About 1TT8 Place: Gibraltar? Death: Sep 1851 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Burial: 1 Oct 1851 Place: St Matthews, Windsor, NSW, AUS Spouse: Elizabeth Ryan Marriage: 9 Jan 1810 Place: St Phillip's Sydney, NSW, AUS

2. M Child: George Connor Birth: 22 Sep 1794 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ......

3. M Child: Charles Connor Birth: 11 Apr 1797 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ......

4. M Child: Michael Connor Birth: 14 Sep 1801 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Death: 14 Aug 1853 Place: Hobart, TA$, AUS Burial: Place: ......

5. F Child: Margaret Connor Birth: 3 Mar 1804 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ......

55 Ibid 56 AOTAS, Burials in the Parish ofHobart Town 1829, RGD 34, no 2029, NLA reel 148. 12 Roger Connor (c1778-1851) It is not known where Roger Connor was born in about 1778. The Smith family oral tradition relates that his mother Elizabeth Connor (qv) was Spanish and that Roger was born on Gibraltar and he had a brother named James Connor. 57

Roger Connor, son of Michael and Elizabeth Connor (qqv), arrived in Sydney Cove on 28 June 1790 with the Second Fleet aboard the ship Neptune. He was about eleven years old and one of thirteen convicts' children aboard the Second Fleet. His father, convicted of stealing an iron bar and sentenced to seven years transportation, had escaped from Newgate Goal in May 1788 while awaiting transportation. He did this because he was concerned that his wife Elizabeth and his three young children were experiencing great distress and hardship as a result of his imprisonment. When he was recaptured two months later he was tried and sentenced to death. This was reprieved a year later to transportation for life. 58 He sailed with the Second Fleet aboard the Scarborough ll.

Roger and his mother were offered the opportunity to sail with the Second Fleet when the naval agent was advised there was space available on the Neptune for up to forty more women. The male convicts were told that they could bring their wives on the voyage and they would be supported by the Government on the same basis as the female convicts. Given her circumstances Roger's mother was one of six convicts' wives who accepted the offer and sailed with the Fleet bound for New South Wales. It is not known if all three children embarked, only Roger is recorded in the colony. Given the high mortality rate for the Fleet it is probable that Roger's siblings did not survive the voyage.

The Second Fleet was labelled the Death Fleet. The high mortality rate (26%) was the result of cruelty, abuse and mistreatment due to government cost cutting measures, official carelessness and private greed. Inappropriate and insufficient rations led to disease and death. Nearly 40% of those landed from the Second Fleet were dead within eight months of arrival. The Neptune's male convicts in particular suffered gross inhumanity at the hands of the captain Donald Trail, a former slave ship captain who has been described as a demented sadist. 59 One can only image the impact that the voyage aboard the Neptune had on a young impressionable lad. Under their circumstances Roger's mother would not have been able to shield him from the cruelty, misery, death and disease experienced on board and the horrifying sights on arrival in Sydney.

Once landed from the ships Roger, his mother and father were either billeted among the First Fleeters who had established huts or houses or were sent to the new settlement at Rose Hill (renamed Parramatta) where huts that housed four or more convicts had been constructed. It is not known if the Connors were initially housed as a family or if Michael was kept with the other convicts.

When Roger's father was granted a conditional pardon in November 1797 life changed for the family and especially after Michael was granted eighty acres of land in the Eastern Farms, Kissing Point district in April 1798. The site today is bounded by Bowden, Mount, Clarke and McPherson Streets.

57 Based on descendant Dud Smith's research notes. Efforts to document this have failed but it is possible that Michael served with the British Army during the American War of Independence possibly at the siege of Gibraltar (I 779-1783) when Spain became involved because of their American colonial possessions. 58 Old Bailey Proceedings, part one, reel 17, pp 361-362, 668-669, 980. 59 Ibid p 46. 13 ... =-=---= = .- . _ . . . . ,..• .-:

Marriage Record for Roger Connor and Elizabeth Ryan 9 January 181060

60 Marriage Register, 1810, no 14, volume 5, AONSW reel 5002 14 at Meadowbank.61 Roger was twenty years of age. He now had two young brothers George Connor (b 1794) and Charles Connor (b 1797).

Roger had an encounter with the law when he was brought before the Bench of Magistrates, on 21 September 1798, charged with violently assaulting Mary Davis, aged eight years, with the intent of ravishing her. The case was remanded until the 28 September and discharged when the charges were found to be unsupported by evidence and the girl's foster mother, Maria Newman, failed to appear.62

Roger and his parents worked hard to establish a productive farm to support the family and by 1800 they had twenty four acres of wheat and maize sown and stock consisting of thirty five pigs, seven sheep, two goats and one cow.63 Roger had another brother, Michael Connor (b 1801) and a sister Margaret Connor (b 1804) by this time.

When the New South Wales Corps began accepting local recruits from the sons of men serving, free settlers or former convicts both Roger and his father joined up in Sydney on 25 November 1800. Roger was aged about twenty years and his father about fifty three years. His father resumed civilian life in 1803 but Roger served for eight years. He was sent to Norfolk Island with the Corps arriving there on 20 November 1802 aboard the colonial schooner Francis. Private Roger Connor is recorded in the Norfolk Island Victualling Book of 1802.64 He remained on Norfolk Island until 22 June 1804 when he departed for Sydney.65 He served another four years with the Corps before finding a substitute and gaining his discharge on 25 April 1808.66 67 Many of those who served were given land grants in recognition of their service and in 1810 Roger petitioned Governor Macquarie advising him that Lieutenant Colonel Paterson had promised him sixty acres of land but this grant had been cancelled by Macquarie's general order in January 1810. He stated petitioner was married in January 1810 to a free woman and wishes to remain in this Colony, Prays that your Excellency will have the goodness to grant him the same indulgence as is given to a free settler. 68 Macquarie confirmed the grant of sixty acres at Minto.

In 1810 Roger married Elizabeth Ryan (qv) the daughter of John Ryan (qv) and Sarah Woolley (qv). John Ryan, a convict had arrived with the First Fleet and Sarah Woolley, a Second Fleet convict aboard the Neptune with Roger and his mother. The young couple were married by licence on 9 January 1810 at 10 am in St Phillip's Church Sydney by William Cowper. The marriage was witnessed by R Fitzgerald and Thomas Taber.69

The young couple settled at Windsor, the area where Elizabeth had grown up. On 1 December 1810 Michael signed an address welcoming Governor Lachlan Macquarie to the Hawkesbury.70

The couple had one child a daughter, Elizabeth Sarah Connor (qv) born at Windsor on 16 October 1811. They also reared Elizabeth's sister Mary Ryan's orphan daughter Mary Jane Pearson who was born at the Hawkesbury on 31 August 1819.

61 FLYNN Michael C, The Second Fleet, p 216. 62 COBLEY John, Sydney Cove 1795-1800, p 351. 63 BAXTER Carol J, Musters and Lists New South Wales and Norfolk Island, 1800-1802, p 4. 64 Ibid p 139. 65 NOBBS Raymond (ed), Norfolk Island, pp 193,217,219. 66 PRO WO/25, piece 1342, AJCP reel 1302. Discharge date given as 25 April 1808. 67 ST ATHAM Pamela, A Colonial Regiment, p 266. Discharge date given as 24 June 1808. 68 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers, 1788-1825: Memorial, fiche 3002, 4/1821, no 70. 69 AONSW, Marriage Register, 1810, no 14, volwne 5, reel 5002. 70 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers, 1788-1825: Signatory to address, reel 6038, SZ758, pp 128-130. 15 Roger is recorded on the 1814 muster as a landholder in the Windsor district, with wife Elizabeth, one child and an assigned convict, Caulfield Wood (Archduke Charles 1813).71 In March 1814 Roger experienced financial difficulties and a number of his pigs and other effects were offered for sale by execution unless creditors' claims were met.72 In May a capital mare, bridle and saddle belonging to Roger were also offered for sale by the Provost Marshall.73

On 18 March 1815 Roger Connor placed an advertisement in the Sydney Gazette cautioning the public against entering into any agreement with William Mason (Elizabeth's stepfather) of Pitt Town in relation to Woolley Farm (named after Elizabeth's mother Sarah Woolley) situated in the district of Pitt Town adjacent to the Lake of Killarney. Roger indicated that he intended to apply to the Court of Civil Jurisdiction to be restored a proportion of the farm which is rightfully that of his wife Elizabeth Ryan.74

In 1817 a series of floods inundated the Hawkesbury settlers and many lost their crops and stock and this resulted in many facing debts and starvation. The situation was so bad that a public appeal was launched to raise money to aid the settlers.75 On 15 March 1817 Mr R Connor recalls his experience of the Hawkesbury flood and describes a native, well known by the name of Branch Jack, who declared to him that he had seen a young man with a blue jacket and white trousers sink under a pile of rubbish and rise no more. Such piles of rubbish, which are frequently driven down with considerable force often accumulate within a very short space of time and are a compound of numerous floating substances, such as masses of corn stalks, weeds and grasses, trunks of trees, posts, pales and whatsoever else the strength of the torrent forces towards the centre of the river, from whence they drive upon some head land where they continue to augment, until the superior height and consequent rapidity of the flood forces them downwards to the sea, together with the stacks of grain; one of which later was met by the ship 'Elizabeth Henrietta' six miles at sea. 76

Sometime after 1816 Roger's father, Michael Connor, transferred his farm known as Porteous Mount to Roger. The one hundred and twenty acre property had been purchased by Michael, in 1800, from the chaplain of the colony Reverend Richard Johnson. It was situated in the Field of Mars district on the site of what is now the Ryde District Hospital, Denistone Road, Eastwood.77

Roger continued living at Wilberforce and he experienced a number of difficulties with the property as evidenced by notices in the Sydney Gazette on 20 December 1817 and 8 January 1820 cautioning against trespassing and making roads through his farm at the Field of Mars. In 1817 a reward of £2 was offered for information so that offenders could be convicted.78 By January 1820 the reward had increased to £10. 79

On 28 June 1820 Roger sent a memorial to Governor Macquarie stating That Petitioner arrived in the Colony in the Transport ship Neptune 1790 with his parents who arrived Free. That some years after he enlisted into the I 02nd Regiment in which he served five years. That having attained his discharge he received a grant of sixty acres of land but having married and having a family he

71 BAXTER Carol J, General Muster-1814, pp 11, 25 and 38. 72 Sydney Gazette, 26 March 1814, pl. 73 Sydney Gazette, 28 May 1814, 2. 74 Sydney Gazette, 18 March 1815, 2. 75 BOWD D G, Macquarie Country,p p 18. 76 Sydney Gazette, 15 Mar 181 7, p 3.p 77 FLYNN Michael C, The Second Fleet, p 216. 78 Sydney Gazette, 20 Dec 1817, 4. 79 Sydney Gazette, 8 Jan 1820, p 4. p 16 presumes to address your Excellency for a further proportion of land which he will improve and cultivate.80 Roger Connor's name appears on a list of settlers to receive grants of land in the year 1821 which was published in Sydney Gazette on 28 April 1821. 81

In 1822 Roger, Elizabeth, two children and two assigned convicts, John Watts (Martha 1818) and Patrick Smith (Baring 1819) were resident on a farm of thirty acres at Wilberforce. All but two acres of the farm was cultivated in wheat, maize, barley, potatoes, an orchard and a garden. Stock consisted of two horses and fifty five hogs. Ten bushels of wheat and two hundred and fifty of maize were held in store. 82

Over the years Roger had an number of convicts assigned to him. The assignment system was instigated by Governor Phillip in 1789 so that the free settlers had a source of labour. Initially the convicts were supplied from stores but as the colony became self sufficient the settlers were responsible for providing food and clothing for their assigned convicts. This served to reduce the cost to the government. These assigned convicts contributed significantly to the early settlements in the rural areas of the new colony. They provided the labour and often the skills to establish buildings, clear the land and form roads. Some settlers treated their convicts better than others. Roger was highly regarded by his convicts and he was happy to recommend them for a Ticket of Leave or mitigation of their sentence as with Patrick Smith (Baring 1819) and John Watts (Martha 83 84 1818). Caulfield Wood who was assigned to him in 1814 made Roger the executor of his will.

In 1825 Roger's circumstances changed and he sought Government assistance. On 29 October 1825 he petitioned the Governor Thomas Brisbane requesting that he and his dependants be victualled from Government stores. He stated that he held a grant of land of sixty acres situated at the Kurrajong granted by his Excellency Governor Macquarie that petitioner has felled the timber of 25 acres and has in cultivation sixteen acres has a wife one child and an assigned Government Servant.85 On 2 November 1825 Frederick Goulbum, the Colonial Secretary, responded by writing to the Deputy Commissary General requesting that Roger Connor, his wife and one child together with the convict John Butler ( Coromandel 1820) be victualled from His Majesty's stores at Windsor for six months. It is unknown what caused this change in the family's situation.

The 1828 census lists Roger as a farmer ofWilberf orce, aged forty nine, living with Elizabeth, aged thirty six, Mary Jane Pearson, an orphan aged eight years, and an assigned convict William Reynolds (Morley 1817). They lived on thirty acres which was fully cultivated. The only stock listed was two cattle.86 Their daughter Elizabeth Sarah Connor, who was married in 1826, is listed as living with her husband Thomas Norris (qv) a farmer of Cornwallis and their infant daughter Elizabeth Norris.87

Roger's wife Elizabeth died on 13 Nov 1836 at Wilberforce aged forty four years. She is buried at St Matthews Windsor in the Roman Catholic Cemetery. Roger died in 1851 and was buried at Windsor on 1 October 1851. His age was given as seventy seven, but he was probably closer to seventy three years.

80 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers, 1788-1825: Memorial, fiche 3016, 4/1823, no 149. 81 Sydney Gazette, 28 Apr 1821, p 1. 82 BAXTER Carol J, General Muster - 1822, pp 103, 499 and 544. 83 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers, 1788-1825, reel 6053, 4/1756 p 104 and fiche 3229, 4/1868, p 37. 84 Ibid, reel 6057, 4/1768, pp 7-7b. 85 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers, 1788-1825, Memorial, fiche 3125, 4/1841A, no 152, p 3. 86 SAINTY Malcolm & JOHNSON Keith, Census ofNew South Wales 1828, pp 100,298,315 and 426. 87 lbid, pp 287 and 434. 17 Husband: Roger Connor

Birth: About 1778 Place: Gibraltar? Death: Sep 1851 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Burial: 1 Oct 1851 Place: St Matthews, Windsor, NSW, AUS Father: Michael Connor(1747-1829) Mother: Elizabeth Connor (MNU) (1762-1806) Other Spouses ......

Marriage: 9 Jan 1810 Place: St Phillip's Sydney, NSW, AUS

Wife: Elizabeth Ryan

Birth: 28 Nov 1792 Place: Queenborough, Norfolk Island Death: 13 Nov 1836 Place: Wilberforce, NSW, AUS Burial: Nov 1836 Place: St Matthews Windsor, NSW, AUS Father: John Ryan (1767-) Mother: Sarah Woolley (1770-1809) Other Spouses ......

Children ...

1. F Child: Elizabeth Sarah Connor Birth: 16 Oct 1811 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Death: 23 Sep 1876 Place: Cullen Bullen, NSW, AUS Burial: 25 Sep 1876 Place: Rydal, NSW, AUS Spouse: Thomas Norris Marriage: 4 Apr 1826 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS

Reared their niece, daughter of John Pearson (1790-1829) and Mary Ryan (1796-1825) F Child: Mary Jane Pearson Birth: 31 Aug 1819 Place: Hawkesbury, NSW, AUS Death: 22 Jun 1892 Place: Apple Tree Flat, Jerrys Plains, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: ...... Spouse: James Frazer Marriage: 11 Sep 1837 Place: Pitt Town, NSW, AUS

18 John Cook (1796-1862) and Martha Vagg (1816-1873) John Cook was born in Chelsea, London about 1796. Nothing is known of his life prior to his transportation to Sydney on the ship Guildford arriving on 15 July 1822.

John Cook was tried at the Old Bailey, London on Saturday 14 December 1821 before William Arabin, Esq. He was indicted with Thomas Nash for stealing, on 3 November 1821, a snuffbox and a pocket book, from Sir Charles Dance. The snuff box and pocket book were valued at one shilling each.

Sir Charles Dance, a Major and Lieutenant Colonel in the 2nd Regiment of Life Guards testified that on the night in question he had been to the Drury Lane Theatre with his cousin. He called for his carriage at the comer of Bow Street and he felt someone touching him. He was then approached by John Burton of the Bow Street patrol who asked if he had lost anything. He felt and realised that his snuff box and pocket book were missing. I knew they were safe a few minutes before. I have never found them.

John Burton of the Bow Street patrol stated that he saw John Cook and Thomas Nash standing at the end of Bow Street near Sir Charles. He saw Cook take hold of Sir Charles's coat tail, lift it up and appear to take something out. He seized both of them and then asked if Sir Charles had lost anything. A third person who Burton assumed was with Cook and Nash got away.

When cross-examined John Burton stated he was not certain that they had taken anything but they appeared to do so. Nash stated he was walking by when Burton seized him. John Cook stated in his defence that there were forty people on the spot. Thomas Nash was found not guilty but John Cook was found guilty and sentenced to transportation for life.88

John Cook embarked on the Guildford, a two deck ship of 521 tons that had been built at Thames in 1810. The Guildford departed London on 7 April 1822 for its fifth voyage to Australia with Magnus Johnson as master and James Mitchell surgeon superintendent. The ninety nine day voyage to Sydney via Teneriffe was made in record time. Magnus Johnson was a prudent and conscientious master who treated the convicts humanely and this is evidenced by the fact that only one of the 190 male prisoners embarked died during the voyage.

The Guildford was a regular visitor to Port Jackson and was one of the best known convict ships. Between 1812 and 1829 she made eight voyages to Sydney as a convict ship bringing over 1500 male prisoners to the colony. Magnus Johnson was master for seven of those voyages.89

When the Guildford arrived in Sydney on 15 July 1822 John Cook is listed on the indent as a twenty six year old baker who had been delivered from Middlesex Gaol on 5 December 1821 with a life sentence. His crime was unlisted. He was described as 5' 5½" tall, with pale complexion, brown hair and grey eyes.90

When John Cook arrived in Sydney in 1822 the population of New South Wales was 29,680.9 1

88 Old Bailey Session Papers Part II, 1793-1834, reel 31, p 74. 89 BATESON Charles, The Convict Ships 1787-1868, pp 231-232, 344-345. 90 AONSW, Bound Indents 1788-1835, fiche 648, p 143. 91 BARKER Anthony, 'When Was That? Chronology ofAustralia from 1788, p 71. 19 On landing in Sydney John was forwarded by water to Parramatta for disposal. He was sent to Emu Plains for distribution.92 The 1822 Muster, taken between the third and thirteenth of September, records John Cook in government employ at Emu Plains. 93 In November 1822 John was sent 94 from Emu Plains to Bathurst.

In 1828 John Cook was an assigned servant to Mr Allan at Goulburn Plains.95 Andrew Allen was one of the first white settlers in the Goulburn area taking up a settlement on the Wollondilly River on the site of the present day Police Academy. His property Strathallan was settled as early as 1825.96 In 1828 he held 10,560 acres of land at Goulburn Plains.97

The conditons of assignment for convicts was described by the Royal Navy surgeon, P Cunningham in 1827: The convict servants are accommodated upon the farms in huts walled around and roofed with bark, or built of split wood and plaster, with thatched roofs. About four of them generally sleep and mess in each hut, drawing their provisions every Saturday and being generally allowed the afternoon of that day where upon to wash their clothes and grind their wheat. Their usual allowance is a peck of wheat, seven pounds of beef, or four and a half of pork; two ounces of tea; two ounces of tobacco; and a pound of sugar, weekly; the majority of settlers permitting them to raise vegetables in little gardens allotted for their use or supplying them occasionally from their own gardens. Wages are only allowed at the option of the master but you are obliged to supply them with two full suits of clothes annually and to furnish a bed tick (to be stuffed with grass) and a blanket, to each person, besides a tin-pot and knife; also an iron pot and frying pan to each mess. The tea, sugar and tobacco are considered bonuses for good conduct, and withheld in default there of To get work done, you must feed well. The convict servants commence labour at sunrise and leave off at sunset being allowed an hour for breakfast and an hour or more for dinner.98

The assigned convicts contributed significantly to the early settlements in the rural areas of the new colony. They provided the labour and often the skills to establish buildings, clear the land and form station roads. On 2 May 1831 John Cook was granted a ticket of leave in pursuance of the Government order of I January 1829 for bringing to conviction four prisoners guilty of theft. The document states that John was allowed to remain in the district of Evan.99 Evan was one of the original districts in County Cumberland and is bounded on the south by the Bringelly district and on the east by the South creek to the Richmond River.100 In 1837 John Cook is recorded as residing in the Penrith district of New South Wales. 101

John received his conditional pardon on 20 November 1839. Following receipt of this pardon his ticket of leave was torn up on 16 February 1840.102 A conditional pardon freed a convict of his sentence on condition he did not return to Britain.

92 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers 1788-1825, List ofl04 male convicts landed, reel 6009, pp 74 and 76. 93 BAXTER Carol J, General Muster - 1822, p 105. 94 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers 1788-1825, Return of convicts 1-30 Nov 1822, reel 6028, p 125. 95 SAINTY Malcohn & JOHNSON Keith, Census ofN ew South Wales 1828, p 100. 96 TAZWELL Stephen J, Grand Gou/burn: First Inland City ofAustralia -A Random History, pp 2 and 4. 97 SAINTY Malcohn & JOHNSON Keith, Census ofNew South Wales 1828, p 424. 98 CUNNINGHAM P, Two Years in New South Wales, pl86. 99 AONSW, Ticket ofLeave Butts 1827-67, no 31/160, reel 915. 100 WELLS William Henry, Geographical Dictionary or Gazetteer ofthe Australian Colonies 1848, p 167. 101 BUTLIN, CROMWELL & SUTHERN, General Return of Convicts in New South Wales 1837, p 133. 102 AONSW, Ticket ofLea ve Butts 1827-67, no 31/160, reel 915. 20 ... -·------....-.- , -:r==,< , -·=- f , 1

Map showing the pass at Mount Victoria which was opened in 1832103

103 MACLEHOSE James, Picture ofSyd ney and Strangers' Guide in New South Wales for 1839. 21 John Cook married Martha Vagg on 30 January 1840. They were mar ried at Penrith Parish Church of England by Henry Fulton. John and Martha were both residents of Emu Plains at the time. The witnesses were George Palmer and Eliza Palmer also of Emu Plains. 104

Martha Vagg was born about 1816 in County Surrey, England. Noth ing is known of her life prior to her arrival in Sydney on the convict ship John Renwick which arrived at Port Jackson on 31 August 1838. Martha was convicted at the Wiltshire quarter sessions on 2 Jan uary 1838 for stealing clothes and was sentenced to seven years transportation. It is also recorded th at she had a fonner conviction of two months. Details of this are unknown.

The indent for the John Renwick describes Martha as twenty two years old, a country servant, 5' 5" tall with ruddy freckled complexion, brown hair and dark grey eyes. Her identifying marks included a missing upper front tooth, a small scar on the inside top of her middle finger on the right hand and another scar on the heel of her left hand.105

The John Renwick, a barque of 403 tons was built at Newcastle in 1826. She sailed from Downs on 3 May 1838 with John Byron as master and Andrew Smith surgeon. The voyage to Sydney took 116 days. On arrival in Sydney the John Renwick landed 172 female prisoners. There was only one death 107 during the voyage.106 The estimated population ofNew South Wales in 1838 was 98,176. John and Martha's eldest child, a daughter Mary Elizabeth Cook was born on 24 September 1841. Her baptism is recorded in the Bathurst Presbyterian register on 30 December 1841 but her exact place of birth is not listed. It is assumed that it was in the Mount Vic toria area because John and Martha are listed on her baptism record as living at Mount Victoria where John was working as a servant. 108 Mount Victoria is situated in County Cook about seventy miles from Sydney on the Bathurst Road.109

A son, John Henry Cook, was born on 17 May 1843. He was baptised on 11 July 1843 by Colin Stewart an itinerant Presbyterian minister who covered the Bowenfels and Vale of Clwydd area. The family were listed as residing at Kanimbla south of Mount Victoria.110 In 1848 Kanimbla was the estate of James Norton, situated in County Cook on the Cox's River near Hartley.111 John's baptism is also recorded again in the Penrith Church of England register on 23 January 1845. His father was listed as a baker residing at Nepean. 112

On 12 October 1845 another son Thomas Cook was born. He was baptised on 26 October at the Church of England, Penrith. John was listed as a baker of Penrith.113 He was followed by son James Cook born 18 September 1846. He was baptised at St Thomas, Church of England, Mulgoa where

104 AONSW, Marriage, John Cook and Martha Vagg, 1840, no 422, volume 24b, reel 5006. 105 AONSW, Bound Indents 1788-1835, fiche 736, p 240. 106 BATESON Charles, The Convict Ships 1787-1868, pp 354-355 and 390-391. 107 BARKER Anthony, When Was That? Chronology ofAustralia from 1788, p103. 108 AONSW, Baptism Mary E Cook, 1841, no 8510, volume 45c, reel 5016. 109 WELLS William Henry, Geographical Dictionary or Gazetteer ofthe Australian Colonies 1848, p 408. 110 AONSW, Baptism John Henry Cook, 1843, no 4166, volume 47, reel 5017. 111 WELLS William Henry, Geographical Dictionary or Gazetteer ofthe Australian Colonies 1848, p 220. 112 AONSW, Baptism John Henry Cook, 1843, no 1479, volume 30a, reel 5008. 113 AONSW, Baptism Thomas Cook, 1845, no 1498, volume 30a, reel 5008. 22 ---· ---··· ....

,_,..: _____-··.: ··-· · ... -'.".: ""':" ..

Guntawang -The residence of Mr R Rouse114

114 Sydney Mail, 2 October 1880, Views in Mudgee and District, p 640. 23 his father was working as a cook at Fernhill.115 In 1848 Fernhill was the residence ofE Cox and was situated in the parish of Mulgoa in County Cumberland near Penrith. 116

Sometime between 1846 and 1850 John, Martha and their young family moved to the Mudgee area. Their fourth son, Henry Thomas Cook, born on 25 September 1848, was baptised in St John the Baptist, Church of England, Mudgee on 10 November 1850 along with their youngest child, a daughter Rosetta Cook who was born on 7 October 1850. John is listed as living in Mudgee and working as a cook. 117

On 28 May 1857 John and Martha's eldest daughter Mary Elizabeth Cook married Charles Smith (q v) at Mudgee. John was employed as a cook at Guntawang, the estate of Richard Rouse situated on the Cudgegong River.118 Richard Rouse took up 4,000 acres of land at Guntawang, ninety miles north of Bathurst in 1825. The land had been originally occupied by George Cox and Henry Cox but they relinquished it becauseof th e hostility of the aboriginals in the area. 119

John Cook did not die in Mudgee but a death record indicates that he died in an accidental fall from a dray at Rylstone on 3 March 1862. He was buried that same day in the Rylstone cemetery. The death certificate states that John was a cook, aged sixty four years, a native of Middlesex, England with details of his marriage and parents unknown.120

Martha died of heart disease at Mudgee on 20 January 1873. Her death certificate records her father's name as John Vade, a farmer with mother's details listed as unknown. The informant was Charles Smith son in law. Martha was aged fifty two years and employed as a housekeeper. She was buried in the Church of England section of the Mudgee cemetery on 22 January 1873.121

115 AONSW, Baptism James Cook, 1846, no 1500, volume 31a, reel 5009. 116 WELLS William Henry, Geographical Dictionary or Gazetteer ofthe Australian Colonies 1848, p 117 169. AONSW, Baptism Henry T and Rosetta Cook, 1848, no 1082, volume 35, reel 5011. 118 Mudgee Historical Society, Letter to Mr Dudley Smith, dated 10 September 1991. 119 PIKE D, NAIRN B, SERLE G & RITCHIE J, Australian Dictionary ofBiography, volwnes 1-2, p 410. 120 Registrar of Birth Death and Marriages NSW, Death Transcription, John Cook, no 5862, 3 Mar 1862. 121 Registrar General ofNew South Wales, Death Certificate Martha Cook, no 5268, 20 January 1873. 24 Husband: John Cook

Birth: About 1796 Place: Chelsea, London, ENG Death: 3 Mar 1862 Place: Rylstone, NSW, AUS Burial: 3 Mar 1862 Place: Rylstone, NSW, AUS Father: Mother:

Marriage: 30 Jan 1840 Place: Emu Plains, NSW, AUS

Wife: Martha Vagg

Birth: 1816 Place: Co Surrey, ENG Death: 20 Jan 1873 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Burial: 22 Jan 1873 Place: Mudgee Cemetery, NSW, AUS Father: John Vagg Mother:

Children ...

1. F Child: Mary Elizabeth Cook Birth: 24 Sep 1841 Place: Mount Victoria, NSW, AUS Christen: 30 Dec 1841 Place: Bathurst Parish, NSW, AUS Death: 14 Jan 1915 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Burial: 15 Jan 1915 Place: Mudgee Cemetery, NSW, AUS Spouse: Charles Smith Marriage: 28 May 1857 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS

2. M Child: John Henry Cook Birth: 17 May 1843 Place: Penrith, NSW, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ......

3. M Child: Thomas Cook Birth: 12 Oct 1845 Place: Penrith, NSW, AUS Christen: 26Oct 1845 Place: St Matthew's Penrith, NSW, AUS Death: Place: Burial: Place:

4. M Child: James Cook Birth: 18 Sep 1846 Place: Mulgoa, NSW, AUS Christen: 11 Oct 1846 Place: St Thomas, Mulgoa, NSW, AUS Death: Place: Burial: Place:

5. M Child: Henry Thomas Cook Birth: 25 Sep 1848 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Christen: 10 Nov 1850 Place: St John the Baptist, Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: Place: Burial: Place:

6. FChild: Rosetta Cook Birth: 7 Oct 1850 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Christen: 10 Nov 1850 Place: St John the Baptist, Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: Place: Burial: Place:

25 Views in and around Gulgong 1892 122

122 Sydney Mail, 13 Feb 1892, p 361. 26 Christopher W Gudgeon (1859-1924) and Mary J Whittaker (1860-1932) Christopher William Gudgeon was born on 6 June 1859 at Ashfield in Sydney.123 He was the third child of Henry Gudgeon and Sarah Porter (qqv). His parents and elder brother, James Gudgeo had emigrated to New South Wales from County Norfolk, England. They arrived in Newcastle aboard the ship Anglia on 24 September 1855 and the family were living at Sophienburg near Liverpool when Christopher's elder brother Eli Gudgeon was born in 1857. When Christopher was born his father was working as a labourer at Ashfield in Sydney.

Sometime in 1861 the Gudgeon family moved to Bathurst and remained there until about 1870 when they settled in the Mudgee/Gulgong area. The l 870s saw this area experience a gold rush which prompted thousands of diggers to flock to the area seeking gold. The town of Gulgong came into existence as a result of the gold rush. Christopher grew up in these heady and prosperous times.

Christopher was living at Macdonalds Creek when he married Maria Jane Whittaker in the Wesleyan 124 Church, Mudgee on 20 March 1882. The witnesses were Samuel Birchell and Mary Ann Whittaker. Maria, the daughter of Irish parents, John Whittaker and Eliz.a Bradley (qqv) was born at Mudgee on 24 May 1860. The young couple settled in Gulgong.

In 1879 Gulgong was described as a little town on a bleak hill, about twenty miles to the north of Mudgee with clean streets and houses built of wood roofed with bark. Among these humbler dwellings was a neatly finished brick post office, a stone Church of England and Mr Thompson's baking and produce stores. Deserted claims disfigured the landscape to the north of the town and there were miners' huts scattered around. Gulgong's claims to prosperity were listed as clay for bricks, limestone for building stones, fertile soil and a cool climate but it was noted that the town lacked a sufficient water supply.125

By 1892 the gold rushes of the l 870's had gone and the town of Gulgong consisted of two banks, eight hotels, six general stores, two produce stores, two bakers, three butchers, two saddlers, two barbers, two chemists, one doctor, two stationers, one watchmaker, one tailor, four blacksmiths, one cordial manufacturer, one printer, one draper, one billiard saloon and two flour mills (one roller and one stone.126

Christopher and Maria had a family of six children and they were raised on the family farm at Merotherie. The farm house was named Fenella. Merotherie is situated on the Talbragar river thirty five miles from Mudgee. 127 Their daughter Alma Gudgeon who grew up in this house named her own home in Sydney Fenella. 128

Christopher died on 14 February 1924 at Market Street, Mudgee and Maria Jane died on 18 November 1932 also at Mudgee. They are both buried in the Gulgong cemetery.129

123 Registrar of Birth Death and Marriages NSW, Birth Transcription, Christopher William Gudgeon, no 3718, 6 June 1859. 124 Registrar of Birth Death and Marriages NSW, Marriage Transcription, Christopher W Gudgeon and Maria Whittaker, no 5434, 20 Mar 1882. 125 Sydney Mail, 15 February 1879, p 248. 126 Sydney Mail, 13 February 1892, p 361. 127 WELLS William Henry, Geographical Dictionary or Gazetteer ofthe Australian Colonies 1848, p 259. 128 Information supplied by Dudley Charles Smith, son of Charles and Alma Smith, May 1998. 129 Nepean Family History Society, Gu/gong General Cemetery and Smaller Private Cemeteries, p 50. 27 Husband: Christopher William Gudgeon

Birth: 6 Jun 1859 Place: Ashfield, NSW, AUS Death: 14 Feb 1924 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Father: Henry Gudgeon (1832-1922) Mother: Sarah Porter (1834-1905)

Marriage: 20 Mar 1882 Place: Wesleyan Church, Mudgee, NSW, AUS

Wife: Maria Jane Whittaker

Birth: 24 May 1860 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: 18 Nov 1932 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Father: John Whittaker (1825-1908) Mother: Eliza Bradley (1824-1902)

Children ...

1. M Child: James Henry (Hector) Gudgeon Birth: 23 Dec 1883 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS Death: 31 Dec 1973 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Spouse: Hilda Elizabeth Grace Upham Marriage: 1910 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS

2. M Child: William John Thomas Gudgeon Birth: 1884 Place: Death: 30 Aug 1954 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS Spouse: Sarah A Grimshaw Marriage: 1914 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS

3. F Child: Harriett May Gudgeon Birth: 24 Oct 1886 Place: Gundagai, NSW, AUS Death: 25 Sep 1973 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS Spouse: Joseph William Rains Marriage: 1906 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS

4. M Child: Norman Gudgeon Birth: 1889 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS Death: 21 Jui 1968 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS Spouse: Hannah Olive Grimshaw Marriage: 1917 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS Spouse: Sophia Isobel Lyons Marriage: 1933 Place: Redfern, NSW, AUS

5. F Child: Alma Gudgeon Birth: 20 Jun 1891 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS Death: 13 Dec 1941 Place: Chatswood, NSW, AUS Burial: 15 Dec 1941 Place: Northern Suburbs Crematorium, Sydney, NSW, AUS Spouse: Charles Henry Hector Smith Marriage: 18 Dec 1912 Place: St Andrews, Gulgong, NSW, AUS

6. M Child: Stanley Porter Gudgeon Birth: 1894 Place: Cassilis, NSW, AUS Death: 29 Dec 1980 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Spouse: Vera Elizabeth Rhodes Marriage: 1928 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS

28 Henry Gudgeon (1832-1922) and Sarah Porter (1834-1905) Henry Gudgeon was born about 1832 at Ten Mile Bank, County Norfolk, England. He was the son of John Gudgeon and Mary Pidgeon.

Henry was married by banns in the parish church of West Ham in County Essex on 13 March 1854. He was a twenty two year old single labourer living at Canning Town. His bride Sarah, also from Canning Town, was single and aged twenty years old. Sarah, the daughter of William Porter and Lucy Porter, was born about 1834 at Southery, County Norfolk.130

Henry and Sarah's eldest child, a son, James Porter was born in 1855 at Southery, County Norfolk. Southery is situated seven miles from Downham Market and is bounded on the south by the Isle of Ely. The road from London to Lynn runs through the village. In 1848 the population of the parish was 1023 inhabitants.131

In 1855 Henry, Sarah and their infant son emigrated to Australia Both Henry and Sarah had brothers who had emigrated to New South Wales and they no doubt encouraged and supported the young couple's decision to leave their homeland and start a new life in the colonies. Harry Gudgeon, Henry and Sarah's grandson recalled that Henry worked on the London docks wheeling a barrow. He was offered a job in Newcastle in New South Wales. He was given tools in England and was to approach the company on his arrival. When he arrived he could find no such company.132

On the 2 June 1855 the young family left London aboard the ship Anglia and arrived in Newcastle, New South Wales on 24 September 1855. Most ofthe passengers aboard the Anglia complained to the Immigration Board about the shortage of rations during the voyage. The ship's records lists Henry Gudgeon as a railway labourer, aged twenty three years. Neither he nor Sarah could read or write. Henry stated that he had a brother living at the Hunter River. This was his brother Thomas Gudgeon and his wife Sarah Woods. The two brothers settled in the Gulgong area at Macdonalds Creek and Thomas died there on 23 November 1881. Sarah also stated that she had a brother who had arrived in the colony on the ship Libertas. 133 Records show that Eli Porter and his wife Sarah arrived in Newcastle on the Libertas on 28 June 1855. 134

When Henry and Sarah arrived in Newcastle the population of the colony of New South Wales was estimated at 266,001.135 In 1857 the family were living at Sophienburg when their second child Eli Porter Gudgeon was born on 22 May 1857. 136 Sophienburg, the estate of Thomas Holt junior, was situated in the county of Cumberland near the town of Liverpool and Henry worked here as a labourer.137

Their next child Christopher William Gudgeon (qv) was born at Ashfield in Sydney on 6 Jun 1859.138 Sometime in the early 1860's the family moved to the Bathurst district where the first four of their

130 General Register Office, Marriage Certificate, Henry Gudgeon and Sarah Porter, no 368, 13 March 1854. Index reference March 1845, W Ham, volume 4a, p 10. 131 LEWIS Samuel, Topographical Dictionary ofEngland 1845, p 151. 132 Memories of Henry James Elija (Harry) Gudgeon (1878-1981), son of James Porter Gudgeon to Dud Smith, Letter to Cora Num, dated 7 November 1997. 133 AONSW, Persons on Bounty Ships to Sydney, Newcastle, Moreton Bay, 1848-1891, Truro, reel 2468. 134 AONSW, Persons on Bounty Ships to Sydney, Newcastle, Moreton Bay, 1848-1891, Libertas, reel 2470. 135 BARKER Anthony, When Was That? Chronology ofAustralia from 1788, p 137. 136 Registrar of Birth Death and Marriages NSW, Birth Transcription, Eli P Gudgeon, no 7631, 22 May 1857. 137 WELLS William Henry, Geographical Dictionary or Gazetteer ofthe Australian Colonies 1848, p 375. 138 Registrar of Birth Death and Marriages NSW, Birth Transcription, CW Gudgeon, no 3718, 6 Jun 1859. 29 Location of Thomas and Henry Gudgeon's Farms 139

139 Parish of Erudgere, County of Wellington, Land District of Mudgee, Cudgegong Shire, 6th edn, 18 Jan 1937. 30 six daughters were born. The four daughters were Sarah Gudgeon born 1861 and died 1868, Rachael Gudgeon born 1863, Susan Gudgeon born 1865 and died 1866 and another Susan born 1868. When the second Susan was born on 6 March 1868 the family were living in Bentwick Street, Bathurst. Henry was employed as a labourer.14 0 Harry Gudgeon recalls his grandfather lived in Bathurst where he bought brumbies and tamed them before selling them in Sydney. He also remembers being told that his grandfather had a brother who had lost a leg in the Crimean war. 14 1

Sometime prior to 1870 the Gudgeon family moved to the prosperous Mudgee area. Henry and Sarah owned a farm known as Roth's farm on Macdonalds Creek adjoining the farm owned by Henry's brother, Thomas Gudgeon and his wife Sarah. Macdonalds Creek is in the parish of Erudger and flows for miles among the ranges to the north west of Gulgong.

The Robertson Land Act of 1861, which came into force from 1 January 1862, allowed for free selection before survey and it was this act that opened up many areas of New South Wales, including the Mudgee/ Gulgong area to the small selectors. In 1884 Macdonalds Creek was described as having a possession of selectors from its source to its outlet at Cullenbone. 142

The town of Gulgong came into existence through the discovery of gold in 1871. 1bis led to a renewed interest in gold-digging and prompted a rush to Gulgong. The population of the area increased daily. Prospectors flocked from all over Australia and New Zealand to what promised to be the most important gold discovery in ten years. By October 1871 the returns of gold averaged more than 2,000 ounces per week and there were over 8,000 diggers on the field.143 An estimated 20,000 diggers visited the Gulgong gold-fields and opened up no less than twenty five payable leads with some of the claims yielding more than £10,000 per share per man. It is estimated that the Gulgong gold-field yielded over twenty five tons of gold in the first five years. As a result a large township sprang up and businesses of all descriptions flourished until the rush was over.144 1bis is the Gulgong where Henry and Sarah's children grew up.

Henry's grandson Harry recalls that in later life his grandfather earned his living by dealing. He went to Gulgong where he brought skins, wagons, sulkies and other goods and he resold them. He did some black-smithing but he was not very good at fixing the wagons [Harry was a master blacksmith by trade]. He also operated a fruit and vegetable run to Dubbo supplying the isolated areas. Henry was a poor horseman but he loved beef and meat. He always seemed to have money but he would always tum his back when he took money out of his drawstring money purse. He lost money when the Australian Joint Stock Bank in Gulgong went bust but he eventually got his money back. Henry had jewlizard beard and when he was asked if he would like to back to England he replied, No too much hardship. 145

On 18 January 1905 Henry's wife Sarah died of heart failure at Little Bayly Street, Gulgong. She was seventy one years old. She was buried in the Methodist section of the Gulgong cemetery on 19 January 1905. 146

140 Registrar ofBirth Death and Marriages NSW, Birth Transcription, Susan Gudgeon, no 5909, 6 Mar 1868. 141 Memories of Henry James Elija (Harry) Gudgeon 1878-1981, son of James Porter Gudgeon to Dud Smith, Letter to Cora Num, dated 7 November 1997. 142 Sydney Mail, 6 September 1884, p 464. 143 CROWLEY Frank, Colonial Australia 1841-1874, pp 592-593. 144 Sydney Mail, 13 February 1892, p 361. l4S Memories of Henry James Elija (Harry) Gudgeon 1878-1981, son of James Porter Gudgeon to Dud Smith, Letter to Cora Num, dated 7 November 1997. 146 Registrar of Birth Death and Marriages NSW, Death Transcription, Sarah Gudgeon, no 1501, 18 Jan 1905. 31 On 12 February 1907 Henry, then aged seventy five years, married fifty seven year old widow Emma Maria England. Emma, who was known as Moya, was born in Hartley on 5 December 1856, the 147 daughter of Josiah Bridge Hilliard Garnsey and Eliza Susanna Fulloon. The family remembers her as a very large lady who filled the sulky or buggy. 148

Henry Gudgeon died of senility and bronchitis at Little Bayly Street, Gulgong on 10 November 1922. He was ninety six years old. He was buried in the Methodist section of the Gulgong Cemetery on 11 November 1922. 149 His second wife Emma Maria (Moya) died in 1925 at Gulgong.

Henry and Sarah had a family of six sons and six daughters. Two of their sons, James Porter Gudgeon nd Wade Gudgeon served as councillors on the Gulgong Municipal Council. 150 Their grandson, James Porter's son, Henry James Elijah (Harry) Gudgeon who provided memories of his grandparents used in this biography also served on the Gulgong council. He was mayor of Gulgong from 1903-1905 and served as an Alderman from 1905-1937. He was born in 1878 and was 103 years and 2 months when he died at Gulgong on 21 June 1981. Harry shared the life of Gulgong with people such as Henry Lawson and Jimmy Governor. He was a master blacksmith and farrier who lived long enough to see blacksmithing become extinct. Harry donated his childhood home and blacksmith shop to the Gulgong Historical Society and it is now a Pioneer Museum.

· G,dcoq. ,· 1064 .. =- .:,;.,: - ...... ········ ... ----Dr. o • __..,_ ,-. ,-':...,+,".. .- H. .J. Gudgeon · Coachbuilcter f!/ Horse Shoer

Invoice header used by Henry James (Harry) Gudgeon Grandson of Henry and Sarah Gudgeon 151

147 Registrar of Birth Death and Marriages NSW, Marriage Transcription,, Henry Gudgeon and Emma Maria England, no 1293, 12 Feb 1907. 148 Memories of Henry James Elija (Harry) Gudgeon 1878-1981, son of James Porter Gudgeon to Dud Smith, Letter to Cora Num, dated 7 November 1997. 149 Registrar of Birth Death and Marriages NSW, Birth Certificate, Henry Gudgeon,, no 14837, 10 Nov 1922. 150 Gulgong Historical Society, Letter from Athol B Meers to Cora Num, dated 20 August 1997. 151 Original invoice held by Gulgong Historical Society. 32 Husband: Henry Gudgeon

Birth: About 1832 Place: Ten Mile Bank, Co Norfolk, ENG Death: 10 Nov 1922 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS Burial: 11 Nov 1922 Place: Gulgong Cemetery, NSW, AUS Father: John Gudgeon Mother: Mary Pidgeon Other Spouses Emma Maria (Moya) England nee Garnsey

Marriage: 13 Mar 1854 Place: Parish Church, West. Ham, Co Essex, ENG

Wife: Sarah Porter

Birth: About 1834 Place: Southery, Co Norfolk, ENG Death: 18 Jan 1905 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS Burial: 19 Jan 1905 Place: Gulgong Cemetery, NSW, AUS a Ft her : William Porter Mother: Lucy Porter (MNU)

Children ...

1. M Child: James Porter Gudgeon Birth: 1855 Place: Southery, Co Norfolk, ENG Death: 19 Sep 1904 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS Spouse: Harriett Harvey Marriage: 1876 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS

2. M Child: Eli Porter Gudgeon Birth: 22 May 1857 Place: Sophienburg, nr Liverpool, NSW, AUS Death: 1891 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Spouse: Catherine Elizabeth McGuinness Marriage: 1878 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS

3. M Child: Christopher William Gudgeon Birth: 6 Jun 1859 Place: Ashfield, NSW, AUS Death: 14 Feb 1924 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: Gu Igong, NSW, AUS Spouse: Maria Jane Whittaker Marriage: 20 Mar 1882 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS

4. F Child: Sarah Gudgeon Birth: 1861 Place: Bathurst, NSW, AUS Death: 1867 Place: Bathurst, NSW, AUS

5. F Child: Rachael Gudgeon Birth: 1863 Place: Bathurst, NSW, AUS Death: ...... Place: -...... --...... --...... --- ...... -...... Spouse: Thomas Bain Marriage: 1890 Place: Glebe, NSW, AUS

6. F Child: Susan Gudgeon Birth: 1865 Place: Bathurst, NSW, AUS Death: 1866 Place: Bathurst, NSW, AUS

33 7. F Child: Susan Gudgeon Birth: 6 Mar 1868 Place: Bathurst, NSW, AUS Death: ...... Place: ··········-································-······· Spouse: George Searle Marriage: 1887 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS

8. M Child: Thomas Henry Gudgeon Birth: 1870 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: May 1943 Place: Bowral, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: Mittagong, NSW, AUS Spouse: Elizabeth Smith Marriage 1891 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS Spouse: May Bostock Marriage: 1919 Place: Bowral, NSW, AUS

9. F Child: Mary Lucy E Gudgeon Birth: 1872 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: 1919 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS Spouse: Richard S Bayliss Marriage: 1891 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS

10. F Child: Naomi Gudgeon Birth: 1874 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: ······························ Place: ...... --- ...... -.. -......

11. M Child: John Gudgeon Birth: 18TT Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: ...... Place: NT.AUS

12. M Child: Wade Gudgeon Birth: 1878 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: 18 Mar 1931 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS Spouse: Ethel Celia Mum Marriage: 1900 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS

34 Richard Norris (1778-1843) Richard Norris, an Irish labourer, was tried in County Dublin in December 1797 and sentenced to 152 153 transportation for life. His crime was not recorded, though it is believed to have been robbery.

He arrived in Sydney aboard the convict ship Minerva. This ship of 558 tons was built in India and commanded by Joseph Salkeld. The Minerva commenced embarking convicts in Cork, on the southern coast of Ireland, on 12 February 1799 but sailing was delayed because of the outbreak of the Irish Rebellion. 1 5 4 It was not until 19 August 1799 that the last convict was on board and the ship was ready to sail. As a result many convicts spent six months on board the ship prior to sailing. It is likely that Richard Norris was one of these prisoners as he was not a political prisoner.

Following the uprising of the United Irishmen in 1798 some 1000 convicts were transported to New South Wales in nine ships between 1799 and 1805. Over 400 of these convicts were political prisoners. 155 The first two ships to carry the rebels to New South Wales were the Minerva and the Friendship. They sailed in convoy from Cork on 24 August 1799. The Minerva carried 165 male and 26 female prisoners. Among the Irish rebels aboard were Joseph Holt, the Reverend Henry Fulton (Protestant clergyman), Father James Harold (Catholic priest) and two British army captains turned United Irishmen John St Leger and William Alcock All had been summarily tried by court-martial and sentenced to death. This was reprieved when they agreed to leave the country.156 Toe troops on board to guard the convicts were commanded by Lieutenant William Cox of the 68th Regiment. 157

The Minerva remained in convoy with the Friendship until 14 September when they parted company. On 1 October the Minerva was chased and fired on by two ships flying Portuguese colours. Logging three and four knots she escaped. She anchored in Rio de Janeiro on 20 October where she stayed until 8 November. The Minerva was a fast ship and could log eleven to twelve knots sometimes for several hours at a time if there were fresh to strong breezes. During this voyage her best twenty-four hours run was two hundred and seventy-two miles on 23 December. She anchored in Port Jackson on 11 January 1800 after a fast voyage with no reports of storms. Although many of the prisoners had been on board for over six months only three males died during the passage. 158

The Friendship reached Sydney a month later on 16 February 1800 with the loss of nineteen convicts. Neither of the ships carried an official surgeon but each had a doctor, Bryan O'Connor (Minerva) and Daniel McCallum (Friendship), amongst its political prisoners. The population of Sydney was just over 2,500 with 43% of the inhabitants convicts.159

The Governor of the colony, John Hunter, was concerned by the arrival of large numbers of Irish convicts, particularly the political prisoners. There were fears of an Irish conspiracy. These fears were not unfounded and there is evidence to suggest that Richard Norris may have been involved. By August 1800 the Irish were plotting an uprising. When the Governor became aware of these

152 An unsourced 'List of the Convicts on Board the Minerva Transport at Sea'. Believed to be John Washington Price's Journal kept May 1798 to June 1800 as Surgeon aboard the Minerva. See Mander Jones, p 14. 153 MORGAN Dorothea, 'Richard and Mary Norris of Cornwallis, Hawkesbury River NSW,' in Descent, p 81. IS4 BATESON Charles, The Convict Ships 1787-1868, p 157. ISS WHIT AKER Anne-Maree, Unfinished Revolution, p v. 156 BATESON Charles, The Convict Ships 1787-1868, p 158. IS7 WHIT AKER Anne-Maree, Unfinished Revolution, p 18. 153 BATESON Charles, The Convict Ships 1787-1868, pp 158-159. IS9 WHITAKER Anne-Maree, Unfinished Revolution, pp 46-47. 35 Block 61

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Extract from the Plan of the Settlements in New South Wales 1796160

160 Historical Records of.Yew South Wales, volume III, Hunter 1796-1799. 36 plans, in September 1800, he set up a court of inquiry to investigate these plots. In December of that year Richard Norris was mentioned by Edward Morris, an English convict, in his deposition to Richard Atkins the Judge-Advocate that he had been visited on Christmas Eve by Richard Norris (a non political convict from the Minerva) and Thomas Dunn (Hillsborough) and taken to a gathering chaired by a man called Clarke. There he was told that there was a plot to seize Parramatta to be led by Joseph Holt and William Alcock, with 300 hundred English and 300 Irish convicts, and that 150 pikes had been prepared. Edward Morris managed to slip away while everyone was very drunk and alert the authorities. Richard Norris denied the accusation, but Abel Purver (Barwell) confirmed the allegation against Clarke. There is no information on the outcome of the December plot in Sydney, so it is unclear whether it was simply a drunken boast session or a serious conspiracy. 161 Given the time of year the former could well be likely.

Richard Norris spent some time in the Sydney area after landing though he is not listed on any of the 1800-1802 musters for New South Wales and Norfolk Island. By 1803 he had formed a relationship with Mary Williams ( qv) and a son John Norris was born at Cornwallis, in the Hawkesbury area, in 1803.

Richard was granted a ticket of leave sometime prior to 1806 when he is recorded as renting eight and a half acres of land at Barrington's Farm near Windsor. The farm was situated on the Hawkesbury river adjacent to what is now the township of Windsor and fronting onto Freeman's Reach Road.162 He was living with Mary and their two small children, John Norris (b 1803) and Thomas Norris (b 1805). The family were self sufficient and had their land planted with wheat. They owned one male and two female hogs, held six bushels wheat and two bushels of maize in hand. 163 There is no evidence of a formal marriage between Richard and Mary in the surviving records but family tradition records the place ofmarriage as Green Hills (re-named Windsor in 1810).

Life was hard on the Hawkesbury for the early settlers and among the hardships they endured was the ever present threat of flood as evidenced in late March 1806 when the Hawkesbury River rose to an unprecedented level inundating surrounding fanns. Crops, stores of grain and seeds, gardens, stock, houses and equipment were destroyed. The impact was great, seven people lost their lives, 1,200 persons were made homeless until the water receded. The effects were felt throughout the colony as most of the food supplies were grown in this area.164 No doubt the Norris family experienced great hardships during this time.

In 1809 Richard purchased thirty acres of land at Cornwallis on the Hawkesbury flats from Edward Powell.165 Edward Powell was a seaman on the second fleet ship the Lady Juliana 1790 who returned to Sydney as a free settler on the Bellona in 1793. Powell had purchased the thirty acre farm in 1798 from Michael Doyle who was granted the thirty acres on 3 December 1794. 166 167

Richard Norris added another twenty acres in January 1810. He purchased this land for £40 from Thomas Hobby (originally granted to Jane Ezzy by Governor Hunter on 1 May 1796). 168 The farms

161 WHITAKER Anne-Maree, Unfinished Revolution, p 59. 162 NORRIS Merle, The Fettered and the Free, p 5. 163 BAXTER Carol J, Musters ofNew South Wales and Norfolk Island, 1805-1806, pp 128-129. 164 CROWLEY Frank, A Documentary History ofAustralia: Volume 1, Colonial Australia 1788-1840, p 142. 165 NORRIS Merle, The Fettered and the Free, 166 FLYNN Michael, The Second Fleet, p 483. 167 RYAN R J, Land Grants 1788-1809, 39. p 6. 168 RYAN R J, Land Grants 1788-1809, p 100. p 37 were not adjacent but were close to one another. Fanning in this area was successful due to the rich soil but these low lying farms were flood prone.170 Though recognised, the flooding problems the area experienced were not addressed until Lachlan Macquarie replaced William Paterson as Governor in January 1810.

In November of 1810 the new Governor visited all the inhabited inland districts of the colony. When he visited the Hawkesbury area he was impressed by the natural fertility and beauty of the area but he expressed concern at the poor living conditions of the settlers and remarked that the settlers in general have not paid that attention to domestic comfort which they ought to do by erecting commodious residences for themselves and suitable housing for the reception of their grain and cattle. e also commented on the miserable clothing of many of the people. Governor Macquarie was welcomed to the Hawkesbury by the settlers who signed an address171 congratulating your Excellency on your arrival at this settlement. Richard Norris was one of the signatories. 172 Macquarie set himself the task of devising measures to ensure that valuable food supplies would not be lost in any subsequent floods. Several commons, at least sixteen metres above the flood plain, were marked out so that townships could be established. On 6 December 1810 he named the new townships sites as Windsor and Richmond (because they resembled the areas in England), Castlereagh, Pitt Town and Wilberforce (commemorating English statesmen). These towns offered a safe haven for the settlers, their animals and grain. Each settler was assigned173 an allotment of ground for a dwelling house, offices, garden, cornyard and stock yard proportioned to the extent of the farm held within the influence of the floods. Under this scheme Richard Norris received a grant of land in Windsor between Brabyn Street and17 4 Richmond Road. Here he constructed a small weather board, brick-knocked, shingle roofed dwelling. This grant was timely because the Hawkesbury flooded in 1811 rising to a height of forty feet.17 5 This was just one of many major floods the area experienced. Between 1799 and 1819 the Hawkesbury flooded to heights between thirty eight and fifty feet.

Richard Norris regularly attended auctions in the area as evidenced by the records of goods sold by the newly appointed auctioneer John Howe at Windsor between 1 January and 29 June 1811. In February 1811 Richard purchased the following items from the estate of the late Andrew Thompson: a dozen shoe makers knives for 17/-; fifty sheep for £26/10/-; sixteen goats for £11/5/-; one hundred eight of salt for £1/8/-; a large deal case for £1 and a pair of scales and two weights for £2/12/-. In March he purchased 3 ½ yards of quilted waist-coating from goods put to auction by the Rev Robert Cartwright and in June he purchased eight shirts for £2/10/6 and two pair of stockmgs for 15/-from goods put to auction by Henry Kahle. 176 By the time Richard received his conditional pardon on 29 February 1812 he and Mary had three more sons, Richard Norris (b 1808), James Norris (b 1810) and Christopher Norris (b 1811). With a wife and five sons to support Richard concentrated on making his farm profitable. He worked177 hard and took advantage of the schemes instigated by the Governor. When Macquarie realised that 170 NORRIS Merle, The Fettered and the Free, p 6. 171 Historical Records ofNew South Wales, Volume VII, p 468. 172 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers, 1788-1825: Signatory to Address, reel 6038 SZ758, p 129. 173 BARKLEY Jan & NICHOLS Michelle, Hawkesbury 1794-1994, p 45. 174 Historical Records ofNew South Wales, Volume VII, p 469. 175 MORGAN Dorothea, 'Richard and Mary Norris of Cornwallis, Hawkesbury River NSW,' in Descent, p 81. 176 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers, 1788-1825: Sales by Auction by John Howe at Windsor 1 Jan-29 June 1811, reel 6040 ML C197, pp 2, 9, 16, 17, 24, 27. 177 AONSW, Registers ofConditional Pardons 1791-1825, AONSW fiche 821, p 59. 39 many of the settlers could not afford to buy stock, or replace that lost during the floods, he offered I to sell them cattle, sheep and goats on terms from the Government farms. Under these terms the I settler was provided with animals and payment could be made in grain or money up to eighteen months after receiving the stock. Richard Norris is recorded as receiving homed cattle from the Government herds in January and June 1816. In April 1819 he is listed on the return of persons indebted to the Government for cattle issued from the Government herds to be paid for in cash or grain. On 24 July 1819 two cows were received from Richard as part payment for the stock issued in 1816. 178

By 1814 the farm was productive enough to support Richard, Mary and their six children. 179 Their sixth son, :William Norris, was born at Cornwallis in 1813. Richard is listed on a return of settlers dated 16 January 1816 as married with six children residing at Hawkesbury with fifty acres of land.180 By 1816 there were seven children in the Norris family. Harriet Norris, the :first daughter after six sons, was born at Cornwallis in 1815. One could assume that the birth of a daughter must have been an occasion for celebration for the family. Another daughter, Maria Norris was born in 1818 followed by another son Michael Norris in 1820.

On 28 July 1821 the Sydney Gazette reported that Richard Norris and a Mr Garrigan's carts were set upon by ruffians on Friday 13 July. When Richard's cart was attacked, the horse took fright and turned into the bush and one ofhis sons (un-named) was thrown out. The wheel passed over his leg which was deeply lacerated and smashed ... Just below the knee to the extent of eight inches; fortunately Dr Parmeter of Windsor, who was on the road from the Seven Hills, arrived in time to stop the dreadful haemorrhage of the wounded arteries. Hopes are entertained that the limb may be saved.18 1 In September 1821 twins Ann Norris and Francis Norris were born bringing the total number of children to eleven.

The 1822 land and stock muster records Richard Norris as holding fifty acres of land by purchase and grant. There was a residence on the farm and crops planted consisted of sixteen acres in wheat, twenty in maize, four in barley and two in potatoes. Forty two ofthe available fifty acres was cleared and planted. Livestock consisted of four horses, twenty four homed cattle and sixty hogs. The farm held in hand twenty bushels ofwheat and two hundred bushels of maize. The family was prospering in a modest way and Richard and Mary had established a comfortable standard of living for them large family. Three assigned convict servants, Henry Hubbard (Adamant 1821) Edward McFadden (Daphne 1819) and John Steel ( Coromandel) assisted with the farm work. 182

In July 1822 a George Morley was found guilty of stealing five pigs the property of Richard Norris. He was sentenced to transportation for seven years. 183

On 17 December 1823 Richard and Mary's eldest son John Norris was married to Rachel Eather. He was the first of their children to marry. Richard and Mary's twelfth child, Patrick Norris, arrived in

178 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers, 1788-1825, reel 603 l 417028A, p 32; reel 6038 SZ759, p 212; reel 6048 4/1742, p 55 and reel 6031 417028A, p 221. 179 BAXTER Carol, General Muster ofNew South Wales 1814, pp 5, 33. 180 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers 1788-1825: List ofpersons receiving grants ofland, fiche 3266 9/2652, p 23. 181 Sydney Gazette, 28 July 1821, p 4. 182 BAXTER Carol J, General Muster and Land and Stock Muster of New South Wales 1822, pp 310, 359, 456, 515,569. 183 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers 1788-1825, reel 6023 X820, p 55. 40 1824 shortly before the arrival of their first grandchild, Maria, who was also born in 1824. Maria Norris was the first of ninety one grandchildren.184 On 15 October 1825 Richard Norris petitioned the Colonial Secretary I beg leave most humbly to submit the enclosed list of Government Servants supported by me free of expense to the Crown during the periods set forth against these names respectively. I most respectfully solicit your kind assistance on my behalf with his Excellency Sir Thomas Brisbane in order to procuring one such grant of Land as my list of servants may qualify me to secure on the authority of the Government General Order in that order promulgated. The convicts listed in his employ were Henry Hubbard (Adamant) 1823, 1824, Edward McFadden (Daphne) 1823, 1824 and John Steel (Coromandel) 1823-1825. The Colonial Secretary, Frederick Goulburn, responded on 9 December 1825 advising Richard that he was to be granted an additional fifty acres of land.185 There is no record of this land ever being granted.

Richard and Mary's second son Thomas Norris married Elizabeth Sarah Connor (qqv) on 4 April 1826 at Cornwallis. By 1827 Richard and Mary had a family of thirteen children but sadly their youngest son Paul Norris, born on 12 February 1827, only survived a few days. Of the thirteen he was the only one who did not reach maturity and marry.

The large family continued to prosper and the 1828 census lists Richard and Mary living at Cornwallis with their younger children James Norris 18 years, Christopher Norris 16 years, William Norris 14 years, Harriet Norris 12 years, Maria Norris 10 years, Michael Norris 8 years, twins Francis Norris and Ann Norris 6 years and Patrick Norris aged 4 years. The entire fifty acres was listed as cleared with forty five acres cultivated. Livestock consisted of four horses, fifty five cattle and seven sheep. Others employed by Richard Norris were Henry Abbott [Hubbard?] (Adamant 1821) assigned servant, James Byrne a sixty three year old schoolmaster (Archduke Charles 1813), William Hawkins (Ocean 1818) a stockman and Christopher Maher (Tyne 1819) a labourer.186 The 1828 census recorded 4,454 persons living in Windsor and district out of a total population of 36,598.187

On 17 November 1829 Richard petitioned Governor Darling requesting an additional grant of four hundred acres of land. In his memorial he stated that he had been married for twenty five years and owned fifty acres of land at Cornwallis. His livestock consisted of 100 pigs, six horses and a small flock of sheep. He had thirty acres planted with wheat and ten with maize. Richard estimated that his assets were valued at around £800. When he completed the official application form a few weeks later he gave additional information in which he stated he held sixty acres of land and one hundred sheep. His farm had a four roomed dwelling house valued at £70 and also included outhouses for the fann workers, a stable and a barn valued at £60. He valued the weather-board and brick knocked house on the town block at £150. He also stated that he had employed and maintained one convict and two free servants. Local residents S North J P, John Hoskisson and Richard Holland provided references on his behalf stating that they believed that Richard would be unable to support his large family on his present farm in five years time. They also stated that his sons were reared to agriculture and were honest, sober and industrious.

184 NORRIS Merle, The Fettered and the Free, p 11. 185 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers 1788-1825, fiche 3148 4/1843B, no 606, p 873; fiche 3127 4/1841A no 214, pp 349 and 361 and reel 6016 4/3516, p 138. 186 Malcolm & JOHNSON Keith, Census ofNew South Wales: November 1828, pp 287,434. 187 SAINTY CROWLEY Frank, A Documentary History ofAustralia: Volume 1, Colonial Australia 1788-1840, p 377. 41 The application was considered but it was advised that it would not be actioned until an outstanding debt of £40.17.8½d owed to the Government for stock issued from the Government herds in 1 1816/1 7 was repaid. 188

Richard and Mary did not receive any more land and they continued working their farm and raising their large family. The older children were now married and raising families of their own. On 27 June 1833 their eldest son John Norris, who was married with three small children, was convicted with Robert Forrester for cattle stealing. A Jane Metcalf was also charged with having received part of the meat knowing it to have been stolen. John and Robert received the death sentence. This was later commuted to seven years transportation to Van Diemen's Land. Jane was sentenced to twelve months imprisonment.189 John's wife Rachel Eather and their young children followed him to Van Diemen's Land. They sailed from Sydney on the ship Sir John Rae Reid in November 1833. 190 They remained in Van Diemen's Land until John secured his freedom and then they returned to the Hawkesbury area and lived at Kurrajong.

In 1838 Richard Norris is listed as having three assigned convicts, William Apthorpe (Waterloo 1824), John Dawes (Neva 1824) and John Driscoll (Waterloo 1831).191

On 15 March 1838 Richard made a will in which he left his estate to Mary and upon her death the estate was to be divided equally among his children, He also requested that he be buried in the Catholic burial ground, Windsor a request that was never fulfilled. 192 During this time he also sold 96 perches of his town block in Barbyn Street, Windsor to Margaret Donnelly for £65. 193 These actions were no doubt prompted by the knowledge of his forthcoming trial and was Richard's way of ensuring that Mary was provided for if things should turn out for the worse.

Richard was tried before the Supreme Court in Sydney on 3 May 1838 and found guilty of a horrible offence and the death sentence imposed.194 The Sydney Gazette reported that Richard Norris was indicted on Thursday 3 May 1838 for bestiality committed at Cornwallis in March 1837.195 Richard's sentence was commuted to life imprisonment and he was sent to Norfolk Island. Richard pleaded not guilty to the offence but he was convicted on the evidence given by the witnesses for the prosecution, Richard's neighbours, the Holland family. It was Richard Holland who had provided a reference for Richard when he applied for a land grant in 1829. 196 Relations between the neighbours had obviously changed in this period.

The Sydney Gaol records list Richard born 1778, 5' 6" tall with hazel eyes, a fresh complexion and grey hair with a 'maremaid' [mermaid tattoo] on his lower left arm. It is not known exactly when Richard arrived on Norfolk Island but it is presumed to be sometime in 1838.

In 1838 the commandant of Norfolk Island was Major Joseph Anderson. The prisoners numbered about 1400 and were accommodated in over-crowded conditions under a cruel regime. In March 1840 retired naval captain and noted geographer Captain Alexander Maconochie was appointed 188 NORRIS Merle, The Fettered and the Free, I 1. 189 Sydney Morning Herald, 1 July 1833, p 3. 190 The Australian, 8 Nov 1833. p 191 BUTLIN, CROMWELL & SUTHERN, General Return ofConvicts, New South Wales 183 7, 10, 164, 185. 192 NORRIS Richard, Will, no 458, book 71. Reproduced in The Fettered and the Free, p 14. 193 NORRIS Merle, The Fettered and the Free, p 13. pp 194 Sydney Morning Herald, 7 May 1838, p 2. 195 Sydney Gazette, 5 May 1838, p 2. 196 NORRIS Merle, The Fettered and the Free, 13

p 42 commandant of Norfolk Island. Maconochie was a man who believed that the convict system was cruel and inefficient and was a forerunner of modem penal reform. He was given pemrission to trial some of his reform ideas on Norfolk Island. 197 Maconochie wrote of conditions on Norfolk Island when he arrived. 1400 doubly-convicted prisoners, the refuse of both penal colonies ... were rigorously coerced all day and cooped up at night in barracks which could not decently accommodate half the number. In every way their feelings were habitually outraged, and their self respect destroyed. ... For the merest trifles they were flogged, ironed or confined in gaol for successive days on bread and water.... They were fed more like hogs than men. Neither knives, nor forks, nor hardly any other conveniences were allowed at their tables. They tore their food with their fingers and teeth, and drank for the most part out of water buckets. 198 Richard Norris would have experienced the old regime and then Maconochie's reforms and these would have no doubt made life in his situation a little more tolerable.

Richard Norris is recorded as dying in the General Hospital on Norfolk Island in February 1843. Though there were grand plans for a civil hospital on Norfolk Island during the second settlement (1825-1855) they were never implemented and as a result the hospital facility was housed in a series of inadequate and unsuitable buildings.199 There are no details available as to why Richard was hospitalised or his cause of death. The principal causes of death amongst the convicts were dysentery or as a result of harsh punishment. Richard was buried on Norfolk Island, in an unmarked I grave, on 19 February 1843. He was listed as sixty eight years old.200 He left behind a wife and twelve children.

197 NOBBS Raymond (ed), Norfolk Island and its Second Settlement, 1825-1855, pp 46 and 53-55. 198 CLARK Manning, Select Documents in Australian History 1788-1850: Captain Maconchie on Conditions at No,folk Island, pp 142-144. 199 NOBBS Raymond (ed), Norfolk Island and its Second Settlement, 1825-1855, p 115. 200 AONSW, Corrvict Death Register 1828-1879, fiche no 750, 4/4549, p 163. 43 Husband: Richard Norris

Birth: About 1778 Place: Dublin, Ireland Death: Feb 1843 Place: Norfolk Island Burial: 19 Feb 1843 Place: Norfolk Island Father: Mother:

Marriage: About 1802 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

Wife: Mary Williams

Birth: About 1778 Place: Bath, Co Somerset, ENG Death: 26 Jan 1863 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Burial: 28 Jan 1863 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Father: Mother:

Children ...

1. M Child: John Norris Birth: 1803 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 26 Sep 1864 Place: Sally's Bottoms, NSW, AUS Burial: 28 Sep 1864 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Spouse: Rachel Eather Marriage: 17 Dec 1823 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS

2. M Child: Thomas Norris Birth: About 1805 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 17 Jan 1890 Place: Cullen Bullen, NSW, AUS Burial: 19 Jan 1890 Place: Rydal, NSW, AUS Spouse: Elizabeth Sarah Connor Marriage: 4 Apr 1826 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS

3. M Child: Richard Norris Birth: About 1808 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 11 Apr 1868 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Burial: Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Spouse: Mary Ann Costello Marriage: 3 Sep 1835 Place: St Mary's Sydney, NSW, AUS

4. MChild: James Norris Birth: 1810 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 2 Mar 1875 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Burial: Place: ...... Spouse: Ann Brown Marriage: About 1834 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

5. M Child: Christopher Norris Birth: 8 Dec 1811 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 18 May 1898 Place: East Orange, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: Orange, NSW, AUS Spouse: Mary Crabb known as Shrimpton Marriage: About 1832 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Spouse: Mary Jane Gibbons nee Douglas Marriage: 10 Sep 1855 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

44 6. M Child: William Norris Birth: 18 Nov 1813 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 25 Sep 1843 Place: enroute Sydney/Windsor Burial: 19 Oct 1843 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Spouse: Lucy Upton nee Brown Marriage: 1836 Place: ································------············

7. F Child: Harriet Norris Birth: 6 Oct 1815 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 17 Aug 1894 Place: Nelson, NSW, AUS Burial: Aug 1894 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Spouse: Samuel Mason Marriage: 18 May 1831 Place: St Matthews, Windsor, NSW, AUS

8. F Child: Maria Norris Birth: 1818 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 10 Sep 1853 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Burial: Sep 1853 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Spouse: William Henry Mellish Marriage: 2Aug 1835 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

9. M Child: Michael Norris Birth: 1820 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 25 Sep 1854 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Burial: ··-··························· Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Spouse: Margaret Donnelly Marriage: 27 Aug 1837 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

10. F Child: Ann Norris (Twin) Birth: 14 Sep 1821 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 2 Mar 1906 Place: Bulli, NSW, AUS Burial: Mar 1906 Place: Bulli, St Augustine's, NSW, AUS Spouse: Andrew Frazer Marriage: 13 Feb 1837 Place: Pitt Town, NSW, AUS

11. M Child: Francis Stephen (Frank) Norris (Twin) Birth: 14 Sep 1821 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 10 Oct 1901 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Burial: ······························ Place: ··················································· Spouse: Mary Ann Elliott Marriage: 14 Jun 1845 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

12. M Child: Patrick Norris Birth: 1824 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 9 Mar 1890 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: ·················································-- Spouse: Eliza Wilson Marriage: 27 Oct 1845 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

13. M Child: Paul Norris Birth: 12 Feb 1827 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 19 Feb 1827 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Burial: ······························ Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

45 0 1f JO

The Hawkesbury River2 ° 1

201 HARDY Bobbie, Early Hawkesbury Settlers. 46 Thomas Norris (1805-1890) and Elizabeth S Connor (1811-1876) Thomas Norris, the son ofRichard Norris (qv) and Mary Williams (qv) was born at Cornwallis near Windsor in 1805. At the time of his birth his parents were renting a small farm on the Hawkesbury River adjacent to the present day township of Windsor. The farm was known as Harrington's farm. Thomas, his elder brother John Norris and his parents, lived on this farm until 1809 when the family purchased thirty acres of land on the Hawkesbury River flats at Cornwallis. Another twenty acres of land was acquired in January 1810. The blocks were not adjacent but were near to each other. It was here that Thomas, his eight surviving brothers (his youngest brother Paul Norris died in infancy) and three sisters grew up. Life was hard for the young family struggling to establish a productive farm capable of supporting such a large family. As the second eldest child Thomas would not have had much opportunity for education or an extended childhood. He and his eldest brother John would have been needed to help their father work the farms.

Thomas is recorded as a seventeen year old labourer residing at Windsor on the 1822 Muster. It is not known if he was still living on his parent's farm or working for wages elsewhere. On 4202 April 1826 Thomas married Elizabeth Sarah Connor, the only child of Roger Connor (qv) and Elizabeth Ryan (qv). The young couple were married at Cornwallis by Father Therry. Elizabeth was christened at St Matthew's, Windsor on 29 November 1811 and is listed as being born on 16 October 1811. 3 If the year of birth is correctly recorded in the baptism register Elizabeth would have been aged20 fourteen at the time of her marriage to Thomas.

On 25 Jan 1827 Thomas and Elizabeth's first child, a daughter Elizabeth Maria Norris, was born at Cornwallis. She was baptised by Father Therry on 29 April 1827.204

The 1828 census lists Thomas, aged twenty two years, living on a farm of twenty five acres at Cornwallis with his wife Elizabeth, eighteen years, and daughter Elizabeth one year old. The property was cleared with all the land under cultivation. Stock comprised of two head of cattle. Living with them on the farm was Richard Norris twenty years, younger brother of Thomas and a lodger, John Pearson aged ten years. John was the orphaned son of Elizabeth's mother's sister, Mary Ryan who had died in 1825. She 205left four young children who were reared by various members of the Ryan family including Thomas and Elizabeth who reared John. Elizabeth gave birth to a son Richard Norris in 1829, a daughter Mary Norris in 1831 and another son John William Norris in 1833.

In 1833 Thomas Norris applied for a convict to be assigned to him. His application was successful and he was assigned one convict. 206

Another daughter Sarah Norris was born on 5 May 1836 at Cornwallis. She died in 1838 aged twelve years. On 20 May 1836 Thomas wrote to the Colonial Secretary advising him that thirty acres of land granted to George Connor by Sir Thomas Brisbane was transferred to him by deed of gift in consequence of marrying into the family.207 George Connor was the brother of Thomas's 202 BAXTER Carol J, General Muster and Land and Stock Muster of New South Wales 1822, p 359. 203 AONSW, Baptism Register, 1811, no 2597, volume la, reel 5001. 204 Registrar of Births, Death and Marriages NSW, 1827, no 829, volume 128 and Therry Book A, p 66. 205 SAINTY Malcolm & JOHNSON Keith, Census ofNew South Wales: November 1828, pp 287,298,434. 206 Dot Morgan's research notes referenced to ML reel CY POS 650. 2fYI Dot Morgan's research notes referenced to letter to Colonial Secretary AONSW reel 1186, volume 2/7940. 47 father in law Roger Connor. He had been granted the thirty acres of land at Kurrajong on 13 Jun 1823 by Governor Brisbane. On George's death his land had been acquired by his brother Roger and given to Thomas when he married his daughter Eliz.abeth.

In 1837 Thomas is listed as having one assigned convict, John Conolly, aged 43 years (Dorothy 1820).208

On 28 June 1837 Thomas Norris was granted a licence to retail wines and malt and spirituous liquors. This was renewed on 28 June 1838.209 Thomas was licencee of the Currency Lad inn, near the bridge on Cornwallis Road, Windsor. Thomas leased the inn from owner William Cox who also 210 owned the earby brewery. During his time as licencee Thomas Norris was fined several times for offences such as admitting convicts, delivering spirits to convicts, keeping two dogs, allowing 211 tippling, permitting persons to play cards and keeping his house open.

The Currency Lad earned a reputation for staging cock fights and boxing matches. These events were popular with the Irish patrons. Thomas had two younger brothers, Francis Stephen (Frank) Norris and Patrick Norris, who were well known fighters in the district. Frank was a heavyweight fighter and participated in local fights (illegal in those days) which often attracted over two hundred spectators. These fights often ended when the police arrived.

On the 2nd and 3rd of October 1840 the Land Titles Office records a conveyance by lease and release of land at Kurrajong.212 Parties involved were Roger Connor (Thomas's father in law), Thomas Norris and John Norris. John was Thomas's elder brother who had been transported to Diemen's land in 1833 for cattle stealing. When he was granted his freedom he returned to the Hawkesbury area and lived at Kurrajong, presumably leasing the land at Kurrajong that Roger Connor had given to his son in law.

The family continued to grow with the arrival of daughters Harriet Norris (b 1838), Maria Norris (b 1841) and son Michael Norris (b 1841). During this time Thomas had several brushes with the law. On 18 May 1840 he was handed to the chief constable to be forwarded to Sydney on the suspicion of horse stealing and on 17 July 1841 he was fined £2 for furiously riding.213

Thomas's father, Richard, died on Norfolk Island on 19 February 1843. When his father was sent to Norfolk Island, transported for life in 1838, Thomas as the eldest son in the district (his elder brother John was serving a sentence in Van Diemen's Land) would have assumed the role of head of the Norris family and no doubt would have supported his mother, Mary, and his brothers and sisters through this difficult period.

a Thomas and Eliz.abeth's ninth child Esther Norris ws born in 1845. Their eldest daughter Elizabeth Maria Norris married Henry Power (qv) at Windsor on 1 February 1847 and their first grandchild Mary Ann Power was born at Clarendon on 12 November 1847 just a few months before their daughter Anne Norris in January 1848. Sadly grand daughter Mary Ann died shortly after birth and

208 BUTLIN, CROMWELL & SUTIIERN, General Return ofComicts in New South Wales 1837, p 131. 209 AONSW, Butts and Certificates ofPublican's Licences, AONSW reel 5053, no 37/54 and 38/117. 210 BARKLEY Jan & NICHOLS Michelle, Hawkesbury 1794-1994, p 106. 211 Dot Morgan's research notes referenced to AONSW 4/5695. 212 Dot Morgan's research notes referenced to Land Titles Office, no 403, book T. 213 Dot Morgan's research notes referenced to AONSW 4/5695. 48 214 was buried at St Matthew's Windsor on 23 December 1847. The birth of Caroline Norris in 1850 completed their family of eleven children. Their daughter Anne Norris died in February 1858, aged ten years.

Thomas's mother Mary died on 26 January 1863. In 1864 Thomas was a butcher living at Hartley when he received £65 as his share in his mother's estate. His mother's two farms were sold. These had been originally purchased in 1809 and 1810. The first was purchased from Edward Powell 215 (originally granted to Michael Doyle in December 1794) and the second was purchased for £40 216 217 from Thomas Hobby (originally granted to Jane Ezzy by Governor Hunter, 1 May 1796).

Thomas's. wife Elizabeth Sarah died on 23 September 1876 at Cullen Bullen of 'dropsy' ( congestive heart failure). She is listed as aged 67 years (and therefore born 1809). She was buried in the Rydal Roman Catholic Cemetery on 25 September.218

Thomas Norris died at Cullen Bullen on 17 January 1890 aged 90 years. Cause of death is given as 'Apnoea'. His death certificate states he was buried on 9 January 1890, 8 days before he died! Presumably the date should read 19 January 1890. 219 He is also buried in the Rydal Roman Catholic Cemetery and his headstone inscription reads

In Memory of Thomas Norris who died January 16 1890 [sic] We cannot tell who next may fall Beneath the lifted Rod One must be First, so let us all Prepare to meet our God.

214 AONSW, Burial Register, 1847, no 1462, volume 116, reel 5044. 215 Ryan J, Land Grants 1788-1809, p 39. 216 Ibid p l 00. 217 Dot Morgan's research notes referenced to Land Indenture at RG book 101 no 91, Conveyance 15 Nov 1864. and Indenture Book 101 no 620, Conveyance 5 Dec 1864. 218 Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages NSW, Death certificate, Elizabeth S Norris, no 6707, 23 Sep 1876. 219 Ibid, Thomas Norris, no 7162, 17 January 1890. 49 Husband: Thomas Norris

Birth: About 1805 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Christen: ...... Place: Death: 17 Jan 1890 Place: Cullen Bullen, NSW, AUS Burial: 19 Jan 1890 Place: Rydal, NSW, AUS Father: Richard Norris (1778-1843) Mother: Mary Williams (1778-1863)

Marriage: 4Apr 1826 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS

Wife: Elizabeth Sarah Connor

Birth: 16 Oct 1811 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Christen: 29 Nov 1811 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Death: 23 Sep 1876 Place: Cullen Bullen, NSW, AUS Burial: 25 Sep 1876 Place: Rydal, NSW, AUS Father: Roger Connor (1778-1851) Mother: Elizabeth Ryan (1792-1836)

Children ...

1. F Child: Elizabeth Maria Norris Birth: 25 Jan 1827 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Christen: 29Apr 1827 Place: St Mary's, Sydney, NSW, AUS Death: 20 May 1891 Place: Cullen Bullen, NSW, AUS Burial: 24 May 1891 Place: Rydal, NSW, AUS Spouse: Henry Power Marriage: 1 Feb 1847 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

2. M Child: Richard William Norris Birth: 1 Aug 1829 Place: Wilberforce, NSW, AUS Christen: 17 Sep 1829 Place: St Mary's, Sydney, NSW, AUS Death: 23 Mar 1905 Place: Cudgegong, NSW, AUS Burial: ····-··-······················ Place: . -...... --..... -...... -... -- .. Spouse: Mary Weavers Marriage: 24 Jun 1850 Place: Castlereagh, NSW, AUS

3. F Child: Mary Norris Birth: 15 Oct 1831 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Christen: 7 Dec 1831 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Death: 11 Aug 1891 Place: Rydal, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: Rydal, NSW, AUS

4. M Child: John William Joseph Norris Birth: About 1833 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Christen: ...... Place: Death: 17 May 1887 Place: Mitchell, QLD, AUS Burial: ...... Place: Mitchell, QLD, AUS Spouse: Margaret Foley Marriage: 20 Oct 1857 Place: Bathurst, NSW, AUS

5. F Child: Sarah Norris Birth: 5 May 1836 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Christen: Place: Death: Place: Burial: 13 Sep 1838 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

50 6. F Child: Harriet Norris Birth: 14 Jui 1838 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Christen: 26Aug 1838 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Death: 4 Oct 1915 Place: Cullen Bullen, NSW, AUS Burial: Place: Piper's Flat, NSW, AUS Spouse: Michael Lehane Marriage: 21 May 1873 Place: Blackmans Creek, NSW, AUS

7. F Child: Maria Norris Birth: 14 Jan 1841 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Christen: 27 Jan 1841 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Death: Place: Burial: Place:

8. M Child: Michael Norris Birth: 19 Nov 1842 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Christen: 8 Jan 1843 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Death: 9 Dec 1928 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Burial: Dec 1928 Place: Rookwood, NSW, AUS Spouse: Agnes Rachael Mitchell Marriage: 30 Nov 1863 Place: Hassans Walls, Hartley, NSW, AUS

9. F Child: Esther Norris Birth: 1 May 1845 Place: Clarendon, NSW, AUS Christen: 22 Jun 1845 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Death: About 1890 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: Spouse: Richard Francis (Frank) Curtis Marriage: 1881 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

10. F Child: Anne Norris Birth: 20 Jan 1848 Place: Nepean, NSW, AUS Christen: 16 Nov 1848 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Death: 18 Feb 1858 Place: Penrith, NSW, AUS Burial: Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

11. F Child: Caroline Annie Norris Birth: About 1850 Place: Christen: Place: Death: About 1923 Place: Burial: Place: Spouse: Edward Yeomans Marriage: 1874 Place:

Rear:d the son of John Pearson (1790-1829) and Mary Ryan {1796-1825) [Elizabeth's Aunt] M Child: John Pearson �irt�: 8 Aug 1818 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS �hnsten: 25 Jui 1818 Place: St Phillip's Sydney, NSW, AUS Death: 13 Apr 1900 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: ...... Spouse: Martha Brown Marriage: 1841 Place:

51 -:;;...... __ -= . ;} :t fj. / '/ . : ', r; l;

Sydney Cove from Fort Phillip 220

220 MACLEHOSE James, Picture ofSydney and Strangers' Guide in New South Wales for 1839. 52 Henry Power (1820-1904) and Elizabeth M Norris (1827-1891) Henry Power was born about 1820 in London, England. Nothing is known about his background or childhood. He arrived in Sydney aboard the convict transport Heroine on Thursday 19 September 1833. The ship had left Portsmouth on 15 May 1833 carrying male prisoners. The Captain was Robert McCarthy and the Surgeon Superintendent was Doctor George Roberts R.N. The prisoners were guarded by twenty nine rank and file members of the 21st (Royal North British) Fusiliers, under the orders of Captain Mackay. Passengers aboard included Mrs Mackay and Lieutenant Reynolds of the 2nd or Queen's Royals.2 2 1

The convict indent for the Heroine lists Henry Power as a fifteen year old errand boy, a native of London, who had been sentenced to transportation for seven years for stealing a cloak. He was Roman Catholic who could read and write and is described as being four feet six inches tall with fair ruddy complexion, brown hair and chesnut eyes. He had a scar on the top of his forehead and another slight scar on the ball of his left thumb and a bum mark on his right leg.222 Henry was tried at the Old Bailey, London on 5 January 1832 when he and Thomas Owen were indicted for stealing one cloak, valued at thirty five shillings, the goods of Thomas Williams and George Haines. A witness, John Bull, stated that he was the shopman to Thomas Williams and George Haines silk-mercers, of Lamb's Conduit street and at about half-past twelve he was in the shop when he saw the prisoners lurking about the door. Owen came up on the step, pulled down a cloak and gave it to Power, who put it into his apron, and ran away with it. He ran and caught Power with it and he took him back to the shop and then ran after Owen and caught him. He handed them both into custody. Thomas Owen claimed that he had nothing to do with the cloak and had never seen Henry Power until he was taken into the shop. Henry Power claimed that he was going down the street and as he swung his arm the hanging cloak came down and the shop keeper claimed he took it.

John Bull said that Henry had run about one hundred yards and he restated that Thomas Owen had taken the cloak down and given it to Henry Power. Both boys were found guilty and sentenced to transportation for seven years. Thomas Owen was fourteen years old and Henry Power was twelve years old at the time. 223

When the Heroine arrived in Sydney, in September 1833, the population of New South Wales (excluding the military) was 60,794 with 24,543 convicts and 18,000 of those assigned convicts.224 Two hundred and sixty male prisoners sailed on the Heroine, a ship of 599 tons that was built in Calcutta in 1817. Four prisoners died during the voyage.225

It is not known what became of Henry Power when he reached Sydney. On arrival in Australia a convict could either be assigned to Government service, to a chain gang or to a free settler who then became responsible to provide the convict with food and clothing in return for labour. It is assumed Henry was assigned to a free settler in the Hawkesbury area. In 1837 he is recorded as aged seventeen years assigned to Laban White of Richmond.226 Laban White of Windsor was auctioneer

221 Sydney Gazette, 21 September 1833, p 2. 222 AONSW, Convict Indents 1788-1842: Heroine 1833, fiche no 705, p 117. 223 Old Bailey Sessions' Papers Part II 1793-1834, session 2 1832, reel 37. 224 COWLEY Frank, Colonial Australia 1788-1840, p 451. 225 BATESON Charles, The Convict Ships 1787-1868, pp 350 and 388. 226 BUTLIN, CROMWELL & SUTHERN, General Return of convicts in New South Wales 1837, p 180. 53 and bailiff ofthe Court ofRequ ests. He was also returning officer during Parliamentary elections.m In 1838 Laban White was renting Clarendon, the Windsor property ofMr William Cox.228

Henry Power married Elizabeth Maria Norris, the daughter of Thomas Norris and Elizabeth Sarah Connor (qqv) on 1 February 1847 at Windsor. Witnesses were Elizabeth's aunt and uncle, Maria (nee Norris) and William Mellish of Cornwallis. Elizabeth signed the marriage register with an X. Elizabeth Maria Norris was born at Cornwallis on 25 January 1827.

Henry and Elizabeth's first child, Mary Ann Power was born on 12 November 1847 at Clarendon. Sadly she only lived for six weeks. She was buried at St Matthews Windsor on 23 December 1847.229 A son Henry James Power was born in 1848. He died at Windsor in 1856 aged seven years. A second daughter Elizabeth Power was born in 1851 followed by Angelina Power born in 1854. Both were born at Clarendon where Henry was listed as a farmer. Their second son Richard Power born 1856 died at Gulgong in 1872 aged sixteen years. Daughter Louisa Alice Power born 1858 died in 1860 aged two years. In 1861 Henry was earning his living as a carrier at Hassans Walls near Lithgow when his daughter Florence Power was born in 1861. His youngest daughter Mary Power was born at South Lead near Forbes on 21 April 1863. Henry was listed as a miner of Billybong. Of Henry and Elizabeth's eight children only four reached maturity, Elizabeth, Angelina, Florence and Mary.

Very little is known about Henry's life. The death certificates of his daughters, Elizabeth and Florence, list their father's occupation as a gold miner.

Henry's wife Elizabeth died on 20 May 1891 at Cullen Bullen (near Lithgow) aged sixty five years. She was buried in the Rydal cemetery on 24 May 1891.230 Four ofher children predeceased her.

It is presumed that after the death of his wife Henry moved to Mudgee and lived with his daughter Florence and her husband William Charles Smith (qqv).

Henry Power died at Mudgee hospital on 16 April 1904, aged eighty four years. His death certificate lists his place of birth as London, England and his parents as Richard Power, an architect and Mary Anne Connor. His occupation is listed as an alluvial gold miner. Henry was buried in the Church of England cemetery, Mudgee on 17 April 1904.231

The Mudgee Guardian reported that the death also occurred of Mr Powell [sic], father of Mrs Charlie Smith. The bereaved relations have our deep sympathy.232

227 T'he Hawkesbury Pioneer Register, p 203. 228 Mudgee Centenary Souvenir 1821-1921, p 39. 229 AONSW, Burial Register, 1847, no 1462, volume 116, reel 5044. 230 Registrar of Birth, Deaths and Marriages NSW, Death Certificate, Elizabeth Power, no 3328, 20 May 1891. 231 Registrar of Birth, Deaths and Marriages NSW, Death Certificate, Henry Power, no 6182, 16 April I 904. 232 Mudgee Guardian, 18 April I 904, p 2. 54 Husband: Henry Power

Birth: About 1820 Place: London, ENG Death: 16 Apr 1904 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Burial: 17 Apr 1904 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Father: Richard Power Mother: Mary Anne Connor

Marriage: 1 Feb 1847 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

Wife: Elizabeth Maria Norris

Birth: 25 Jan 1827 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Christen:· 29 Apr 1827 Place: St Mary's, Sydney, NSW, AUS Death: 20 May 1891 Place: Cullen Bullen, NSW, AUS Burial: 24 May 1891 Place: Rydal, NSW, AUS Father: Thomas Norris (1805-1890) Mother: Elizabeth Sarah Connor (1811-1876)

Children ...

1. F Child: Mary Ann Power Birth: 12 Nov 1847 Place: Clarendon, NSW, AUS Christen: 21 Nov 1847 Place: St Matthews Windsor, NSW, AUS Death: Dec 1847 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Burial: 23 Dec 1847 Place: St Matthew's Windsor, NSW, AUS

2. M Child: Henry James Power Birth: 3 Nov 1848 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Christen: 26 Nov 1848 Place: St Matthews Windsor, NSW, AUS Death: 17 May 1856 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Burial: 19 May 1856 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

3. F Child: Elizabeth PoVver Birth: 30 Jun 1851 Place: Clarendon, NSW, AUS Christen: 27 Jui 1851 Place: St Matthews Windsor, NSW, AUS l Death: 16 Apr 1936 Place: Ashbury, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: ··················································· Spouse: James Rowe Marriage: 4 Feb 1871 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS

4. F Child: Angelina Power Birth: 15 Jui 1854 Place: Clarendon, NSW, AUS Christen: 20Aug 1854 Place: St Matthew's Windsor, NSW, AUS Death: ······························ Place: ··················································· Burial: ······························ Place: ···················································

5. M Child: Richard PoVver Birth: 22 Jun 1856 Place: Clarendon, NSW, AUS Christen: 17 Aug 1856 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Death: 1872 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS Burial: ······························ Place: ···················································

6. F Child: Louisa Alice Power Birth: 11 Aug 1858 Place: Clarendon, NSW, AUS Christen: 8 Nov 1858 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Death: 1860 Place: Hartley, NSW, AUS Burial: ······························ Place: ···················································

55 7. F Child: Florence Power Birth: 6 Jan 1861 Place: Hassan's Walls near Lithgow, NSW, AUS Christen: 25 Feb 1861 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Death: 24Apr 1926 Place: Mannon, NSW, AUS Burial: Place: Northern Suburbs Cemetery, Sydney, NSW, AUS Spouse: William Charles Smith Marriage: 2 Aug 1882 Place: St Paul's Manse, Mudgee, NSW, AUS

8. F Child: Mary Power Birth: 21 Apr 1863 Place: South Lead, Forbes, NSW, AUS Christen: Place Death: : Burial: Place : Place:

56 Elizabeth Ryan (1782-1836) Elizabeth Ryan, the daughter offirst fleeter, John Ryan (qv) and second fleeter, Sarah Woolley (qv) was born on 28 November 1792 on her parents ten acre farm at Mount Pitt Path, Queensboro [sic] township, Norfolk Island.233 Her parents had established a small farm there under a scheme introduced by the Lieutenant Governor of Norfolk Island, Major Robert Ross, to encourage the convicts to become self sufficient. This self sufficiency scheme allowed selected convicts a section of cleared land, time for cultivation and the allocation of a pig each.

On 9 March 1793 Elizabeth's father John left Norfolk Island and returned to Sydney. Elizabeth and her mother Sarah spent another year on the island awaiting permission to return to Sydney. It is not known whether Sarah continued on the farm or was supplied from stores. It is possible she kept the farm The harvests of 1793 and 1794 were successful and Norfolk Island was prosperous. When permission was granted they left Norfolk Island aboard the colonial schooner Francis on 22 March 1794, arriving at Port Jackson on 4 April 1794. 234

By now the two year old Elizabeth had been separated from her father John for a year and it is unlikely she would have remembered him. When John was granted thirty acres of land on the Hawkesbury river in 1795 the family set about establishing a farm and home. Life was basic and hard in the isolated community with Sydney accessible by boat or an eight hour walk away. The small family would have lived in a two roomed hut made from timber with the walls wattled and plastered with clay, a thatched roof and beaten earth floor.235 It was here that Elizabeth's sister Mary Ryan was born in 1796, her brother John Ryan in 1798 and her youngest sister, Sarah Ryan in 1800.

The family worked hard and prospered in a modest way. In 1800 Elizabeth's father John Ryan disappeared. It is not known what became of him. He either died with no record of burial or he was the John Ryan who returned to England under the alias of George King following the granting of an absolute pardon by Governor Hunter. If this was her father, one can only speculate on the reasons why he abandoned his pregnant wife and three young children to return to England never to be heard ofagain. Elizabeth would have been eight years old.

Elizabeth's mother Sarah, a strong and resourceful woman, carried on alone as she had done on Norfolk Island. She successfully ran the family farm and by 1802 she was fully supporting four children and an assigned convict William Williams (Hillsborough 1799).236

In 1802 Governor King noted that there were two hundred and sixteen children in the Hawkesbury district and he encouraged the settlers to enter into a subscription to build a school house. 237 It is not known what formal education Elizabeth had but she could write her name and it is possible that she may have spent some time at the small school opened by John Harris, a missionary sponsored by the London Missionary Society, at Green Hills (later named Windsor) in February 1803. Elizabeth, the eldest child, would have been eleven years old and no doubt expected to help her mother run the farm and look after the younger children. There would have been little time for formal schooling.

233 NO BBS Raymond (eel), No,folk Island This date sourced to the early Norfolk Island victualling lists held at CO/201/9 and 10 (AJCP reel PRO 4) and those held by the Mitchell Library at CY 367, p 209. 234 Ibid p 204. 235 CROWLEY Frank, A Documentary History ofAustralia: Volume I, pp 112-113. 236 BAXTER Carol J, Musters and Lists New South Wales and No,folk Island, 1800-1802, pp 12 and 237 39. HRNSW, Series I, Volume 3, p 591.

57 It was during this period that Elizabeth's mother formed a relationship with William Mason, an Irish convict who had arrived in the colony on the ship Boddingtons in 1793. In October 1803 a stepbrother William Mason was born. A second stepbrother Samuel Mason was born in 1805. The family had now grown to two adults and six children.238 When Elizabeth was fifteen years old her mother, Sarah married William Mason on 20 April 1807 at St John's, Parramatta seven years after the disappearance ofh er husband John Ryan.239 240

The Mason family acquired a degree of prosperity. William was employed by local businessman Henry Kahle as his agent and chief debt collector. On Wednesday 12 April 1809, when Kahle was visiting the district Elizabeth's mother asked if he would take her on an excursion in his chaise from Green to Richmond for the benefit of her health. Elizabeth was invited to accompany them. They set off on the riverside road and as they neared Mackellars Creek the wheels of the chaise struck a concealed stump and Henry fell out. The women screamed, the horse took fright and bolted. Sarah and Elizabeth were both thrown from the vehicle. Elizabeth was badly bruised but otherwise unhurt. Sarah was not so lucky, she complained that one of the wheels had passed over her back, and declared herself a dying woman. Within ten minutes Mr and Mrs James Badgery and William Faithful had arrived to render assistance. The doctor, James Mileham, was sent for but Sarah died in her daughter's arms before he arrived. 241 A terrible experience for a young woman of seventeen years.

Following her mother's death Elizabeth assumed many of her mother's duties, especially caring for her five younger brothers and sisters. In October 1809 William Mason was granted forty acres at Upper Nelson to be held in trust for the orphaned children John, Elizabeth, Mary and Sarah Ryan.242

In 1810 the young Elizabeth married Roger Connor (qv) the son of Michael and Elizabeth Connor (qqv). The Connor family had arrived with the Second Fleet, Michael a convict per the Scarborough and young Roger and his mother, free on board the Neptune, the same ship that brought Elizabeth's mother Sarah to the colony. The young couple were married by licence on 9 January 1810 at 10 am in St Phillip's Church Sydney by William Cowper. The marriage was witnessed by R Fitzgerald and Thomas Taber. 243

Roger and Elizabeth's only child, Elizabeth Sarah Connor ( qv), was born at Windsor on 16 October 1811. They also reared Elizabeth's sister Mary's daughter Mary Jane Pearson who was born at the Hawkes bury on 31 August 1819.

Elizabeth's sister Mary Ryan married John Pearson at St Phillips, Sydney on 29 September 1815. They had four children Charles Pearson (b 1816), John Pearson (b 1818), Mary Jane Pearson (b 1819) and Catherine Pearson (b 1823). Mary died on 6 August 1825 and her husband John died on 8 July 1829. The four young orphaned children were reared by various members of the Ryan family. Charles by Elizabeth's brother John Ryan and his wife Elizabeth Cooper, John by Elizabeth and and Roger's eldest daughter Elizabeth Sarah who married Thomas Norris in 1826, Mary Jane by 238 BAXTER Carol J, Musters ofNew South Wales and Norfolk Island, 1805-1806, pp 138-139. 239 AONSW, Marriage Register, 1807, no 760, volume 3a, reel 5002. 240 Many men ( convicts, military personnel) spent years separated from their wives. These women were often left with no means of support and no way of knowing if they were widowed and free to re-marry. Some felt free to re-marry after 7 years. Reference Litton P, p 3. 241 Sydney Gazette, 16 April 1809, p 2. 242 RYAN R J, Land Grants 1788-1809, p 289. 243 AONSW, Marriage Register, 1810, no 14, volume 5, reel 5002. 58

Elizabeth and Roger and Catherine by William Mason and following his death by his son William who married Margaret Smith in 1839.

Elizabeth's husband Roger Connor had been granted land at Minto but the young couple lived in the Hawkesbury area where Elizabeth had grown up. They are recorded on the 1814 muster living in the Windsor district with one child and an assigned convict, Caulfield Wood (Archduke Ch 1813).244 In March 1814 the family experienced financial difficulties and a nunber of their pigs and other effects were offered for sale by execution unless creditors' claims were met.245 In May a capital mare, bridle and saddle belonging to Roger were also offered for sale by the Provost Marshall.246

On 18 March 1815 Roger Connor placed an advertisement in the Sydney Gazette cautioning the public against entering into any agreement with William Mason (Elizabeth's stepfather) of Pitt Town in relation to Woolley Farm situated in the district of Pitt Town adjacent to the Lake of Killarney. Roger indicated that he intended to apply to the Court of Civil Jurisdiction to be restored a proportion of the farm which is rightfully that of his wife Elizabeth Ryan. 247

In 1822 Elizabeth, Roger, two children and two assigned convicts, John Watts (Martha l818) Patrick Smith (Baring 1819) were resident on a farm of thirty acres at Wilberforce. All but two acres of the farm was cultivated in wheat, maize, barley, potatoes plus an orchard and garden. Stock consistedf o two horses and fifty five hogs. Ten bushels of wheat and two hundred and fifty bushels of maize were held in store.248

In 1825 the family's circumstances changed and Roger had to seek Government assistance. On 29 October 1825 he petitioned the Governor, Thomas Brisbane, requesting that he and his dependants be victualled from Government stores he stated that he held a grant of land of sixty acres situated at the Kurrajong granted by his Excellency Governor Macquarie that petitioner has felled the timber of twenty five acres and has in cultivation sixteen acres has a wife one child and an assigned Government Servant.249 On 2 November 1825 Frederick Goulburn, the Colonial Secretary responded by writing to the Deputy Commissary General requesting that Roger Connor, his wife and one child together with the convict John Butler (Coromandel 1820) be victualled from His Majesty's stores at Windsor for six months. It is unknown what caused this change in the family's situation.

Elizabeth, aged thirty six, is recorded on the 1828 census as living with Roger, a farmer of Wilberforce, aged forty nine, Mary Jane Pearson an orphan aged eight years and an assigned convict William Reynolds (Morley 1817). The family lived on thirty acres which was fully cultivated. The only stock listed was two cattle. 250 Their daughter Elizabeth Sarah Connor, who was married 1n 1826, is listed as living with her husband Thomas Norris (qv) a farmer of Cornwallis and their infant daughter Elizabeth Norris.251

244 BAXTER Carol J, General Muster- 1814. pp 11, 25 and 38. 245 Sydney Gazette, 26 March 1814, p 1. 246 Sydney Gazette, 28 May 1814, p 2. 247 Sydney Gazette, 18 March 1815, p 2. 248 BAXTER Carol J, General Muster - 1822, pp 103, 499 and 544. 249 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers, 1788-1825, Memorial, fiche 3125, 4/1841A, no 152, p 3. 250 SAINTY Malcolm & JOHNSON Keith, Census ofNew South Wales 1828, pp 100,298,315 and 426. 251 Ibid, pp 287 and 434. 59 Elizabeth Connor died on 13 Nov 1836 at Wilberforce aged forty four years. She is buried at St Matthew's Windsor in the Roman Catholic Cemetery. Her husband Roger died in 1851 and was buried at Windsor on 1 October 1851.

Wife: Elizabeth Ryan

Birth: 28 Nov 1792 Place: Queenborough, Norfolk Island Death: 13 Nov 1836 Place: Wilberforce, NSW, AUS Burial: Nov 1836 Place: St Matthew's Windsor, NSW, AUS Father: John Ryan (1767-) Mother: Sarah Woolley (1770-1809) Other Spouses ......

Marriage: 9 Jan 1810 Place: St Phillip's Sydney, NSW, AUS

Husband: Roger Connor

Birth: About 1778 Place: Gibraltar? Death: Sep 1851 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Burial: 1 Oct 1851 Place: St Matthew's, Windsor, NSW, AUS Father: Michael Connor (1747-1829) Mother: Elizabeth Connor (MNU) (1762-1806) Other Spouses ......

Children ...

Reared their niece, daughter of John Pearson (1790-1829) and Mary Ryan (1796-1825) F Child: Mary Jane Pearson Birth: 31 Aug 1819 Place: Hawk.esbury, NSW, AUS Death: 22 Jun 1892 Place: Apple Tree Flat, Jerrys Plains, NSW, AUS Burial: Place: ...... Spouse: James Frazer Marriage: 11 Sep 1837 Place: Pitt Town, NSW, AUS

60 John Ryan (c1767- ?) John Ryan arrived in Sydney Cove with the First Fleet on 26 Jan 1788 aboard the transport Friendship.252 He was a native of London, born about 1767, and a silk weaver by trade. When he was seventeen years old he was accused of stealing a coat and a man's hat. He was indicted as John Bryant and was tried before Justice Ashurst, at the Old Bailey, London on 14 January 1784.253 He was found guilty of theft and sentenced to seven years transportation.

John Bryant [sic] and Jonathon Darlington were indicted for feloniously stealing, on 10 January 1784, one woollen cloth coat, value ten shillings and one man's hat, value three shillings, the property of Richard Price. The two men were observed, by the constable Edward Rigly, acting suspiciously in Basinghall Street opposite the White Bear. They were walking up and down and looking in windows. The constable watched them for twenty minutes and then went and asked Charles Wilkes, a clerk, if he could come inside his office to continue to observe the men. He saw one of them enter the house of Mr Hippy and emerge after about four minutes with a coat and hat. The two men walked away together and as they passed by the office the constable and Charles Wilkes seized them. They were taken to Guildhall and Mr Hippy was sent for. He identified the coat and hat as belonging to his servant Richard Price. Both were found guilty of theft and sentenced to seven years transportation. 254

Both men were held in Newgate Gaol until 30 March 1784 when they were transferred to the Mercury transport bound for Georgia, America. There were 179 male and female convicts aboard the Mercury. The vessel sailed from Gravesend on 2 April 1784 and left the Downs (inside the Goodwin Sands on the east coast of Kent) two days later. While in the English Channel, the convicts aboard mutinied on 8 April. They overran the ship, seized the crew after a bloody and strong resistance and steered for the Devon coast forcing the ship to land at Torbay on 13 April 1784.255 Here about sixty of the convicts, escaped ashore. Of the other convicts, John Ryan was one of sixty six taken on board the HM:S Helena on 13 April and delivered to Exeter gaol. A Special Commission, held at Exeter on 24 May 1784, tried the ring leaders and remanded the other convicts to their former orders. 257

At the end of June John Ryan was sent to the Dunkirk hulk at Plymouth where he was reported as in general tolerably well behaved, but troublesome at times. 258 When the War of Independence began in 1785 America refused to accept any more convicts and this abruptly ended British transportation to the American colonies. As a consequence Britain's gaols began to overflow. A solution to this problem was to commission more hulks such as the Dunkirk. John Ryan spent almost three years aboard this vessel and life in the overcrowded and unsanitary conditions could at best be described as wretched. His ordeal ended when it was decided to establish a penal colony in New South Wales.

252 AONSW, Bound Indents 1788-1835, fiche 620, p 12. 253 The Order in Council shows the trial date as January 1784 but no John Ryan was indicted or tried in that period. Reference Cobley, The Crimes ofthe First Fleeters, p 243. 254 Old Bailey Proceedings, part one, reel 13, p176. 255 GILLEN Mollie, Founders ofAustralia, p 435. 256 'Letter from Arthur Hold worth (Dartmouth), 14 April 1784, re escape of transportees on Mercury bound for America' in HO 42 Correspondence and Papers. 257 PRO, Treasury Board Papers 1787 Nos 703-856, Return of the convicts confined on board the Dunkirk hulk, 26 Dec 1786 and 25 Mar 1787, no 644, reel 3550. 258 GILLEN Mollie, Founders ofAustralia, p 320. 61 The York prison ship, 1825, an example of a hulk 259

259 KING Jonathon, Australia's First Fleet: The Voyage and the Re-enactment 1788-1988. 62 On 11 March 1787 John was discharged to the convict transport ship the Friendship which was bound for Botany Bay as part of the First Fleet. The hulk report lists John Ryan aged nineteen years, tried 24 May 1784, to be transported for life, discharged on 11 March 1787. iro He was reported by Ralph Clark, second lieutenant of marines who also was aboard the Friendship, as a twenty year old silk-weaver. 261

The First Fleet consisted of two naval ships Sirius and Supply, six transports Alexander, Lady Penrhyn, Scarborough, Charlotte, Prince of Wales and the Friendship and three storeships Fishburn, Golden Grove and Borrowdale. 262 The First Fleet sailed from Motherbank off, Portsmouth on Sunday 13 May 1787 with approximately 1,530 persons plus provisions and stores. The smallest of the transports, the Friendship, a two year old brig of 247 tons, commanded by Francis Walton, carried seventy six male and twenty one female convicts. Thomas Arndell was the Surgeon.

The Fleet was escorted to sea by HMS Hyaena. Once down the English Channel and at sea most of the prisoners suffered from acute seasickness, though this eased as the voyage progressed and the weather remained fine. On 3 June the Fleet anchored at Tenerife (Canary Islands) and the ships were re-supplied with fresh food and water. The crew were allowed ashore and the convicts were permitted on deck for fresh air and exercise. On 10 June the Fleet sailed for Rio de Janeiro, crossed the Equator on 14 July and entered the harbour at Rio, on 4 August, after eight weeks at sea. A month was spent at Rio while repairs were carried out and the ships re-stocked with food and water.

The Fleet set sail once again on 4 September bound for Cape Town. On this leg violent storms and rough seas battered the small ships. The Fleet anchored in Table Bay at the Cape of Good Hope on the evening of 13 October and the ships were once again re-stocked before embarking on the longest and final leg of the voyage across the Indian Ocean to establish the colony of New South Wales. This crossing took sixty eight days and the Fleet experienced gale force winds and heavy seas, the worse conditions of the entire voyage. The convicts in particular suffered, because of the heavy seas they had to remain battened down below with water constantly crashing into their confined space. They were continually wet and cold with no chance of drying out. On the 19 January, after eight months at sea, the Friendship anchored in Botany Bay. Captain Phillip did not think Botany Bay suitable for the settlement site and on the 26 January the Fleet sailed into Sydney Cove. All eleven ships arrived safely with an estimated loss of forty seven lives. During the long voyage the Friendship lived up to her name with much fratemization between the women convicts and the crew.263

At Sydney Cove a new settlement had to be established. Once landed the convicts were accommodated in tents and employed cutting trees, clearing land and pitching tents. Some gathered edible greens such as wild celery, spinach and parsley to try and control an outbreak of scurvy. Sawpits had to be dug so that planks could be sawn to construct buildings, a wharf, a hospital, a safe storehouse, a guardhouse, magazine for gunpowder and a cellar. It was difficult adjusting to this strange environment and there were fights, thefts and attempted escapes amongst the convicts.

On Wednesday 27 February 1788 John Ryan, Thomas Barrett, Henry Lovell and Joseph Hall were tried by the criminal court for robbing stores of b utter, pease and pork. John was sentenced to 300

260 Treasury Board Papers 1787 Nos 703-856, 2 6 1 Dunkirk 2 6 2 PRO, The Journal and Letters of Lt. Ralph Return Clark of 1787-1792, the convicts confined on board the hulk, 26Australia's Dec 1786 FirstRand Fleet K 5 Mar 1787, no 644 reel 3550. 263 CLARK Ralph, p 6. KING Jonathon, , p 42. Ibid pp 64-79. 63 lashes and the others were sentenced to death. Thomas Barrett, who was described as a most vile character, was hung that evening. Following a petition to the Governor from their fellow convicts the other three were reprieved, Lovell and Hall were banished to Pinchgut Island in the harbour where they remained until 4 June. John Ryan had his irons removed and was sent back to work again.264 These men could be considered very fortunate to escape punishment. Food was a valuable commodity and had to be strictly rationed until the colony became self sufficient. Stealing from stores was a capital offence.

In February 1788 the male convicts and marines received a weekly ration of seven pounds of bread or flour, seven pounds of beef or four pounds of pork, three pints of pease, six ounces of butter, and one pound of flour or half a pound of rice. The marines' wives and female convicts received two thirds of this.265

John Ryan shared a hut with Francis Fowkes. In the evenings John and his friend Bartholomew Reardon were in the habit of sitting by the fire that burned between Ann Warburton and Ann Farmer's hut. On 11 November 1788 a man entered Ann Warburton's hut and stole some clothing. The missing articles were found the next morning by Ann, wrapped in a bundle on her doorstep. John Ryan was taken into custody that day accused of stealing a pair oftrousers, two shirts, two aprons, one bedgown, one silk handkerchief and a pair of stockings from the dwelling house of Ann Warburton. The charge was tried before the Court of Criminal Jurisdiction on 17 November. After hearing evidence from five persons, including Francis Fowkes and Bartholomew Reardon, John was acquitted. On the same day John was also tried by the magistrate's court before the Judge Advocate and Mr Alt. He was accused of stealing five pounds of flour belonging to Henry Roach, a fellow prisoner from the Mercury and the Dunkirk hulk. Following Roach's evidence the charge was dismissed. 266

By November 1789 John Ryan was employed by Robert Sidaway, a baker with the commissary who had also been aboard the Mercury, the Dunkirk hulk and the Friendship. Robert shared a house with Mary Marshall and John cut wood, brought in water and cared for the house in their absence. 267 268

In early 1790 famine threatened the colony so a large number of convicts were sent to Norfolk Island on the Sirius and Supply in an effort to relieve the food shortages in the colony. John Ryan was among the convicts and two companies of marines who sailed on the ship Sirius on 6 March 1790.269 On arrival at Norfolk Island on 13 March 1790 the strong winds and currents made it impossible to land at Sydney Bay on the settled side of the Island. The Sirius followed the Supply around to Cascade Bay on the north side of the island. Here most of the officers and convicts were landed and the ships moved out to sea for safety. The convicts then walked the three miles to Sydney Bay. It was the 19th March before it was judged safe enough to attempt to get into Sydney Bay to land the cargo and supplies. Unfortunately the Sirius ran onto a reef, was wrecked and had to be abandoned. As many provisions as possible were salvaged but food was in short supply, especially with three hundred extra mouths to feed including stranded crew members. Half rations were imposed and

264 CLARK Ralph, The Journal and Letters ofLt. Ralph Clark 1787-1792, pp 102-103. 265 COBLEY John, Sydney Cove 1788, p 87. 266 Ibid, p 255. 267 CO BLEY John, Sydney Cove 17 89-1790, p 114. 268 GILLEN Mollie, Founders ofAustralia, p 320. 269 NOBBS Raymond (ed), No,folk Island, pp 199 and 212. 64 0 3 ""' �l:::::======d

Mount Pin cascade Bay -'"',-=-//\,::::.

Ph.illipsburg Proctor's Aun

Drummond's Run

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AnhUr'S Vale

Norfolk Island 1790's270

270 GILLEN Mollie, Founders ofAustralia: A Biographical Dictionary ofthe First Fleet. 65 martial law declared.271 272 This situation was relieved in April when a species of petrel arrived to nest on the Island. These birds and their eggs provided food for the hungry island inhabitants and they became known as the bird of Providence. 273

In January 1791, in an effort to address the food situation, the newly appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Norfolk Island Major Robert Ross, aware of the fertile soil and the abundance of the petrel, decided to introduce a scheme whereby the convicts could become self sufficient and hence reduce the drain on government stores.

John Ryan was one of the convicts indulged with the privilege ofmaintaining themselves. 274 The convicts were formed into groups, allocated sections of cleared land, allowed time for cultivation and given a sow or pig. Ross's general order provided an incentive for male convicts to maintain a female in their group. He ordered that such females shall not be called upon by the public to do any work, except in hoeing the corn upon the appearance ofrain, or picking the caterpillars or grubs from the corn, or any other work of evident necessary. 275 It is believed that it was under these circumstances that John Ryan set up house with Sarah Woolley (qv), a Second Fleeter who had arrived on the Island in August 1790.

By July 1791 John Ryan was settled at Queenborough, a new outstation that had been established in an untimbered valley on the route to Anson Bay. He had a block ofland with fifty rods cleared and three rods of timber felled. He was subsisting himself and another person, presumably Sarah Woolley.276 On 5 July 1791 John and Sarah took delivery of two young pigs supplied by the Lieutenant Governor.277

It is believed John and Sarah were among a large group ofcouples married by the Reverend Richard Johnson when he visited the island in November 1791, though no record of the names survive and there is other evidence indicating that the couple were not married.

On 16 December 1791, John and Sarah took possession of ten acres at Mount Pitt Path, Queensboro [sic] township.278 It was here that their first child, daughter Elizabeth Ryan (qv) was born on 28 November 1792.279 In December 1792 John sold nine bushels of maize at 5/- per bushel to 280 stores. Unfortunately Major Ross's plan for convict self sufficiency failed and it was abolished.

John Ryan was amongst a group ofconvicts that returned to Port Jackson aboard the transport Kitty arriving on 21 March 1793. Some of these convicts were returned to Port Jackson for greater security because they were considered undesirable by Lieutenant King. 281 It is not known if John

271 IRVINE Nance, The Sirius Letters, pp l 19-110. 272 HAZZARD Margaret, Punishment Short ofDeath, pp 26-29. 273 HOARE Merval, Norfolk Island, pp I 9-20. 274 HRNSW, Volume I, Part 2, p 447. 21s Ibid 276 PRO, Norfolk Island 1790-1793: An Account of ground cleared, CO 201/9 (i), AJCP reel PRO 4. 277 PRO, Norfolk Island 1790-1793: An Account of sows delivered to convicts, CO 201/9 (i), AJCP reel PRO 4. 278 PRO, Norfolk Island 1790-1793: List of persons settled on Norfolk Island, CO 201/9 (i), AJCP reel PRO 4. 279 NOBBS Raymond (ed), Norfolk Island, p 209. This date sourced to the early Norfolk Island victualling lists held at CO/201/9 and 10 (AJCP reel PRO 4) and those held by the Mitchell Library at CY 367. 280 PRO, Norfolk Island 1790-1793: Disbursement of 1000 Spanish dollars for purchasing grain. CO 201/9 (i), AJCP reel PRO 4. 281 COBLEY John, Sydney Cove 1793-1795, p 20. 66 John Ryan Block 31

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Extract from the Plan of the Settlements in New South Wales 1796 279

279 Historical Records ofNew South Wales, Volume Ill, Hunter 1796-1799. 67 Ryan was one of those convicts considered undesirable. Sarah and daughter Elizabeth remained on Norfolk Island until 22 March 1794 when they sailed for Sydney aboard the Francis. 283

On 14 March 1795 John Ryan was among a group of twenty four ho received land grants. He was granted thirty acres in the district ofMulgrave Place.284 A grant of thirty acres indicating that he was unmarried.285 Mulgrave Place, named after Baron Mulgrave who was in the British Government until 1792, was the name used to formalise the early grants of land along both sides of the Hawkesbury River. The name remained in official use until Governor Macquarie's arrival in 1810. By 1795 there were nearly four hundred settlers along a fifty kilometre stretch of the Hawkesbury River. There was a road to Sydney which was about eight hours walking distance away. A New South Wales Corps detachmen protected the settlers from attack by aboriginals.

It was hard painstaking work establishing a farm. First the trees were cleared from the land leaving the stumps. The ground was then hoed, wheat seed scattered and hoed in. Ploughs were rarely used because of the number of stumps and the lack of bullocks. When the wheat was harvested at the end of the year it reaped, bound into sheaves and carried by men to a stack or barn. Log granaries were erected to store the wheat and maize. The early settlers depended on small sailing vessels to get their grain to Sydney.

The farms had no fences because the main livestock kept were pigs which grazed on commons. In 1800 Governor King set aside 5,130 acres for Ham Common in the Richmond Hill district. Wheat and maize were the chief crops grown and even though fruit and vegetables such as cabbages, potatoes, pumpkins, water melons, peaches, apples and figs grew well very little was cultivated by the early settlers.

John and Sarah worked hard to establish their farm. The original farm house would have been typical of the time, a two roomed hut made from timber with the walls wattled and plastered with clay, a thatched roof and beaten earth floor. This would, in time, be upgraded, to boarded plastered walls, glazed windows and shingled roof 286 Life was simple and hard. In 1796 when Governor Hunter made a survey of the Hawkesbury settlement he observed the settlers on the Hawkesbury are more in debt than in any other district. Their idleness cannot so well be prevented, the distance 7 from hence is so great.'28

During this time Sarah and John had three more children, Mary Ryan born 1796, John Ryan born 1798 and Sarah Ryan born on 1 November 1800. Sometime in 1800 John disappeared. He either died with no record of burial or he was the John Ryan who returned to England under the alias of George King following the granting of an absolute pardon by Governor Hunter on 13 September 1796.288 The 1801 muster records this John Ryan as Gone to England.m If this was John, one can only speculate on the reasons why John abandoned his pregnant wife and children to return to England never to be heard of again.

283 NOBBS Raymond (ed), Noifolk Island, pp 204 and 209. 284 RYAN R J, Land Grants 1788-1809, p 46. 285 George III instructions to Governor Phillip April 1787 state "To every male shall be granted 30 acres of land, and in case he shall be married, 20 acres more; and for every child who may be with them at the settlement at the time of making the said grant, a further quantity of 10 acres, free of all taxes, quit rents, or other acknowledgments whatsoever, for the space of ten years." Reference Ryan R J, p xiii. ™' CROWLEY Frank, A Documentary History ofAustralia, Volume 1, pp 112-113. W 287 BOD D G, Macquarie Country, p 7. 288 AONSW, Register ofAbsolute Pardons 1791-1843, reel 800, p 3. 289 BAXTER Carol J, 'King's Lists 1801 - List 6' in Musters and Lists - 1800-1802, p 118. 68 The Colonial Secretary's Index indicates that there were only two John Ryans in the colony prior to 1800, as does the available musters. Other John Ryans arrived per the Friendship II on 16 Feb 1800 and theAnne on21 Feb 1801.

The other John Ryan in the colony prior to 1800 arrived with the Second Fleet on 28 June 1790 per the Neptune. It is unlikely he was the John Ryan who returned to England. This John, born cl 760, was a few years older than the First Fleeter. He received a land grant of thirty acres of land on the Hawkesbury River on 1 January 1797. 290 He enlisted in the New South Wales Corps in 1797 as a private and was discharged on 3 Jan 1800. 291 He was granted an additional fifty acres of land in September 1802. He is also listed on the 1802 muster. He lived with Rachael Burton from about 1800. S e died in November 1811 and he died at Parramatta on 2 March 1815 aged 57 years. The mystery of what actually happened to John Ryan remains. His wife Sarah remarried in 1807, seven years after John's disappearance.

290 RYAN R J, Land Grants 1788-1809, p 84. 291 STATHAM Pamela, A Colonial Regiment, p 339. 69 Husband: John Ryan

Birth: About 1767 Place: London, England Death: ...... Place: ...... ········ Burial: ...... Place: ...... Father: ...... Mother: ...... Other Spouses ......

Marriage: 5 Nov 1791 Place: Norfolk Island

Wife: Sarah Woolley

Birth: About 1770 Place: England Death: 12 Apr 1809 Place: Pitt Town, NSW, AUS Burial: 13 Apr 1809 Place: Mason property, Pitt Town, NSW, AUS Father: ...... Mother: ...... Other Spouses William Mason

Children ...

1. F Child: Elizabeth Ryan .Birth: 28 Nov 1792 Place: Queenborough, Norfolk Island Death: 13 Nov 1836 Place: Wilberforce, NSW, AUS Burial: Nov 1836 Place: St Matthew's Windsor, NSW, AUS Spouse: Roger Connor Marriage: 9 Jan 1810 Place: St Phillip's Sydney, NSW, AUS

2. F Child: Mary Ryan Birth: 1 Feb 1796 Place: Mulgrave Place, NSW, AUS Death: 6Aug 1825 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Burial: Aug 1825 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Spouse: John Pearson Marriage: 29 Sep 1815 Place: St Phillip's, Sydney, NSW, AUS

3. M Child: John Ryan Birth: 15 May 1798 Place: Parramatta, NSW, AUS Death: ······························ Place: ··················································· Burial: ······························ Place: ·········································--········ Spouse: Elizabeth Cooper Marriage: 8 Oct 1821 Place: St Matthews Windsor, NSW, AUS

4. F Child: Sarah Ryan Birth: 1 Nov 1800 Place: Mulgrave, NSW, AUS Death: 3 Jun 1854 Place: Bendigo, VIC, AUS Burial: ...... Place: ...... Spouse: William Stanley Marriage: 20 Apr 1818 Place: Hobart, TAS, AUS

70 Charles Smith (1835-1897) and Mary E Cook (1841-1915) Charles Smith was born in Bath, County Somerset, England in about 1835. He was the son of Thomas Smith, a publican and Elizabeth Cosswell 292 All efforts to trace Charles's birth record, his family or his movements in England prior to his arrival in Sydney have failed mainly because the surname Smith is so numerous and because his father's name is also recorded as John Smith.293

Extensive searching of the Australian shipping and emigration records have revealed a possible arrival for Charles. The arrival details tally with the arrival information that Charles supplied for his entry in the The A/dine Potted Biographies for NSW 1888. It states Charles Smith, wholesale and retail butcher, was born in Bath, England, in 1835, where he received his education, and came out to Melbourne when sixteen years of age. He tried his fortunes on the gold-diggings for two years but without success. His first acquaintance with Mudgee dates from the year 1856. .. 294

When the transportation of convicts to New South Wales ended in 1840 Britain continued to send convicts to Van Diemen's Land. Transportation to mainland Australia continued in another guise, the sending of exiles. It is believed that Charles arrived in Victoria on the ship Eden as a Parkhurst exile. These exiles were prisoners, or convicts, from Pentonville and Millbank prisons in London and Parkhurst prison on the Isle of Wight. As the majority of these exiles came from Pentonville prison they were also known as Pentonvillains. These prisoners had served from fifteen months to two years of their prison term before they were sent to Australia as exiles. They were landed with a conditional pardon which freed them of their sentence on the condition that they did not return to Britain until the term of their original sentence had expired. All of the exiles had undergone instruction in a trade in prison, though very few found employment in their trade in the colony. Many were employed by the squatters, who were desperate for labour, as shepherds or labourers at wages ranging from £15 to £25 per annum plus rations.295

The ship Royal George was the first of nine ships to bring exiles to Victoria. It arrived at Port Phillip from London on 16 November 1844. Up to February 1849 these ships landed 1751 exiles directly from Britain and another 543 convicts with pardons were landed from Van Diemen's Land.

The last of the nine exile ships to Victoria was the Eden, a 522 ton barque, which arrived at Geelong on 4 February 1849 carrying 203 men. Some of these men were sent onto Portland. The nominal list of exiles for the ship Eden lists Charles Smith, a tailor, aged sixteen years, able to read and write. When Charles arrived in Victoria he had served four years and four months of a seven year sentence in Parkhurst Prison on the Isle of Wight. Charles was convicted on 5 January 1844 at the Birmingham Quarter Sessions, County Warwickshire, for stealing stockings. He would have been eleven or twelve years of age at the time!296

The indent for the Eden shows that Charles Smith was received at Parkhurst Prison from Millbank prison on 15 April 1844. Charles Smith's trial was reported by the The Birmingham Journal on Saturday 6 Jan 1844: Borough Sessions: Charles Smith was convicted of stealing a pair of stockings from the shop ofMr Wareing, hosier, Snow Hill, and remanded until his master should

292 Registrar General of New South Wales, Marriage Certificate, no 2186, Charles Smith and Mary E Cook, 28 May 1857. 293 Registrar General ofNew South Wales, Death Certificate, no 5483, Charles Smith, 4 May 1897. 294 MORRISON William Frederic, The A/dine Centennial History of New South Wales, fiche 14. 295 WYND Ian, HILL T R & LYONS V M, The Exiles: Introduction and Shipping Lists. 296 Assisted Immigrants from UK 1839-1871, Nominal List of Exiles per Eden, book 4, fiche 23, p 270. 71 A general view of Bath in 1804 297

297 CHANCELLOR E Beresford, Life in Regency and Early Victorian Times. 72 attend court this morning.298 Unfortunately this second session was not reported by the Birmingham Journal or the Aris's Birmingham Gazette.

The Millbank gaol register lists Charles Smith as eleven years old, four foot tall with red hair, very fair complexion, light grey eyes and red marks on the back of his left hand. Other details given record that he was a single labourer, who could neither read nor write. He was tried on 5 January 1844 at the Birmingham Sessions where he was sentenced to seven years for stealing stockings after being received from Warwick Gaol on 18 March 1844. It was noted that his character was not known [previous convictions]. Charles was sent to Parkhurst Prison on 15 April 1844.299 The Parkhurst prison register confirms these details. The gaolers reported that he was well behaved and that he was removed from the prison on 26 September 1848 for embarkation to Van Diemen's Land.300. The prison records give no details of his birth place, family or relations.

The surgeon aboard the Eden, Robert McCrea, recorded in his journal that the ship left Woolwich on 19 September and on the 25th anchored off Cowes where thirty seven boys from Parkhurst Prison were taken on board over the next two days. The ship then sailed from Spithead, between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight, on 5 October 1848.301 The vessel was captained by A Murdoch with Robert Beith replacing Robert McCrea as surgeon superintendent at the Cape of Good Hope when he became ill. The ship sailed via Madeira and arrived at Hobart Town on 21 January 1849 where thirty five male prisoners were unloaded after a voyage of 108 days.302 On 29 January 1849 the Eden left Hobart Town bound for Geelong and arrived there on 4 February 1849.

The disposal list for the ship Eden shows that Charles was sent from Geelong onto Portland Bay aboard the schooner Sophia.303 The Sophia sailed from Geelong on 13 February 1849 and arrived at Portland Bay on 22 February 1849.304

It is not known what became of Charles after landing at Portland Bay but it is presumed that he was employed as a shepherd or a farm labourer by one of the squatters desperate for workers. The shortage of workers was caused by the cessation oftransportation to the eastern states. In 1849 the population of New South Wales, which comprised the whole of the eastern coast of Australia, was 247, 260.305

Charles stayed in Victoria for several years and it is presumed that he learnt his butchering skills during this time. In July 1851 the colony of Victoria separated from New South Wales. It was not long after separation that gold was discovered in Victoria triggering the gold rushes to that state. Charles was smitten by gold fever and tried his fortunes on the Victorian gold fields for several years before heading to the Mudgee area of New South Wales in 1856. He was no doubt lured to New South Wales by the gold rushes which followed E H Hargraves discovery of gold at Summer Hill Creek near Bathurst in February 1851.306

298 The Birmingham Journal, Saturday, 6 Jan 1844, p 3. 299 Millbank Gaol Register (PCOM2/22,) register no 1873, ward and cell: 5G, 6El3, 6Fl3, 6F7, 5F6. 300 The Parkhurst Prison Register (H0254/15). 301 Admiralty Records, Medical Journals 1828-1849 - Eden, Adm I O1, AJCP reel 3193, piece 22. 302 BATESON Charles, The Convict Ships 1787-1868, pp 368,369 and 395. 303 Assisted Immigrants from UK 1839-1871, Disposal List for the Eden, book 4, fiche 23, p 281. 304 The Argus, 9 and 16 February 1849, p 2. 305 BARKER Anthony, When Was That? Chronology ofAustralia from 1788, p 125. 306 Ibid pp 102 and 128. 73

Mudgee was gazetted as a village on 12 January 1838 and the first auction of Crown Land in the village took place on 9 August 1838 followed by a second sale in November of that year. By 1841 the to\Vll consisted of seven brick houses, twenty nine slab houses, twenty six landed proprietors, merchants and shopkeepers, four mechanics, three hundred and fifty five shepherd, gardeners, stockman and others engaged in agricultural work and fifty domestics. 308

The village continued to grow steadily but by the 1851 census the population had been reduced to two hundred as a result of the gold-rushes. At one stage the exodus of gold seekers had reduced the town's male population to six and the surrounding estates were also deserted. The discovery of gold at Meroo Creek, sixteen miles from Mudgee, in June 1851 resulted in considerable excitement especially when a large nugget weighing 106 pounds was found at Louisa Creek by an aboriginal shepherd. The nugget was named Blackfellow's Nugget. 309 After this discovery the district prospered 3 and by 1857 the population of Mudgee was 803 with the district's population at 4208. 10 311 From 1851 to the end of 1919 over 1,110,237 ounces of gold were sent from Mudgee, Gulgong and Hargraves to the Royal Mint. 312

On 28 May 1857 Charles married Mary Elizabeth Cook at the district registrar's office, Mudgee. The district registrar at this time was Stafford Barnes, the local chemist and insurance agent. 313 At the time of his marriage Charles was a twenty one year old butcher and Mary a sixteen year old domestic servant. As Mary was under twenty one years of age her father's permission to marry is endorsed on the marriage record. The witnesses were William Catlin and Martha Cook [Mary's mother?] Charles signed the register but Mary signed with an X. 314

Mary was born on 24 September 1841 and her baptism is recorded in the Bathurst Presbyterian register on 30 December 1841 but her exact place of birth is not listed. It is assumed that it was in the Mount Victoria area because her parents, John Cook and Martha Vagg (qqv), are listed on her baptism record as living at Mount Victoria where John was working as a servant.315 Mount Victoria is situated in County Cook about seventy miles from Sydney on the Bathurst Road. 316

At the time of his marriage Charles was living at Redbank Creek, an area south east of the town of Mudgee. The young couple settled at Redbank Creek, though Charles continued to visit the gold-fields up until about 1868 when he decided to settle down permanently.

Charles managed a butchering business in Mudgee for many years. In 1878 he commenced his own butchering business in a shop located in Lewis Street, Mudgee. An advertisement in the Mudgee Independent of 1890 states: C Smith, butcher, Lewis Street, Mudgee. The oldest butchering establishment in Mudgee. Small goods of the best quality on hand. Country orders promptly attended to. 3 17 Sometime between 1890 and 1897 Charles moved his business to the comer of

308 CONNELLY C J, Mudgee: A History ofthe Town, pp 8-9. 309 Mudgee Centenary Souvenir 1821-1921, pp 29 and 35. 310 CONNELLY C J, Mudgee: A History ofthe Town, pp 8-9. 311 The Sydney Mail, 2 March 1921, p 15. 312 Mudgee Centenary Souvenir 1821-1921, p 36. 313 Mudgee Historical Society, Letter to Mr Dudley Smith, dated 10 September 199 I. 314 Registrar General of New South Wales, Marriage Certificate, no 2186, C Smith and M Cook, 28 May 1857. 315 AONSW, Baptism Mary E Cook, 1841, no 8510, volume 45c, reel 5016. 316 WELLS William Henry, Geographical Dictionary or Gazetteer ofthe Australian Colonies I 848, p 408. 317 Copy of Advertisement from Mudgee Independent, 1890 supplied to Cora Num, July 1996 by Mudgee Historical Society. 75 Church and Mortimer Streets. His slaughter yards were west of Mudgee town at Caerleon, a property owned by Vivian Cox who was in partnership with Henry Crossing. 318

Charles was very popular in the Mudgee area. He was known for being able to able put through eight to ten head of cattle every week. Charles always identified himself closely with mining speculations, the outcome of which often resulted in disappointments and heavy losses.319

Charles and Mary had a family of ten children all born in the Mudgee area. Their eldest child, a daughter Elizabeth Jane Smith was born at Mudgee on 27 Jan 1859 and died eighteen months later at Redbank Creek on 19 October 1860. Their fourth child, another daughter Mary Ann Smith born on 16 February died later that year on 28 December 1866, aged ten months.

Charles died at Mudgee on 4 May 1897 of pneumonia. He was sixty two years old. He was buried on the 5 May 1897 in the Church of England cemetery, Mudgee.320 Following his death Mary sold the business to a butcher named Long. 321

Mary died on 14 January 1915 at Market Street Mudgee. She was seventy four years old. She was buried the following day in the Mudgee cemetery. 322

The Smith headstone reads: In Loving Memory of Charles Smith, Died 14 [sic] May 1897 aged 62 years Anchored safe where storms are o'er Erected by his loving wife Mary Died 14 Jan 1915 aged 73 years At Rest Also their beloved son Albert Died 25 Jun 1923 aged 44 years.323

318 Mudgee Historical Society, Letter to Mr Dudley Smith, dated 10 September 1991. 319 MORRISON William Frederic, The Aldine Centennial History ofNew South Wales, fiche 14. 320 Registrar General ofNew South Wales, Death Certificate, no 5483, Charles Smith, 4 May 1897. 321 Mudgee Historical Society, Letter to Mr Dudley Smith, dated 10 September 1991. 322 Registrar General of New South Wales, Death Certificate, no 3760, Mary Elizabeth Smith, 14 January 1915. 323 Nepean Family History Society, Transcripts ofMudgee Cemeteries NSW: Volume 3 -Mudgee General Cemetery, Anglican Section, p 150. 76 Husband: Charles Smith

Birth: About 1835 Place: Bath, Co Somerset, ENG Death: 4 May 1897 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Burial: 5 May 1897 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Father: Thomas Smith Mother: Elizabeth Cosswell

Marriage: 28 May 1857 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS

Wife: Mary Elizabeth Cook

Birth: 24 Sep 1841 Place: Mt Victoria, NS\tV, AUS Christen:· 30 Dec 1841 Place: Bathurst Parish, NSW, AUS Death: 14 Jan 1915 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Burial: 15 Jan 1915 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Father: John Cook (1796-1862) Mother: Martha Vagg (1816-1873)

Children ...

1. F Child: Elizabeth Jane Smith Birth: 27 Jan 1859 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: 19 Oct 1860 Place: Redbank Creek nr Mudgee, NSW, AUS

2. M Child: William Charles Smith Birth: 24 Nov 1860 Place: Red Bank Creek, nr Mudgee, NSW, AUS Christen: 28 Dec 1860 Place: St John the Baptist, Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: 2 Jui 1933 Place: St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, AUS Burial: ·························---·· Place: Northern Suburbs Cemetery, Sydney, NSW, AUS Spouse: Florence Power Marriage: 2Aug 1882 Place: St Paul's Manse, Mudgee, NSW, AUS

3. F Child: Sarah Jane Smith Birth: 6 Nov 1863 Place: Redbank Creek nr Mudgee, NSW, AUS Christen: 24 Dec 1863 Place: St John the Baptist, Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: ······························ Place: ·······•··········································· Spouse: Alexander P C Low Marriage: 1885 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS

4. F Child: Mary Ann Smith Birth: 16 Feb 1866 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: 28 Dec 1866 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS

5. M Child: Thomas Henry Smith Birth: 14 Dec 1867 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: Place: ......

6. M Child: John Thomas Smith Birth: 3 Jan 1870 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: 28 Feb 1917 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Spouse: Mabel Matilda Gawthome Marriage: 1893 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS

7. M Child: James Augustus Smith Birth: 9 May 1872 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: Place: ......

77 8. M Child: Arthur Isaac Smith Birth: 13Aug 1874 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: ······························ Place: ···················································

9. M Child: Walter Ernest Smith Birth: 13 Sep 1876 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: ······························ Place: ···················································

10. M Child: Albert George Smith Birth: 4 Jun 1879 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: 25 Jun 1923 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Burial: Jun 1923 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS

78 Charles H H Smith (1883-1933) and Alma Gudgeon (1891-1941)324 325 Charles Henry Hector Smith was born at Lidsdale, near Lithgow on 22 August 1883. It is believed he was the eldest son of William Charles Smith and Florence Power (qqv). His birth record states there was previous issue of a male child living though there is no evidence of an earlier child in the New South Wales birth records. Charles spent his early childhood at Lidsdale, though nothing is known of this time. When he left school he trained to become a teacher and taught at a school in Wellington, NSW.

It is not known where Charles met his future wife Ahna Gudgeon but the family believe they probably met at some social tennis gathering in the Mudgee/Gulgong area They were both keen and talented .tennis players. In 1912, the year they were married Charles was aged twenty nine years and a school teacher at Cooyal, a small village north east ofMudgee situated on the Cooyal Creek.

Charles and Ahna were married on 18 December 1912 at St Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Gulgong by Robert Christie Sands. The witnesses were William John Thomas Gudgeon, Ahna's brother and Daisy Smith sister of Charles.

Alma was born on 20 June 1891 at Gulgong and she spent her childhood and early life, until her marriage, at Merotherie on her parent's farm. Merotherie is situated on the Talbragar river thirty five miles from Mudgee. 326 Alma was the youngest daughter of Christopher William Gudgeon and Maria Jane Whittaker (qqv).

The newly married couple lived at Cooyal. Charles was the local school teacher and he and his family lived in the school residence across the road from the school. Their first child, Dudley Charles Smith, was born at Mudgee on 14 February 1914 and taken home to Cooyal.

Charles was then appointed to the one teacher school at Havillah. During this time a second son Herbert Stanley Smith was born at Mudgee on 5 June 1916 and taken home to Havillah where the family lived in the residence across the road from the school.

Around this time Charles gave up teaching and became engaged in a stock and station business at Birriwa. Dudley Smith recalls a little house being built for the family. It had hessian for the inside partition walls. He can still recall the night the house caught fire. Fortunately mother awoke just as it started and we were all able to get out. I remember the neighbours with their water buckets trying to put out the fire and I vividly remember the blackness of the sky and the billions of twinkling stars. After the fire we stayed at Aunty May's [Alma's sister Harriett May married to Joseph Rains] house for a while. They had a farming property about 5km from the railway station at Birriwa. Then we went to Sydney. Charles resumed teaching in Sydney as a manual arts teacher and Dudley remembers living in a small rented house by the railway line about five hundred metres from the shops at Hornsby. He recalls Waving to soldiers on trains returning home from the First World War. Charles and Alma then took out a mortgage on a small house at 1 Parkes Road, Artarmon. Alma named the house Fenella, the

324

325 326 Information supplied by DudleyGeographical Charles Dictionary Smith, son or of Gazetteer Charles and of the Alma, Australian May 1998. Colonies 1848, Registrar of Birth Death and Marriages NSW, Birth Transcription, CH H Smith, no 19648, 22 August 1883. WELLS William Henry, p 259. 79 Charles Henry Hector Smith and Alma Gudgeon on their wedding day at Gulgong on 18 December 1912

80 same name as the house she grew up in on the farm at Merotherie. 327 The two Smith boys grew up in this house and have happy memories of their childhood in this area. They spent much time playing in the still virgin bushland that adjoined the suburb. They were also involved with the cubs, scouts and sports.

Charles's sister Daisy who was married to Louis Weight lived nearby in Hampdon Road, Artarmon. In later life Charles and Daisy's parents, William and Florence Smith, moved to Sydney and lived with Daisy until their deaths in 1926 and 1933.

Australia was in the grip of a world wide depression and times were very tough economically. Fortunately Charles had full time employment as a teacher and this ensured that the family had food for the table, though there was little money left over for luxuries. The young Smith boys would think nothing of walking four or five miles to the swimming baths or the beach. Charles continued teaching, first at Granville and then at Manly from about 1927.

Charles died suddenly on 15 July 1933. The Sydney Morning Herald reported: School Teacher Found Dead - Charles Henry Hector Smith, 50, of the East Esplanade, Manly was found dead in the Manly Public School early yesterday morning, when a cleaner entered the building. He had evidently returned to the school when the pupils and other teachers were absent, and had died in his room. 328

Charles was cremated at Rookwood on 18 July 1933. His death came less than two weeks after his father William Charles Smith passed away on 2 July 1933. His two sons were aged nineteen and seventeen years. Life following Charles's death was pretty grim for Alma and the boys. They continued living in the house in Parkes Road though Alma could not afford to pay any of the principal payments on the loan. Her eldest son Dudley was working for a large construction company and he was required to go to Manilla NSW and Melbourne in order to keep his job. Younger son Bert was working as a salesman in the sports department at Murdoch's Men's Store.

When Dudley returned to Sydney they discovered that the Rural Bank of New South Wales was offering housing loans at 2% interest. Alma had enough money to buy a block of land in Artarmon Road, opposite Sydney Road. Dudley had a friend whose father, Mr Dally, built them a modest 329 house and in 1936 Ahna and her sons moved to 34 Artarmon Road. By 1937 the local council had renumbered the street and this address was then 76 Artarmon Road. 330

In 1938 Dudley completed the first part of his studies and was sent to Burnie in Tasmania where a large pulp and paper mill was being erected. It was here that he met and married his wife Eileen Kathleen Guest on 6 August 1938. Dudley and Eileen had a family ofth ree sons and two daughters.

Herbert was married on 24 February 1940 to Joan Cazneaux and the young couple lived at Artarmon with Herb's mother. In 1941 Alma obtained a live in position as a supervisor at the Burnside Homes, Parramatta but she suddenly became ill and died at a private hospital in Chatswood on 13 December 1941. She was cremated at the Northern Suburbs crematorium on 15 December 1941. She was fifty years of age. 33 1

327 Information supplied by Dudley Charles Smith, son of Charles and Alma, May 1998. 328 Sydney Morning Herald, 18 July 1933, p 10. 329 Commonwealth Electoral Roll I 936. 330 Ibid 1937-1939. 331 Sydney Morning Herald, Death and Funeral Notices, 15 December 1941, p 12. 81 Husband: Charles Henry Hector Smith

Birth: 22 Aug 1883 Place: Lidsdale, nr Lithgow, NSW, AUS Death: 15 Jui 1933 Place: Manly, NSW, AUS Burial: 18 Jui 1933 Place: Rookwood Crematorium, Sydney, NSW, AUS Father: William Charles Smith (1860-1933) Mother: Florence Power (1861-1926)

Marriage: 18 Dec 1912 Place: St Andrews, Gulgong, NSW, AUS

Wife: Alma Gudgeon

Birth: 20 Jun 1891 Place: Gulgong, NSW, AUS Death: 13 Dec 1941 Place: Chatswoocl, NSW, AUS Burial: 15 Dec 1941 Place: Northern Suburbs Crematorium, Sydney, NSW, AUS Father: Christopher William Gudgeon (1859-1924) Mother: Maria Jane Whittaker (1860-1932)

Children ...

1. M Child: Dudley Charles Smith Birth: 14 Feb 1914 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ...... Spouse: Eileen Kathleen Guest Marriage: 6Aug 1938 Place: Burnie, TAS, AUS

2. M Child: Herbert Stanley Smith Birth: 5 Jun 1916 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: 28 September 1998 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Spouse: Joan Cazneaux Marriage: 24 Feb 1940 Place: St Andrew's Church, Roseville, NSW, AUS

82 Husband: Dudley Charles Smith

Birth: 14 Feb 1914 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: ...... Place: ...... Burial: ...... Place: ...... Father: Charles Henry Hector Smith (1883-1933) Mother: Alma Gudgeon (1891-1941)

Marriage: 6 Aug 1938 Place: Burnie, TAS, AUS

Wife: Eileen Kathleen Guest

Birth: 20 Oct 1918 Place: London, Co Middlesex, ENG Death: ...... Place: Burial: ...... Place: Father: Charles B Guest (1892-1970) Mother: Ethel Robinson (1893-1979)

Children ...

1. M Child: Peter Charles Smith Birth: 15 Oct 1939 Place: Canberra, ACT, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ...... Spouse: Elizabeth Armstrong Marriage: 1965 Place: Canberra, ACT, AUS

2. F Child: Lorraine Pauline Smith Birth: 26 Mar 1942 Place: Canberra, ACT, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ...... Spouse: Kenneth O'Brien Marriage: 1967 Place: Goulbum, NSW, AUS

3. M Child: Brian David Smith Birth: 14 Nov 1946 Place: Canberra, ACT, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ...... Spouse: Laura Kovaks Marriage: 1984 Place: San Diego, USA Divorced:

4. M Child: Grahame John Smith Birth: 2 Sep 1949 Place: Canberra, ACT, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ...... Spouse: Eva Safar Marriage: 1974 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Spouse: Anne Roots Marriage: Place:

5. F Child: Judith Ann Smith Birth: 22 Nov 1950 Place: Canberra, ACT, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ...... Spouse: William Sheppard Marriage: 1974 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS

83 Herbert Stanley Smith prior to his departure for Papua New Guinea in 1945

84 Herbert Stanley Smith (1916-1998)332 Herbert Stanley Smith was born at Mudgee on 5 June 1916. He was the youngest son of two children born to Charles Henry Hector Smith and Alma Gudgeon ( qqv). Herbert's father was the local school teacher at Havillah and the family lived in the residence across the road from the school. Their eldest son Dudley Charles was born on 14 February 1914 also at Mudgee when the family were living in the school residence at Cooyal, a small village north east of Mudgee situated on the Cooyal Creek. The family moved from Havillah to Birriwa where Charles was engaged in a stock and station business. Around 1918, following a fire, the family moved to the north shore suburb of Artarmon, Sydney where they lived at 1 Parkes Road. 333 Herbert was known to his family and friends as Bert.

In 1921 when Bert was five years old he attended the Artarmon Public School on the comer of McMillan and Abbott Streets. This school opened in 1910, as a two-room structure, after three years of community action by the residents for a school to be built in the suburb. In 1917 the school was extended so that full primary classes could be provided. When Bert enrolled at the school the headmaster was Jonathan Machin who remained as headmaster until he died in 1925. Between 1919 and 1925 the school had a staff ofeight teachers (later nine) and the average class size was forty six pupils per teacher. There was no lighting in the school and there were ongoing persistent appeals for the school to be lit. In 1919 the school was connected to the street lighting but this could only be used when the street lights were switched on! The school continued to expand, more land was acquired and classes were conducted in sheds and portable classrooms until 1928 when a new building was erected on the other side of Abbott Road. 334 This was the year that Bert left primary school.

During his school years Bert was a member ofthe Artannon cubs and he later joined the scouts. Bert belonged to the 1st Artarmon Boy Scouts troop that had been formed in 1919. In 1922 the troop, with the aid of donations of bricks and volunteer labour, built a scout hall in Cleland Park. It was opened on 25 November 1922 by the local member of parliament, W M (Billy) Hughes who arrived 1 ½ hours late for the ceremony. Willoughby Municipal Library holds a photograph ofthe 1st Artarmon Troop, including Bert Smith, taken in 1931.335

Bert was keen on sports and participated in whatever was available, especially tennis. Tennis in Artarmon was established by St Basil's Church of England in 1920. In 1925 the Artarmon District Tennis Club leased from the Council three tennis courts in Cleland Park, Barton Road. During the years tennis flourished and the club house grew from a shed that had moved four feet off its foundations during a storm in 1931 to a solid brick building with amenities. 336

In 1929 Bert enrolled at Chatswood Intermediate Boys High School. He remained there until 1932. As a skilled tennis player he was part of the school tennis team and was one of four players who won the New South Wales School Boys tennis championship in 193-. When Bert was just seventeen years old his father died on 18 July 1933. Bert, his mother Alma and elder brother Dudley remained in Artarmon. They continued living at 1 Parkes Road until 1936 when they moved to 34 Artarmon

332 A profile mitten by his wife Joan Smith nee Cazneaux in January 1998. 333 Commonwealth Electoral Rolls 1921-1935. 334 WARNER Grace, Artarmon Past, Present and Future, pp 97-99. 335 Ibid pp 117-118. 336 Ibid p 111. 85 His interest in sport continued and he joined the Cromer Golf Club. In 1955 Herb and another member Bob Fairlie began a project of planting hundreds of trees that they raised from seed. In the early 1960s the two were instrumental in the push to divide the fairways and beautify the course. Over the years the course was transformed from a bare paddock into the fine golf course it is today.

On 18 March 1970 Herb was awarded life membership of the club in recognition of his sustained effort which transformed the golf course.341 On 22 March 1972 Robert G Fairlie was awarded life membership also. Herb served on the committee of the club 1961-1963 and 1965 and he was Vice President from 1966-1968.342

In 1960 the publishing company of H J Edwards closed. The employees were given a years advance warning so that they could find alternative employment. Herb had already decided to establish his own company to print the works of Australian artists for John Brackenreg Art Lovers Gallery. It took about nine months to raise the necessary capital (£5000) among family and friends, float the company and await the arrival of a printing press from Germany. When the company opened for trading there was a credit squeeze under the Menzies government and the printing trade was in the doldrums. Unfortunately the business was forced to close down six weeks after opening to prevent further losses. Half the initial capital was lost but this was eventually recovered and paid back. The stress that resulted from this catastrophe had a serious impact on Herb's health. When he was sufficiently recovered Herb was offered a position with Angus and Robert son producing Christmas cards from artists' work. He later worked as manager of their bookshop in Castlereagh Street, in Sydney and then as manager of HC Robinsons Maps until 1970.

When Herb was fifty three years old he decided to leave Sydney where he had lived for the past fifty one years. In a complete lifestyle change he bought an oyster lease at Dunbogan on the New South Wales mid north coast. This was funded by the sale of the Roseville home. From the time of this change to the first crop of oysters, a period of about four years, Herb's health deteriorated and he was forced to sell the oyster lease, breaking even. He was now eligible for an army pension and he became unofficial caretaker of his son Dick's farmlet at Rossglen, near Dunbogan. Here he re- established his interest in growing trees and planted many on the property. His health eventually deteriorated further and he was diagnosed as suffering from Alzheimer's Disease. In 1992 he returned to Roseville. Herb spent his last years in a nursing home at Belrose. He passed away on 28 September 1998.

Herb and Joan had a family of two, a daughter, Barbara Joan Smith and a son Richard Harold (Dick) Smith.

341 FORSYTH Les & INNES David J, The History of Cromer Golf Club 1926-1991, pp 50, 70, 84. 342 Ibid p 80. 88 Joan Smith with children Barbara and Dick in 1944. This photo was carried by Herb while he was away at war

Herbert Smith with his son Dick after his return from the war - February 1946

89 Husband: Herbert Stanley Smith

Birth: 5 Jun 1916 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: 28 Sep 1998 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Father: Charles Henry Hector Smith (1883-1933) Mother: Alma Gudgeon (1891-1939)

Marriage: 24 Feb 1940 Place: St Andrew's Church, Roseville, NSW, AUS

Wife: Joan Cazneaux

Birth: 29 Jan 1916 Place: Roseville, NSW, AUS Death: ...... Place: ...... Father: Harold Pierce Cazneaux (1878-1953) Mother: Mabel Winifred Hodge

Children ...

1. F Child: Barbara Joan Smith Birth: 12 May 1942 Place: Roseville, NSW, AUS Death: Place: ...... Spouse: Stephen Goldner Marriage: Jul 1963 Place: Divorced:

1. M Child: Richard Harold (Dick) Smith Birth: 18 Mar 1944 Place: Roseville, NSW, AUS Death: ...... Place: Spouse: Philippa Aird McManamey Marriage: 26 Mar 1969 Place: Roseville, NSW, AUS

90 Wife: Barbara Joan Smith

Birth: 12 May 1942 Place: Roseville, NSW, AUS Death: ...... Place: ...... Burial: ...... Place: ...... Father: Herbert Stanley Smith (1916-) Mother: Joan Cazneaux ( 1916-) Other Spouses ......

Marriage: Jui 1963 Place: Roseville, NSW, AUS Divorced:

Husband: Stephen Goldner

Birth: ...... Place: ...... Death: ...... Place: ...... Burial: ...... Place: ...... Father: ...... Mother: ...... Other Spouses Goldner (MNU) Sonya

Children ...

1. F Child: Alison Goldner Birth: 13 Dec 1965 Place: Melbourne, VIC, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ......

2. M Child: David Goldner Birth: 20Aug 1968 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ......

3. M Child: Andrew Goldner Birth: 17 May 1971 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ......

91 Husband: Richard Harold (Dick) Smith

Birth: 18 Mar 1944 Place: Roseville, NSW, AUS Death: ...... Place: ...... Burial: ...... Place: ...... Father: Herbert Stanley Smith (1916-) Mother: Joan Cazneaux (1916-) Other Spouses ......

Marriage: 26 Mar 1969 Place: Roseville, NSW, AUS

Wife: Philippa Aird McManamey

Birth: 19 Jui 1949 Place: Cremome, NSW, AUS Death: ...... Place: ...... ····· ...... ········. Burial: ...... Place: ...... Father: Peter James McManamey Mother: Helen Joy Bowers Other Spouses ......

Children ...

1. F Child: Hayley Jennifer Smith Birth: 22 Jui 1972 Place: St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ...... Spouse: Andrew John McGuire Marriage: 27 Apr 1996 Place: Gundaroo, NSW, AUS

2. F Child: Jennifer Suzanne Smith Birth: 25 Jun 197 4 Place: St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, AUS Death: ...... Place: Burial: ...... Place:

92 William C Smith (1860-1933) and Florence Power (1861-1926)343 William Charles Smith was born on 24 November 1860 at Red Bank Creek near Mudgee. He was the eldest son of Charles Smith and Mary Elizabeth Cook (qqv). William spent his childhood and his early life in Mudgee where his father was one of the local butchers. William followed in his father's footsteps and also became a butcher, learning his trade from his father and assisting him with his business.

William married Florence Power on 2 August 1882 at St Paul's Presbyterian Manse, Mudgee. Florence was born on 6 January 1861 at Hassan's Wall near Lithgow, the daughter of Henry Power and Elizabeth Maria Norris ( qqv). Florence spent her early years in the Lithgow area and prior to her marriage may have lived at Apple Tree Flat near Mudgee where she probably met William. The couple were not married in the church on religious grounds as Florence had been raised as a Roman Catholic.

The newly married couple lived at Lidsdale near Lithgow and it was here that their eldest child Charles Henry Hector Smith (qv) was born in 1883. Their next three children were born at Mudgee, Herbert Alexander Smith in 1885, Harold A Smith in 1886 and Daisy Smith in 1888. Son Oswald I Smith was registered in 1892 at Cassillis and the youngest child, Effie was born at Mudgee on 11 July 1897. Little Effie Smith lived for less than eighteen months. She died on I 7 December 1898 and is buried in the Mudgee Church of England cemetery with her elder brother Harold Albert Smith who died on 30 October 1909, aged twenty three years.344

William worked as a butcher and in later years he and Florence moved to Sydney where they lived with their daughter Daisy Smith (married to Louis Weight) at 11 Hampden Road, Artarmon. Their son Charles, his wife Alma and two sons lived nearby. Grandson Dudley Smith recalls that Daisy's house was an ordinary suburban type with a very large block of ground at the rear. A granny flat was built on the rear block and his grandparents lived in this flat up until their deaths. Dudley remembers his grandmother as a very regal lady with masses of white hair.

When William moved to Sydney he did quite a bit of casual work in the local butcher shops around the Artarmon area. His wife Florence died at Yarrawonga Hampden Road, Artarmon on 24 April 1926 aged sixty five years.345 William died at 346 the Royal North Shore Hospital on 2 July 1933, aged seventy two years. His son Charles died suddenly, on 15 July 1933, less than two weeks later. Both William and Florence are buried in the Northern Suburbs Cemetery, Sydney.

343 Information supplied by Dudley Charles Smith, grandson of William and Florence, May 1998. 344 Nepean Family History Society, Transcripts ofMudgee Cemeteries NSW: Volume 3 - Mudgee General Cemetery, Anglican Section, pp 150, 151. 345 Sydney Morning Herald, 26 April 1926, p 8. 346 Sydney Morning Herald, 4 July 1933, p 7. 93 Husband: William Charles Smith

Birth: 24 Nov 1860 Place: Red Bank Creek, nr Mudgee, NSW, AUS Christen: 28 Dec 1860 Place: St John the Baptist, Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: 2 Jui 1933 Place: St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: Northern Suburbs Cemetery, Sydney, NSW, AUS Father: Charles Smith (1835-1897) Mother: Mary Elizabeth Cook (1841-1915)

Marriage: 2 Aug 1882 Place: St Paul's Manse, Mudgee, NSW, AUS

Wife: Florence Power

Birth: 6 Jan 1861 Place: Hassan's Walls near Lithgow, NSW, AUS Christen: 25 Feb 1861 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Death: 24 Apr 1926 Place: 'Yarrawonga' Artam,on, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: Northern Suburbs Cemetery, Sydney, NSW, AUS Father: Henry Power (1820-1904) Mother: Elizabeth Maria Norris (1827-1891)

Children ...

1. M Child: Charles Henry Hector Smith Birth: 22 Aug 1883 Place: Lidsdale, nr Lithgow, NSW, AUS Death: 15 Jui 1933 Place: Manly, NSW, AUS Burial: 18 Jui 1933 Place: Rookwood Crematorium, Sydney, NSW, AUS Spouse: Alma Gudgeon Marriage: 18 Dec 1912 Place: St Andrews Gulgong, NSW, AUS

2. M Child: Herbert Alexander Smith Birth: 1885 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: ...... Place: Burial: ...... Place:

3. M Child: Harold Albert Smith Birth: 26 Oct 1886 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: 30 Oct 1909 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Burial: Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS

4. F Child: Daisy Smith Birth: 1888 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ...... Spouse: Louis N Weight Marriage: 1916 Place: Waverley, NSW, AUS

5. M Child: Oswald I Smith Birth: 1892 Place: Cassilis, NSW, AUS Death: Place: ...... Burial: Place: ......

6. F Child: Effie Smith Birth: 11 Jui 1897 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Death: 17 Dec 1898 Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS Burial: Place: Mudgee, NSW, AUS

94 Dickson and Sons' Stores Mudgee 1880 34 7

347 Sydney Mail, 2 October 1880, Views in Mudgee and District, p 640. 95

John Whittaker (1825-1908) and Eliza Bradley (1824-1902) John Whittaker was born in County Carlow Ireland about 1825, the son of Benjamin Whittaker and Mary Whittaker. On 13 November 1854 he married Eliza Bradley in the Parish of Oldleighlin, County Carlow. Eliza, the daughter of Samuel Bradley and Eliza Bradley, was born about 1824 in Castlecomer, County Kilkenny. In early 1855 the newly married couple left their parents and homeland and emigrated to Australia. They arrived at Moreton Bay, which was then part of New South Wales, on 1 June 1855 aboard the ship Truro. John, a labourer was aged thirty and Mary aged thirty one years. Both could read and write but neither had any relations in the colony.349 350

The Truro, a ship of 694 tons sailed from Liverpool on 14 February 1855 with three hundred and eighteen government immigrants. Of these there were forty eight single men and the same number of single women. The Truro had an eventful voyage to Australia. She encountered very severe weather in the Bay of Biscay where she lost a fore-top sail yard. Then she was becalmed off Tristan D'Achuna for fourteen days, being six days in sight ofthe islands. In a gale off Van Diemen's Land she lost her quarter boat. Despite the weather she made a good run, taking ninety three days to reach Sydney and one hundred and two days to Moreton Bay. The immigrants all arrived in good health and were reported as an orderly and well conducted body of people. The new arrivals spoke highly of Captain Duncan, the master of the vessel. On the passage there were ten births and the death of one infant. On arrival in Moreton Bay the steamer Hawk was engaged to carry the immigrants to Brisbane.351

John and Eliza's eldest child, a daughter, Mary Whittaker was baptised in Queensland in 1855. Their second child Benjamin Whittaker was born in 1857.

Sometime around 1860 John and Eliza settled in the Mudgee area of New South Wales. It is presumed that they were attracted to the area by the prosperity created by the discovery of gold. Gold was first discovered in the Mudgee area at Meroo Creek, sixteen miles from Mudgee in June 1851. This was followed by the discovery, by an aboriginal shepherd, of a large nugget weighing 106 pounds at Louisa Creek. 352 After the discovery of gold the district prospered and by 1857 the population ofMudgee was 803 with the district's population at 4208.353 354

The rest of John and Eliza's family were born at Mudgee, Maria Jane Whittaker in 1860, Eliza Ann Whittaker in 1862, James (William) Whittaker in 1866 and the youngest Sarah Whittaker born 1871. Sadly she died in 1873.

Eliza died on 22 June 1902 at Collingwood, the property of her son Benjamin Whittaker in the parish of Erudgere, County Wellington, near Mudgee. She was buried on the property on 25 June 1902.355 John died several years later, also at Collingwood, on 30 December 1908 aged 79 years. He is listed as an old age pensioner, miner. He was buried on 31 December 1908 at Collingwood. 356

349 AONSW, Persons on Bounty Ships to Sydney, Newcastle, Moreton Bay, 1848-1891, (Board's Immigrants Lists 1848-1891), Truro, reel 2472. 350 AONSW, Assisted Immigrants Arriving 1838-1896 (Agents' Immigrant Lists 1838-1896), Truro, reel 2137. 351 Moreton Bay Courier, 2 June 1855, p 2. 352 Mudgee Centenary Souvenir 1821-1921, pp 29 and 35. 353 CONNELLY CJ, Mudgee: A History ofthe Town, pp 8-9. 354 The Sydney Mail, 2 March 1921, p 15. 355 Registrar of Birth Death and Marriages NSW, Death Transcription, Eliza Whittaker, no 6015, 22 June 1902. 356 Registrar of Birth Death and Marriages NSW, Death Transcription, John Whittaker, no 14456, 30 Dec 1908. 97

Mary Williams (1788-1863) Mary Williams arrived in Sydney on 14 December 1801 aboard the convict transport Nile which sailed from Spithead, between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight, on 21 June 1801. The Nile, a ship of 322 tons, was built at Newcastle in 1799. Commanded by James Sunter she sailed in convoy with the ships Canada and Minorca.

Fortunately for Mary Williams and her fellow convicts conditions on board the convict transports were beginning to improve. These improvements were brought about in a number of ways including bonus payments to the master and surgeon for good and humane conduct during the voyage. Prior to the Nile, Canada and Minorca sailing the Transport Commissioners issued detailed instructions to the masters of this convoy in regard to cleanliness, proper ventilation and measures for dealing with sick prisoners and the prevention of scurvy. The surgeon was directed to see that each prisoner was admitted to the deck at least twice in every twenty four hours and he was to issue lemon-juice, sugar, sago, rice, oatmeal, peas and bread with a portion of wine and tea to any person showing signs of scurvy or other disease. James Sunter master of the Nile and Joseph Hislop, the surgeon, fulfilled these instructions very well because during the 176 days the voyage took from Spithead to Sydney via Rio, none of the ninety six female prisoners aboard died. 359 The convoy that brought Mary to Port Jackson on 14 December 1801 landed 296 convicts. The estimated population of the colony at that time was 5,945.360

The convict indent for Mary Williams states that she was delivered from Somerset Gaol on 16 August 1800 under a seven year sentence.361 Mary Williams was tried at the Somerset Summer circuit on 16 March 1800. She was accused of stealing on 18 August [1799] at the Parish of Stone Easton, County Somerset, three muslin handkerchiefs and other goods valued at 13/-, 1 muslin handkerchief and goods valued at 11/-and three aprons valued at 3/-. She was found guilty and sentenced to seven years transportation.362

It is not known what became of Mary after landing in Sydney, presumably she was assigned as a servant in the Windsor area. It was during this time that Mary established a relationship with Richard Norris (qv). By 1806 she had gained her freedom and is listed as housekeeper to Richard Norris.363 She was in fact living with Richard and their two sons, John Norris (b 1803) and Thomas Norris (b 1805) on eight and a half acres of rented land. The property was known as Barrington's Farm and was situated on the Hawkesbury River adjacent to the present township of Windsor.

In 1806 the Rev Samuel Marsden organised a female muster to document the immorality of the population, through the numbers of concubines and illegitimate children in the colony. Mary is listed as an unmarried convict with two natural female children [Mary and Richard had two sons].364 There is no evidence of a formal marriage in the surviving records but family tradition records the place of marriage as Green Hills (re-named Windsor in 1810).

359 BATESON Charles, The Convict Ships 1787-1868, p 47. 360 BARKER Anthony, When Was That?, p 29. 361 AONSW, Bound Indents 1788-1835, AONSW fiche 630, 33. 362 NORRIS Merle, The Fettered and the Free, p 6. 363 BAXTER Carol J, Musters of New South Wales and Norfolkp Island, 1805-1806, p 114. 364 Ibid, p 180. 101 In 1809 Richard and Mary purchased thirty acres of land at Cornwallis on the Hawkesbury flats from Edward Powell. They added another twenty acres in January 1810 purchased for £40 from Thomas Hobby. The farms were not adjacent but were close to one another.365

Mary is listed on the 1811 Muster as a female convict per Nile, tried December 1801 [sic], Wells, seven year sentence.366 By the 1814 Muster she is listed as living at Windsor as the wife of Richard Norris and the mother of six children, John Norris, Thomas Norris, Richard Norris, James Norris, Christopher Norris and William Norris. The family were off stores and self sufficient.367 On 6 October 1815 Mary gave birth to her seventh child, a daughter whom they called Harriet Norris. The birth of a daughter at last must have been welcomed by Mary and the rest of the family.

Life was hard and unpredictable for the early pioneer settlers in the Hawkesbury area Richard and Mary worked hard to establish their farm and ensure some prosperity for themselves and their large family. In July 1821 Richard and one of her sons (un-named) were attacked by ruffians while driving a cart. Her son was thrown from the cart when the horse bolted and the cart ran over his leg badly injuring it. 368

By 1822 family was prospering in a modest way. Richard and Mary had established a comfortable standard of living for their large family which now numbered eleven following the birth of Maria Norris (b 1818), Michael Norris (b 1820), and twins Ann Norris and Francis Norris (b 1821). Three assigned convict servants, Henry Hubbard (Adamant 1821 ), Edward McFadden (Daphne 1819) and John Steel ( Coromandel) assisted with the farm work. 369

In 1827 Richard and Mary's family increased to thirteen children. The birth of Patrick Norris in 1824 was followed by the birth of Paul on 12 February 1827. Sadly Paul Norris only survived a few days. Of the thirteen children he was the only one who did not reach maturity and marry.

The large family continued to prosper. The 1828 census lists Richard and Mary living at Cornwallis with their nine younger children aged between eighteen and four years. They were farming fifty acres and had four horses, fifty five cattle and seven sheep. Others employed on the farm were Henry Abbott [Hubbard?] (Adamant 1821 ), assigned servant; James Byrne, a sixty three year old Schoolmaster (Archduke Charles 1813); William Hawkins (Ocean 1818), a stockman and Christopher Maher (Tyne 1819), a labourer. 370

Richard and Mary worked hard and raised their large family. By 1833 their two eldest sons and their eldest daughter were married. This year marked the beginning of a series of tragedies from which the family never fully recovered. The impact of this series of events changed Mary's life forever. The first incident involved her eldest son, John Norris, who was married to Rachel Eather and the father of three small children. On 27 June 1833 he was convicted with Robert Forrester for cattle stealing. They were both found guilty and received the death sentence. This was later commuted to seven years transportation to Van Diemen's Land.371 John's wife Rachel and their young children followed him to Van Diemen's Land. They sailed from Sydney on the ship Sir John Rae Reid in November

365 NORRIS Merle, The Fettered and the Free, p 6. 366 BAXTER Carol J, General Muster 1811, 136. 367 BAXTER Carol J, General Muster 1814, p 33. 368 Sydney Gazette, 28 July 1821, p 4. p 369 BAXTER Carol J, General Muster and Land and Stock Muster of New South Wales 1822, pp 310, 456. 370 SAINTY M & JOHNSON K, Census ofNew South Wales: November 1828, 29, 75, 184,258,287,434. 371 Sydney Morning Herald, 1 July 1833, p 3. pp 102 1833.372 They remained in Van Diemen's Land until John secured his freedom and then they returned to the Hawkesbury area and lived at Kurrajong.

This trial was followed a few years later by another when Richard Norris (senior) was tried before the Supreme Court in Sydney on 3 May 1838. He was found guilty and received the death sentence which was later commuted to life imprisonment. 373 Richard was sent to Norfolk Island. Mary and her family must have been devastated knowing that Richard would never return and she would never see him again. Along with the social and emotional repercussions the economic effects of losing the bread winner must have been great. Mary's hopes of having the opportunity to relax and enjoy some of life's comforts they had worked long and hard to achieve would have disintegrated.

The series of disasters continued for Mary and the family when son Richard Norris, along with Philip Meally, appeared in Sydney Supreme Criminal Court on 6 May 1840 before Mr Justice Stephen charged with having stolen a cow and a heifer at Currency Creek, the property of Thomas Lynch who resided near Windsor. This trial is reported in great detail in The Australian newspaper. The jury returned a verdict of guilty.374 Richard received the death sentence for his part in the robbery. This was later commuted to ten years transportation to Diemen's land. At the time Richard was married to Mary Ann Costello and had three young children and another due in November 1840. He received a pardon after serving five years of his sentence.375

In May 1841 youngest son Patrick Norris, then aged seventeen years, was charged with stealing a mare belonging to a member of the Holland family. It was this family who were witnesses for the prosecution in the case against his father and it is thought that this was probably an act of revenge against this family. Patrick was found guilty and sentenced to six month's imprisonment with the first and the sixth month to be served in solitary confinement.376

Two years later, in 1843, Mary's husband, Richard Norris, died in the general hospital on Norfolk Island. He was buried there, in an unmarked grave, on 19 February 1843.m That same year Mary also lost her son William Norris who died as a result of injuries sustained in a brutal attack which took place at the Government Reserve at Cornwallis on Friday 16 December 1842. William sustained severe head iajuries and four pieces of bone that were pressing on the brain had to be removed. Dr Stewart was doubtful as to William's ultimate recovery.378 William survived for almost twelve months but died enroute from Sydney to Windsor on 25 September 1843 as a result of his injuries. He left a defacto wife, Lucy Upton nee Brown and five young children, the youngest less than a month old. His attackers John Punch and Loughlin O'Byrne who had been charged with the assault faced further charges of killing and slaying one William Norris and were sentenced to further terms of imprisonment.379

Mary and Richard had raised their large family in the Catholic faith but it was not until early 1848 that Mary became a Catholic. She received a Conditional Baptism at St Matthew's Catholic Church Windsor on 18 February 1848.380 372 The Australian, 8 Nov 1833. 373 Sydney Morning Herald, 7 May 1838, p 2. 374 The Australian, 9 May 1840, p 2. 375 NORRIS Merle, The Fettered and the Free, p 15. 376 Ibid p 15. 377 AONSW, Convict Death Register 1828-1879, fiche no 750, 4/4549, p 163. 378 Sydney Morning Herald, 20 December 1842, p 3. 379 MORGAN Dorothea, 'Richard and Mary Norris of Cornwallis, Hawkesbury River NSW,' in Descent, p 83. 380 NORRIS Merle, The Fettered and the Free, p 15. 103 During 1853 and 1854 Mary lost two more of her children. Daughter Maria Norris died on 10 September 1853 leaving her husband William Henry Mellish and six children. Her son Michael Norris died on 25 September 1854, his wife Margaret Donnelly had died 13 July 1838 not long after their marriage and there were no children. During this period Mary also lost two daughter-in- laws, Richard Norris's wife Mary Ann Costello who died on 24 May 1853 leaving eight children and Christopher Norris's first wife Mary Crabb (known as Shrimpton) who died on 18 August 1854 leaving eight children. No doubt Mary's time was taken up helping to care for her motherless grandchildren.

Apart from her personal and family sorrows Mary also experienced first hand the heartache and poverty that the floods brought. The settlers along the Hawkesbury accepted the fact that flooding was inevitable and they developed a certain flood awareness by trying to predict the flood patterns and warn the endangered settlers. Destructive floods were experienced in April 1830 and April 1831 and measures were put in place so that the Government offered flood relief. During the 1840s and 1850s a drought period was experienced and no flooding occurred until 1857. As a consequence of two decades ofdrought the flood awareness diminished. 381

During 1860 many areas of New South Wales experienced severe flooding. The Hawkesbury area was flooded in April, July and November ofthat year. Many families suffered great hardship, in fact the floods impacted on everyone in the district in one way or another. The Government provided flood relief to approximately 370 victims, in the Hawkesbury area, to the extent of £1,200. This flood relief was distributed by the local Bench of Magistrates. Locals tendered for contacts to supply seed, floor, sugar, tea etc. The population of the Windsor district at the time was 9,700.382 There was much controversy surrounding the distribution of this relief. There were allegations that many received relief who were not entitled and that the relief was used to buy votes in the upcoming election for a member of parliament. William Walker (1828-1908) was elected to the Legislative Assembly as the member for Windsor in 1860.383

On 17 September 1861 New South Wales Legislative Assembly appointed a Select Committee to inquire into and report to the House upon the distribution and relief to sufferers by the Flood at Windsor. In the course of the inquiry a number of witnesses appeared before the Committee. The Chairman of the Committee, RD Driver, reported on 4 December 1861 that the relief was in many cases most improperly distributed ... parties have been relieved who were not at the time destitute and others had no connection with the Floods. The misappropriation has been owing to some degree of negligence and to a still greater degree of fraud practiced by the parties relieved and those recommending relief .384

John Michael McQuade, one of the witnesses was asked to comment on the fact that William Norris's [Mary had a grandson and great grandson called William] name occurs twice on the list of those receiving relief. The committee wanted to know if it referred to the one man. McQuade responded. That I am not aware of. They are both recommended by John Ridge. The Norrisses I know were people living on the flooded land. Another witness Joseph Cope, examined on 26 September 1861, was asked why Mrs Norris name appeared three times. He responded, She is a

381 BARKLEY Jan & NICHOLS Michelle, Hawkesbury 1794-1994, p 70. 382 Votes and Proceeding of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly 1861-62, Volume II - Report from the Select Committee on the Distribution ofRelief to Sufferers by Last Flood at Windsor, pp l 083 and 1092. 383 BOWD D G, Macquarie Country, p 127. 384 Votes and Proceeding of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly 1861-62, Volume II - Report from the Select Committee on the Distributionof Relief of to Sufferers by Last Flood at Windsor, p 1063. 104 poor woman I am prepared to admit that. He later went on to say, Mrs Norris senior, I believe to be an aged widow, but living on a very valuable freehold farm, of course, her own property, and she has since been able to put up a new house. A member of the Committee Mr Walker then asked, You state that for a fact? He replied, To the best of my information. It may be encumbered; of th at I know nothing. He was then asked, You would lead the Committee to suppose she could raise money upon it? He replied. I believe she could. He was asked, You state that it is her unencumbered property? He replied, To the best of my belief .

Joseph Cope was asked later, There are eight or nine Norris's; are they of the one family? He replied, Yes. He was then asked, Do they all live together? To which he replied No; they are all tenant farmers; I know they are not in very prosperous circumstances. He was asked if they suffered by the flood? I have every reason to believe they did; indeed I am certain they did.385

Later that day the local doctor, Henry Day, was examined by the Committee he was asked about Alfred Norris [William's eldest son?]. He responded, In speaking of one of th ese Norrises I shall speak of th em all; Mrs Norris had two farms, one in possession of John Hosldsson, [an astute local businessman who owned Clifton estate as well as a large portion of Cornwallis. When he died in 1874 he had amassed land worth £150,000)386 and one, it is true, her own, but at her decease to be divided among her sons; there is a great number of them, and every vestige of this poor old woman's crop was destroyed; she is wretchedly poor, and some time since she paid me her account in corn, and she was sorry that she could not pay me before; they are all poor, all of them except Patrick Norris. [b 1824 and youngest]. Mr Stewart asked, Are they all-living separately? He replied, Yes; one has two or three acres here, and another two or three there.

Doctor Day was re-called before the Committee on 16 October 1861 and asked to give the names of the persons who received relief on the recommendation ofth e committee formed to issue seed wheat but whose names have been objected to. Amongst the names listed were Christopher Norris, Frank Norris, Alfred Norris and Richard Norris. Appendix A lists the sufferers relieved by the committee to afford relief to the sufferers by issuing seed wheat. The names include Patrick Norris, C Norris, F Norris, Alfred Norris and R Norris.387

Mary continued to live on her farm at Cornwallis until her death in January 1863. Mary's death certificate states that she died of old age on 26 January 1863, at Cornwallis, aged eighty five years. She was buried in the Roman Catholic Cemetery, Windsor on 28 January 1863. Her death certificate lists her place of birth as Bath, England. 388 389

385 Votes and Proceeding of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly 1861-62, Volume II - Report from the Select Committee on the Distribution ofRelief to Sufferers by Last Flood at Win ds o r, pp 1075, 1080, 1081 and 1083. 386 BOWD D G, HawkesburyJourney,p 157. 387 Votes and Proceeding of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly 1861-62, Volume II - Report from the Select Committee on the Distribution ofRelief to Sufferers by Last Flood at Windsor pp 1081, 1083, I 089, 1106, 1108-1109. 388 Registrar of Birth Death and Marriages NSW, Death Certificate, Ma ry Norris, no 5312, 26 Jan 1863. 389 Mary's maiden name is recorded as Mutton on the death certificates of sons Richard (d 1868) and Patrick ( d 1890). Descendant Dot Morgan comments in her letter of 18 July 1996 to Cora Num 'The only record of place of birth of Mary Williams is her death certificate which states Bath (Informant, son Richard Norris). It is not certain name was Williams, although this was the name under which she was transported. Of all the death certificates I hold for her children none state that her name was Williams and the two earliest records give her name as Mutton. I have a letter from Mrs Amelia Grono nee Watling (grand-daughter of Richard Norris/Mary Ann Costello) which states Mary did not give her correct name when convicted and had no further contact with her family after arrival in the colony. 105 Mary was a strong and resilient woman who raised a family of thirteen children in basic pioneer conditions with few comforts, even in later life. Hers was a life of struggle, hardship, endurance and pain but she can take credit for the fact that of her ten sons and three daughters, including twins Ann and Francis, all except the youngest Paul survived to adulthood and married. As a result Mary was grandmother to ninety one grandchildren. She is indeed a tribute to pioneer motherhood.

The inscription on her headstone reads: Weep not for me children dear For I am not dead but sleeping here My debt is paid my grave you see Prepare yourself to follow me.

106 Wife: Mary Williams

Birth: About 1778 Place: Bath, Co Somerset, ENG Death: 26 Jan 1863 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Burial: 28 Jan 1863 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Father: Mother:

Marriage: About 1802 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

Husband: Richard Norris

Birth: About 1778 Place: Dublin, Ireland Death: Feb 1843 Place: Norfolk Island Burial: 19 Feb 1843 Place: Norfolk Island Father: Mother:

Children ...

3. MChild: Richard Norris Birth: About 1808 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 11 Apr 1868 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Burial: Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Spouse: Mary Ann Costello Marriage: 3 Sep 1835 Place: St Mary's Sydney, NSW, AUS

4. M Child: James Norris Birth: 1810 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 2 Mar 1875 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Burial: Place: ...... Spouse: Ann Brown Marriage: About 1834 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

107 6. M Child: William Norris Birth: 18 Nov 1813 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 25 Sep 1843 Place: enroute Sydney/Windsor, NSW, AUS Burial: 19 Oct 1843 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Spouse: Lucy Upton nee Brown Marriage: 1836 Place : ···················································

8. FChild: Maria Norris Birth: 1818 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 10 Sep 1853 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Burial: Sep 1853 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Spouse: William Henry Mellish Marriage: 2 Aug 1835 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

9. M Child: Michael Norris Birth: 1820 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 25 Sep 1854 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Spouse: Margaret Donnelly Marriage: 27 Aug 1837 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

10. F Child: Ann Norris (Twin) Birth: 14 Sep 1821 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 2 Mar 1906 Place: Bulli, NSW, AUS Burial: Mar 1906 Place: St Augustine's, Bulli, NSW, AUS Spouse: Andrew Frazer Marriage: 13 Feb 1837 Place: Pitt Town, NSW, AUS

11. M Child: Francis Stephen (Frank) Norris (Twin) Birth: 14 Sep 1821 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 10 Oct 1901 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Burial: ...... Place: ··························••'"''"'''''''''"""""''''' Spouse: Mary Ann Elliott Marriage: 14 Jun 1845 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

12. M Child: Patrick Norris Birth: 1824 Place: Cornwallis, NSW, AUS Death: 9 Mar 1890 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS Burial: ······························ Place: ··················································· Spouse: Eliza Wilson Marriage: 27 Oct 1845 Place: Windsor, NSW, AUS

108 Sarah Woolley (c1770-1809) Sarah Woolley arrived in Sydney, on 28 June 1790, aboard the convict transport Neptune, one of six ships which sailed from England as part ofthe Second Fleet.3')(> Sarah was aged about nineteen and had been sentenced to transportation for seven years. Most of the women convicts aboard the Neptune had been convicted of shoplifting or petty theft. Sarah Woolley was no exception, she and a companion Ann White, also aboard the Neptune, were indicted for feloniously stealing four yards of printed cotton, valued at eight shillings. They were tried, before Mr Records, at the eighth session, which commenced at the Old Bailey, London on 28 October 1789.

The trial record indicates that on the 9 October 1789 Sarah and Ann visited a drapers shop, in London; owned by Joseph King and Robert Cottle. They spent some time examining fabrics, discussing patterns, quantities and haggling with the owner, Robert Cottle, over prices. When his assistant Samuel Goff arrived Cottle passed the indecisive customers over to him to serve. Goff became suspicious when he noticed some fabric rolled up ready to be hidden under a cloak. He called out RF, a pre arranged signal that indicated possible shoplifting. Alerted, Cottle returned to the customers and offered Sarah a good price on a piece offabric in order to get rid of them; I did not like them.

Robert Cottle testified that while he was getting Sarah her change he saw Ann White stoop to the ground and as they left the shop he noticed her right hand was in her pocket and there was a bulge under her clothing near her hip. He sent his assistant out after them and checked to see what was missing. Goff returned with the two women and a piece of cotton was found on the floor under White's petticoats, dirty from the mud on her shoes and from the wet street outside. He immediately sent for a constable. In her defence Sarah stated, I went into the gentleman's shop to buy a yard and half ofcotton; I agreed for it, and paid him for it, and came out ofthe shop about five or six doors; he brought us back, and Mr Cottle said that she wanted to drop something; and there was 391 a piece ofcotton laying on the floor, and he said that was the piece he supposed she wanted to drop.

Both women were found guilty of stealing and sentenced to seven years transportation. The women were imprisoned in the overcrowded Newgate gaol until the 11 November 1789 when they were sent, with four male and twenty five other women, direct to Deptford for embarkation on the Neptune which was lying in the Thames off the naval dockyard. There Sarah and Anne boarded the Neptune.

On 12 November more convicts were loaded from the Justitia and Censor hulks anchored in the Thames. On 13 November the Neptune sailed down the Thames to Gravesend and then to Plymouth, on 28 November, where a further 300 convicts were embarked from the Dunkirk hulk. With the convict embarkations complete the Neptune left Plymouth on 10 December and sailed for Portsmouth and anchored in Stokes Bay, on 13 December, to make final preparations and await favourable winds for sailing.392 The convicts aboard the Neptune were guarded by forty three soldiers from the New South Wales Corps under the command ofCaptain Nicholas Nepean.

The Neptune was the only ship ofthe second fleet to carry female convicts. There were 78 female and 424 male convicts on board. The women were housed in a section ofthe upper deck and unlike the males were not chained and were allowed onto the poop and quarter decks. Their rations

390 AONSW, Bound Indents 1788-1835, fiche 621, p 65. 391 Old Bailey Proceedings, part one, reel 17, p 94 7. 392 Extracts from the Macarthur Papers in HRNSW vol 2, appendix B, pp 487-494. 109 consisted of flour, bread, pork, salt beef, pease, butter, rice and soap. They received more bread than the men but less meat. The women were organised into mess groups of six and each mess received a weekly ration of a quarter a pound of tea and three pounds of b rown sugar.

Each female convict was supplied with unfashionable but functional clothing which consisted of a striped jacket, a striped petticoat, a pair of stays, a hat, two flannel petticoats, two shifts, two handkerchiefs, two pairs of stockings, shoes and a bag. The women were treated better than the men but they also suffered during the long voyage to New South Wales.393

There were several free passengers aboard the Neptune including John Macarthur, a lieutenant with the New South Wales Corps, his wife Elizabeth, infant son Edward, a maid and D'Arcy Wentworth who had been recently acquitted of a series of charges of highway robbery. The Macarthurs were dissatisfied with the accommodation arrangements and complained that their food and water rations were purloined (deliberately served under weight). Several arguments ensued and when relations broke down between John Macarthur and the other senior officers aboard he and his family transferred by boat to the Scarborough on 19 February. 394

The Second Fleet left Portsmouth on 5 January 1790 and sailed up to Spithead. Strong winds forced the ships to anchor at Motherbank, off the Isle of Wight, until 17 January when a fine westerly wind enabled them to sail down the English Channel bound for the colony of New South Wales. Three days out they encountered a violet storm and mountainous seas in the Bay of Biscay. Elizabeth Macarthur recorded in her journal that night and the succeeding day it blew very hard, and now for the first time I began to be a coward. One can only imagine the terror and sea sickness experienced by the convicts aboard. After the storm abated good weather, with high temperatures, prevailed until the Fleet reached the Cape. During this time Elizabeth Macarthur records that a fever raged amongst the female convicts and she was concerned that the infection would be communicated to us, as our apartments were so immediately connected with those of th e women. She reported that a slight partition had been erected, which was thought fully sufficient to separate us from the set of abandoned creatures that were to inhabit the other part. The partition rendered the passage to the deck totally dark; and added to this, it was always filled with convicts, and their constant attendants - filth and vermin. 395

The equator was crossed on 25 February and another severe gale was encountered before the Fleet anchored safely in False Bay, about twenty miles from Cape Town, on 13 April, after eighty 396 four days at sea. One third of the soldiers and over one hundred of the convicts were suffering from scurvy. The Neptune's surgeon, William Gray, reported that without they have fresh provisions and greens every day numbers of them will fall Sacrifice to that dreadful disease. Fresh beef and vegetables were provided for the sixteen days they were in port. 397

On 29 April 17 90 the Fleet sailed for Sydney Cove and entered the heads on 28 June 17 90 after sixty one days at sea during which time the Neptune experienced severe gales, mountainous seas and cold temperatures. The convict accommodation was flooded several times and a violent epidemical fever affected all on board to some degree.

393 FLYNN Michael C, The Second Fleet, p 34. 394 Extracts from the Macarthur Papers in HRNSW vol 2, appendix B, p 492. 395 Ibid pp 487-494. 396 BATESON Charles, The Convict Ships 1787-1868, pp 126-131. 397 FLYNN Michael C, The Second Fleet, p 44. 110 The Reverend Richard Johnson, the First Fleet chaplain, witnessed the disembarkations at Sydney Cove and he wrote, The landing ofthese people was truly affecting and shocking; great numbers were not able to walk, nor to move hand or foot; such were slung over the ship side in the same manner as they would a cask. A female convict wrote in a letter Oh! If you had but seen the shocking sight of the poor creatures that came out in the three ships it would make your heart bleed. 398

The convicts who sailed with the Second Fleet were subjected to gross mistreatment and cruelty which resulted in abuse, starvation, diseases and death. Of the 502 convicts aboard the Neptune 158 (147 men and 11 women), or 31% died, and a further 269 required hospitalisation on arrival. Those aboard the Neptune, under the command of Donald Trail, who has been described as a demented sadist, suffered more than those on the other transports, but all suffered mistreatment. The convict death rate for the Fleet was 26% compared with 2.8% for the First Fleet, nearly 40% of those landed from the Second Fleet were dead within eight months ofarrival. No wonder the Second Fleet was labelled The Death Fleet.

Much of the detailed information about the voyage and the Neptune is from Michael Flynn's book The Second Fleet: Britain's Grim Convict Armada of 1790. Flynn describes every aspect of the Second Fleet, the preparations, conflicts, voyage, arrival, the controversy surrounding the mistreatment of the convicts, the official reactions, allegations of corruption and abuse of position and the subsequent trial of Donald Trail, the master and William Ellerington, the chief mate, of the Neptune.

The arrival of the Second Fleet increased the population of colony from 591 to 1,715 and brought urgently needed supplies. Sarah Woolley must have been one of the more fortunate arrivals from the Neptune though the horrors of the voyage must have haunted all of the survivors for many years to come.

Most of the healthy convicts were sent to the new farming settlement at Rose Hill (later renamed Parramatta) and the women were engaged making shirts and other items of clothing from newly arrived fabric.399 It is not known if Sarah Woolley was one of these women. On 1 August 1790, just five weeks after landing, she was one of the 157 female and 37 male convicts, sent to Norfolk Island on the ship Surprize. One can only speculate on her thoughts at having to endure another sea voyage, even a short one.

It was on Norfolk Island that Sarah met First Fleeter, John Ryan (qv). They were living together by 5 July 1791 when they were each was issued with a pig under Major Ross's scheme designed to encourage convicts to become self-sufficient. 400 It is believed they were among a large group of couples married by the Reverend Richard Johnson when he visited the island in November 1791, th ough no record of the names survive and there is other evidence indicating that the couple were not married.

On 16 December 1791, John and Sarah took possession of ten acres of land at Mount Pitt Path, Queensboro [sic] township.401 It was here that their first child, daughter Elizabeth Ryan (qv) was

398 FLYNN Michael C, The Second Fleet, p 49. 399 Ibid p 41-51. 400 PRO, No,folk Island 1790-1793: An Account of sows delivered to convicts, CO 201/9 (i), AJCP reel PRO 4. 401 PRO, No,folk Island 1790-1793: List of persons settled on Norfolk Island, CO 201/9 (i), AJCP reel PRO 4. 111 born on 28 November 1792.402 John Ryan was amongst a group of convicts that returned to Port Jackson aboard the transport Kitty on 21 March 1793. Sarah and her daughter Elizabeth spent a further year on the island awaiting permission to return to Port Jackson. When permission was granted they returned aboard the colonial schooner Francis arriving on 4 April 1794.4 03

John Ryan was granted thirty acres of land on the banks of the Hawkesbury River in the district of Mulgrave place on 14 March 1795.404 A grant of thirty acres indicating that John was unmarried.405 It was there that he and Sarah established a farm and had three more children, Mary Ryan born 1796, John Ryan born 1798 and Sarah Ryan born on 1 November 1800.

Sometime in 1800 John disappeared. He either died with no record of his burial or he was the John Ryan who returned to England under the alias of George King, following the granting of an absolute pardon by Governor Hunter.406 If this was John one can only speculate on the reasons why John abandoned his pregnant wife and children to return to England never to be heard of again.

Sarah proved to be a strong and resourceful woman who carried on alone. On the 1800 muster she is listed as a landholder in her own right, a status usually accorded to widows. She owned seven hogs and had fourteen acres sown in wheat and five in maize. She was self supporting, with three children maintained by government rations. By 1802 she was fully supporting four children and an assigned convict William Williams (Hillsborough 1799). She owned thirty hogs, had twenty acres of land sown in wheat with ten bushels of wheat and twenty of maize in store.407

In October 1803 she bore a child, William, fathered by William Mason, an Irish convict who had arrived in the colony on the ship Boddingtons in 1793. A second son Samuel was born in 1805. Sarah was recorded as the wife of William Mason on the muster of 1806 but she was also listed on Marsden's Female Muster of 1806 as unmarried with three male and three female natural children. This muster, instigated by the Reverend Samuel Marsden, was designed to document the immorality of the population by recording the numbers of concubines and illegitimate children.408 Sarah and William were married on 20 April 1807 at St John's, Parramatta, seven years after the disappearance of John Ryan. 409

On 4 June 1804 Sarah was granted a further one hundred acres of land in the Hawkesbury district near the point where Pitt Town Road crossed McKenzies Creek. This block originally granted to Lieutenant Thomas Hobby on 18 December 1799 had been surrendered by him and then granted to Sarah.410 By 1806 this land was merged with Mason's land in a single holding under his name. By 1806 the couple had achieved a reasonably prosperous lifestyle, owning 166 acres with just over 402 NO BBS Raymond (e d), Norfolk Island, p 209. This date sourced to the early Norfolk Island victualling lists held at CO/201/9 and 10 (AJCP reel PRO 4) and those held by the Mitchell Library at CY 367. 403 Ibid p 204,209,214. 404 RYAN R J, Land Grants 1788-1809, p 46. 405 George III instructions to Governor Phillip, April 1787 state, "To every male shall be granted 30 acres of land, and in case he shall be married, 20 acres more; and for every child who may be with them at the settlement at the time of making the said grant, a further quantity of 10 acres, free of aII taxes, quit rents, or other acknowledgments whatsoever, for the space of ten years." Reference Ryan R J, p xiii. 406 BAXTER Carol J, 'King's Lists 1801 - List 6' in Musters and Lists -1800-1802, p 118. 407 BAXTER Carol J, Musters and Lists New South Wales and Norfolk Island, 1800-1802, p 12, 39. 408 BAXTER Carol J, Musters ofNew South Wales and Norfolk Island, 1805-1806, pp 146-182. 409 Many men (convicts, military personnel) sp ent years separated from their wives. These women were oft en left with no means of support and no way of knowing if they were widowed and free to re-marry. Some felt free to re-marry after 7 years. Reference Litton P, p 3. 410 AONSW, Colonial Secretary's Papers, 1788-1825: Land Grants, fiche 3268, 9/2731, p 140. 112 twenty six in wheat, maize and potatoes, two horses, fifty goats, twelve hogs and eighteen bushels of grain in store. They fully supported themselves, six children and two convict workers, William Ayres (Glatton 1803) and Edward McCardell (Glatton 1803).4 11

William was employed by local businessman Henry Kahle as his agent and chief debt collector. Henry Kable was visiting the district when, on Wednesday 12 April 1809, Sarah asked if he would take her on an excursion in his chaise from Green Hills (later named Windsor by Governor Macquarie in 1810) to Richmond for the benefit of her health. Henry reluctantly agreed as he was hoping to return to Sydney that day. Henry and Sarah were accompanied by her eldest daughter, Elizabeth. They set off on the riverside road and as they neared Mackellars Creek the wheels of the chaise struck a concealed stump and Henry fell out. The women screamed, the horse took fright and bolted. Sarah and Elizabeth were both thrown from the vehicle. Elizabeth was badly bruised but otherwise unhurt. Sarah was not so lucky, she complained that one of the wheels had passed over her back, and declared herself a dying woman. Within ten minutes Mr and Mrs James Badgery and William Faithful had arrived to render assistance. The doctor, James Mileham, was sent for but Sarah died in her daughter's arms before he arrived.

Sarah was buried on the Mason's property on Thursday evening and the Sydney Gazette reported that the funeral was numerously and respectably attended, many persons travelling from ten to twenty miles to pay this last tribute ofrespect to a departed much lamented friend, whose kindness ofdisposition and obliging manners have ever been the admiration of a ll who were acquainted with her; as a mother and a wife her conduct was exemplary; and her loss will forever be sincerely regretted by a disconsolate husband and a family ofsix children.412

Following Sarah's death, records show that William Mason was granted forty acres, in October 1809, at Upper Nelson to be held in trust for John Ryan, Elizabeth Ryan, Mary Ryan and Sarah 4 Ryan being orphan children. 13 He was also granted fifty acres on the same basis for his own two sons by Sarah Woolley. In 1828 William Mason, aged 61 years, was still farming at Pitt Town. He bad forty acres of land, twenty five acres cleared and cultivated, one horse and one cow. He was living with his two sons William Mason and Samuel Mason, his housekeeper Catherine Frazer (William Pitt 1806), two farm labourers Owen Walters (Boyne 1826) and John Morgan (Isabella 1812 [sic]) and Catherine Pearson, the six year old orphaned daughter of Sarah Woolley's deceased daughter Mary Ryan who married John Pearson.414 William Mason died at Pitt Town on 21 December 1839, aged 72 years. He was buried there on23 December 1839.415

411 BAXTER Carol J, Musters ofNew South Wales and Norfolk Island, 1805-1806, pp 138-139. 412 Sydney Gazette, 16 April 1809, p 2. 413 RYAN R J, Land Grants 1788-1809, p 289. 414 SAINTY Malcolm & JOHNSON Keith Census ofNew South Wales 1828, p 263. 415 AONSW, Death Register, 1839, no 1006, volume 23a, reel 5005. 113 Wife: Sarah Woolley

Marriage: 5 Nov 1791 Place: Norfolk Island

Husband: John Ryan

Birth: About 1767 Place: London, England Death: ...... Place: ...... Burial: ...... Place: ...... Father: ...... Mother: ...... Other Spouses ......

Children ...

1. F Child: Elizabeth Ryan Birth: 28 Nov 1792 Place: Queenborough, Norfolk Island Death: 13 Nov 1836 Place: Wilberforce, NSW, AUS Burial: Nov 1836 Place: St Matthew's Windsor, NSW, AUS Spouse: Roger Connor Marriage: 9 Jan 1810 Place: St Phillip's Sydney, NSW, AUS

2. F Child: Mary Ryan Birth: 1 Feb 1796 Place: Mulgrave Place, NSW, AUS Death: 6 Aug 1825 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Burial: Aug 1825 Place: Sydney, NSW, AUS Spouse: John Pearson Marriage: 29 Sep 1815 Place: St Phillip's, Sydney, NSW, AUS

3. M Child: John Ryan Birth: 15 May 1798 Place: Parramatta, NSW, AUS Death: ...... Place: ··················································· Burial: ...... Place: ··················································· Spouse: Elizabeth Cooper Marriage: 8 Oct 1821 Place: St Matthews Windsor, NSW, AUS

4. F Child: Sarah Ryan Birth: 1 Nov 1800 Place: Mulgrave, NSW, AUS Death: 3 Jun 1854 Place: Bendigo, VIC, AUS Burial: ...... Place: ··················································· Spouse: William Stanley Marriage: 20 Apr 1818 Place: Hobart, TAS, AUS

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119 Abbreviations Used ADM Admiralty AJCP Australian Joint Copying Project AONSW Archives Office of New South Wales (now State Records New South Wales) AOTAS Archives Office of Tasmania co Colonial Office HO Home Office HRNSW Historical Records of New South Wales Ibid Ibidem - in the same book MNU Maiden Name Unknown NLA National library of Australia PRO Public Record Office, London WO War Office qv quod vide (which see) - Biography included in another part of the book. qqv quae vide (plural of above) Biographies included in another part of the book.

120