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Terminologia Embryologica International Embryological Terminology

FIPAT Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminologies

Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York IV

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Preface

This is the third book in the Terminologia series, postnatal development. There are two principal completing a trilogy with parts. The first covers the pure terms, naming a (1998) and (2008). It is structure or a developmental event. This covers the creation of the Federative International the development of the early as a whole, Committee for (FICAT) and is followed by sections on the individual sys- and the member societies of the International tems. The arrangement of the terms follows the Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA). A developmental sequence as closely as possible. final draft of this Terminology was circulated to all Where this was not appropriate, as with lists of member associations of the IFAA in late 2008. This anomalies, terms were arranged alphabetically in publication incorporates changes proposed in the Latin. The second part is chronological; it relates various responses. to the temporal sequence, and indicates new or The Terminologia trilogy aims to realise the ob- especially conspicuous features at particular jective defined at the General Assembly of the times. This encompasses the for Federative World Congress of , held in the embryonic period and in addition identifies Rio de Janeiro in 1989, namely: key features at individual points in the fetal peri- “To present the official terminology of the ana- od. In this part some items are not, sensu strictu, tomical sciences after consultation with all the terms; instead they define succinctly a conspicu- members of the International Federation of Associ- ous feature or an event specific for the time. ations of Anatomists, thus ensuring a democratic Terminology is living; it undergoes continual input to the terminology.” refinement to enhance precision and to systemat- A rigorous, common language is the bedrock of ise and codify new advances. For example, this communication. The Terminologia trilogy fulfils volume includes data from reproductive technol- this role for the anatomical sciences and provides ogy/in vitro fertilization. Similarly, the explosion the basis for usage across all the Health Sciences. of knowledge in developmental is The terminology contained in this volume con- reflected in the incorporation of several sets of forms closely with that in the previous two. How- new terms. ever, where more than one term identifies a par- Terminologia Embryologica began life in 1997. ticular element, changes in current usage have Its therefore overlapped with the later led in some instances to altered ranking of terms. stages of development of Terminologia Histologica. Each term is set out, as for the previous publica- Meeting locations at which it was generated were: tions, in three columns. There is a unique identifi- – Mainz, Germany (15 February 1998) er, matched with Latin and English versions. The – Cardiff, Wales, UK (13 March 1999) use of Latin as the prime term provides an un- – Cagliari, Sardinia (5 September 1999) equivocal reference point, from which each lan- – St Petersburg, Russia (11 June 2000) guage may derive its own equivalent. The English – Awaji, (12 September 2000) version presents the terms in current usage in – Orlando, Florida, USA (29 March 2001) English-speaking countries. The book is complet- – Sun City, South Africa (18 July 2001) ed by a comprehensive index of Latin and English – Maastricht, The Netherlands (8 April 2002) terms and an index of eponyms that identifies the – Timisoara, Romania (6 September 2002) number and page of the appropriate non-epony- – St Maarten, Netherlands Antilles (10 February mous term. 2003) Terminologia Embryologica, in accordance with – Jackson, Mississippi, USA (24 August 2003) universal convention, deals with the entire period – Hobart, Tasmania, Australia (16 February 2004) up to only in the . It covers all of intra- – Kochi, Japan (22 September 2004) uterine and also a few key features of – Brussels, Belgium (30 March 2005) VI Preface

– Stanford, California, USA (22 August 2005) The committee invites constructive comments – San José, Costa Rica (24 April 2006) from all quarters for consideration for future edi- – Toronto, Canada (21 August 2006) tions. Comments may be sent by email to: pierre. – San José, Costa Rica (23 April 2007) [email protected]. – Nottingham, UK (30 June 2008) Having been adopted by the IFAA, Terminolo- – Timisoara, Romania (8 September 2008) gia Embryologica incorporates and supersedes – New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (April 20, 2009) Nomina Embryologica. The printing of Terminologia Embryologica was prepared by the Federative International Pro- gramme on Anatomical Terminologies (FIPAT), the successor of FICAT.

Lutz Vollrath Chairman FIPAT

John Fraher Coordinator FIPAT

Ian Whitmore Chairman FCAT/FICAT 1989–2009 VII

Acknowledgements

Financial Membership of FICAT

During the period in which the committee has – Professor Ian Whitmore, Chairman, worked on this terminology it has been fortunate United Kingdom to have the support of some of the societies and – Professor Lutz Vollrath, Vice Chairman, associations to which the members belong. These Germany organisations have helped with the travel costs – Professor Colin Wendell-Smith, Secretary, and subsistence for the meetings of FICAT. The Australia committee thanks them for their support. – Professor Pierre Sprumont, Deputy Secretary, Switzerland – Professor David Brynmor Thomas, Academic United Kingdom – Professor Stephen Carmichael, FICAT wishes to thank the many individuals who United States of America provided assistance during its deliberations. – Professor Wen-qin Chai, While those individuals gave valuable expert ad- – Professor Antoine Dhem, Belgium vice, the final terminology is the responsibility of – Professor Jan Drukker, The Netherlands FICAT. – Professor John Fraher, Ireland – Prof. A.C. Gittenberger-de Groot (Leiden/NL), – Professor Raymond Gasser, – Prof. C.S Herrington (St-Andrews/UK), United States of America – Prof. M.H. Johnson (London/UK), – Professor Jacques Gilloteaux, – Prof. W.H. Lamers (Amsterdam/NL), United States of America – Prof. B.J.Moxham (Cardiff/UK), – Professor Rolando Cruz Gutiérrez, Costa Rica – Prof. R. OʼRahilly (Fribourg/CH), – Professor Duane E. Haines, – Prof. G.C. Schoenwolf (Urbana IL/US), United States of America – Prof. L. Selwood (Melbourne, Australia), – Professor Lev L. Kolesnikov, Russia – Prof. S. Standring (London/UK), – Professor Beverley Kramer, – Prof C. Viebahn (Göttingen/DE). Republic of South Africa – Professor Keith L. Moore, Canada – Professor Diogo Pais, Portugal – Professor Alessandro Riva, Italy – Professor Harumichi Seguchi, Japan VIII

Contents

1 … Nomina generalia General terms 2 … Mensurae embryonicae et fetales Embryonic and fetal measurements 2 … Cycli genitales feminini Female reproductive cycles 5 … Cyclus genitalis masculinus Male reproductive cycle 5 … Anomaliae reproductionis Reproductive anomalies 6 … Gametogenesis Gametogenesis

9 … Ontogenesis Ontogeny 9 … Ordo ontogeneticus Ontogenetic sequence 9 … Ontogenesis praenatalis Prenatal ontogeny 12 … Ontogenesis postnatalis Postnatal ontogeny

14 … Embryogenesis Embryogenesis; Embryogeny 14 … Processus embryonici Embryonic processes

20 … generalis General histogenesis; General histogeny 20 … Cellulae antecedentes Antecedent cells 21 … Factores crescentiae Growth factors 22 … Factores transcriptionis Transcription factors 22 … Structurae cristae neuralis structures 26 … Textus connectivi atque sustinentes Connective and supporting tissues

30 … Organogeny 30 … Ossa; Systema skeletale ; Skeletal system 30 … Skeletogenesis generalis General skeletogenesis 30 … Skeleton axiale Axial skeleton 35 … Membra et skeleton appendiculare Limbs and appendicular skeleton

35 … Juncturae; Systema articulare ; Articular system 36 … Anomaliae skeletales Skeletal anomalies

42 … Musculi; Systema musculare Muscles;

45 … Facies Face

46 … Systema digestorium Alimentary system 47 … Cavitas oris Oral cavity 52 … Pharynx 53 … Canalis digestorius; Canalis oesophagoga- Alimentary canal strointestinalis 53 … Oesophagus Oesophagus▲ 54 … Gaster 55 … Duodenum 56 … Ansa umbilicalis intestini loop; Umbilical intestinal loop 56 … et Jejunum and Ileum 57 … Intestinum crassum Contents IX

58 … Canalis analis 59 … Urenteron; Pars postcloacalis intestini Postcloacal gut; Tailgut; Endgut 59 … Hepar 60 … Ductus choledochus; Ductus biliaris 61 … Vesica biliaris et ductus cysticus and 62 … Pancreas

63 … Systema respiratorium 63 … Nasus 64 … Pharynx Pharynx 64 … Formatio arboris respiratoriae Formation of respiratory tree

67 … Systema urinarium 67 … Pronephros 67 … Mesonephros 67 … Metanephros Metanephros 69 … Vesica urinaria et and Urethra

71 … Systemata genitalia Genital systems 71 … Gonada 73 … Ductus genitales Genital ducts 76 … Cloaca 77 … Organa genitalia externa External genitalia

79 … Coeloma et septa and septa▲

81 … Massae mesenchymales mesentericae; Mesenchymal mesenteric masses; Mesenteria primordialia Primordial

82 … Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine 82 … Hypophysis; Glandula pituitaria Pituitary 83 … Glandula pinealis; cerebri; ; Pineal body Corpus pineale 83 … Glandula thyroidea gland 84 … Glandula parathyroidea 84 … Glandula suprarenalis Suprarenal gland; 85 … Insula pancreatica {vide Pancreas} Pancreatic islet {see Pancreas}

85 … Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system 85 … Cor 91 … Vasa Vessels 96 … Formatio haemocytorum production

98 … Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system 98 … Textus lymphoidei primarii Primary lymphoid tissues 99 … Textus lymphoidei secundarii Secondary lymphoid tissues

102 … Systema nervosum 102 … Neurulatio 102 … Meninges

103 … Pars centralis; Systema nervosum centrale [CNS] 103 … Tubus neuralis 105 … spinalis 106 … Encephalon X Contents

115 … Pars peripherica; Systema nervosum Peripheral nervous system [PNS] periphericum 115 … Crista neuralis Neural crest 116 … Placodae neurogenicae Neurogenic placodes 117 … Nn. olfactorius et vomeronasalis Olfactory and vomeronasal 117 … Ganglia sensoria Sensory ganglia 118 … Motoneuron; motorium 118 … Axon 119 … Neurofibra fibre▲ 119 … Partes nervi peripherici Elements of peripheral nerve 119 … Locus transitionis inter systema nervosum CNS – PNS transitional zone [TZ] centrale et systema nervosum periphe- ricum 120 … Gliocyti peripherici Peripheral glial cells 120 … Myelinisatio Myelination 121 … Formatio unitatis motoriae development 121 … Pars autonomica systematis nervosi peri- Autonomic part of peripheral nervous sys- pherici tem 122 … Systema nervosum entericum 122 … Textus connectivus nervi peripherici Connective of peripheral nerve

124 … Organa sensuum organs 124 … Organum olfactorium; Organum olfactus Olfactory 125 … Organum gustatorium; Organum gustus Gustatory organ 125 … Oculus et structurae pertinentes Eye and related structures 129 … Auris

132 … Integumentum commune The integument 132 … 135 … Tela subcutanea

136 … Adnexa embryonica et fetalia; Developmental adnexa; Membranae extraembryonicae et Extra-embryonic and fetales 136 … Adnexa embryonica Embryonic adnexa 140 … Adnexa fetalia Fetal membranes

144 … Notatio temporum Temporal stages of ontologicorum development 144 … Ontogenesis praenatalis Prenatal ontogeny 144 … Embryogenesis Embryogenesis; Embryogeny

171 … Tempora fetalia Fetal periods 171 … Fetogenesis Fetogenesis

183 … Insignia neonati maturi Features of mature neonate

186 … Nomina dysmorphica Dysmorphia terms 186 … Embryogenesis dysmorphicarum Embryogenesis of dysmorphias

187 … Index of Eponyms 193 … Index of Latin Terms 240 … Index of English Terms Nomina generalia/General terms 1

Nomina generalia General terms

E1.0.0.0.0.0.1 Modus reproductionis Reproductive mode E1.0.0.0.0.0.2 Reproductio sexualis Sexual reproduction E1.0.0.0.0.0.3 Viviparitas E1.0.0.0.0.0.4 Heterogamia Heterogamy E1.0.0.0.0.0.5 Endogamia Endogamy E1.0.0.0.0.0.6 Sequentia reproductionis Reproductive sequence E1.0.0.0.0.0.7 Ovulatio E1.0.0.0.0.0.8 Erectio Erection E1.0.0.0.0.0.9 Coitus Coitus; Sexual intercourse * E1.0.0.0.0.0.10 Ejaculatio1 Ejaculation E1.0.0.0.0.0.11 Emissio Emission E1.0.0.0.0.0.12 Ejaculatio vera Ejaculation proper E1.0.0.0.0.0.13 Semen Semen; Ejaculate E1.0.0.0.0.0.14 Inseminatio Insemination E1.0.0.0.0.0.15 Fertilisatio Fertilization E1.0.0.0.0.0.16 Fecundatio Fecundation; Impregnation E1.0.0.0.0.0.17 Superfecundatio Superfecundation E1.0.0.0.0.0.18 Superimpregnatio Superimpregnation E1.0.0.0.0.0.19 Superfetatio Superfetation E1.0.0.0.0.0.20 Ontogenesis Ontogeny E1.0.0.0.0.0.21 Ontogenesis praenatalis Prenatal ontogeny E1.0.0.0.0.0.22 Tempus praenatale; Tempus gestationis Prenatal period; Gestation period E1.0.0.0.0.0.23 Vita praenatalis Prenatal life E1.0.0.0.0.0.24 Vita intrauterina Intra-uterine life * E1.0.0.0.0.0.25 Embryogenesis2 Embryogenesis; Embryogeny * E1.0.0.0.0.0.26 Fetogenesis3 Fetogenesis E1.0.0.0.0.0.27 Tempus natale Birth period E1.0.0.0.0.0.28 Ontogenesis postnatalis Postnatal ontogeny E1.0.0.0.0.0.29 Vita postnatalis Postnatal life

1 E1.0.0.0.0.0.10 Ejaculatio The reflex process of ejaculation occurs in two phases: in the first – emission – contraction of of glands and ducts delivers the various components of semen into the ; in the second – ejaculation proper – the striated muscles of the uro- genital triangle (particularly the bulbospongiosus muscles) contract spasmodically and expel semen from the urethra. 2 E1.0.0.0.0.0.25 Embryogenesis Embryogenesis is the process of embryo formation. It entails the formation of the principal organs and systems and the acquisition of uniquely human surface features that are apparent with the unaided eye. The process begins at fertilization and ends, somewhat arbitrarily, 56 days later. It is divided into 23 internationally accepted Carnegie Stages (O'Rahilly R, Müller F. Developmental stages in human em- bryos. Washington DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington; 1987). Each Carnegie Stage is an arbitrarily defined cut through the time axis of the embryo but is based upon carefully-defined external and internal morphological criteria and not on either measured length or estimated age. Thus, an embryo of a particular length or age is not necessarily an embryo of a particular stage. It is important to note that, while the stages have not been redefined, the norm for the estimated age of certain stages has been revised in subsequent papers and textbooks by these authors on the basis of investigations [see footnote 31]. 3 E1.0.0.0.0.0.26 Fetogenesis Fetogenesis entails the growth and differentiation, particularly functional differentiation, of the after em- bryogenesis is completed. It thus begins on day 57, following the Stage 23 embryo that already has its principal organs, systems and distinctly human features, and ends at birth, when the becomes a newborn infant or neonate. The time in which fetogenesis occurs may be divided into early, intermediate and late fetal periods, which correspond to the trimesters of in which they occur. There is, however, no agreement on pre- cisely which weeks are encompassed by the first trimester: here it is regarded as beginning at fertilization and as being occupied by embryogenesis and the early fetal period, the 9th to the 13th post fertilization week. 2 Nomina generalia/General terms

* E1.0.1.0.0.0.1 Mensurae embryonicae et fetales4 Embryonic and fetal measurements * E1.0.1.0.0.0.2 Aetas a fecundatione5 Fertilization age * E1.0.1.0.0.0.3 Aetas ab ovulatione6 Ovulation age * E1.0.1.0.0.0.4 Aetas ab inseminatione7 Insemination age * E1.0.1.0.0.0.5 Hebdomades post coitum8 Coital weeks * E1.0.1.0.0.0.6 Hebdomades post menses ultimas9 Menstrual weeks E1.0.1.0.0.0.7 Longitudo corona calx Crown-heel length; CHL; Total length; Standing height * E1.0.1.0.0.0.8 Longitudo maxima10 Greatest length; GL E1.0.1.0.0.0.9 Longitudo corona nates Crown-rump length; CRL; Sitting height E1.0.1.0.0.0.10 Longitudo nates -rump length E1.0.1.0.0.0.11 Longitudo femoris ossificati Length of ossified E1.0.1.0.0.0.12 Longitudo pedis Foot length; FL E1.0.1.0.0.0.13 Diameter biparietalis Biparietal diameter E1.0.1.0.0.0.14 Diameter cavitatis amnioticae Diameter of amniotic cavity E1.0.1.0.0.0.15 Diameter cavitatis chorionicae Diameter of chorionic cavity E1.0.1.0.0.0.16 Diameter vesiculae umbilicalis; Diameter sacci vi- Diameter of umbilical vesicle; Diameter of sac tellini E1.0.1.0.0.0.17 Circumferentia abdominis Abdominal circumference E1.0.1.0.0.0.18 Circumferentia capitis circumference E1.0.1.0.0.0.19 Pondus corporis Body weight E1.0.1.0.0.0.20 Pondus encephali Brain weight E1.0.1.0.0.0.21 Pondus placentae Placental weight

E1.0.2.0.0.0.1 Cycli genitales feminini Female reproductive cycles E1.0.2.1.0.0.1 PHASES OVARICAE OVARIAN PHASES E1.0.2.1.0.0.2 Phasis infantilis Infantile phase E1.0.2.1.0.0.3 Phasis praepubertalis Prepubertal phase E1.0.2.1.0.0.4 Phasis pubertalis Pubertal phase E1.0.2.1.0.0.5 Phasis matura Mature phase E1.0.2.1.0.0.6 Phasis involutionis Involution phase

E1.0.2.2.0.0.1 CYCLUS OVARICUS OVARIAN CYCLE E1.0.2.2.0.0.2 Oogenesis E1.0.2.2.0.0.3 Phases cycli ovarici Phases of ovarian cycle E1.0.2.2.0.0.4 Phasis follicularis Follicular phase E1.0.0.0.0.0.7 Ovulatio Ovulation E1.0.2.2.0.0.5 Phasis corporis lutei ; phase E1.0.2.2.0.0.6 Phasis involutionis Involution phase E1.0.2.2.0.0.7 Typi ovulationis Types of ovulation E1.0.2.2.0.0.8 Ovulatio uniovularis Uni-ovular ovulation E1.0.2.2.0.0.9 Ovulatio multiovularis Multi-ovular ovulation E1.0.2.2.0.0.10 Ovulatio spontanea Spontaneous ovulation

4 E1.0.1.0.0.0.1 Mensurae embryonicae et fetales The norms for measurements of lengths, diameters and circumferences in mm and of weights in grams are given for each postfertilization week in Table A-4 in O'Rahilly R, Müller F. Human Embryology & . 3rd ed. New York: Wiley-Liss; 2001. 5 E1.0.1.0.0.0.2 Aetas a fecundiatione Fertilization age begins at the time of fertilization with the sperm penetrating the oocyte and the formation of the . It is the true age of the conceptus and the preferred measure. 6 E1.0.1.0.0.0.3 Aetas ab ovulatione Ovulation age begins on the day of the ovulation that preceded fertilization and the formation of the zygote: it is about 0.5 day longer than fertilization age. 7 E1.0.1.0.0.0.4 Aetas ab inseminatione Insemination age begins when the sperm and oocyte are introduced in or in vitro fer- tilization. 8 E1.0.1.0.0.0.5 Hebdomades post coitum Coital weeks begin from the time of the coitus that resulted in the pregnancy. Normally, fertilization occurs early in the first coital week. Since the embryo does not exist for the first part of the first coital week, the term coital age is inappropriate. 9 E1.0.1.0.0.0.6 Hebdomades post menses ultimas Menstrual ("gestational") weeks begin from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period [LMP] before becoming pregnant and are the usual measure in obstetric practice. Since the embryo does not usually come into being until the first two menstrual weeks have passed, the term menstrual “age” is inappropriate. The term is superfluous, ambiguous and should be abandoned, it having been variously equated with menstrual weeks, ovulation age and fertilization age (O’Rahilly R, Müller F. Prenatal ages and stages: measures and errors. Teratology 2000;61:382–384). 10 E1.0.1.0.0.0.8 Longitudo maxima Greatest length [GL] is the preferred measure of length, being independent of fixed points, which are not always easy to determine. GL coincides with crown-rump length [CRL] at Stages 11 and 12; GL is generally more than CRL and coincides with neck-rump length from Stages 13–17; GL and CRL again coincide from Stages 18–20 onwards (O’Rahilly R, Müller F. Embryonic length and cerebral landmarks in staged human . Anat Rec 1984;209:265–271). Nomina generalia/General terms 3

E1.0.2.2.0.0.11 Ovulatio superovularis; Superovulatio Superovulation E1.0.2.2.0.0.12 Superovulatio inducta Induced superovulation

E1.0.2.3.0.0.1 CYCLUS MENSTRUALIS ENDOMETRII ENDOMETRIAL E1.0.2.3.0.0.2 Amenorrhoea primaria Primary amenorrhoea▲ E1.0.2.3.0.0.3 Menarcha Menarche E1.0.2.3.0.0.4 Phasis proliferativa; Phasis follicularis Proliferative phase; Follicular phase; Oestrogenic phase▲ E1.0.2.3.0.0.5 Phasis ovulatoria Ovulatory phase E1.0.2.3.0.0.6 Phasis secretoria; Phasis lutealis Secretory phase; Luteal phase; phase E1.0.2.3.0.0.7 Phasis gestatoria Gestatory phase E1.0.2.3.0.0.8 Phasis ischaemiae Ischaemic phase▲ E1.0.2.3.0.0.9 Phasis menstrualis; Phasis desquamativa Menstrual phase; phase E1.0.2.3.0.0.10 Menses Menses E1.0.2.3.0.0.11 Phasis postmenstrualis Postmenstrual phase E1.0.2.3.0.0.12 Amenorrhoea secundaria Secondary amenorrhoea▲ E1.0.2.3.0.0.13 Climacter Climacteric E1.0.2.3.0.0.14 Menopausa Menopause

* E1.0.2.4.0.0.1 CYCLUS VAGINALIS11 VAGINAL CYCLE E1.0.2.4.0.0.2 Phasis initialis Initial phase E1.0.2.4.0.0.3 Phasis ovulationis Ovulation phase E1.0.2.4.0.0.4 Phasis sera Later phase

E1.0.2.5.0.0.1 CYCLUS GLANDULAE MAMMARIAE CYCLE E1.0.2.5.0.0.2 Phasis inactiva Inactive phase E1.0.2.5.0.0.3 Phasis proliferativa Proliferative phase E1.0.2.5.0.0.4 Lactatio E1.0.2.5.0.0.5 Phasis colostralis Colostral phase E1.0.2.5.0.0.6 Phasis lactifera Milk phase E1.0.2.5.0.0.7 Phasis involutionis Involution phase

E1.0.2.6.0.0.1 PREGNATIO; GRAVIDITAS PREGNANCY; GESTATION E1.0.2.6.1.0.1 Graviditas Gravidity E1.0.2.6.1.0.2 Nulligraviditas Nulligravidity E1.0.2.6.1.0.3 Nulligravida Nulligravida E1.0.2.6.1.0.4 Primigraviditas Primigravidity E1.0.2.6.1.0.5 Primigravida Primigravida E1.0.2.6.1.0.6 Multigraviditas Multigravidity E1.0.2.6.1.0.7 Multigravida Multigravida E1.0.2.6.2.0.1 Paritas Parity E1.0.2.6.2.0.2 Nulliparitas Nulliparity E1.0.2.6.2.0.3 Nullipara Nullipara E1.0.2.6.2.0.4 Primiparitas Primiparity E1.0.2.6.2.0.5 Primipara Primipara E1.0.2.6.2.0.6 Multiparitas Multiparity E1.0.2.6.2.0.7 Multipara Multipara E1.0.2.6.3.0.1 Pregnatio uterina Uterine pregnancy E1.0.2.6.3.0.2 Pregnatio cornualis Cornual pregnancy E1.0.2.6.3.0.3 Pregnatio fundica Fundal pregnancy E1.0.2.6.3.0.4 Pregnatio corporalis Uterine body pregnancy * E1.0.2.6.3.0.5 Pregnatio cervicalis12 E1.0.2.6.3.0.6 praevia

11 E1.0.2.4.0.0.1 Cyclus vaginalis Cyclical changes in the stratified squamous of the are not obvious in histological sections: under normal circumstances its desquamated cells remain nucleated and it does not keratinize. However, according to Papanicolaou, there is a relative in- crease in acidophilic cells with small dark nuclei at the time of ovulation and thus the three phases of the vaginal cycle may be recognized (Papani- colaou GN. The sexual cycle in the human female as revealed by vaginal smears. Am J Anat 1933;52:519–637). The changes at ovulation may repre- sent a prekeratinization process, which is completed when the epithelium is exposed to the air, as in cases of prolapse. 12 E1.0.2.6.3.0.5/E1.0.4.0.1.1.1 Pregnatio cervicalis/Pregnatio ectopica; Pregnatio extrauterina Although appropriately listed with uterine pregnancy sites, a cervical pregnancy is often considered to be an . 4 Nomina generalia/General terms

E1.0.2.6.4.0.1 Cyclus pregnationis Pregnancy cycle E1.0.2.6.4.0.2 Conceptio Conception * E1.0.2.6.4.0.3 Conceptus13 Conceptus * E1.0.2.6.4.0.4 Cyema14 Cyema * E1.0.2.6.4.0.5 Embryo [St.1 ad 23]15 Embryo [St.1–23] * E1.0.2.6.4.0.6 Fetus16 Fetus * E1.0.2.6.4.0.7 Adnexa17 Adnexa E1.0.2.6.4.0.8 Tempus tubale Tubal period E1.0.2.6.4.0.9 Tempus uterinum Uterine period * E1.0.2.6.4.0.10 Phasis praegastrulationis18 Pregastrulation phase E1.0.2.6.4.0.11 Phasis praeimplantationis Pre-implantation phase E1.0.2.6.4.0.12 Phasis implantationis Implantation phase E1.0.2.6.4.0.13 Phasis gastrulationis phase * E1.0.2.6.4.0.14 Phasis praeparatoria; Phasis embryogenica19 Preparative phase; Embryogenic phase E1.0.2.6.4.0.15 Phasis postgastrulationis Postgastrulation phase E1.0.2.6.4.0.16 Phasis placentalis Placental phase E1.0.2.6.4.0.17 Terminus Term; End of pregnancy E1.0.2.6.4.0.18 Terminatio Termination E1.0.2.6.4.0.19 Parturitio Parturition; Labour▲ E1.0.2.6.4.0.20 Parturitio praematura Premature labour▲ E1.0.2.6.4.0.21 Parturitio matura Mature labour; Full term labour▲ E1.0.2.6.4.0.22 Parturitio postmatura Postmature labour▲

E1.0.2.7.0.0.1 PARTUS BIRTH E1.0.2.7.0.0.2 Partus praematurus Premature birth E1.0.2.7.0.0.3 Partus maturus Full term birth E1.0.2.7.0.0.4 Partus postmaturus Postmature birth E1.0.2.7.0.0.5 Infans Infant E1.0.2.7.0.0.6 Infans praematurus Premature infant E1.0.2.7.0.0.7 Infans maturus Mature infant E1.0.2.7.0.0.8 Infans postmaturus Postmature infant E1.0.2.7.0.0.9 Neonatus Newborn;Neonate E1.0.2.7.0.0.10 Tempus postnatale Postnatal period; E1.0.2.7.0.0.11 Puerperium Puerperium E1.0.2.7.0.0.12 Involutio Involution E1.0.2.7.1.0.1 Numerus conceptuum" 13 Number of E1.0.2.7.1.0.2 Pregnatio singularis Single pregnancy E1.0.2.7.1.0.3 Cyema singulare Singleton; Single cyema E1.0.2.7.1.0.4 Pregnatio duplex pregnancy

13 E1.0.2.6.4.0.3/E1.0.2.7.1.0.1 Conceptus Conceptus refers to the entire product of conception from fertilization onwards. 14 E1.0.2.6.4.0.4 Cyema The cyema is the embryonic or fetal part of the conceptus and thus excludes the developmental adnexa (q.v.), which are the placenta, and extra-embryonic membranes. 15 E1.0.2.6.4.0.5 Embryo [St.1 ad 23] Both embryonic and extra-embryonic cell lineages extend forward from the zygote and both extra-embryonic and embryonic tissues are necessary for normal development. Nevertheless, it has been argued that to include the early stages in the use of the term embryo is misleading because a discrete and identifiable population of exclusively embryonic or cyemic cells does not exist until gastrulation is un- der way and because most of the tissues formed prior to this are extra-embryonic or adnexal (Johnson MH and Selwood L. Nomenclature of early development in . Reprod Fertil Dev 1996;8:759–64). However, communication risks attend the redefining of a commonly and colloquially used term such as embryo and scientific purposes can be as well served by not redefining the term but defining the cells present at a particular time. Embryo remains the preferred term for all 23 Carnegie Stages. 16 E1.0.2.6.4.0.6 Fetus There is no doubt that etymologically the correct spelling is fetus (from fero – I beget), as has been used in America for many years: in Europe the traditional use of the spelling foetus is decreasing. 17 E1.0.2.6.4.0.7 Adnexa/Membranae embryonicae et fetales; Adnexa developmentalia/Adnexa embryonica/Adnexa fetalia The Latin word adnexum has been used almost exclusively in this plural form to indicate the structures (more than one) adjacent to or subservient to a major structure. The form adnexae, although frequently used, is incorrect. 18 E1.0.2.6.4.0.10 Phasis praegastrulationis The pregastrulation and postgastrulation phases of the embryonic period and the fetal period are stages of , each with its own distinctive characteristics, particularly in respect of its responses to teratogens. The pre-gastrulation phase begins at fertilization, continues through and implantation and ends with the establishment of a definite in Carnegie Stage 6b at about 2 and a half weeks. It is a phase characterized by rapid increase in cell numbers and by regulation. As a result, response to terato- gens is uncertain: induced errors of development may regulate but, if they do not, the errors are likely to be of such magnitude that early spontane- ous follows. 19 E1.0.2.6.4.0.14 Phasis praeparatoria; Phasis embryogenica The characteristic of the preparative phase is that it is spent preparing extra-embryonic membranes and presumptive embryonic cells but that no cells of the conceptus have yet been determined as substantive embryonic cells. It has therefore been called the embryogenic phase (Johnson MH and Selwood L. Nomenclature of early development in mammals. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996;8:759–64). The term “pre-embryonic stage”, which has been used in legal and clinical contexts, is not recommended.