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The Civil Reintegration of Demobilized Soldiers of the German

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The Civil Reintegration of Demobilized Soldiers of the German FROM SOLDIERS TO CITIZENS: THE CIVIL REINTEGRATION OF DEMOBILIZED SOLDIERS OF THE GERMAN WEHRMACHT AND THE IMPERIAL JAPANESE ARMY AFTER UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER IN 1945 By BIRGIT SCHNEIDER A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of History MAY 2010 © Copyright by BIRGIT SCHNEIDER, 2010 All Rights Reserved © Copyright by BIRGIT SCHNEIDER, 2010 All Rights Reserved To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of BIRGIT SCHNEIDER find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ___________________________________ Raymond C. Sun, Ph.D., Chair ___________________________________ Noriko Kawamura, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Brigit Farley, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank everyone who has helped me be successful in the Ph.D. program at the History Department at Washington State University and beyond. First and foremost, I would like to thank my committee chair, Raymond Sun, for his constant trust and support, and for many enlightening discussions. I could not have finished this project without him. I would also like to thank my committee members, Noriko Kawamura and Brigit Farley, for their help, insights, and thoughts on my work. I would like to thank Alex D’Erizans, Victor Cheng, Sun Yi, Elise Foxworth, Susanne Klien, Midori Keech, and Vincent Pollard for their critical and supportive questions and comments at the conferences where I presented parts of this dissertation, at GSA, NYCAS, AHA-PCB, JSA-ASEAN, and JSA. Further, I would like to thank Professor Hiroshi Fujino for his tremendous help in getting in contact with Kimura Takuji, and Kimura-san for sharing his thesis with me. With Franziska Seraphim, who I met by chance in the Modern Japanese History Reading Room, I had the chance to conduct some interesting conversations, both scholarly and mundane. Beatrice Trefalt and Frank Biess pointed me toward important published and unpublished material. Dr. Tischner, one of my instructors at Leipzig University, now working at the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, gave me several valuable hints about how to approach my topic. The staff at the archives in Bad Godesberg, Koblenz, Freiburg, Munich, and Wiesbaden has been extremely helpful at suggesting materials, helping me find items, iii and pointing me toward the important documents when I did not see the wood for the trees. In retrospect, seat 16 was not so bad. Thanks, Sergey and Larry. Things would have been much more difficult without you. Thanks also to Dan Cohen and Shawn Takats and their team for making citations so much more fun. In addition to the people who have provided valuable feedback and comments for this dissertation, I would like to thank Cynthia, Verena, Kerstin, Lisa, Heidi, Janet, and Mary, who have been great friends despite the distance. Thanks for listening, and for all the fun times beyond the Ph.D. work. My Japanese host family has been truly inspiring in their exceptional hospitality, friendship, and generosity. Fond memories of Kazuo, who passed away unexpectedly in March 2010, will always remain with me. I would also like to thank Steffi Ott and her WG in Freiburg and Sandy Neugebauer in Berlin for their hospitality and the good times. I would further like to thank my family; my parents, Gerlinde and Gerald, my sisters Ulrike and Sabine and her husband Roland, my in-laws Christa and Eckard, and my brother- and sister in-law Jan and Laurencia, for encouragement, support, and a lot of fun. Christa and Eckard, thank you for hosting me for weeks and for putting up with me. Finally, I would like to thank my husband Christoph for his unfailing love and support, for bearing my exuberance and desparateness, for cheering me up at the most unexpected moments, for cooking for me, and for preventing me from completely monkeywrenching this dissertation. I could not have done it without you. Thank you. iv FROM SOLDIERS TO CITIZENS: THE CIVIL REINTEGRATION OF DEMOBILIZED SOLDIERS OF THE GERMAN WEHRMACHT AND THE IMPERIAL JAPANESE ARMY AFTER UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER IN 1945 ABSTRACT by Birgit Schneider, Ph.D. Washington State University May, 2010 Chair: Raymond C. Sun Demilitarization and democratization of Germany and Japan constituted the Allies’ essential goals of the Second World War; when the war was concluded and plans for postwar settlements were set up, the two countries’ militaries were dissolved and their personnel disbanded. Demobilized soldiers returned to their war-maimed countries as soon as they were released from the custody of the respective Allied power to which they had surrendered. Most returned before 1948, although for some, Soviet captivity meant up to ten years of forced labor. This dissertation analyzes the situation of demobilized soldiers after their return home. It examines how returnees—former soldiers, now civilians—were perceived and treated by the American occupation in the American zone of occupation of Germany and in Japan, and by their own governments. Demobilized soldiers were, based on their indoctrination in the military and their engagement in the fighting of the war, understood as potential proponents of militarism, and as adversaries of democracy by the occupation. The German and Japanese administrations saw them in v a more productive light, as a significant economic force and as potential supporters of democracy. As a consequence, policies with regard to demobilized soldiers oscillated between restrictions imposed by the occupation and material support provided by the national governments; between demilitarization and reconstruction. The analysis of archival material has yielded that the material provisions proved to be decisive in assuring the integration of former soldiers in postwar civil society, and in avoiding their alienation with the democratic governments. Demobilized soldiers were at the same time the embodiment and the culprits of defeat, both perpetrators and victims of militarism. Their numbers and presence in contemporary discourse underscore their significance in postwar German and Japanese societies. Tracing the transition from war to peace through the study of veterans under American occupation, this dissertation shows how the occupation as well as German and Japanese policies were successful despite their very different motivations in preventing the re-emergence of militarism, and in integrating veterans into German and Japanese civil society. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................................vii ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................... viii GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................xi CHAPTER INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 Postwar: Transition from war to peace ........................................................................... 1 Civil reintegration and the creation of postwar society ................................................ 11 Demobilized soldiers in postwar society ...................................................................... 18 Structure of the dissertation .......................................................................................... 23 Conceptualization ......................................................................................................... 29 Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 34 Germany: Facing the Nazi past through postwar history.......................................... 34 Japan: The postwar in perspective ............................................................................ 50 Comparative studies and conclusion......................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 1. DEMOBILIZATION BETWEEN ALLIED OCCUPATION AND NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION .............................................................................. 66 Preconditions: Allied policies and the ideologies behind occupation .......................... 66 Germany: Abolishing the Wehrmacht ...................................................................... 69 vii Japan: Demilitarization and Democratization........................................................... 73 The Implementation of Demobilization........................................................................ 79 Germany: Overwhelmed with soldiers ..................................................................... 79 Japan: Repatriating soldiers in Japan, and soldiers and civilians from Asia ............ 96 INTERLUDE: THE WAY HOME................................................................................. 116 CHAPTER 2. HOMECOMING BETWEEN AMERICAN OCCUPATION AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT................................................................................... 123 Occupation measures: Demilitarization and Reeducation.......................................... 128 Germany: Denazification in practice
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