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Why the Wind Curtailment of Northwest China Remains High

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Why the Wind Curtailment of Northwest China Remains High sustainability Article Why the Wind Curtailment of Northwest China Remains High Guoliang Luo 1,2,*, Erli Dan 1 ID , Xiaochun Zhang 1 and Yiwei Guo 1 ID 1 School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; [email protected] (E.D.); [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (Y.G.) 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of New Energy and Low-Carbon Development, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 January 2018; Accepted: 6 February 2018; Published: 24 February 2018 Abstract: The total grid-connected installed capacity of wind power in northwest China has grown from 16,260 MW in 2013 to 43,290 MW in 2016; an increase of 88.7% each year. However, this region has suffered from increasingly serious wind curtailment since 2014, and the wind curtailment amount accounts for nearly a half of China’s total. The wind curtailment rate of Gansu Province, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in this area has increased and remains high. This paper constructs an analytical model to explore the reasons of the high wind curtailment of these three provinces from the four aspects of the wind power supply capacity, demand, grid transmission capacity, power system flexibility and market mechanism and laws. The results show that the relationship between the wind energy distribution and supply and the local load is incompatible, which is the source causing the high wind curtailment in northwest China. On the one hand, the game between the local government and developers has driven the development of wind power bases. On the other hand, the electricity sector is growing slowly and oversupply of electricity is seen in many areas of China. The wind power grid of northwest China not only faces limit of grid transmission capacity, but also constraint of insufficient flexibility of the electricity system. Presently, China has not set up a market mechanism and subsidy mechanism for the peak load adjustment, thus the thermal power companies lack motivation to voluntarily adjust the peak load. Moreover, the regional segregation and market barriers are also obstacles for the wind power outward transmission. Keywords: northwest China; wind curtailment; transmission capacity; power system flexibility; penetration rate; accommodation; market mechanism 1. Introduction In 2008, China’s wind power started to grow rapidly, marked by the approval of a 10,000 MW wind power base in Jiuquan, Gansu Province, opening a new chapter of the new energy construction of China [1]. Since then China’s installed capacity of wind power continued to rise, showing a “blowout” situation with construction of eight 10,000 MW-class new energy bases being approved, forming a mode of large-scale, concentrated development and long-distance transmission [2]. The total installed capacity of wind power connected to the grid was 148,640 MW in 2016, which is 16.7 times that of 2008 [3] (Figure1), creating a miracle in the history of the new energy development of the world. While making great achievements, China saw a growing problem of wind curtailment [4]. It has become a focus of the whole society on how to improve the new energy utilization rate and reduce the electricity being curtailed. Sustainability 2018, 10, 570; doi:10.3390/su10020570 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2018, 10, 570 2 of 26 Sustainability 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 24 Figure 1. Development of the grid-connected installed capacity of wind power between 2005 and 2016 [3]. Figure 1. Development of the grid-connected installed capacity of wind power between 2005 and 2016 [3]. The electricity system simultaneously realizes power generation, supply and consumption and the electricity load shows obvious time-variant characteristics. The peak-valley difference of the powerThe grid electricity in northwest system China simultaneously has exceeded realizes 30%, and power shows generation, a growing supply trend. and A basic consumption condition and for the electricity loadsystem shows to run obvious steadily time-variant is that thecharacteristics. system adjustment Thepeak-valley capacity must difference be higher of thethan power load gridfluctuation in northwest [5]. Because China of has the exceededcharacteristics 30%, of and wind shows and asolar growing energy trend. as resources, A basic the condition output forof new the electricityenergy features system randomness to run steadily and fluctuation. is that the systemThe daily adjustment fluctuation capacity of the wind must power be higher can be than as high load fluctuationas 80% of the [5]. installed Because ofcapacity, the characteristics and shows ofsome wind features and solar of energyanti-peak as resources,load adjustment. the output When of new the energynew energy features such randomness as wind power and is fluctuation. connected to The the daily electricity fluctuation system of at the a high wind proportion, power can the be burden as high asof 80%electricity of the system installed is capacity,increased. and The shows conventional some features power of sources anti-peak no loadt only adjustment. need to change When with the new the energyload changes, such as but wind also power need is to connected balance tothe the outp electricityut fluctuation system [6]. at a When high proportion, the wind power the burden output of electricityexceeds the system system is adjustment increased. The scope, conventional efforts must power be made sources to control not only the need output to change so as withto realize the load the changes,system dynamic but also balance, need to resulting balance the in wind output curtailment. fluctuation [6]. When the wind power output exceeds the systemChina’s adjustment wind curtailment scope, is efforts characterized must be by made imbala tonce control of regional the output development so as to realizeof wind the power system [7]. dynamicThe contrary balance, distribution resulting of inthe wind wind curtailment. resource and load and the large-scale concentrated development makeChina’s China a wind country curtailment with the highest is characterized access voltage by imbalanceand the longest of regional transmission development distance ofof wind power [8]. [7]. China’s The contrary wind distributionpower is mainly of the distributed wind resource in northwest and load China, and theNorth large-scale China and concentrated Northeast developmentChina which enjoy make rich China wind a country resources with and the account highest for access morevoltage than two and thirds the longestof the total transmission installed distancecapacity of windChina power [3]. Different [8]. China’s from wind Germany, power Sp isain mainly and Denmark distributed that in northwestfeature dispersed China, Northdistribution China and Northeastlocal consumption China which of wind enjoy power, rich wind China resources normally and transmits account forthe more wind than power two through thirds of the the high total installedvoltage line capacity to a long of Chinadistance. [3]. The Different wind power from Germany, base of Jiuquan Spain andtransmits Denmark the surplus that feature wind dispersed power to distributionthe load center and 1000 local km consumption away; the wind of wind power power, base China of Inner normally Mongolia transmits also transmits the wind the power wind through power theto consumers high voltage more line than to a250 long km distance. away [7]. The Provinces wind powerin western base and of Jiuquan northern transmits China that the enjoy surplus abundant wind powerwind resources to the load are centerfar from 1000 the kmelectricity away; consumers the wind power in eastern base China, of Inner resulting Mongolia in the also high transmits rate of wind the windcurtailment. power toIt is consumers noteworthy more that than the250 wind km curt awayailment [7]. Provinces rate has inremained western high and northernin northwest China China that enjoy(Figure abundant 2) that accounts wind resources for almost are a half far from of Chin thea’s electricity total (the consumers northwest inCh easternina accounted China, for resulting 49% and in the48% high of China’s rate of wind wind curtailment curtailment. in It2015 is noteworthy and 2016, respectively). that the wind curtailment rate has remained high in northwestAfter the China wind (Figurepower2 )is that connected accounts to forthe almost electricity a half system of China’s at a totallarge (the scale, northwest it brings China non- accountednegligible impacts for 49% andon the 48% stability, of China’s voltage, wind curtailmentelectricity quality in 2015 and and system 2016, respectively). backup of the electricity systemAfter because the wind of powerfluctuation, is connected randomness to the electricity and intermittency system at a largeof the scale, wind it brings power non-negligible output [6]. impactsHowever, on the stability,electricity voltage, system electricity has to limit quality the and wind system power backup output of the to electricity ensure safe system and because stable ofoperation fluctuation, and randomnessbalance of quantities and intermittency of electricity of theto meet wind the power requirements output [6]. of However, peak load the adjustment, electricity systemvoltage hascontrol, to limit economic the wind powerdispatching output toand ensure frequency safe and modulation stable operation and andother balance tasks. of quantitiesHowever ofproblems electricity have
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