Russian Analytical Digest No 40: Russia and the "Frozen Conflicts" Of
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Causes of War Prospects for Peace
Georgian Orthodox Church Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung CAUSES OF WAR PROS P E C TS FOR PEA C E Tbilisi, 2009 1 On December 2-3, 2008 the Holy Synod of the Georgian Orthodox Church and the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung held a scientific conference on the theme: Causes of War - Prospects for Peace. The main purpose of the conference was to show the essence of the existing conflicts in Georgia and to prepare objective scientific and information basis. This book is a collection of conference reports and discussion materials that on the request of the editorial board has been presented in article format. Publishers: Metropolitan Ananya Japaridze Katia Christina Plate Bidzina Lebanidze Nato Asatiani Editorial board: Archimandrite Adam (Akhaladze), Tamaz Beradze, Rozeta Gujejiani, Roland Topchishvili, Mariam Lordkipanidze, Lela Margiani, Tariel Putkaradze, Bezhan Khorava Reviewers: Zurab Tvalchrelidze Revaz Sherozia Giorgi Cheishvili Otar Janelidze Editorial board wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Irina Bibileishvili, Merab Gvazava, Nia Gogokhia, Ekaterine Dadiani, Zviad Kvilitaia, Giorgi Cheishvili, Kakhaber Tsulaia. ISBN 2345632456 Printed by CGS ltd 2 Preface by His Holiness and Beatitude Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia ILIA II; Opening Words to the Conference 5 Preface by Katja Christina Plate, Head of the Regional Office for Political Dialogue in the South Caucasus of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung; Opening Words to the Conference 8 Abkhazia: Historical-Political and Ethnic Processes Tamaz Beradze, Konstantine Topuria, Bezhan Khorava - A -
A Historical-Geographic Review of Modern Abkhazia
A Historical-Geographic Review of Modern Abkhazia by T. Beradze, K. Topuria, B Khorava Abkhazia (Abkhazeti) – the farthest North-Western part of Georgia is situated between the rivers Psou and Inguri on the coast of the Black Sea. The formation of Abkhazia within the borders is the consequence of complicated ethno-political processes. Humans first settled on the territory of modern Abkhazia during the Paleolithic Era. Abkhazia is the place where Neolithic, Bronze and Early Iron Eras are represented at their best. The first Georgian state – the Kingdom of Egrisi (Kolkheti), formed in 15. to 14. century BC, existed till the 2.century BC. It used to include the entire South-Eastern and Eastern parts of the Black Sea littoral for ages. The territory of modern Abkhazia was also a part of the Egrisi Kingdom. Old Greek historical sources inform us that before the new millennium, the territory between the rivers Psou and Inguri was only populated with tribes of Georgian origin: the Kolkhs, Kols, Svan-Kolkhs, Geniokhs. The Kingdom of Old Egrisi fell at the end of the 2.century BC and was never restored till 2.century AD. Old Greeks, Byzantines and Romans called this state - Lazika, the same Lazeti, which was associated with the name of the ruling dynasty. In 3. and 4. centuries AD, entire Western Georgia, including the territory of present Abkhazia, was part of this state. Based on the data of Byzantine authors, the South-East coastline part of the territory – between rivers Kodori and Inguri - belonged to the Odishi Duchy. The source of the Kodori River was occupied by the Georgian tribe of Misimians that was directly subordinated to the King of Egrisi (Lazeti). -
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Abkhazia and Georgia Mission Notes
Peacekeeping_4_v2final.qxd 1/28/08 10:06 AM Page 90 4.1 Abkhazia-Georgia high throughout the year, driven largely by an UN Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) incident involving rocket fire in the Kodori Val- ley (the 6 August missile incident in South Os- • Authorization and 24 August 1993 setia) and Russian withdrawal from the Con- Start Date (UNSC Res. 858) ventional Forces in Europe Treaty. • SRSG and Jean Arnault (France) After Abkhazia declared independence Head of Mission from Georgia in 1992, the UN Observer Mis- • Chief Military Major-General Niaz Mohammad Khan sion in Georgia (UNOMIG) was established in Observer Khattak (Pakistan) August 1993 to verify compliance with the • Senior Police Advisor Oleksiy Telychkin (Ukraine) cease-fire agreement. In spring 1994, the two • Budget $35 million (1 July 2007–30 June 2008) sides negotiated the “Agreement on a Cease- • Strength as of Military observers: 130 Fire and Separation of Forces,” also known as 31 October 2007 Police: 17 the Moscow Agreement, which mandated the International Civilian Staff: 97 CIS Peacekeeping Force (CISPKF). Drawing Local Civilian Staff: 181 UN Volunteers: 1 on the over 1,000 Russian troops present in the conflict zone, the CISPKF was mandated For detailed mission information see p. 343. to promote the safe return of refugees, pro- vide a “security zone,” and supervise imple- mentation of the agreement. In July 1994, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution CIS Peacekeeping Force (CISPKF) in Abkhazia-Georgia 937, expanding UNOMIG’s mandate to in- clude monitoring of the CISPKF, the cease- • Authorization Date 21 October 1994 (CIS Council of fire agreement, and Georgian troop with- Collective Security), 21 July 2004 drawal from the Kodori Valley. -
No. ICC-01/15 1/19 4 December 2015 Original
ICC-01/15-11 04-12-2015 1/19 NM PT Original: English No.: ICC-01/15 Date: 4 December 2015 PRE-TRIAL CHAMBER I Before: Judge Joyce Aluoch, Presiding Judge Judge Cuno Tarfusser Judge Péter Kovács SITUATION IN GEORGIA PUBLIC With Public Annex A and Confidential Annex B Report on the Victims’ Representations Received Pursuant to Article 15(3) of the Rome Statute Source: Registry No. ICC-01/15 1/19 4 December 2015 ICC-01/15-11 04-12-2015 2/19 NM PT Document to be notified in accordance with regulation 31 of the Regulations of the Court to: The Office of the Prosecutor Counsel for the Defence Ms Fatou Bensouda, Prosecutor Mr James Stewart, Deputy Prosecutor Legal Representatives of Victims Victims’ Representatives Mr Simon Papuashvili, IPHR Ms Vanessa Kogan, SRJI Mr Bjorn Engesland, NHC Dr Mariam Jishkariani, RCT-E Ms Lela Tsiskarishvili, GCRT Ms Ana Natsvlishvili, GYLA Mr Aleksandre Tskitishvili, HRC Ms Nino Elbakidze, A42 States Representatives Amicus Curiae REGISTRY Registrar Counsel Support Section Mr Herman von Hebel Deputy Registrar Victims and Witnesses Unit Detention Section Victims Participation and Reparations Other Section Ms Fiona McKay No. ICC-01/15 2/19 4 December 2015 ICC-01/15-11 04-12-2015 3/19 NM PT The Registrar of the International Criminal Court (the “Court”); NOTING the Prosecutor’s Request to Pre-Trial Chamber I (“the Chamber”) for authorisation of an investigation pursuant to article 15 of the Rome Statute (the “Prosecutor’s Request”) first notified on 13 October 20151 and the publication of the Prosecutor’s notice to -
“Frozen Conflicts” in Europe Anton Bebler (Ed.)
“Frozen conflicts” in Europe Anton Bebler (ed.) “Frozen conflicts” in Europe Barbara Budrich Publishers Opladen • Berlin • Toronto 2015 An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. The Open Access ISBN for this book is 978-3-8474-0428-6. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org © 2015 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0. (CC- BY-SA 4.0) It permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you share under the same license, give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ © 2015 Dieses Werk ist beim Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH erschienen und steht unter der Creative Commons Lizenz Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Diese Lizenz erlaubt die Verbreitung, Speicherung, Vervielfältigung und Bearbeitung bei Verwendung der gleichen CC-BY-SA 4.0-Lizenz und unter Angabe der UrheberInnen, Rechte, Änderungen und verwendeten Lizenz. This book is available as a free download from www.barbara-budrich.net (https://doi.org/10.3224/84740133). A paperback version is available at a charge. The page numbers of the open access edition correspond with the paperback edition. -
The Abkhazia Border Within Russia According to 1989 Census Data and Politicized Linguistic Maps Prof
Linguistic Situations in Conflict Regions – The Abkhazia Border within Russia according to 1989 Census Data and Politicized Linguistic Maps Prof. Dr. Tariel Putkaradze Before 1993 the majority of the autochthonous population of Abkhazia was Georgians. At the end of the 20th c. official and informal military troops of the Russian Federation expelled 350 000 Georgians and 30 000 Abkhaz from the autonomous republic. Some scholars try to provide the world with such linguistic maps of the site of this linguistic tragedy that suggest there are no and never had been any Georgian-speaking residents in Abkhazia. Below we provide the language situation description in north-west Georgia (We have referred to the official 1989 Soviet Union census data as basis for our argumentation). Keywords: Abkhazia, Linguistic Map, Linguistic Situation Abkhazia was historically a part of Georgia. Ten centuries ago it acted as a leading region for the development of the Georgian language spoken in united Georgia (Sakartvelo). Before 1993 the majority of the autochthonous population of Abkhazia was Georgians. Russia has always been interested in obtaining access to the Black Sea. That is why Russia has always tried to exile Georgians and Russian opponents from the historic territory of Georgia. The first ethnic cleansing took place in 1867 (nearly 40 000 Muslim Abkhazians were expelled in Turkey). The second cleansing occurred at the end of the 20th c. when 350 000 Georgians and 30 000 Abkhazians were driven out of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia. The presented problem is described based on the classification of the dialects of Georgians and those within their sphere of linguistic influence: Georgians have one centuries- old literary language – the Georgian/Kartvelian language – and more than ten varieties (dialects). -
Cholokava 2008 Curculionoidea.Pdf
saqarTvelo, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri zoologiis instituti GEORGIA LEPL INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY zoologiis institutis Sromebi t. XXIII gamocema dafinansebulia erToblivi grantiT GNSF-STCU 07/129, proeqti 4327 `uxerxemlo cxovelebi, rogorc urbanizebuli garemos bioindikatorebi~ gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2008 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY Vol. XXIII The publishing of proceedings was funded by joint grant GNSF-STCU 07/129, project 4327 “The invertebrate animals as bioindicators of urban environment” Publishing House “UNIVERSAL” Tbilisi 2008 3 uak(UDC) 59(012) z 833 Tbilisi 0179, WavWavaZis gamz. 31. tel.: 22.33.53, 22.01.64 Tbilisi 0179, 31 Chavchavadze ave. Tel.: 22.33.53, 22.01.64 [email protected] www.zoo.caucasus.net redkolegia: g. baxtaZe, n. belTaZe, a. buxnikaSvili, i. eliava, d. TarxniSvili, n. melaSvili (mdivani), m. murvaniZe, e. yvavaZe (mTavari redaqtori), g. jafoSvili Editorial board: G. I. Bakhtadze, N. Beltadze, A. Bukhnikashvili, I. J. Eliava, G. Japoshvili, Sh. Kvavadze (editor-in-chief), N. O. Melashvili (secretary of editorial board), M. Murvanidze, E. D. Tarkhnishvili ISSN 1512-1720 4 Proceedings of the Institute of Zoology XXIII Tbilisi, 2008 77 _ 123 THE WEEVIL BEETLES (BHYCHITIDAE, ATTELABIDAE, APIONIDAE, NOPOPHYDAE, DRYOPHTHORIDAE, CURCULIONIDAE) OF GEORGIA A. Cholokava Institute of Zoology, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Data about weevil beetles of Georgia have been met since the second part of the xlx century (Proceedings of Kolenati 1859, Schnaider, Leder 1878, Reiter 1916 et al). Weevil beetles were studied by many researches in the first part of the xx century, but their purposeful, planning study began in 1960 and is still going on. At present 901 species and subspecies of weevil beetles were revealed in Georgia, which is the highest rate in Eurasia. -
The Abkhazian Conflict 2004 – 08 Batnas and Intensity
The Abkhazian Conflict 2004 – 08 BATNAs and Intensity Mikkel Berg Master Thesis in Peace and Conflict Studies Department of Political Science University of Oslo May 20 2008 2 Acknowledgements When working with this thesis I have received help and support from many people, and I wish to give particular thanks to some of them. First of all I want to thank NUPI (The Norwegian Institute of International Affairs), where I have been a student fellow during the writing of this thesis. Having an office at NUPI and access to its library and staff has been a great advantage. I wish to thank in particular my supervisor Jakub M. Godzimirski who has provided me with good advice and feedback all the way, and Helge Blakkisrud, head of the Department of Russian and Eurasian Studies at NUPI, for the same reasons. I also wish to thank the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) in Oslo for access to their library and general aid, and the NRC staff in Abkhazia for assisting me in finding the right people to interview and providing me with transport in Gali during field work. I want to express my gratitude to the Doctors Without Borders’ (MSF) volunteers in Sokhumi, whose hospitality made my stay in Abkhazia not only very informative but also very enjoyable. Finally, I wish to thank my parents for support and encouragement throughout my studies; and for the same reasons I give my thanks to my girlfriend Ingunn Marie Nordlie, who has not only held me up in the final stressful days of thesis-writing but also teached me Excel - without which all illustrations in this thesis would probably have been made in “Paint”. -
Joint Fact-Finding Group Report on the Rocket Firing Incident in the Upper Kodori Valley on 11 March 2007
1 UNOMIG МООННГ United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia SUKHUMI Headquarters Joint Fact-Finding Group Report on The Rocket Firing Incident in the upper Kodori valley on 11 March 2007 INTRODUCTION This is the final report of the Joint Fact Finding Group’s (JFFG) investigation into the rocket firing incident in the upper Kodori valley on 11 March 2007. All timings referred to in this document, unless specified otherwise, are based on UNOMIG time (GMT +3 hours for the period 29 October 2006 to 24 March 2007 and GMT +4 hours for the period 25 March to 28 October 2007). Georgian time is GMT+4 throughout the year. REFERENCE 19 January 2000 Tbilisi Protocol on the Joint Group for the Identification and Investigation of Violations of the Moscow Agreement of 14 May 1994 and Politically Motivated Illegal Actions (JFFG Protocol). JFFG Interim Report dated 2 April 2007. JFFG Supplementary Report dated 13 June 2007. ANNEXES A General map. B Map indicating impacts, back-bearings and suspected launch sites as designated by the sides. C Map indicating ground patrol routes in relation to suspected launch sites as designated by the sides. D Photo gallery of craters, evidences, locations and terrain features during ground patrols. E Satellite imagery of the Tkvarcheli region in the month of February. 2 F Satellite imagery of the Kodori valley in relation to surrounding areas. JFFG TERMS OF REFERENCE 1. The Joint Fact-Finding Group (JFFG) was established by Reference above to deal with the investigation of facts relating to violations of the Moscow Agreement of 14 May 1994, acts of sabotage and terrorism and politically-motivated illegal acts directed against the civilian population and statements regarding the preparations for such acts and actions (paragraph 3.1). -
Georgian Security Analysis Center
1 GGGEEEOOORRRGGGIIIAAANNN SSSEEECCCUUURRRIIITTTYYY AAANNNAAALLLYYYSSSIIISSS CCCEEENNNTTTEEERRR A Chronology of the Kodori Events Text Sources: Joint Fact-Finding Group Report on The Rocket Firing Incident in the upper Kodori valley on 11 March, 2007, Under the Radar! By David J. Smith, published in 24 Saati, April 17, 2007and Kodori Attack: Fresh Cause For Conflict by Molly Corso, published on www.eurasianet.org, March 19, 2007 Photo Source: The Ministry of Defense of Georgia. Chkhalta Administration Building All times referred to in this document, unless specified otherwise, are based on UNOMIG time (GMT +3). March 11, 2007, 2110 – 2300 An alleged incident involving the use of helicopters and firing of rockets occurred. Approximately 2110 The presence of one or more helicopters was reported at Omarishava, Gentsvish and Ptysh by locals and a Georgian Border Guard post. Helicopters were reported to have moved in the direction of Chkhalta and Adjara. Helicopters, described by eyewitnesses as the type known to the west as HIND-E, entered Georgia from the Russian Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia. “ATAKA” remain from Chkhalta Approximately from 2130 - until 2245 There were numerous reports of ground-to-ground fire impacts (17 sites have been documented), first in the area around Adjara and Zima, and then Chkhalta. The villages came under ground- launched rocket attack, presumably from territory controlled by the Russian-backed de facto Georgian Security Analysis Center ♦ 3a Chitadze Street, Tbilisi, 0108, Georgia ♦ Tel.: +995 32 47 35 55 Fax: +995 32 98 52 65, E-mail: [email protected], www.gfsis.org/gsac 2 authorities that control most of Abkhazia.