DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS E NCYCLOPEDIA OF P RISONERS OF W AR AND I NTERNMENT SECOND EDITION

SECTION ONE: ENTRIES A Abu Ghraib Prison...... 1 Accommodation ...... 2 Afghan Wars ...... 5 Agincourt Massacre...... 7 Allen, Ethan ...... 8 Altmark Incident ...... 9 American Revolution...... 9 Andersonville...... 13 Angolan Civil War (1975-2002) ...... 14 Apache Wars ...... 16 Arab-Israeli Wars ...... 17 Arbeitskommandos...... 21 Ardeatine Caves Massacre ...... 22 Ashanti Wars...... 23 Assurance...... 24 Attila The Hun ...... 25 Auschwitz ...... 25 Avitaminosis ...... 26 Aztecs ...... 27

B Bader, Douglas Robert...... 29 Barbary Wars...... 30 Barbed-Wire Disease ...... 31 Basil II Bulgaroctonus ...... 33 Bataan Death March ...... 33 Bergen-Belsen...... 34 Berger, Gottlob...... 36 Beslan ...... 37 Biafran War ...... 39 Bicycle Camp...... 41 Big Switch, Operation...... 42 Black Hole of Calcutta...... 43 Blue Division...... 44 Boer War ...... 45 Bonaparte, Napoleon ...... 47 Bosnian War ...... 48 Boulle, Pierre ...... 49 Boxer Rising (1900)...... 50 Brändström, Elsa ...... 51 Bridge on the River Kwai, The...... 52 British Army Aid Group ...... 52 British Free Corps ...... 53

i Brussels Declaration ...... 54 Buchenwald ...... 55 Bullet Decree ...... 56 Burma-Thailand (Death) ...... 56 Bushell, Roger Joyce ...... 58 C Cabanatuan...... 59 Camp Followers ...... 60 Captive Heart, The...... 61 Casement, Roger David...... 62 Cavell, Edith...... 62 Central POW Agency ...... 63 Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects (CROWCASS) ...... 65 Cervantes, Miguel de ...... 66 Chad Civil Wars...... 66 Changi ...... 67 Chaplains...... 68 Chechen Wars ...... 70 Chieti...... 72 Children ...... 72 Chinese Civil War...... 74 Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer...... 77 Civilian Internees—World War I ...... 77 Civilian Internees—World War II...... 79 Civilian Internees—World War II—Britain ...... 81 Civilian Internees—World War II—North America...... 82 Code of Conduct ...... 86 Colditz...... 87 Colditz Story, The...... 88 Colonial Captivity Narratives ...... 89 Commando Order ...... 91 Commissar Order...... 92 Concentration Camps...... 93 Cowra Incident ...... 94 Crimean War...... 96 Crusades...... 97 Cummings, Edward Estlin (e. e.)...... 98 Cypriot Conflict...... 99 Czech Legion ...... 101

D Dachau ...... 103 Dartmoor ...... 104 Dean, Major General William E...... 105 Decree Concerning Prisoners of War ...... 105 Defection ...... 106 DEF/SEP Status ...... 107 Defence Regulation 18B ...... 108 Doolittle Raid ...... 109

ii Dulag Luft...... 110

E Education...... 113 Egypt, Ancient ...... 114 Elmira ...... 116 English Civil War ...... 117 Epidemics...... 119 Escape ...... 120 Ethiopian Civil War (1974-1993) ...... 123 Exchange...... 124 Extermination Camps ...... 126

F Falklands War ...... 129 Families ...... 131 Featherston Incident...... 133 Film ...... 134 Forcible Repatriation...... 137 Franco-Prussian War ...... 139 Frank, Anne ...... 140 Fraustadt-Grodno Massacres ...... 141 French Revolution, Wars of the ...... 141 Fresnes Prison ...... 142 Fryatt, Charles Algernon ...... 144

G Games ...... 145 Gaulle, Charles-Andre-Marie-Joseph De ...... 146 Additional Protocols (1977)...... 147 Geneva Convention of 1929 ...... 148 Geneva Convention of 1949 ...... 149 of 1864 and 1906 ...... 150 Gerard, James Watson, III...... 150 Gestapo ...... 151 Giraud, Henri-Honore ...... 152 Grand Illusion (La Grande Illusion) ...... 152 Great Escape ...... 153 Great Escape, The...... 154 Great Northern War ...... 155 Greece—Bronze Age to the Hellenistic Period ...... 156 Greece—Hellenistic Period ...... 158 Grotius, Hugo (Huigh de Groot)...... 161 Guantánamo Bay Detention Centre ...... 162 Guatemalan Civil War ...... 164 Guerrillas...... 165 Gulag ...... 167 Gulf War ...... 168

iii H Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 ...... 171 Hanoi Hilton...... 172 Health...... 173 Hess, Rudolf ...... 175 Hittites ...... 176 Ho Chi Minh Trail...... 178 Hogan's Heroes...... 179 Holloway Prison ...... 179 Holzminden ...... 181 Homecoming, Operation ...... 181 Homosexuality...... 182 Hostages ...... 183 Human Shields...... 186 Hundred Years War ...... 187 Hussein, Saddam ...... 188

I Imma ...... 191 Indian Mutiny...... 191 India-Pakistan Wars...... 192 Indoctrination...... 193 Information Bureaus ...... 194 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) ...... 195 International Law ...... 199 Interrogation ...... 202 Interrogation in Depth ...... 204 Intifada...... 205 Iran-Iraq War...... 206 Iraq War ...... 209 Island Farm ...... 211 Isle of Man...... 212 Italian Unification, Wars of...... 214

J Jacobite Risings ...... 217 Jean II of France...... 218 Joan of Arc...... 219

K Karbala ...... 221 Katyń Forest Massacre...... 221 Kazemi, Zahra...... 223 Keelhaul, Operation...... 223 King Rat ...... 224 Koje Incident ...... 224 Komorowski, Bor ...... 225 Korean War...... 226 Kosovo War ...... 228

iv L Labor ...... 231 Lamsdorf...... 233 Lebanese Civil War ...... 234 Libby Prison...... 236 Liberation ...... 237 Libraries...... 242 Liddell, Eric Henry...... 243 Lidice Massacre...... 244 Lieber Code...... 245 Livingston, Camp ...... 245 Los Baños Raid...... 246 Lubyanka Prison ...... 248 Lynch, Jessica...... 249 Lynching ...... 249

M Mail ...... 251 Malmédy Massacre ...... 253 Manchurian Candidate, The...... 253 Maori Wars ...... 254 Maschke Commission ...... 255 Mather, Cotton ...... 256 Mau Mau Rebellion (1952-1960) ...... 257 McCain, John...... 258 Merchant Seamen ...... 259 Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence ...... 259 Métis Rebellions...... 260 Mexican-American War ...... 261 Meyer, Kurt...... 263 MI9 ...... 265 MIS-X ...... 265 Mixed Medical Commissions ...... 266 Mladic, Ratko ...... 267 Mongols ...... 268 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Brede et de...... 269 More, Thomas...... 270 Mozambican Civil War ...... 270 Murman Railway ...... 272 Music ...... 273 Mussolini, Benito ...... 275 Mutilation ...... 275 My Lai Massacre...... 276

N Nanking Massacre ...... 279 Napoleonic Wars ...... 281 Neutral Internees ...... 283 Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission ...... 286

v Northern Ireland...... 287 Nuremberg Trials...... 288 Nurses ...... 290

O Ōoka Shōhei ...... 293 Oradour-sur-Glane Massacre...... 293 “Other Losses”...... 294 Ottoman Empire...... 295

P Paradis Massacre, Le...... 297 Parole ...... 297 Pavie, Marie-Marguerite Fabre...... 299 Pay ...... 299 Peacekeeping Missions...... 301 Pearl, Daniel ...... 303 Peiper, Joachim (Jochen) ...... 304 Peloponnesian Wars...... 304 Percival, Arthur Ernest ...... 305 Philippine-American War...... 306 Plains Indian Warfare ...... 307 Pleasence, Donald ...... 309 POW/MIA Issue ...... 309 Prison Ships...... 310 Prisoners of the Sun...... 311 Protected Personnel ...... 312 Protecting Power ...... 313 Pueblo Incident...... 315 Punic Wars ...... 316

R Race...... 319 Ransom...... 321 Rations ...... 323 Reeducation ...... 326 Rehabilitation ...... 329 Religion ...... 330 Reparations...... 332 Repatriation...... 333 Reprisals...... 336 Roman World...... 338 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques ...... 343 Ruhleben ...... 344 Russian Civil War ...... 345 Russo-Japanese War...... 346 Rwandan Civil War...... 347

vi S St. John Ambulance ...... 351 Sandakan-Ranau Death March ...... 352 Scapini, Georges...... 352 Scott, Winfield ...... 353 Seminole Wars...... 354 Seven Years' War...... 356 Sexual Relations ...... 357 Sexual Violence ...... 358 Shackling Incident...... 364 Sierra Leone Civil War ...... 366 Sikh Wars...... 368 Sinclair, Albert Michael...... 369 Sino-Japanese War...... 369 Sioux Wars ...... 370 Skorzeny, Otto ...... 372 Slaughterhouse-Five...... 372 Slavery ...... 373 Somali Civil War ...... 375 Son Tay Raid ...... 376 Soviet Special Camps in Germany...... 377 Soyinka, Wole ...... 378 Spandau Prison ...... 379 Spanish Armada ...... 379 Spanish-American War ...... 380 Spanish Civil War ...... 381 Sphacteria, Battle of ...... 383 Sports...... 384 Srebernica Massacre ...... 387 Stalag 17...... 389 Stalag Luft 3...... 390 Stockdale, James Bond...... 391 Sulmona ...... 391 Sultana Disaster ...... 392 Swedish-Russian Wars...... 393

T Taiping Rebellion ...... 397 Tajikistan Civil War ...... 398 Tamerlane ...... 398 Theater...... 399 Thirty Years' War ...... 400 Thompson, Captain Floyd J. "Jim" ...... 401 Tibet, Invasion and Occupation of ...... 402 Tokyo War Crimes Trials...... 404 Torture...... 405 Tower of London ...... 407 Townshend, Sir Charles Vere Ferrers...... 409 Transit Camps ...... 410 Transportation by Sea ...... 411 Treaty of Amity and Commerce ...... 412

vii U Uganda-Tanzania War (1978-1979) ...... 415 United States Civil War ...... 416

V Van der Post, Sir Laurens...... 419 Vattel, Emmerich de...... 420 Vichy France...... 420 Vietnam War...... 421 Vikings ...... 423 Vivisection...... 424 Vlasov, Lieutenant General Andrei ...... 426 Von Ryan's Express...... 427 Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr...... 428

W Waffen-SS ...... 429 Wainwright, Jonathan Mayhew ...... 430 Waite, Terry...... 430 Walker, Dr. Mary ...... 431 Walker Lyndh, John ...... 432 War Crimes...... 432 War of 1812...... 436 War on Terror ...... 439 Wars of the Roses...... 442 Werra, Franz von ...... 443 Westheimer, David ...... 443 Wiesenthal, Simon ...... 444 Wodehouse, Sir Pelham Grenville ...... 445 Women ...... 445 Wooden Horse ...... 448 World War I—Africa ...... 449 World War I—Eastern Front...... 450 World War I—Far East ...... 452 World War I—Middle East ...... 453 World War I—Ottoman Empire ...... 454 World War I—Western Front...... 455 World War II—Eastern Front...... 458 World War II—Far East ...... 462 World War II—Japanese-Americans and Japanese-Canadians ...... 465 World War II—Latin America...... 466 World War II—North America ...... 467 World War II—Western Europe...... 470 Wormhout Massacre...... 472 Wounded Knee Massacre ...... 472

Y Yalta Conference...... 475

viii Yeo-Thomas, Forest Frederick Edward ...... 476 Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)...... 476

Z Zentsuji...... 479

SECTION TWO: BIBLIOGRAPHY & SUGGESTED READINGS General...... 481 Escape ...... 481 Korea ...... 482 U.S. Civil War...... 482 Vietnam War ...... 483 War Crimes ...... 484 Women ...... 484 World War I ...... 485 World War II – European Theater ...... 486 World War II – North America...... 488 World War II – Pacific Theater ...... 489

SECTION THREE: READINGS INTRODUCTION ...... 493

LEGAL DOCUMENTS & COMMENTARY

Extracts from Instruction for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field “Lieber Code” 24 April 1863 ...... 497

Extracts from the 1907 Hague Convention 18 October 1907 ...... 504

Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War 27 July 1929 ...... 508

Extracts from the Geneva Convention 12 August 1949 ...... 528

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention June, 1977 ...... 571

Rights for Terrorists? William Safire, The New York Times November 15, 1984 ...... 591

White House Fact Sheet on Status of Detainees at Guantanamo 7 February 2002 ...... 593

The Taliban, Al Qaeda, and the Determination of Illegal Combatants George H. Aldrich, 2002...... 595

ix Dealing with Detainees at Guantanamo Bay Erin Chlopak, Human Rights Brief Volume 9, 2002...... 604

The World Medical Association Declaration of Tokyo October 1975; revised May 2005 ...... 613

Convention Against Torture 26 June 1987 ...... 615

Torture’s Terrible Toll Senator John McCain, Newsweek November 21, 2005 ...... 625

Detainee Treatment Act, 2005...... 629

President’s Statement on Signing of H.R. 2863 2006 ...... 637

Deprived of Freedom The International Committee of the Red Cross, 2002 ...... 640

Iraq Post – May 8 2004 The International Committee of the Red Cross ...... 659

Inside the Battle at Qala-I-Jangi Alex Perry, TIME, December 1, 2001...... 661

FRONTLINE Interview with Sgt. Christopher Stone WGBH/Boston ...... 668

SECTION FOUR: HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF ENTRIES ...... 679

SECTION FIVE: INDEX...... 693 Subject Index

SECTION SIX: MAPS Location of 327 prisons of war and internment camps

Nazi Concentration Camps...... Map 1 Europe (First World War)...... Map 2 Europe (Second World War)...... Map 3 Europe/United Kingdom – Other conflicts...... Map 4 Australia/New Zealand ...... Map 5 Africa ...... Map 6 Far East ...... Map 7 Asia/Middle East ...... Map 8 North and Central America ...... Map 9

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