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Editorial Notes and an Index by Andrew West CORPUS TEXTUUM TANGUTORUM Volume 1 ————— Gerard Clauson’s Skeleton Tangut (Hsi Hsia) Dictionary A facsimile edition With an Introduction by Imre Galambos With Editorial notes and an Index by Andrew West Prepared for publication by Michael Everson Second corrected edition evertype 2019 Published by Evertype, 19A Corso Street, Dundee, DD2 1DR, Scotland. www.evertype.com. This edition © 2019 Michael Everson. Introduction © 2016 Imre Galambos. Editorial notes © 2016–2019 Andrew West. An electronic copy of the character index (pp. 893–936) is available at www.babelstone.co.uk/CTT/CTT01/ Dictionary © 1974 Estate of Gerard Clauson. Second corrected edition 2019. First edition 2016, ISBN 978-1-78201-167-5 (paperback). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the Publisher, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN-10 1-78201-247-8 ISBN-13 978-1-78201-247-4 Typeset in Baskerville, BabelStone Han, and Tangut Yinchuan by Michael Everson. Cover design by Michael Everson. The cover image is folio 53b of the Homophones (Tóngyīn 同音) edition B collected from Khara-khoto by Aurel Stein in 1914. © The British Library Board. Or.12380/3116. The frontispiece photograph of Gerard Clauson was taken in June 1945 by Walter Stoneman (1876–1958). © National Portrait Gallery, London. iv EDITORIAL NOTES Organization Clauson’s Skeleton Tangut Dictionary consists of two large notebooks. Part I (pp. 1–446 in this edition) originally comprised 222 folios: an originally unnumbered folio headed “Table of number of characters in the ‘Homo phones’” followed by 221 folios numbered 1 through 221. A blank folio and a folio for Clauson’s introductory note were inserted at the beginning of the notebook at a later date, presumably in 1963 when he wrote the introductory note, and the folio with the introductory note and the following folio with the table of number of characters were numbered as i and ii.50 Part II (pp. 447–892 in this edition) comprises 222 folios numbered 222 through 441, with folios 284A and 284B, two folios numbered 315 (numbered 315A and 315B in this edition), two folios numbered 321 (321A and 321B here), and no folio 323, as well as an extra sheet inserted after folio 247 (the two being numbered 247A and 247B here). Folios originally numbered 352–370 in ink (preceded by 350, and followed by 370) were renumbered as 351–369 in faint pencil; in the headers the pencil numbers have been used. The dictionary entries are written on the recto side of each folio only; on the verso of each folio, supplementary data relevant to the following recto is given. Clauson wrote out the draft of his dictionary into these two notebooks between October 1938 (note in top margin of f. 1r) and 27 March 1939 (note on f. 441r). Six months is surely far too short a period of time for him to have written the dictionary from scratch, and the fact that the entries appear to have been written out sequentially in component order with no gaps between them strongly suggests that there must have been earlier rough drafts or a set of index cards which allowed him to order the characters to be included in his dictionary before he wrote the entries for them into his notebooks. As discussed below, the major sources for Tangut characters used by Clauson were published in 1935 (and none of his sources are later than this date), so it is likely that he did preliminary work on the compilation and ordering of characters for two or three years before he started to write up the actual dictionary entries in October 1938. The system for ordering Tangut characters that Clauson devised for his dictionary uses a set of components that occur on the top or left side of characters, similar to the radicals used in ordering Chinese characters. Characters sharing the same top or left side component are grouped together as described in his introductory note dated 29 July 1963 (see pp. xvi–xvii above and p. 1 below). Clauson lists 70 main component types: 12 covers, 16 verticals, 12 rectangles, 12 curves, and 18 miscellaneous. These components are listed in the table below. 50 The unnumbered blank and folio i both have 24 rules, while the rest of the pages in the volume have 25. Both sheets are somewhat cleaner than the other sheets, as well. xxvii CLAUSON’S SKELETON TANGUT (HSI HSIA) DICTIONARY Components used for ordering characters in Clauson’s dictionary № Component Entries Actual components type 1 1–522 , , , [], , , , , , , , 2 523–536 , , , 3 537–558 , 4 559–689 , , , 5 690–695 6 696–1222 , , , , , , , 7 1223–1264 , , 8 1265–1282 9 1283–1293 10 1294 11 1295–1302 12 1303–1316 13 1317–1519 (, , , , , , ), , 14 1520–1656 [], , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 15 1657–1736 , , , 16 1737–1749 , , 17 + 1750–1823 , , , , , , , , (, ) 18 + 1824–1868 , , , , , , , 19 1869–1892 , 20 1893 21 1894–1899 , 22 1900–2241 [] (), , , , , , , , , , , 23 2242–2250 24 2251–2333 , , , , , 25 2334–2347 , , 26 2348–2382 , , , 27 2383–2410 , , , , 28 2411–2417 29 + 2418–2727 , , , [], [], , , , , , , , , , , , , , 30 2728 31 2729–2733 , 32 2734–2738 33 2739–2923 (), , [], , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 34 2924–2927 35 + 2928–3143 (), , , , , (, , , , ), , [, ], , (), , , , , , , [], , , , , , , , , , , , xxviii EDITORIAL NOTES 36 3144–3169 (), 37 3170–3174 38 3175–3186 , , , , , 39 3187–3211 , , , , , , 40 3212–3244 , , 41 3245–3254 , , 42 3255–3256 43 3257–3648 (, , , ), , , (), , , [] (, , ), [], , , , (), , , , , , , , , , , , , , 44 3649–3661 45 3662 46 3663–3664 47 3665–4620 (, , ), , , , , [], , , , , , , , 48 + 4621–4704 49 4705–4711 50 4712–4841 (, ), , , , , , 51 + 4842–4882 , , , , , 52 4883–4898 , , 53 4899–5083 (, , , , , , , , , ), 54 5084–5097 55 5098–5266 , 56 5267–5422 (, ), , , [], [], , , , , , , 57 5423 58 5424–5534 (, , , ) 59 5535–5561 , 60 5562–5569 61 5570–5607 , , 62 5608–5619 , 63 5620–5646 , , , 64 5647–5660 , , , 65 5661–5663 66 5664–5716 , , , , , , 67 5717–5718 68 5719–5721 69 5722–5723 70 5724 There are a few anomalies in the component types listed in Clauson’s notes: Component type 14 (). In his introductory note, Clauson inserts after the component , but this does not seem to be a concrete component type. It is perhaps intended to xxix CLAUSON’S SKELETON TANGUT (HSI HSIA) DICTIONARY represent components through where the vertical stroke is the leftmost part of a more complex component. Component type 19 (). The component is not found as a component on the left side of any Tangut character, and I think it must be a mistake for the component or , as there are 24 characters with either of these components at the end of the entries for characters with the preceding component type ( or ). Component type 30 (). The component only corresponds to a single character in the dictionary (), which does not include the component as written by Clauson. Component type 62 (). The component corresponds to characters with or on their left, and it would seem to be a mistake. Each component type corresponds to one or more actual components, as listed in the above table. In some cases, the actual components include additional interpolated components. For example, there are 53 characters corresponding to the component (5267–5316), but these include three characters with on the left (5286–5288), and one character with on the left (5306). In the table above, such interpolated components are given in parentheses. The component ordering method used by Clauson is well-designed, and it prefigures the various radical systems used in all later works of Tangutological scholarship. However, there are a few problems caused by Clauson’s incomplete knowledge of the correct glyph forms of Tangut characters. Clauson carefully distinguishes some minor glyph differences, such as those between and and between and , which are not always distinguished in the works of later scholars. Unfortunately, some significant glyph differences that should be distinguished are not. The most serious issue is that Clauson treats the elements and as being the same, both when they occur as top components and when they occur as elements of left side components (such as and ) and elements of right side components (such as and ). Clauson uniformly writes as , and only distinguishes them in a few cases where two characters are otherwise identical (e.g. 2538 and 2539 ). Another pair of components that Clauson conflates together are and , which are both written as . In the table above, a component that has been conflated with another component by Clauson is given in square brackets after the component form used by Clauson for both components. Numbering Main entries in the dictionary were numbered sequentially from 1 through 5724 in the first draft completed on 27 March 1939. In addition to these main entries, the first draft included about 200 subsidiary entries for characters that Clauson considered to be uncertain or mistaken. These subsidiary entries are mixed in with the main entries, but are not given a unique sequential number. Instead, a subsidiary entry has the same number as the preceding main entry, followed by the letter A. Where there are two or three subsidiary entries in succession, then they share the same number, followed by the letter A, B, or C. For example, on f. 64r the main entry 849 “cork” is followed by the subsidiary entries 849A (noted as an error for 1240 ), 849B (noted as an error for 1242 ), and 849C (noted as doubtful, possibly an error for 857 , although actually it is a miswritten form of which is unclear in the original Homophones text). Clauson continued to work on the dictionary sporadically for many years after the completion of the first draft in 1939.
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