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Territoires Des Cités Grecques SUPPLEMENT 34 TERRITOIRES DES CITÉS GRECQUES Actes de la Table Ronde Internationale, organisée par l'École Française d'Athènes 31 octobre - 3 novembre 1991 Édités Par Michèle BRUNET EXTRAIT 1999 MODELE, DE L'ARCHÉOLOGIE DES CITÉS À L'ARCHÉOLOGIE DU PAYSAGE* La recherche que nous conduisons en Thessalie utilise de manière systématique les modèles géographiques, comme l'ont montré X-Cl. Decourt et L. Darmezin. Mais l'ex- ploitation des représentations théoriques fournies par les modèles n'est évidemment pas coupée de la réalité du terrain. Nous savons quelle est la valeur de l'observation des paysages et de la confrontation des vestiges archéologiques avec les textes, en deux mots, pour reprendre l'expression de L. Robert, nous nous efforçons, nous aussi, d'ap- préhender ensemble « la terre et le papier ». Nous nous apercevons cependant, en déve- loppant année après année de nouveaux outils d'analyse, de nouvelles représentations, que la pratique « classique », si perfectionnée soit-elle, ne peut pas prendre en compte certains types de problèmes. Je veux en donner ici un exemple : l'interprétation de l'inscription IG IX 2, 521, qui rapporte les éléments d'un conflit de frontière entre Kondaia et une cité dont le nom n'est pas exprimé dans la partie de l'inscription qui nous a été conservée. En me tenant à l'essentiel (il n'est pas question de commenter ici ce document dans son inté- gralité), je mettrai en évidence les points suivants : 1. Les interprétations jusqu'à présent avancées de cette inscription n'ont été que de vains discours, parce que les interprètes n'avaient pas les informations nécessaires pour identifier avec exactitude les lieux désignés par l'inscription. Les prospections et l'observation « ethno-archéologique », telles que L. Robert nous a appris à les pratiquer, nous ont permis d'acquérir ces identifications indispensables. * Abréviations utilisées : HELLY, État thessalien B. HELLY, L'État thessalien. Aleuas le Roux, les tétrades et les tagoi, Collection de la Maison de l'Orient 25, Série épigraphique 2 (1995) PICCIRILLI, L'arbitrato L. PICCIRILLI, « L'arbitrato tessalà-perebico fra Kondaia e Gonnos (?) ail luce dell'arbitrato fra Mondaia e Azoros », AnnPisa (1970), p. 316-346 STÀHLIN, Thessalien F. STÀHLIN, Das hellenische Thessalien (1924) 100 BRUNO HELLY [BCH Suppl 34 2. Le problème de l'interprétation n'est cependant pas résolu pour autant, car l'analyse historique qu'on peut déduire de l'observation du paysage actuel révèle immé- diatement ses limites : à partir de ce paysage, on ne peut pas localiser tous les élé- ments identifiés, et en particulier les terroirs qui font l'objet de la contestation entre Kondaia et sa voisine. 3. Une solution du problème est possible, si l'on a recours au modèle géogra- phique du plus proche voisin, qui permet de se représenter, au moins théoriquement, les territoires correspondant à chaque cité en cause et de proposer des localisations vraisemblables pour les principaux lieux de la contestation territoriale. 4. La vérification de l'hypothèse est possible grâce à une étude géomorphologique qui apporte les informations nécessaires à la reconstruction du paysage antique corres- pondant aux éléments tirés du texte épigraphique. I. Le document de base : IG IX 2, 521. L'inscription enregistre, comme c'est l'habitude quand il s'agit d'arbitrages fronta- liers entre deux cités, la transcription, soit en discours indirect, soit en discours direct, de témoignages présentés devant une commission d'arbitrage, tous témoignages qui sont favorables à Kondaia : — un témoignage de gens de Mopsion, dont on peut déduire que cette cité est voisine de Kondaia, mais n'est pas en conflit avec elle ; — un témoignage d'un berger d'Askyris, qui dit bien connaître la région où se situe la contestation ; du texte, on retire l'impression qu'Askyris n'était pas en cause dans l'affaire. Voici le texte de l'inscription, tel qu'il a été publié par O. Kern, dans IG IX 2, sous le n° 5211 : %o ----- αρεια [... έ]ν Λαρίσ[η]ι ά[ν]αγεγραμμένην [έν τ]ώι ίερώι του Απόλλωνος του Κε[ρ]- 5 δω]ίου· και Λάδικος ό Άσκυριεύς έμαρ- [τ]ύρησεν μαρτυρίαν τήνδε* μαρτυ- ρεί Λάδικος Άρμ[οδ]ίου Άσκυριεύς Κονδαιαεύσιν έπ[ίσ]ταμ[αι] την χώρα[ν] [ή]ν και παρών ένεφάνιζον τοις κρι- 10 ταις από της κορυφής του Ν[υ]σείου [κ]αταβαίνων τον εν[γι]ον προς ήμά[ς] [τ]όπον άχρι τή[ς] φάραγγος, ης και Κον[δαι]- εΐς έπεδείκ[ν]υον τοις κριταΐς, κ[αι] των πρεσβυτέρων ήκουον προσχο[ρειν] 1. L'édition de l'inscription donnée par PICCIRILLI, L'arbitrato, suit le texte de Kern, dont j'ai contrôlé l'exactitude par une relecture sur la pierre ; j'ai déjà traité de ce document dans Gonnoi I (1973), Appen- dice III, p. 177-180. 1999] MODÈLE, DE L'ARCHÉOLOGIE DES CITÉS A L'ARCHÉOLOGIE DU PAYSAGE 101 15 [Κ]ονδαιεύσι κατά το[ύ]τον τον τόπον κ[αί αύ]- τός έπίσταμαι νομεύων έν τήι χώρα[ι] πλείω χρόνον και [Κ]ονδαιεΐς τηροΰντα[ς! το παραγώγιον έν τούτωι τώι τόπω[ι]. Παρείχοντο δε και Μοψειατών μα[ρ]- 20 τυρίας εις την κάτω χώραν, ην έμ[αρ]- τύρησεν [Π]ανταιος Κλεοβούλου [Μο]- ψειάτη[ς πλη]- [σ]ιοχοριο Ο .... ς [Κ]ον[δαι]- [ε]ύσιν δια του ποταμού άρξάμενο[ς ά]- 25 [π]ό των συμβολών τού Πηνειού και το[ύ] [Ε]ύρώπου άχρι της κελέτρας και τή[ς] φάραγγος της άπ Όρχείου άγούσης, κα[ί] οΐδα γεωργούντας [Κ]ονδαιεις και νεμο- μένους τα περί τον πύργον τον ύποκ[ά]- 30 τω τή<ι>ς Μινύης, έμαρτύρησεν δε κ[αι] Θεόδωρος Βραχύλλου, Σωκράτης Σιμ- [μί]α, Αιχμών Φιλοξενίδου Μοψει(ει)ς Κονδ[αι]- [εύ]σιν οι την κελέτραν κεκτημένοι την [ύ]- [π]οκάτω της Κρο[κ]ειάδος πλησιόχορ[ον] 35 [εινα]ι την κελέτραν την αυτών τήι κε[λέ]- [τραι τήι] των Κονδαιέων τήι ύποκάτω [τής Κροκειάδ]ος. Παρ[έσχο]ντο δε Κο[νδαι]- ΕΥ . Κον[δαι ] Traduction ... à Larissa (une stèle) transcrite dans le sanctuaire d'Apollon Kerdôios, et Ladi- kos d'Askyris a donné le témoignage suivant : « Témoignage de Ladikos, fils d'Har- modios, d'Askyris, en faveur des Kondaiens : je connais ce territoire que j'ai person- nellement montré aux juges, depuis le sommet du Nysaion, en descendant le versant le plus proche du côté de chez nous jusqu'à la passe que les Kondaiens ont fait visi- ter aux juges, et j'ai toujours entendu dire à nos anciens que pour les Kondaiens la limite de territoire touchait à ce versant, et moi-même je sais, pour faire paître sur ce territoire depuis bien longtemps, que les Kondaiens font respecter leur droit de péage dans ce secteur ». On a aussi produit des témoignages répétés de citoyens de Mopsion sur la partie basse du territoire, sur laquelle a témoigné Pantaios, fils de Kléoboulos, de Mopsion : «... voisin ... aux Kondaiens, de l'autre côté du fleuve, en partant du confluent du Pénée et de l'Eurôpos, jusqu'au barrage de pêche et à la passe qui amène d'Orcheia, et je sais que les Kondaiens y exploitent les terres et les pâtures qui entourent la ferme avec tour qui est au-dessous de la Minyé ». Ont témoi- gné aussi Théôdoros, fils de Brachyllos, Socratès, fils de Simmias, Aichmon, fils de Phi- loxénidas de Mopsion, en faveur des Kondaiens qui possèdent le barrage de pêche situé en dessous (ou en aval ?) de la Krokeias (la safranière ?), en disant que leur propre barrage de pêche est voisin de celui que les Kondaiens ont en dessous de la Krokeias. On a produit (des témoignages pour les Kondaiens ?) ... Pour interpréter l'inscription, on dispose naturellement de la mention des cités concernées : Kondaia, qui est en cause, mais aussi Mopsion et Askyris. Malheureuse- ment, l'identification de ces cités avec des établissements archéologiques connus n'a été 102 BRUNO HELLY [BCH Suppl 34 jusqu'à présent assurée pour aucune d'entre elles. La meilleure preuve en est qu'on a proposé différentes localisations pour Mopsion, comme pour Kondaia, et toutes les hypothèses avancées jusqu'à présent ne tiennent pas ou n'emportent pas l'adhésion2. Quant à Askyris, on a même pu se demander s'il s'agissait bien d'une cité, jusqu'à ces toutes dernières années3. L'inscription fait connaître d'autre part un certain nombre de points remarquables visités par la commission d'arbitrage ou mentionnés par les témoins. L'un de ces points au moins paraît identifiable sans ambiguïté pour tout le monde : le confluent du fleuve Pénée et de son affluent l'Eurôpos (autre nom du Titarèse), les actuels Pinios et Tita- risios ; celui-ci se jette dans le Pinios au Nord de Larisa et à l'Est de Tyrnavo, à l'en- trée d'une importante cluse du Pénée, le défilé de Rhodia4. Ce renseignement a suffi aux interprètes modernes pour qu'ils se risquent à situer, au moins grossièrement, dans la région qui borde au Nord le défilé de Rhodia, la zone contestée entre Kondaia et une cité que l'on peut penser être, par conséquent, Gonnoi. Cette interprétation de l'inscription a été acceptée par tous, et je l'ai acceptée, il y a maintenant bien des années : comme il arrive souvent, l'étude approfondie de ce dossier ne s'est révélée nécessaire que plus tard. Les autres points de repères fournis par l'inscription posent aux interprètes modernes de redoutables problèmes d'identification : il s'agit de lieux-dits, dont les noms sont des toponymes caractéristiques (Minyé etc.), ou des noms qui désignent des réalités du paysage et qui peuvent être employés soit comme des noms communs, soit comme des toponymes proprement dits : des termes tels que Charadra, Pharanx, qui sont clairs dans la langue grecque ; nous ne les étudierons pas ici.
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