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BODIAM CASTLE: STRATIGRAPHY and POLLEN ANALYSIS of the SOILS and SEDIMENTS - Prof

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BODIAM CASTLE: STRATIGRAPHY and POLLEN ANALYSIS of the SOILS and SEDIMENTS - Prof BODIAM CASTLE, BODIAM, EAST SUSSEX Report on Coring in and around Bodiam Castle permitted under Scheduled Monument Consent S00044985 Report by Prof. Rob Scaife Ph.D., B.Sc. and Penny Copeland, BA, BSc, MRICS, FSA INTRODUCTION. Penny Copeland I, The work at Bodiam is part of a research project into “Elite Landscapes in Southeastern England”, a collaborative venture between the University of Southampton, Northwestern University and the National Trust, considering the sites of Bodiam, Scotney, Ightham and Knole, all owned/managed by the National Trust. (Further information is available at http://sites.northwestern.edu/medieval-buildings/ and Johnson (ed.) forthcoming). The coring and part of the survey in particular was EPSRC funded as part of the Parnassus Project, a multi-disciplinary study of flooding and driving rain on historic buildings involving the Universities of Bath/UCL, Bristol and Southampton. Bodiam Castle can be considered as a control sample for flood adaptation as the structure has every indication that it was designed to sit in water from the start. It should therefore demonstrate all the relevant issues of techniques for prevention of water ingress and damage from the time of its construction to the present. Ii, Professor Matthew Johnson has written extensively on Bodiam Castle and initiated two seasons of landscape and geophysical survey at Bodiam and Scotney Castles, undertaken by the Archaeology staff and students at the University of Southampton in 2010 and 2011. A third season took place in 2012 in partnership with Northwestern University in the USA, and work moved to Knole and Ightham in 2013 and 2014. The study is designed to look at the relationship between the human context (lived experience) of each site with its spatial context including the local, regional and political landscapes which surround it. Iii, The project design for the study of Bodiam Castle (in combination with Scotney Castle and Ightham Mote) first and foremost understands these sites as artefacts of late medieval society, economy and culture. The projects look at these places in human context by foregrounding the relationship of the sites to their spatial contexts: 1. Geophysical/topographical survey of the surroundings of the castle 2. Relationship to churches, roads, fields: routeways, approaches 3. Lived experience of the sites: beyond ‘meaning’ 4. Beyond ‘designed landscapes’ in understanding castle/site settings 5. Regional economics (labour, resources) 6. Political economy of house building (regional and national networks) 7. Site biography and the long term (prehistory and post-medieval history of sites) For more background on the overall aims and background of the work, see Johnson (ed. Forthcoming) Iv, The proposal for coring at Bodiam Castle was designed to investigate the area of the castle before construction, adding to the knowledge of site biography and using coring where open excavation would be difficult. Bodiam Castle and grounds are Scheduled Ancient Monuments and an application was made for consent to carry out the proposed works. Scheduled Monument Consent S00044985 (copy attached) was granted 3 December 2012 by English Heritage to undertake the investigations as set out below. V, This work was made possible by the assistance and patience of George Bailey, Will Past and the excellent team of staff and volunteers at Bodiam Castle. Scope of work and aims of the project V, The proposal was to take a maximum of 10 core samples from the vicinity of Bodiam Castle in the locations indicated in Figure 1. The proposal, as approved by English Heritage is quoted at length below: Figure 1: Locations of the cores in relation to the topography of Bodiam (after Barker et al 2012: 19) Core Site A: These cores were proposed for the eastern side of the castle to investigate the origins of the castle platform. The eastern side of the castle has a “half-basement” level so it was anticipated that any make up of ground to create a platform would be visible in the cores. Obviously this would inform the site biography but also would address the “designed landscape” question. No evidence of earlier use would confirm the deliberate siting of the castle where provision for a moat could be made; evidence for earlier use would weaken this argument by suggesting that the castle was a rebuild of the earlier manor site (unlikely given the probable earlier site on the hill, but a possibility that should be ruled out if possible). It was anticipated that cores taken in this area could be difficult to interpret. The make-up of an artificial platform would be detectable but a clear divide between earlier use and an artificial platform for the castle would not necessarily be visible. Two cores were taken in this area, one in the northern range and one in the eastern range, just north of the door to the south eastern tower. Core Site B: This core was in the “tiltyard”, to assess silting of the former harbour. It was hoped that this would illuminate the relationship of the castle to approaches from the river and look to the regional economics of siting the castle next to a harbour. It would also inform the site biography. We hoped that analysis of the silt would provide evidence for the long term effectiveness of the harbour, possible cargoes, and the ecology of the immediate area through pollen. Drainage and levelling work was carried out in this area in the 1920s which could be visible in the cores where additional overburden has been added. Drainage channels are visible in the geophysics so were avoided during coring. Figure 2: Location of cores, shown in relation to the resistivity survey of Bodiam carried out in 2010-2012 (after Barker et al 2012: 33) Core Site C: These cores were located to investigate the possible site of a mill identified by geophysical anomaly. The location of the mill is important to understanding both the economics of how the castle functioned as an estate but also how it functioned within the regional economy. Johnson, Martin and Whittick in their Archaeological and Historic Survey of Bodiam Castle (2000:6) suggest a location just out of the scheduled area to the south of the moat and to the east of the millpond/tiltyard. The agricultural use of this land has so far prevented any geophysical survey to prove the location. The anomaly we proposed investigating is identified by high resistance areas in a rectangular pattern with very low resistance areas to south and east and location on small water channels, suggesting a water mill also. The alternative location of the mill also sits close to the former harbour which has implications for the transport of goods. The main avenue to explore with regard to confirming the presence of the mill was to investigate for water channels under or next to the building itself which should be identifiable as low lying silts or concretions with demolition debris above. This may require further coring outside the anomaly to confirm the characteristics are different to the surrounding area. Confirmation of the presence of a mill could have come in the form of deep deposits representing a wheel pit, extensive cereal and flowing fresh water in the environment, together with fragments of waterlogged wood. The anomaly is strong enough to suggest a building next to water channels, and no buildings appear in this location in the map regressions of Johnson, Martin and Whittick. Thus investigation of this building could have significantly added to our knowledge of the site even if we could not confirm it as a mill. Two cores were taken in this area. Core Site D: A core was proposed in the southern bank of the moat to assess construction techniques and former land use. As with core Site A, this would inform the site biography but also address the “designed landscape” question. We were looking for a clear divide between a palaeo soil and dumping from the excavation of the moat to create the bank. If this divide is absent then it suggests that the land was already disturbed, again pointing to possible earlier building on the site. We acknowledge that these interpretations will be difficult, but it is important that we make the attempt. Core Site E: Dokes Field, to test geophysical anomaly for evidence of a Roman road. This proposal would help establish the early history of the site as part of the site biography and the long term. The suggested Roman road is a strong possible double ditched anomaly within Dokes Field with a very high magnetic reading suggesting iron or slag. The line of the possible road has a former field boundary following it for the northern section but no trace of the southern end of the anomaly is found in the map regressions. Confirmation of its existence as a road would answer and raise several questions. There is assumed to be a ford and/or a bridge over the river Rother at Bodiam during the Roman period but the course of the road to it is uncertain. If it can be established as a Roman road it will help to confirm a crossing of the river but will raise questions of why it was abandoned and when? It is quite possible that coring will identify road metalling but no dating evidence. Interpretation of such results will rely on relating the results to the surrounding geophysics to identify its continuation and destination. Dokes Field falls outside the Scheduled Area but is included to illustrate our research strategy. Unfortunately, due to time constraints, this work has yet to be completed. Core Site F: This core was sited in the former eastern pond to investigate construction and depth of siltation.
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