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The Real Outcome of the Iraq War: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq
The Real Outcome of the Iraq War: US and Iranian Strategic Competition in Iraq By Anthony H. Cordesman, Peter Alsis, Adam Mausner, and Charles Loi Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy Revised: December 20, 2011 Note: This draft is being circulated for comments and suggestions. Please provide them to [email protected] Chapter 6: US Strategic Competition with Iran: Competition in Iraq 2 Executive Summary "Americans planted a tree in Iraq. They watered that tree, pruned it, and cared for it. Ask your American friends why they're leaving now before the tree bears fruit." --Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.1 Iraq has become a key focus of the strategic competition between the United States and Iran. The history of this competition has been shaped by the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), the 1991 Gulf War, and the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. Since the 2003 war, both the US and Iran have competed to shape the structure of Post-Saddam Iraq’s politics, governance, economics, and security. The US has gone to great lengths to counter Iranian influence in Iraq, including using its status as an occupying power and Iraq’s main source of aid, as well as through information operations and more traditional press statements highlighting Iranian meddling. However, containing Iranian influence, while important, is not America’s main goal in Iraq. It is rather to create a stable democratic Iraq that can defeat the remaining extremist and insurgent elements, defend against foreign threats, sustain an able civil society, and emerge as a stable power friendly to the US and its Gulf allies. -
Iraq in Crisis
Burke Chair in Strategy Iraq in Crisis By Anthony H. Cordesman and Sam Khazai January 6, 2014 Request for comments: This report is a draft that will be turned into an electronic book. Comments and suggested changes would be greatly appreciated. Please send any comments to Anthony H. Cordsman, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy, at [email protected]. ANTHONY H. CORDESMAN Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] Iraq in Crisis: Cordesman and Khazai AHC Final Review Draft 6.1.14 ii Acknowledgements This analysis was written with the assistance of Burke Chair researcher Daniel DeWit. Iraq in Crisis: Cordesman and Khazai AHC Final Review Draft 6.1.14 iii Executive Summary As events in late December 2013 and early 2014 have made brutally clear, Iraq is a nation in crisis bordering on civil war. It is burdened by a long history of war, internal power struggles, and failed governance. Is also a nation whose failed leadership is now creating a steady increase in the sectarian divisions between Shi’ite and Sunni, and the ethnic divisions between Arab and Kurd. Iraq suffers badly from the legacy of mistakes the US made during and after its invasion in 2003. It suffers from threat posed by the reemergence of violent Sunni extremist movements like Al Qaeda and equally violent Shi’ite militias. It suffers from pressure from Iran and near isolation by several key Arab states. It has increasingly become the victim of the forces unleashed by the Syrian civil war. Its main threats, however, are self-inflicted wounds caused by its political leaders. -
World-History-Timeline.Pdf
HISTORY TIMELINE WORLD HISTORY TIMELINE FROM ANCIENT HISTORY TO 21ST CENTURY COPYRIGHT © 2010 - www.ithappened.info Table of Contents Ancient history .................................................................................................................................... 4 100,000 to 800 BC...........................................................................................................................4 800 BC to 300 BC............................................................................................................................5 300 BC to 1 BC................................................................................................................................6 1 AD to 249 AD............................................................................................................................... 8 249 AD to 476 AD .......................................................................................................................... 9 Middle Ages .......................................................................................................................................11 476 AD to 649 AD......................................................................................................................... 11 650 AD to 849 AD ........................................................................................................................ 12 850 AD to 999 AD........................................................................................................................ -
From Desolation to Reconstruction 00 Lamani Fm.Qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page Ii
00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page i From Desolation to Reconstruction 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page ii Studies in International Governance is a research and policy analysis series from the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Titles in the series provide timely consideration of emerging trends and current challenges in the broad field of international governance. Representing diverse perspectives on important global issues, the series will be of interest to students and academics while serving also as a reference tool for policy-makers and experts engaged in policy discussion. To reach the greatest possible audi- ence and ultimately shape the policy dialogue, each volume will be made available both in print through WLU Press and, twelve months after publication, online under the Creative Commons License. 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page iii From Desolation to Reconstruction Iraq’s Troubled Journey Mokhtar Lamani and Bessma Momani, editors 00_lamani_fm.qxd 5/3/2010 8:49 AM Page iv Wilfrid Laurier University Press acknowledges the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program for its pub- lishing activities. Wilfrid Laurier University Press acknowledges the financial support of the Centre for International Governance Innovation. The Centre for International Governance Innovation gratefully acknowledges support for its work program from the Government of Canada and the Government of Ontario. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication From desolation to reconstruction : Iraq’s troubled journey / edited by Mokhtar Lamani and Bessma Momani. (Studies in international governance) Co-published by Centre for International Governance Innovation. -
Russell, James A. : Innovation in the Crucible of War: the United States
INNOVATION IN THE CRUCIBLE OF WAR: THE UNITED STATES COUNTERINSURGENCY CAMPAIGN IN IRAQ, 2005-2007 By James A. Russell War Studies Department King’s College, University of London Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD, July 2009 ABSTRACT This dissertation critically examines the conduct of counterinsurgency operations in Iraq by a series of U.S. Army and Marine Corps units operating in Anbar and Ninewa provinces in Iraq from late 2005 through early 2007. The popular narrative of the American counterinsurgency campaign in Iraq is that military success followed the ‘surge’ of American troops in the spring 2007 and the appointment of General David Petraeus as the ground commander committed to counterinsurgency operations. While both factors were undoubtedly important in America’s counterinsurgency campaign in Iraq, the research in this book demonstrates that this narrative is somewhat misleading. I argue that by the time Petraeus took over command to “rescue” the counterinsurgency campaign in early 2007, American military units had already built successful counterinsurgency competencies and were experiencing battlefield success – most dramatically in the battle for Ramadi in the fall of 2006. The process of successful adaptation in the field began in late 2005 in Anbar and Ninewa provinces and did so with little direction from higher military and civilian authorities. I argue that that the collective momentum of tactical adaptation within the units studied here can be characterized as organizational innovation. I define innovation as the widespread development of new organizational capacities not initially present in these units when they arrived in Iraq and which had only tangential grounding in previous military doctrine. -
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia -ad-Dawlah l الدولة السلمية :The Islamic State (IS); (Arabic ʾIslāmiyyah), formerly the Islamic State of Iraq and the Islamic State (Arabic) الدولة السلمية Dāʿish) or the داعش :Levant (ISIL /ˈaɪsəl/; Arabic acronym Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS /ˈaɪsɪs/),[a] is a Sunni ad-Dawlah l-ʾIslāmiyyah jihadist group in the Middle East. In its self-proclaimed status as a caliphate, it claims religious authority over all Muslims across the world,[65] and aspires to bring much of the Muslim- inhabited regions of the world under its political control[66] beginning with Iraq, Syria and other territories in the Levant region which include Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Flag Coat of arms Cyprus and part of southern Turkey.[67] It has been designated Motto: (Arabic) باقية وتتمدد as a foreign terrorist organization by the United States, the "Bāqiyah wa-Tatamaddad" (transliteration) United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Indonesia and Saudi "Remaining and Expanding"[1][2] Arabia, and has been described by the United Nations[68] and Western and Middle Eastern media as a terrorist group. The United Nations and Amnesty International have accused the group of grave human rights abuses. ISIS is the successor to Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al- Rafidayn—later commonly known as Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI)—formed by Abu Musab Al Zarqawi in 1999, which took part in the Iraqi insurgency against American-led forces and their Iraqi allies following the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[67][69] During the 2003–2011 Iraq War, it joined other Sunni insurgent groups to form the Mujahideen Shura Council As of 4 September 2014 and consolidated further into the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI Areas controlled by the Islamic State [69][70] Areas claimed by the Islamic State /ˈaɪsɪ/). -
Britain on Alert Edward You
Combating Terrorism Center at West Point Objective • Relevant • Rigorous | August 2017 • Volume 10, Issue 7 FEATURE ARTICLE A VIEW FROM THE CT FOXHOLE Britain on Alert Edward You The attacks in London and Manchester and the evolving threat FBI Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate, Biological Raffaello Pantucci Countermeasures Unit FEATURE ARTICLE Editor in Chief 1 Britain on Alert: The Attacks in London and Manchester and the Evolving Threat Paul Cruickshank Raffaello Pantucci Managing Editor Kristina Hummel INTERVIEW 9 A View from the CT Foxhole: Edward You, FBI Weapons of Mass Destruction EDITORIAL BOARD Directorate, Biological Countermeasures Unit Kristina Hummel Colonel Suzanne Nielsen, Ph.D. Department Head ANALYSIS Dept. of Social Sciences (West Point) 13 Predicting the Shape of Iraq's Next Sunni Insurgencies Lieutenant Colonel Bryan Price, Ph.D. Michael Knights Director, CTC 23 The Mujahidat Dilemma: Female Combatants and the Islamic State Brian Dodwell Charlie Winter and Devorah Margolin Deputy Director, CTC COMMENTARY CONTACT 29 Banning Encryption to Stop Terrorists: A Worse than Futile Exercise Combating Terrorism Center Aaron F. Brantly U.S. Military Academy 607 Cullum Road, Lincoln Hall After a respite from mass-casualty terrorism for more than a decade, the West Point, NY 10996 United Kingdom this past spring sufered three such attacks in the space of Phone: (845) 938-8495 just 73 days, making clear it faces an unprecedented security challenge Email: [email protected] from jihadi terrorism. In our cover article, Rafaello Pantucci outlines what investigations have re- vealed so far about the March attack on Westminster Bridge, the bombing at a pop concert in Man- Web: www.ctc.usma.edu/sentinel/ chester in May, and the June attack on London Bridge and Borough Market. -
Provincialresponseplan Kirkukgovernorate
Local Area Development Programme in Iraq Financed by the Implemented European Union by UNDP PROVINCIAL RESPONSE PLAN KIRKUK GOVERNORATE February 2018 LADP in Iraq – Kirkuk PRP 2 LADP in Iraq – Kirkuk PRP FOREWORD BY THE GOVERNOR … 3 LADP in Iraq – Kirkuk PRP 4 LADP in Iraq – Kirkuk PRP CONTENT PRP Kirkuk Governorate Foreword by the Governor ............................................................................................................................... 3 Content ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................... 7 List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................... 8 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 11 1. Organisation of the PRP ............................................................................................................................... 11 2. Purpose of the PRP ..................................................................................................................................... -
Iraq Situation Report
Iraq Situation Report Kimberly Kagan, Marisa Cochrane, Eric Hamilton, Farook Ahmed, Andrea So, Wesley Morgan February 7, 2008 1 Executive Summary Operations by Coalition and Iraqi Forces throughout 2007 have transformed the security situation in Iraq. Violence decreased dramatically in the second half of 2007. The number of enemy attacks in Iraq, the number of attacks against Iraqi civilians, and the number of murders in Baghdad, dropped to levels last seen in early 2006.1 The mission shift to an aggressive counterinsurgency strategy, with an emphasis on population security, which occurred in January 2007, solidified these gains more quickly than many had predicted. Unexpected developments, like the emergence of Awakening movements and the unilateral Sadrist ceasefire, further helped to accelerate the ground level improvements in security. By late 2007, Al-Qaeda in Iraq had been defeated in Anbar, and its network and safe havens in Baghdad and the belts were largely disrupted. Al-Qaeda in Iraq has been steadily pushed north, into isolated pockets, often far from population centers. Coalition Forces have also aggressively targeted Shi’a militia extremists and Iranian-backed Special Groups, with encouraging results. The Institute for the Study of War has created this situation report to document the dramatic changes from January 2007 to December 2007. This report details the organization of Coalition and Iraqi Forces, the various enemy groups in Iraq, and operations across Iraq over the last year to defeat these enemy actors and improve security throughout the country. Key Points: • In 2007, the enemy groups in Iraq were al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), Sunni rejectionists, Ansar al- Sunna, the Kurdish Workers Party, Shi’a extremists, and Iranian-backed Special Groups. -
Iraq War 1 Iraq War
Iraq War 1 Iraq War Further information: 2003 invasion of Iraq and Post-invasion Iraq The Iraq War (or War in Iraq) began on March 20, 2003[1] [2] with the invasion of Iraq by the United States under the administration of President George W. Bush and the United Kingdom under Prime Minister Tony Blair.[3] The war is also referred to as the Occupation of Iraq, the Second Gulf War, or Operation Iraqi Freedom by the US military. Prior to the invasion, the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom asserted that the possibility of Iraq employing weapons of mass destruction (WMD) threatened their security and that of their coalition/regional allies.[4] [5] [6] In 2002, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1441 which called for Iraq to completely cooperate with UN weapon inspectors to verify that it was not in possession of weapons of mass destruction and cruise missiles. The United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) was given access by Iraq under provisions of the UN resolution but found no evidence of weapons of mass destruction. Additional months of inspection to conclusively verify Iraq's compliance with the UN disarmament requirements were not undertaken.[7] [8] [9] [10] Head weapons inspector Hans Blix advised the UN Security Council that while Iraq's cooperation was "active", it was not "unconditional" and not "immediate". Iraq's declarations with regards to weapons of mass destruction could not be verified at the time, but unresolved tasks concerning Iraq's disarmament could be completed in "not years, not weeks, but months".[7] [11] Following the invasion, the U.S.-led Iraq Survey Group concluded that Iraq had ended its nuclear, chemical, and biological programs in 1991 and had no active programs at the time of the invasion but that Iraq intended to resume production once sanctions were lifted.[12] Although some degraded remnants of misplaced or abandoned chemical weapons from before 1991 were found, they were not the weapons which had been the main argument to justify the invasion.[13] Some U.S. -
Country of Origin Information Report Iraq January 2009
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT IRAQ 12 JANUARY 2009 UK Border Agency COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE 12 JANUARY 2009 IRAQ Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN IRAQ FROM 29 NOVEMBER 2008 TO 5 JANUARY 2009 REPORTS ON IRAQ PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED SINCE 29 NOVEMBER AND 5 JANUARY 2009 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ..........................................................................................1.01 Maps.............................................................................................. 1.07 Iraq and neighbouring countries.................................... ............1.07 Kurdish Regional Government area..................... .....................1.08 Ethnic distribution............................................................. .........1.10 2. ECONOMY .............................................................................................2.01 3. HISTORY ...............................................................................................3.01 Post-Saddam Iraq.................................................. ......................3.02 Elections, January 2005............................................... .............3.06 Referendum on the Constitution, October 2005........................3.10 Election, December 2005............................................ ..............3.12 Government of National Unity............................ .......................3.18 Baghdad Security Plan & National Reconciliation Plan.............3.26 Death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi............................. -
The Return of the Franchise Resurgence in the Domestic Insurgencies of Al-Qaeda Affiliates
Haverford College Department of Political Science The Return of the Franchise Resurgence in the Domestic Insurgencies of al-Qaeda Affiliates By Dylan Runde Senior Thesis April 2014 Professor Barak Mendelsohn 1 Acknowledgments This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance, advice, and support of my adviser, Professor Barak Mendelsohn. His remarkable attentiveness to my numerous queries and research pitfalls over the past several years were vital to the construction of the work presented here. I would also like to extend my gratitude to a number of other individuals: To Marion, for your constant moral support and much appreciated help with statistical analysis. To Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, for letting me use FDD’s data set on Shabaab attacks. Without this data, I simply would not have been able to craft an analysis for the case of Shabaab. To Margaret Schaus, for your remarkably prompt responses and assistance in acquiring numerous materials. To my peers in Professor Mendelsohn’s thesis group who provided valuable insights during the early stages of my research process as well moral support throughout the entire year. 2 Abbreviations AAS Alternative Authority Structure AQ al-Qaeda AQAP al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula AQA al-Qaeda Affiliate AQC al-Qaeda Central (the organization’s core leadership in Pakistan) AQI al-Qaeda in Iraq (sometimes referred as the ISI or ISIS in other literature) COIN Counter-insurgency ISI the Islamic State in Iraq ISIS the Islamic State in Syria and al- Sham UN the United Nations UNSC the United Nations Security Council 3 Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………......5 I.