RADIOCARBON Editors: RICHARD FOSTER FLINT-J GORDON ODGEN, III-IRVING ROUSE-MINZE STUIVER Managing Editor: RENEE S KRA Published by THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Editors: JOHN RODGERS, JOHN H OSTROM, AND PHILLIP M ORVILLE Published three times a year, in Winter, Spring, and Summer, at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Subscription rate $45.00 (for institutions), $30.00 (for individuals), available only in whole volumes. All correspondence and manuscripts should be addressed to the Managing Editor, RADIOCARBON, Box 2161, Yale Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS Manuscripts of radiocarbon papers should follow the recommendations in Sugges- tions to Authors, 5th ed.* All copy (including the bibliography) must be typewritten in double space. Manuscripts for vol 17, no. 1 must be submitted in duplicate before June 1, 1974; for vol 17, no. 2 before October 1, 1974. Descriptions of samples, in date lists, should follow as closely as possible the style shown in this volume. Each separate entry (date or series) in a date list should be considered an abstract, prepared in such a way that descriptive material is distinguished from geologic or archaeologic interpretation, but description and interpretation must be both brief and informative, emphasis placed on significant comments. Date lists should therefore not be preceded by abstracts, but abstracts of the more usual form should accompany all papers (eg, geochemical contributions) that are directed to specific problems. Each description should include the following data, if possible in the order given: 1. Laboratory number, descriptive name (ordinarily that of the locality of collec- tion), and the date expressed in years BP (before present, ie, before AD 1950) and, for finite dates, in years AD/BC. The standard error following the date should express, within limits of ± lo-, the laboratory's estimate of the accuracy of the radiocarbon measurement, as judged on physicochemical (not geologic or archaeologic) grounds. 2. Substance of which the sample is composed; if a plant or animal fossil, the scientific name if possible; otherwise the popular name; but not both. Also, where pertinent, the name of the person identifying the specimen. 3. Precise geographic location, including latitude-longitude coordinates. 4. Occurrence and stratigraphic position in precise terms; use of metric system exclusively. Stratigraphic sequences should not be included. However, references that contain them can be cited. 5. Reference to relevant publications. Citations within a description should be to author and year, with specific pages wherever appropriate. References to published date lists should cite the sample no., journal (R for Radiocarbon), years, vol, and specific page (eg, M-1832, R, 1968, v 10, p 97). Full bibliographic references are listed alphabetically at the end of the manuscript, in the form recommended in Suggestions to Authors. 6. Date to collection and name of collector. 7. Name of person submitting the sample to the laboratory, and name and address of institution or organization with which submitter is affiliated. 8. Comment, usually comparing the date with other relevant dates, for each of which sample numbers and references must be quoted, as prescribed above. Interpretive material, summarizing the significance and implicity showing that the radiocarbon measurement was worth making, belongs here, as do technical matters, eg, chemical pretreatment, special laboratory difficulties, etc. Illustrations should not be included unless absolutely essential. They should be original drawings, although photographic reproductions of line drawings are sometimes acceptable, and should accompany the manuscript in any case, if the originals exceed 9 to 12 inches in size. Reprints. Thirty copies of each article, without covers, will be furnished without cost. Additional copies and printed covers can be specially ordered. Back issues. Back issues (vols 1-9) are available at a reduced rate to subscribers at $52.00 a set, including postage; vols 10-14 are $20.00 for individual subscribers and $30.00 for institutions, except that vol 15 is $30.00 and $45.00, respectively; single back issues $10.00 each; comprehensive index $10.00 each. * Suggestions to authors of the reports of the United States Geological Survey, 5th ed, Washington, DC, 1958 (Government Printing Office, S1.75). NOTICE TO READERS Half life of 14C. In accordance with the decision of the Fifth Radio- carbon Dating Conference, Cambridge, 1962, all dates published in this volume (as in previous volumes) are based on the Libby value, 8th 5570 ± 30 yr, for the half life. This decision was reaffirmed at the Conference on Radiocarbon Dating, Wellington, New International 14C Zealand, 1972. Because of various uncertainties, when measurements are expressed as dates in years BP the accuracy of the dates is limited, and refinements that take some but not all uncertainties into account may be misleading. The mean of three recent determinations of the half life, 5730 ± 40 yr, (Nature, v 195, no. 4845, p 984, 1962), is regarded as the best value presently available. Published dates in years BP, can be converted to this basis by multiplying them by 1.03. AD/BC dates. As agreed at the Cambridge Conference in 1962, AD 1950 is accepted as the standard year of reference for all dates, whether BP or in the AD/BC system. Meaning of 514C. In Volume 3, 1961, we indorsed the notation A (La- mont VIII, 1961) for geochemical measurements of 14C activity, corrected for isotopic fractionation in samples and in the NBS oxalic-acid standard. The value of 8140 that entered the calculation of 0 was defined by refer- ence to Lamont VI, 1959, and was corrected for age. This fact has been lost sight of, by the editors as well as by authors, and recent papers have used 8140 as the observed deviation from the standard. At the New Zealand Radiocarbon Dating Conference it was recommended to use 814C only for age-corrected samples. Without an age correction, the value should then be reported as percent of modern relative to 0.95 NBS oxalic acid. (Proceedings 8th Conference on Radiocarbon Dating, Wellington, New Zealand.) In several fields, however, age corrections are not possible. 814C and 0, uncorrected for age, have been used extensively in oceanography, and are an integral part of models and theories. For the present there- fore we continue the editorial policy of using 814C notations for samples not corrected for age. Radiocarbon Measurements : Comprehensive Index, 1950-1965. This index, covering all published 14C measurements through Volume 7 of RADIOCARBON, and incorporating revisions made by all laboratories, has been published. It is available to all subscribers to RADIOCARBON at ten dollars US per copy. Publication schedule. Beginning with Volume 15, RADIOCARBON is published in three numbers: Winter, Spring, and Summer. The next deadline is June 1, 1974. Contributors who meet our deadlines will be given priority but not guaranteed publication in the following issue. List of laboratories. The comprehensive list of laboratories at the end of each volume now appears in the third number of each volume. Index. All dates appear in index form at the end of the third number of each volume. Volume 16, Number 2 - 1974

RADIOCARBON

Published by

THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Editors RICHARD FOSTER FLINT - J GORDON OGDEN, III IRVING ROUSE - MINZE STUIVER Managing Editor RENEE S KRA

YALE UNIVERSITY NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT

Vol 16, No. 2 Radiocarbon 1971

CONTENTS

BONN H W Scharpenseel and F Pietig University of Bonn Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII ...... I)IC A J Surnodi Radioisotopes Laboratory Radiocarbon Date List I ...... HAR R L Otlet and B S Slade Harwell Radiocarbon Measurements I ...... KAERI Chan Kirl Pak and Kyung Rin Yang KAERI Radiocarbon Measurements III ...... P H N Michael and E K Ralph University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates XVI ...... P Barbara Lawn University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates XVII ...... SRR D D Harkness and H W Wilson Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre Radiocarbon Measurements II ...... Su Aulis Heikkinen Anna-Krishna Koivisto, and Osmo Aikaa Geological Survey of Finland Radiocarbon Measurements VI ...... UB A G Smith, G W Pearson, and J R Pilcher Belfast Radiocarbon Dates VII VRI Heinz Felber Vienna Radium Institute Radiocarbon Dates V ...... 277

[RADIOCARBON, VOL. 16, No. 2, 1974, P. 143-165] Radiocarbon

1974 UNIVERSITY OF BONN NATURAL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS VII H W SCHARPENSEEL and F PIETIG Institut fur Bodenkunde, Universitat Bonn Bonn, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Radiocarbon measurements, mainly on soil and water samples are being continued. Benzene samples are prepared as described earlier (Scharpenseel and Pietig, 1969; 1970). Radioactivity is measured in a single quartz vial, and also with 13 specially manufactured, low back- ground Teflon/Duraluminium vials, similar to the system described by Polach (1971, pers commun).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are indebted to E Kruse, A Lay, H Kirschey, and W Goebel for their technical help in sample preparation. H Schiffmann was responsible for computer evaluation of activity measurements. The Gesellschaft fur Mathematik and Datenverarbeitung GmbH, Bonn helped us with their computer facilities. This work was financed by grants from the Federal Department of Research and Technology. Preparation of carbonate samples from aquifers in Taiwan was financed by the German Foundation of Research (Deutsche Forschungsgemein- schaf t). SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. GROUND WATER SAMPLES A. Taiwan Reported here are results of ground water dating in Taiwan; 84 carbonate samples from different wells were coll using an accelerator of precipitation (Scharpenseel, Pietig, and Kruse, in press). Tritium con- centrations were also measured. Samples coll 1971 and subm by F Pietig and E Kruse, Inst f Bodenkunde, Bonn Univ.

Sample 14C age BONN-1237. Taipei, W Tanshui R, food co 4680 ± 90 (25° 4' N, 121 ° 28' E) 2730 BC BONN-1238. Taipei, W Tanshui R, chemical co 6930 ± 70 (25 ° 1' N, 121 ° 26' E) 4980 BC BONN-1239. Taipei, W Tanshui R, wire cable factory 102.5 ± 0.7% (25° 0' N, 121° 26' E) Modern

143 144 H W Scharpenseel and F Pietig

Sample 'C age BONN-1240. Ta Chiao (Kuo Hsiao) 7120 ± 150 (250 3' N, 121 ° 30' E) 5170 BC BONN-1241. Yen Ping 6830 ± 180 (25 ° 4' N, 121° 30' E) 4880 BC BONN-1242. Ta Tung 6380 ± 180 (25° 3' N, 121° 30' E) 4430 BC BONN-1243. Cheng Yi 6440 ± 150 (25° 4' N, 121° 29' E) 4490 BC BONN-1244. Ta Tung Pei Lu 5030 ± 120 (25 ° 3' N, 121° 29' E) 3080 BC BONN-1245. Hsin Te 11,380 + 230 (25 ° 4' N, 121 ° 28' E) 9430 BC BONN-1246. Kung 14 13,200 ± 340 (25° 4' N, 121° 28' E) 11,250 BC BONN-1247. San Kuang 4160 ± 130 (25 ° 3' N, 121 ° 29' E) 2210 BC BONN-1248. San Chung 9200 ± 230 (25 ° 4' N, 121 ° 29' E) 7250 BC BONN-1249. Fu Te 4020 ± 150 (25° 3' N, 121° 29' E) 2250 BC BONN-1250. Lung Men 9530 ± 130 (25° 4' N, 121° 29' E) 7580Bc BONN-1251. Fe He 5350± 110 (25° 1' N, 121 ° 29' E) 3400 BC BONN-1251a. Miao Wei 3880 ± 90 (25° 0' N, 121° 29' E) 1930 BC BONN-1252. Electric factory 7340 ± 190 (25 ° 0' N, 121 ° 29' E) 5390 BC BONN-1253. Textile mill 9330 ± 160 (25° 4' N, 1210 28' E) 7380 BC BONN-1254. Water works 3840 ± 160 (25 0' N, 121 ° 27' E) 1890 BC BONN-1255. New deep well of water works 4650 ± 150 (25° 1' N, 121° 27' E) 2700 Bc BONN-1256. Paper mill Corp 4990 ± 270 ° (25 ° 0' N, 121 28' E) 3040 BC University of Bonn Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 145

Sample C age

BONN-1257. Paper mill 4150± 270 (25° 0' N, 121° 27' E) 2200 BC BONN-1258. Fu Jen Univ 8270 ± 190 (25° 2' N, 121° 25' E) 6320 BC BONN-1259. Chang hua, No. 68 109.6 ± 0.4% (23° 53' N, 120° 35' E) Modern BONN-1260. Chang hua, No. 27 2500 ± 60 (2'3° 51' N, 120° 33' E) 550 BC BONN-1261. Chang hua, No. 49 3410 ± 60 (23° 53' N, 120° 29' E) 1460 BC BONN-1262. Chang hua, No. 12 4980 ± 60 (23° 57' N, 120° 27' E) 3030 BC BONN-1263. Touliu, No. 383 2270 ± 80 (23° 43' N, 120° 31' E) 320 BC BONN-1264. Touliu, No. 403 2260 ± 70 (23° 42' N, 120° 31' E) 310 BC BONN-1265. Touliu, No. 378 2750 ± 70 ° ° (23 41' N, 120 13' E) 800 BC BONN-1266. Touliu, No. 370 5080 ± 110 (23° 41' N, 120° 20' E) 3130 BC BONN-1267. Touliu, No. 401, new well 5610 ± 70 (23° 43' N, 120° 21' E) 3660 BC BONN-1268. Tainan/Pingtung, No. 18, Dar Liao 100.7 ± 0.6% (22° 36' N, 120° 25' E) Modern BONN-1269. Tainan/Pingtung, Dar Liao 104.7 ± 0.60 (22° 36' N, 120° 36' E) Modern BONN-1270. Tser San 880 ± 90 (22° 36' N, 120° 36' E) AD 1070 BONN-1271. Sin Tso 5111-1 350± 70 (22° 33' N, 120° 36' E) AD 1600 BONN-1272. Si Lin 5113-5 3110± 90 (22° 32' N, 120° 35' E) 1160 BC BONN-1273. Lim Hon 5114-3 3270± 70 (22° 32' N, 120° 34' E) 1320 BC BONN-1274. Wanlon 5113-7 3350 ± 90 (22° 31' N, 120° 35' E) 1400 BC 146 H W Scharpenseel and F Pietig

Sample 14C age BONN-1275. Nan An 5509-2 3660 ± 100 (22° 30' N, 1200 34' E) 1710 BC BONN-1276. Gun Tan Men 5104-1 102.3± 0.2% (22° 32' N, 120 ° 28' E) Modern BONN-1277. Wan Tan 5103-1 7460 ± 130 (22° 35' N, 120° 28' E) 5510 BC BONN-1278. Kan Din 5502-2 7330± 130 (22° 30' N, 120° 29' E) 5380 BC BONN-1279. Hou Pi Tso 5505-1 6720 ± 150 (22° 31' N, 120° 30' E) 4770 BC BONN-1280. Ta Hsiang Ying 5511-1 1550 ± 90 (22° 25' N, 120° 36' E) AD 400 BONN-1281. Chan Lon 5510-5 1820± 130 (22° 26' N, 120° 33' E) AD 130 BONN-1282. Tai Yuan No. 3 1410± 100 (22° 25' N, 120° 35' E) AD 540 BONN-1283. Yuan Tan Tsz 5207-1 190 ± 50 (22° 55' N, 120° 29' E) AD 1760 BONN-1284. Kin Cuar 5201-2 4900 ± 100 (22° 52' N, 120° 29' E) 2950 BC BONN-1285. Peng Tso 5101-1 490 ± 60 (22° 45' N, 120° 29' E) AD 1460 BONN-1286. Tung Hai Fong 5105-5 730 ± 60 (22° 42' N, 120° 32' E) AD 1220 BONN-1287. Tson Lang 5102-1 3190 ± 70 (22° 43' N, 120° 28' E) 1240 BC BONN-1288. Jen Wu 123 530 ± 70 (?) AD 1420

BONN-1289. Hou Chin No. 17 2270 ± 100 (22° 43' N, 120° 17' E) 320 BC BONN-1290. Jong San Tru 25 2220 ± 90 (22° 44' N, 120° 44' E) 270 BC BONN-1291. E Chin Po, No. 17 1100 ± 80 (22° 44' N, 120° 18' E) AD 840 BONN-1292. W Chin Po, No. 11 2330 ± 70 (22° 44' N, 120° 18' E) 380 BC University of Bonn Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 147

Sample 14C age

BONN-1293. S Salun, No. 14 101.1 ± 0.3% (22° 55' N, 1200 17' E) Modern

BONN-1294. N Salun, No. 28 840 ± 80 (22° 56' N, 120° 17' E) AD 1110

BONN-1295. Kui Jen, No. 11 2620 ± 80 (22° 55' N, 120° 14' E) 670 BC

BONN-1296. Hu Shan, No. 15 2480 ± 80 (22° 56' N, 120° 12' E) 530 BC

BONN-1297. Hu Shan, No. 19 2360 ± 90 (22° 57' N, 120° 12' E) 410 BC

BONN-1298. Sin Yuan, No. 21 4130 ± 90 (22° 53' N, 120° 16' E) 2180 BC

BONN-1299. Lu Tzu, No. 15 1120± 50 (22° 50' N, 120° 14' E) AD 830

BONN-1300. Pen Chau, No. 19 1460 ±50 (20° 50 N, 120° 15' E) AD 490

BONN-1701. Chiu Kui, No. 15 2240 ± 60 (22° 51' N, 120° 18' E) 290 BC BONN-1702. Chin Jon Tza, No. 19 3500 ± 60 (22° 49' N, 120° 18' E) 1550 BC BONN-1703. Tiou Chi Lin, No. 15 2400 ± 50 (22° 47' N, 120° 18' E) 450 BC

BONN-1704. N Kun Siu, No. 17 2340 ± 60 (22° 47' N, 120° 19' E) 390 BC BONN-1705. S Kun Sui, No. 18 1800 ± 70 ° (22 46' N, 120° 19' E) AD 150 BONN-1706. Pai Shou Tze 1300 ± 50 (22° 45' N, 120° 17' E) AD 650

BONN-1707. Tainan, Wangliao, No. 11 2480 ± 70 (BONN-1707 -1718 all in S coastal plain, 530 BC exact coordinates not available) 7930 ± 80 BONN-1708. Tainan, Cheang, No. 2 5980 BC 9500 ± 90 BONN-1709. Taoyeh, No. 2 7550 BC 148 H W Seharpenseel and F Pietig

Sample 14C age

11,640± 160 BONN-1710. Kanhse, No. 1 9690 BC 108.9 ± 0.3% BONN-1711. Liufen Liao, No. 13 Modern

1250 ± 70 BONN-1712. Tseugwen, No. 15 AD 700

3080 ± 70 BONN-1713. Sanhua, No. 11 1130 BC

1530 ± 60 BONN-1714. Chiapo, No. 13 AD 580

4960 ± 120 BONN-1715. Pantzeliao, No. 13 3010 BC

6930 ± 170 BONN-1716. Pantzeliao, No. 14 4980 BC 4540 ± 80 BONN-1717. Shinhua, No. 12 2590 BC

1050 ± 70 BONN-1718. Chuochia, No. 13 AD 900

Comment: 84 ground water sources and wells are situated in 3 regions of W coastal plain of Taiwan, with heavy water consumption for irriga- tion and industry. Areas show alarming drop of water table as well as lowered land surface. Risk of penetration of recent percolates in well tubings, inherent to monsoon climate with much precipitation, had to be accepted, but is not estimated too great. The basin of Taipei, BONN-1236 to -1258 harbors oldest water of region, recharged from the andesite heights in the N, Pleistocene sedi- ments in the W, and the young Tertiary sediments in the S and E. Flow speed, calculated from isochrone distances is very low (< lm/yr). The coastal plain of the Choshui River Alluvial Fan, BONN-1259 to -1267 reveals 2 isochronous ground water lines of ca 2250 and 5250 yr 14C age, respectively. The NW-NE directed drainage shows a flow speed of ca 5m/yr. The S tip of the coastal plain, BONN-1259 to -1718 (Chianan- Tainan-Pingtung-plain) is distinguished by the only slightly moving ground water of the depression in the Akungtien Reservoir region. Yet the SW flow (ca 3m/yr) of the water of the Pingtung plain syncline, in which NE-SW directed isochrones of ca 3300 and 7300 yr of 14C age can be distinguished. Dates may supply some new information for water management of the regions. University of Bonn Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 149 B. Ei fel maar lake These dates belong to water of volcanic maar lakes. Subhydric soil (gyttja) profiles of these lakes were also studied (R, 1973, v 15, p 267-271; see below: II. Subhydric soils). 1730 ± 90 BONN-1719. Schalkenmehrer Maar, S Eifel AD 220 (50° 9.5' N, 6° 51' E) 13,560 ± 150 BONN-1720. Laacher See, S Eifel 11,610 BC ° (50° 25' N, 7 16' E) 730 ± 90 BONN-1721. Meerfelder Maar, S Eifel AD 1220 (50° 6' N, 6° 45.5' E) 136.6 ± 0.5% BONN-1722. Pulvermaar, E Eifel Modern (50° 8' N, 6° 55' E) Comment: volcanic maar lakes, except Pulvermaar, especially lake of Laach, seem to be influenced by dead CO2 of volcanic origin. For lake of Laach estimates of Homann (1968) are 460 to 480 m3/day. The Pulvermaar contains largely modern surface water.

II. SUBHYDRIC SOILS, GYTTJA A. Laach Lake of Laach is not considered a typical maar lake, since craters of the huge gas explosion are numerous, scattered in the lake and the surrounding tuffaceous wall. Laach trachyt ashes are time marker of extraordinary importance for Allerod age. Maximum depth of lake is 53m. BONN-1572. Lake of Laach, Profile I, (Barschri cken) 10,710 ± 140 depth 10.30 to 12.80m, 8760 BC gyttj a 12.1% C, 10 to 30cm. 11,930 ±280 BONN-1573. 15.0% C, 30 to 48cm 9980 BC 11,820± 100 BONN-1574. 14.4% C, 48 to 62cm 9870 BC 17,550 ± 310 BONN-1575. 8.6% C, 62 to 70cm 15,600 BC 18,680 ± 250 BONN-1576. 3.6% C, 70 to 82cm 16,730 BC 21,520 ± 940 BONN-1578. 1.5% C, 90 to 100cm 19,570 BC 17,300 ± 490 BONN-1579. 1.2% C, 100 to 110cm 15,350 BC 150 H W Scharpenseel and F Pietig

17,470 ± 500 BONN-1580. 1.9% C, 110 to 120cm 15,520 BC 20,070 ± 410 BONN-1581. 1.7% C, 120 to 130cm 18,120 BC

19,070 ± 800 BONN-1582. 1.5% C, 130 to 140cm 17,120 BC 23,010 ± 460 BONN-1583. 0.7% C, 140 to 150cm 21,060 BC 21,780 ± 620 BONN-1584. 1.4% C, 150 to 160cm 19,830 BC

16,790 ± 640 BONN-1585. 1.7% C, 160 to 170cm 14,840 BC 19,230 ± 600 BONN-1586. 1.8% C, 170 to 180cm 17,280 BC 20,490 ± 910 BONN-1587. 1.6% C, 180 to 190cm 18,540 BC

18,650± 650 BONN-1588. 1.7% C, 190 to 200cm 16,700 BC

17,940' ± 380 BONN-1589. 0.5% C, 200 to 220cm 15,990 BC 22,530 ± 640 BONN-1590. 1.4% C, 220 to 240cm 20,580 BC

BONN-1591. Lake of Laach, Profile II (Alte Burg) 9000 ± 90 depth 16.70 to 18.90m, gyttja, 7050 BC 12.5% C, 2 to 19cm 9680 ± 130 BONN-1592. 10.9% C, 19 to 30cm 7730 BC

10,170± 140 BONN-1593. 11.3% C, 30 to 57cm 8220 BC

6770± 100 BONN-1594. 7.8% C, 57 to 71cm 4820 BC

8000 ± 90 BONN-1595. 12.0% C, 71 to 89cm 6050 BC

6970 ± 90 BONN-1596. 13.5% C, 89 to 100cm 5020 BC

7390 ± 100 BONN-1597. 16.8% C, 100 to 108cm 5440 BC University of Bonn Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 151 8170 -+-100 BONN-1598. 15.5% C, 108 to 120cm 6220 BC 8340± 140 BONN-1599. 16.7% C, 120 to 131cm 6390 BC 13,460 ± 180 BONN-1600. 16.4% C, 131 to 141cm 11,51O BC 17,390 ± 290 BONN-1601. 7.8% C, 141 to 147cm 15,440 BC 20,500 ± 380 BONN-1602. 11.8% C, 147 to 155cm 18,550 BC 17,720 ± 370 BONN-1603. 16.4% C, 155 to 163cm 15,770 BC 17,860 ± 610 BONN-1604. 1.7% C, 163 to 170cm 15,91O BC 19,410 ± 480 BONN-1607. 2.0% C, 190 to 200cm 17,460 BC BONN-1609. Lake of Laach, Profile III ("Im 11,360 ± 220 Haferstuck" near camping ground), 9410 BC depth 9.80 to 12.OOm, gyttj a, 8.2% C, 10 to 45cm 9880 ±420 BONN-1610. 10.1% C, 45 to 64cm 7930 BC 10,230 ± 130 BONN-1611. 8.6% C, 64 to 80cm 8280 BC 9150± 240 BONN-1612. 9.1% C, 80 to 90cm 7200 BC 9810 ± 240 BONN-1613. 13.6% C, 90 to 101cm 7860 BC 9300 ± 120 BONN-1614. 9.8% C, 101 to 113cm 7350 BC 17,980 ± 320 BONN-1616. 3.0% C, 130 to 144cm 16,030 BC 18,900 ± 320 BONN-1617. 4.4% C, 144 to 155cm 16,950 BC 14,550 ± 290 BONN-1618. 3.4% C, 155 to 167cm 12,600 BC 22,070 ± 440 BONN-1619. 3.4% C, 167 to 180cm 20,120 BC 152 H W Scharpenseel and F Pietig

17,620 ± 410 BONN-1620. 2.6% C, 180 to 190cm 15,670 BC 18,780± 310 BONN-1621. 2.9% C, 190 to 200cm 16,830 BC

19,360 ± 370 BONN-1622. 7.3% C, 200 to 220cm 17,410 BC BONN-1623. Lake of Laach, Profile IV ("Am 6090 ± 90 Segelhafen"), depth 20 to 20.30m. 4140 BC gyttj a, 5.1% C, 50 to 69cm 6020 ± 90 BONN-1624. 4.9% C, 69 to 86cm 4070 BC

7830± 110 BONN-1625. 7.3% C, 86 to 104cm 5880 BC

9310± 140 BONN-1626. 8.0% C, 104 to 117cm 7360 BC

8710± 120 BONN-1627. 8.4% C, 117 to 130cm 6760 BC

10,450 ± 140 BONN-1628. 13.6% C, 130 to 144cm 8500 BC

10,240 ± 130 BONN-1629. 15.4% C, 147 to 160cm 8290 BC

10,700 ± 140 BONN-1630. 15.2% C, 160 to 170cm 8750 BC

6210 ± 70 BONN-1631. 15.0% C, 170 to 180cm 4260 BC

6540 ± 100 BONN-1633. 14.0% C, 190 to 200cm 4590 BC 7710±90 BONN-1634. 12.4% C, 200 to 220cm 5760 BC

9180 ± 130 BONN-1636. 13.3% C, 220 to 230cm 7230 BC BONN-1637. Lake of Laach, Profile V, (near bathing 13,110 ± 140 strip of monastery), depth 15.20 to 16.50m, 11,160 BC gyttja,10.5% C, 120 to 160cm 17,790 ± 370 BONN-1638. 11.6% C, 160 to 170cm 15,840 BC

20,130 ± 300 BONN-1639. 10.4% C, 170 to 185cm 18,180 BC University of Bonn Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 153 18,760 ± 270 BONN-1640. 8.4% C, 185 to 200cm 16,810 Bc

17,270 ± 330 BONN-1641. 6.8% C, 200 to 225cm 15,320 BC 19,770 ± 530 BONN-1643. 3.0% C, 225 to 250cm 17,820 BC Samples toll and subm 1971 by H W Scharpenseel, W Kerpen, H Gewehr, H Schiffmann, and C Haupenthal, Inst Bodenkunde, Bonn Univ (50° 25' N, 7° 16' E). Comment: cores of gyttja sediment were taken with the aid of case lot of 250cm length. Sampling positions were selected, where echo sounder records indicated slightly thicker gyttja layers on top of the lacustrine clay and the underlying tuffaceous ma- terial. Very high 14C ages necessitated check on 14C age of water itself. Water sample, obtained near sampling spot of Profile V (this list, BONN-1720) was deficient in 14C because of addition of dead CO2 of volcanic origin. Maximum 14C ages observed in Profiles I, II, III, V are >20,000 yr. Profile IV, showing highest 14C age of 10,700 yr only, reveals heterogeneity of lake water with regard to dead carbon burden. Attempts at correcting gyttja age on basis of water date are futile due to inconsistency of dead, volcanic CO2 supply throughout millennia after original gas explosions, as well as to formation of gyttja organics by surrounding terrestrial vegetation. Profile IV, W of ca 4km2 lake surface, in nearly maximum distance from hitherto observed CO2 exists, should come close to non-contaminated C-residence time of gyttja. Variation of age gradient with depth in gyttja sediments reflects mixing and trans- location of subsurface currents, methane, and eventually CO2 bubbles.

B. Meerf elder Maar The lake, Meerfelder Maar, owes its maar-like shape to a combina- tion of gas eruption and, particularly, the following collapse of the crater zone into the present day deeper valley with a rather shallow maar lake in the center. Its maximum depth is only 17m. Rich aquatic vegetation has produced a muddy, rapidly growing cover a gyttja over the sandstone bedrock.

BONN-1820. Meerfelder Maar, Profile I, SW part 1740 ± 70 of lake, depth 14.00 to 15.60m, AD 210 gyttja, 6.8% C, 0 to 14cm 2920 ± 80 BONN-1821. 8.6% C, 14 to 32cm 970 BC 2170±80 BONN-1822. 3.8% C, 32 to 42cm 220 BC

2380 ± 80 BONN-1823. 6.8% C, 42 to 59cm 430 BC 154 H W Scharpenseel and F Pietig 2550 ± 80 BONN-1824. 11.5% C, 59 to 68cm 600 BC 2010±90 BONN-1825. 4.8% C, 68 to 74cm 60 Bc 2670 ± 110 BONN-1826. 5.0% C, 74 to 83cm 720 BC 1870 ± 70 BONN-1827. 6.5% C, 83 to 97cm AD 80 6800 ± 100 BONN-1828. 21.8% C, 97 to 106cm 4850 BC 2280 ± 80 BONN-1829. 7.5% C, 106 to 117cm 330 BC 2440 ± 110 BONN-1830. 9.8% C, 117 to 128cm 490 BC 4520 ± 100 BONN-1831. 13.8% C, 128 to 132cm 2570 BC 3770 ± 80 BONN-1832. 22.8% C, 132 to 150cm 1820 BC 5630 ± 90 BONN-1818. 12.7% C, 150 to 160cm 3680 BC BONN-1833. Meerfelder Maar, Profile 2, WSW 2980 ± 80 part of lake, depth 15.00 to 16.20m, 1030 BC gyttja, 18% C, 0 to 20cm 2840 ± 70 BONN-1834. 19.5% C, 20 to 40cm 890 BC 3440± 110 BONN-1835. 25.9% C, 40 to 60cm 1490 BC 3510 ± 120 BONN-1836. 29.7% C, 60 to 80cm 1560 BC 3530 ± 100 BONN-1837. 30.4% C, 80 to 100cm 1580 BC 9140± 120 BONN-1838. 21.3% C, 100 to 120cm 7190 BC BONN-1839. Meerfelder Maar, Profile 3, W part 2900 ± 70 of lake, depth 14,00 to 15.70m, 950 BC gyttja, 15.0% C, 0 to 12cm 3100 ± 110 BONN-1840. 27.3% C, 12 to 26 cm 1150 BC University of Bonn Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 155 3480 ± 60 BONN-1841. 34.4% C, 26 to 43cm 1530 BC

3400 ± 70 BONN-1842. 30.4% C, 43 to 55cm 1450 Bc

3380 ± 80 BONN-1843. 23.7% C, 55 to 64cm 1430 BC

3140 ± 70 BONN-1844. 36.8% C, 64 to 83cm 1190 BC

5060 ± 70 BONN-1845. 17.5% C, 83 to 101 cm 3110 BC

5410 ± 90 BONN-1846. 21.3% C, 101 to 109cm 3460 BC

6150 ± 90 BONN-1847. 17.5% C, 109 to 120cm 4200 BC

6210 ± 90 BONN-1848. 18.7% C, 120 to 140cm 4260 BC

7380 ± 90 BONN-1849. 14.5% C, 140 to 170cm 5430 BC

BONN-1850. Meerfelder Maar, Profile 4, NW part 2100 ± 70 of lake, depth 10.00 to 11.75m, 150 BC gyttja,13.5% C, 0 to 18cm 2260 ± 70 BONN-1851. 11.0% C, 18 to 38cm 310 BC

2470 ± 70 BONN-1852. 19.7% C, 38 to 56cm 520 BC

3340± 110 BONN-1853. 30.0% C, 56 to 72cm 1390 BC

4150 ± 80 BONN-1854. 28.5% C, 72 to 92cm 2200 BC 4060± 110 BONN-1855. 27.5% C, 92 to 105cm 2110 BC

4480 ± 80 BONN-1856. 27.0% C, 105 to 130cm 2530 BC

4770 ± 100 BONN-1857. 28.0% C, 130 to 137cm 2820 BC

5020 ± 80 BONN-1858. 18.8% C, 137 to 145cm 3070 BC 156 H W Scharpenseel and F Pzetig 5550 ± 90 BONN-1859. 17.5% C, 145 to 175cm 3600 BC BONN-1860. Meerfelder Maar, Profile 5, N part 2440 ± 70 of lake, 10.00 to 11.60m depth, 490 BC gyttja, 11.0% C, 0 to 30cm 1720±70 BONN-1861. 8.2% C, 30 to 47cm AD 230 1990 ± 70 BONN-1862. 8.5% C, 47 to 62cm 40 BC 2240 ± 70 BONN-1863. 3.7% C, 62 to 70cm 290 BC 2080 ± 140 BONN-1864. 7.3% C, 70 to 90cm 130 BC 2440 ± 70 BONN-1865. 12.5% C, 90 to 110cm 490 BC 2620 ± 70 BONN-1866. 25.8% C, 110 to 130cm 670 BC 3520 ± 80 BONN-1867. 25.0% C, 130 to 160cm 1570 BC BONN-1868. Meerfelder Maar, Profile 6, E part 2630 ± 110 of lake, 7.00 to 8.40m depth, 680 BC gyttja, 23.0%, 0 to 6cm 2800 ± 70 BONN-1869. 20.5% C, 6 to 21cm 850 BC 2640 ± 70 BONN-1870. 9.5% C, 21 to 35cm 690 BC

1290 ± 70 BONN-1871. 7.8% C, 35 to 51cm AD 660

1810+_ 60 BONN-1872. 11.5% C, 51 to 67cm AD 140 2390 ± 70 BONN-1873. 7.8% C, 67 to 88cm 440 BC

2480 ± 70 BONN-1874. 9.7% C, 88 to 98cm 530 BC

2630 ± 80 BONN-1875. 14.3% C, 98 to lllcm 680 BC

4050 ± 80 BONN-1876. 36.7% C, 111 to 140cm 2100 BC University of Bonn Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 157 Samples coil and subm 1972 by H W Scharpenseel, H Gewehr, and K Kirschey, Inst Bodenkunde, Bonn Univ (50° 6' N, 6° 45.5' E). Com- ment: organic matter, adjacent to underlying tuffaceous material, from deep bore holes, produced radiocarbon dates of 10,950 yr; palynologic evaluation suggested 11,350 yr for the volcanic event (Erlenkauser et al, 1970). Lake water, itself, produces a radiocarbon age of 730 yr (this list, BONN-1721), may be caused by some volcanogenic, dead CO2 or by influx of older, fossil water from the bottom through underground cleaves, traceable with the echosounder. Still, the oldest ages of core fractions lag considerably behind the dates of Erlenkauser et al. During the summer, water gets highly turbid, caused by intensive growth of green and red algae and aquatic plants. Most of the upper 30 to 60cm of gyttja were quite muddy and soft, while some of the deeper lying substance had a rather compact or almost peaty character. Relics of beach leaves, found in some of the middle samples indicated rather young age of corresponding material. Gaps between maximum dates of gyttja fractions (Profile 1 = 6800 yr; 2 = 9140 yr; 3 = 7380 yr; 4 = 5550 yr; 5 = 3520 yr; 6 = 4050 yr); and dates of organic material on top of tuff and bedrock, dated by Erlenkauser et al, could be attributed to the organic matter, embedded in the rather impervious lacustrine clay, between gyttja and tuffaceous material or bedrock. This clay was partly quite compacted; penetration of the case lot was so difficult, that under pressure of lead weight, the case became twisted and inclined, losing its vertical position. Particularly in the shallower parts of the maar, eg, in the sectors of Profiles 5 and 6, (N and E part of lake) the softer gyttja in the earlier phase of sedimentation, must have slipped into deeper ground. This could explain the young age throughout Cores 5 and 6. Results are part of a joint program for over-all exploration of Meerfelder Maar's properties.

C. Pulvermaar (Gillen f elder Maar) The Pulvermaar is an ideal maar kettle with an almost circular maar lake in the center. The Pulvermaar lake is the deepest of all Eifel maars and the deepest German lake outside the Alp region. Its depth is 74m in most of the lake area. The water is very clear with little aquatic vege- tation. Completely wooded surroundings assures a certain supply of leaf droppings from terrestrial vegetation to the lake ground.

BONN-1877. Pulvermaar, Profile 1, in front of parking 2120 ± 70 lane, between camping ground and official 170 BC beach, 62 to 64m depth, gyttja, 10.5% C, 0 to 27cm 2500± 100 BONN-1878. 6.0% C, 27 to 38cm 550 BC

3240 ± 80 BONN-1879. 8.3% C, 38 to 48cm 1290 BC 158 H W Scharpenseel and F Pietig 3470± 110 BONN-1.880. 22.0% C, 48 to 62cm 1520 BC 3820 ± 80 BONN-1881. 19.0% C, 62 to 75cm 1870 BC 3780 ± 80 BONN-1882. 32.3% C, 75 to 81cm 1830 BC 4700 ± 80 BONN-1883. 34.0% C, 81 to 95cm 2750 BC 4140 ± 100 BONN-1884. 38.7% C, 95 to 99cm 2190 BC 5100± 120 BONN-1.885. 25.5% C, 99 to 113cm 3150 BC 5200 ± 110 BONN-1886. 26.1%C, 113 to 129cm 3250 BC 4720 ± 80 BONN-1887. 28.0% C, 129 to 148cm 2770 BC 7610± 230 BONN-1.888. 31.2% C, 148 to 150cm 5660 BC 6640 ± 150 BONN-1889. 33.8% C, 150 to 169cm 4690 BC

7470 ± 150 BONN-1890. 21.7% C, 169 to 180cm 5520 BC

8040 ± 120 BONN-1891. 21.0% C, 180 to 200cm 6090 BC BONN-1892. Pulvermaar, Profile 2, between camping 1440 ± 70 ground and sandbank, 72 to 74m, AD 510 gyttja, 7.3% C, 0 to 24cm 2140 ± 70 BONN-1893. 28.7% C, 24 to 37cm 190 BC

2440 ± 70 BONN-1894. 11.7% C, 37 to 51cm 490 BC

2390 ± 80 BONN-1895. 13.2% C, 51 to 62cm 440 BC

2940± 100 BONN-1896. 6.0% C, 62 to 68cm 990 BC

4580 ± 80 BONN-1897. 13.2% C, 68 to 81cm 2630 BC University of Bonn Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 159 4800 ± 100 BONN-1898. 32.6% C, 81 to 95cm 2850 BC 5360 ± 90 BONN-1899. 30.0% C, 95 to 115cm 3410 BC 4940 ± 90 BONN-1900. 28.5% C, 115 to 126cm 2990 BC 4710± 80 BONN-1901. 35.5% C, 126 to 138cm 2760 BC 5660 ± 90 BONN-1902. 33.8% C, 138 to 146cm 3710 BC 6720 ± 110 BONN-1903. 28.8% C, 146 to 176cm 4770 BC BONN-1904. Pulvermaar, Profile 3, in front of quarry, 1870 ± 90 72 to 74m depth, gyttja, AD 80 10.9% C, 0 to 10cm 1560 ± 70 BONN-1905. 28.8% C, 10 to 21cm AD 390 1960 ± 90 BONN-1906. 13.9% C, 21 to 30cm 10 BC

2080 ± 70 BONN-1907. 10.1% C, 30 to 45cm 130 BC 1720 ± 70 BONN-1908. 10.9% C, 45 to 56cm AD 230 2400 ± 70 BONN-1909. 11.3% C, 56 to 65cm 450 BC 2530 ± 70 BONN-1910. 9.7% C, 65 to 71cm 580 BC 2600 ± 70 BONN-1911. 5.3% C, 71 to 79cm 650 BC 2410± 70 BONN-1912. 13.1% C, 79 to 91cm 460 BC 3440 ± 70 BONN-1913. 29.6% C, 91 to 111cm 1490 BC 3400 ± 70 BONN-1914. 23.2% C, 111 to 140cm 1450 BC 5360 ± 180 BONN-1915. 28.5% C, 140 to 170cm 3410 BC 160 H W Sehar penseci and F Pietig

6420 ± 180 BONN-1916. 31.5% C, 170 to 185cm 4470 BC BONN-1917. Pulvermaar, Profile 4, lake center, 1650 ± 100 74 to 76m depth, gyttja, AD 300 5 . 7 % C , 0t o 18 cm 730±70 BONN-1918. 9.8% C, 18 to 24cm AD 1220 880 ±150 BONN-1919. 7.0% C, 24 to 39cm AD 1070

890 ± 70 BONN-1920. 39 to 49cm AD 1060

730 ± 70 BONN-1921. 49 to 64cm AD 1220

1310 ± 70 BONN-1922. 64 to 81cm AD 640

1730 ± 60 BONN-1923. 81 to 88cm AD 220

2210± 70 BONN-1924. 88 to 106cm 260 BC

2610 ± 70 BONN-1925. 106 to 121cm 660 Bc

3690 ± 70 BONN-1926. 121 to 127cm 1740 BC

3000 ± 70 BONN-1927. 19.1% C, 127 to 142cn1 1050 BC 3310±70 BONN-1928. 26.7% C, 142 to 153cm 1360 BC

3760 ± 90 BONN-1929. 22.9% C, 153 to 163cm 1810 BC

4980 ± 80 BONN-1930. 3.5% C, 163 to 200cm 3030 BC BONN-1931. Pulvermaar, Profile 5, in front of public 1280 ± 60 beach (Badeanstalt), 72 to 74m depth AD 670 gyttja, 7.9% C, 0 to 27cm 1300 ± 60 BONN-1932. 5.6% C, 27 to 42cm AD 650

1860 ± 70 BONN-1933. 6.4% C, 42 to 53cm AD 90 University of Bonn Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 161 1040 ± 70 BONN-1934. 10.2% C, 53 to 60cm AD 910

1150 -±- 70 BONN-1935. 14.7% C, 60 to 67cm AD 800 1810 ± 60 BONN-1936. 23.2% C, 67 to 78cm AD 140 2090 ± 60 BONN-1937. 12.4% C, 78 to 95cm 140 BC 2490 ± 70 BONN-1938. 13.2% C, 95 to 105cm 540 BC 3090 ± 70 BONN-1939. 7.5% C, 105 to 109cm 1140 BC 2910 ± 80 BONN-1940. 8.3% C, 109 to 114cm 960 BC 2750 ± 70 BONN-1941. 21.0% C, 114 to 131cm 800 BC 3450 ± 90 BONN-1942. 18.8% C, 131 to 135cm 1500 BC 4240 ± 100 BONN-1943. 23.7% C, 135 to 144cm 2290 BC 4050 ± 80 BONN-1944. 35.7% C, 144 to 156cm 2100 BC 5170± 180 BONN-1945. 32.5% C, 156 to 160cm 3220 BC

4860 ± 100 BONN-1946. 27.4% C, 160 to 173cm 2910 BC 5140 ± 80 BONN-1947. 33.8 % C, 173 to 203cm 3190 BC Samples colt and subm 1972 by H W Scharpenseel, H Gewehr, and K Kirschey (500 8' N, 6° 55' E). Comment: 14C dates of deepest organic matter in contact with tuff and bedrock, publ by Erlenkauser et al (1970; 1972) date maar producing volcanic events to 11,300 yr, with palynologic estimates of 10,150 yr. Lake water in Pulvermaar, based on surface near sample, taken close to site of Profile 5, is modern (this list, BONN-1722). From local rainfall and evaporation, the water balance is positive and no visible influx nor outflow exists. Failure of the water level to rise correspondingly suggests subterranean water losses. All pro- files are taken in deep water. Due to steep lake bottom, >70m depth, University of Bonn Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 163 720 ± 70 BONN-1957. AD 1230 Wood, Huaca Chotura, dist Lambayeque, to date pre-Spanish pyra- mid (6° 30'S,79° 40'W). 590 ± 70 BONN-1958. AD 1360 Wood, Huaca Chotuna, dist Lambayeque, to date pre-Spanish pyra- mid (6° 30' S, 79° 40' W). 960 ± 80 BONN-1959. AD 990 Charcoal, Quebrada de la Vaca, dist Chala, to date pre-Spanish settlement (15° 48' S, 74° 24' W). 1090 ± 70 BONN-1960. AD 860 Charcoal, Quebrada de la Vaca, list Chala, to date pre-Spanish settlement (15 ° 48' S, 74° 24' W). 820 ± 100 BONN-1961. AD 1130 Charcoal, Quebrada de la Vaca, dist Chala, to date pre-Spanish settlement (15° 48' S, 74° 24' W). 150 ± 100 BONN-1962. AD 1800 Charcoal, Pampa de Taimara, dist Chala, to date pre-Spanish settle- ment (15° 48' S, 74° 24' W). 490 ± 100 BONN-1963. AD 1460 Charcoal, Quebrado de Mocca, dist Chala, to date pre-Spanish settlement (15° 48' S, 74° 24' W). 860 ± 60 BONN-1964. AD 1090 Wood, Inclan, Sama Grande, prov Tacna, to date pre-Spanish settlement (17 ° 45' S, 70° 15' W). 700 ± 70 BONN-1965. AD 1250 Charcoal, Lluta, dist Pachia, to date pre-Spanish settlement (17° 45' S, 70° 15' W). 220 ± 100 BONN-1966. AD 1730 Wood, Lluta, dist Pachia, to date pre-Spanish settlement in Caplina ° valley, S Peru (17 45' S, 70° 15' W). 900 ± 100 BONN-1967. AD 1050 Charcoal, Challatita, dist Pachia, to date pre-Spanish settlement (17° 45' S, 70° 15' W). 104 H 147 Schar enseel and F Pietig 200 x-100 BONN-1968. AD 1750 Wood, Alto de Sama, list Inclan, to date pre-Spanish settlement (17° 45' S, 70° 15' W). 1560 ± 200 BONN-1969. AD 390 Wood, Alto de Sama, list Inclan, to date pre-Spanish settlement (17° 45'S, 70° 15' W). 390 ± 100 BONN-1970. AD 1560 Wood, Alto de Sama, list Inclan, to date pre-Spanish settlement (17° 45' S, 70° 15' W). 110 ± 100 BONN-1971. AD 1840 Wood, Cantalloc, Nazca-Tal, dist Nazca, to date pre- or post Colum- bian drainage canals (15 ° S, 75 ° W). 140 ± 100 BONN-1972. AD 1810 Wood, Majore, Nazca-valley, dist Nazca, to date pre- or post Colum- bian drainage canals (15° S, 75 ° W). 104.8±0.5% BONN-1975. Modern Wooden cane, relics of house wall, Lluta, list Pachia, to date pre- Spanish settlement (17° 45' S, 70° 15' W). 350 ± 100 BONN-1976. AD 1600 Relics from house wall of wooden cane. Lluta, list Pachia, to date pre-Spanish settlement (17° 45' S, 70° 15' W). 520 ± 70 BONN-1977. AD 1430 Relics of wooden pole, Lluta, dist Pachia, to date pre-Spanish settlement (17° 45' S, 70° 15' W). 104.0±0.4% BONN-1978, Modern Relics of wooden pole, Lluta, list Pachia, to date pre-Spanish settle- ment (17° 45' S, 70° 15' W). 140 ± 120 BONN-1979. AD 1810 Relics of wooden house wall made of wooden cane, Lluta, dist Pachia, to date pre-Spanish settlement (17° 45' S, 70° 15' W). 210 ± 100 BONN-1980. AD 1740 Relics of wooden pole, Lluta, dist Pachia, to date pre-Spanish settle- ment (17° 45' S, 70° 15' W). University of Bonn Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII 165 1610 ± 110 BONN-1981. AD 340 Charcoal, Bermejo, dep Ancash, to date pre-Spanish settlement (100 30' S, 78° W). 2450 ± 110 BONN-1982. AD 500 Charcoal, Bermejo, dep Ancash, to date pre-Spanish settlement (10° 30' S, 78° W). Samples coll and subm 1972 by H Trimborn, Inst Anthropol, Bonn Univ. Comment: submitter uses dates within framework of book on pre-Spanish settlements in S Peru. For evaluation of dates, see H Trim- born (1972). REFERENCES Erlenkuser, H, Frechen, J, Straka, H, and Willkomm, H, 1972, Das Alter einiger Eifelmaare nach neuen petrologischen, pollenanalytischen and Radiokarbon- Untersuchungen: Decheniana, v 125, p 113-129. Erlenkauser, H, Straka, H, and Willkomm, H, 1970, Neue '4C-Datierungen zum Alter der Eifelmaare: Eiszeitalter and Gegenwart, v 21, p 177-181. Homann, W, 1968, Tauchen in den Eifelmaaren, Z Delphin, v 10, p 9-10. Okrusch, M, Strunk-Lichtenberg, G, and Gabriel, B, 1973, Vorgeschichtliche Keramik aus dens Tibesti (Sahara), Berichte der Deutschen Keramischen Gesellschaft, v 50, p 261-296. Scharpenseel, H W and Pietig, F, 1969, Einfache Boden-und Wasserdatierung (lurch Messung der '4C-oiler Tritiumkonzentration: Geoderma, v 2, p 273-289. 1970, Alterbestimmung mit dem Fliissigkeits-Szintillations-Spektrometer- Vereinfachte Benzolsynthese, auch aus kleinen CO -Mengen: Atompraxis, v 16,

p1 -2. 1973, University of Bonn natural radiocarbon measurements V, v 15, p 13-41. 1973, University of Bonn natural radiocarbon measurements VI, v 15, p 252-279 . Scharpenseel, H W, Pietig, F, and Kruse, E, Radiocarbon dating of ground water samples in Taiwan: Fu Jen Sci News (in press). Trimborn, H, 1973, Nueva fechas radiocarbonica para algunos monumentos y sitios prehispanicos de la costa peruana: 40th internatl Gong Americanists, proc, 1972, Rome-Genova. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 16, No. 2, 1974, P. 166-177]

RADIOISOTOPES LABORATORY RADIOCARBON DATE LIST I A J SUMODI Dicar Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio 44116

INTRODUCTION The Radioisotopes Laboratory was established in January 1972, in order to supply radiocarbon measurements of various samples to several institutions. Active analyses commenced in June following the testing and evaluation of equipment and known samples for accuracy and re- producibility. During this time, data was accumulated for the statistical establishment of counting accuracy, particularly for background activity. The laboratory utilizes liquid scintillation counting techniques for radiocarbon analysis through conversion of sample carbon to benzene. The underlying principles in the synthesis techniques are those devel- oped by Noakes et al, (1965; 1967; 1971) without major modifications. A vanadium-alumina catalyst (Task) is used at reduced temperature for the acetylene to benzene conversion. The radiocarbon-containing benzene sample is mixed with the scintillator solution and counted in one of 3 Picker Nuclear Corporation Liquimat 220 liquid scintillation spectrometers. Counting time is de- pendent on estimates sample age and is usually 4000-5000 mins. Age calculations are routinely performed on a Wang Model 450 program- mable electronic calculator.

LABORATORY OPERATIONS Samples are routinely inspected under 20X illuminated magnifica- tion for obvious impurities (rootlets, leaves, bush bristles, etc) and are prepared for chemical removal of contaminants. Unless otherwise indi- cated, all samples are routinely pretreated even when no contamination is evident. A charcoal or wood sample free of rootlets is broken into fragments 2 to 3cm long and 5 to 6mm thick, treated with 2.ON NaOH at room temperature and stirred for 24 hrs, filtered, washed and treated in boiling 2.ON NaOH for 3 hrs. Filtering and boiling are repeated with the sample receiving an additional final base soak at room temperature for 48 hrs. The sample is then stored in 2.ON HCI for 48 hrs for carbon- ate removal and minimization of atmospheric carbon dioxide uptake. Washing to neutrality with distilled water completes the procedure. If rootlet contamination is suspected, the standard base treatment is augmented by slightly modified procedures (Michael and Ralph, 1970). The charcoal is placed in concentrated HC1 (18M) followed by slow addition, with stirring, of NaOCI, and remains in solution overnight. Next follows thorough washing and nitration in a 1:1 mixture of con- centrated HNO3, H2SO4 for 2 Firs at room temperature. The residue is

166 A J Sumodi 167 washed to neutrality and extracted with (CH3)2 CO until no further soluble material remains. Washing in distilled water completes the process. The same procedures used for charcoal are employed for wood, with decreased solution times and approximate doubling of sample quantities. The wood is oxidized for 1 hr while nitration is continued for a maximum of 20 mins. Longer duration reduces significant quan- tities of useful sample as discussed by Loudon (1969). After establishing relative peat insolubilities in base solutions, sam- ples are treated in 0.2N NaOH for 30 mins at room temperature, washed to neutrality, and placed in 1.ON HCl at room temperature for 15 mins. A final washing follows. Prior to chemical pretreatment, shells are scoured with a stiff brush and ultrasonically washed for 5 mins when possible. Sample size per- mitting, ca 20% of outer shell layer is removed by acid leach using a quantity of concentrated HCl at room temperature equal to 0.33 times the weight of shell in grams (Loudon, 1973, pers. commun). The residue is then filtered and washed to neutrality in distilled water. Bone is routinely processed and analyzed according to Krueger (1965) and Haynes (1967) for dating bone collagen with slight modifica- tions. Whereas acid concentration is maintained at I.ON bone decom- position continues under refrigeration at 10°C permitting recovery of more collagen. After filtration and washing, the residue is treated with cold 1.ON NaOH for 2 hrs prior to combustion. Various types of foraminifera ... shells and carbonate oozes are routinely treated with NaOCI at room temperature overnight after crushing. The submitter is asked to separate the core material to mini- mize contamination. Table 1 gives the suggested minimum quantities for analysis.

TABLE 1 Minimum suggested sample quantities

Material Amount (g) charcoal 10 wood 10 peat 25-35 bone 300-500 shell 100-150 f oram * 8-10 * sample weight less core material Purified samples are routinely converted to benzene using the methods of Noakes et al, (1965) with ancillary improvements in tech- niques. Lithium is supplied by the Lithium Corporation of America (Lithcoa) in dry packed shot form, and refrigerated until used. The possibility of carbon dioxide decomposition to carbon is avoided as 168 A J Sumodi indicated by Polach (1967) by permitting small quantities of the sample CO2 to be "pulsed" into the lithium chamber. At no time is the pres- sure of the CO2 allowed to build up. The lithium carbide mixture is heated to 900°C for 1 hr and evacuated to insure complete conversion and effective radon removal. Benzene yields may be improved if a dry ice-isopropyl alcohol bath is placed around the catalyst column during acetylene introduction. This results in a negligible production of ethylbenzene and a more uniform utilization of the entire catalyst column during trimerization. These techniques have been found to yield 1 to 3.Og pure benzene from an 8g carbon sample. The sample benzene is placed in tared, low potassium vials, from the Packard Corporation (Packard) and adjusted to a final volume of lOml with spectrophotometric grade benzene. Four ml aliquots of a scintillation solution containing 6.25Og PPO and 0.624g POPOP in 500m1 spectrophotometric grade benzene is added to the sample and dark adapted for 30 mins prior to counting. Sample counts are accumulated for 4 to 6000 mins depending upon estimated sample age. Sample activity is determined in 1 of 3 Picker dual channel liquid scintillation spectrometers operated in the coincidence mode and maxi- mized for exclusion of tritium counts. Discriminator settings are adjusted for 1IC activity isolation and calibrated to accept a moderate range of quenching action through external standards channels ratio. Although it has been found that little, if any, '4C quench occurs, samples are routinely checked and compared with background information for any significant discrepancy. Table 2 gives the pertinent information for each counter.

TABLE 2 Counter Property I II 'C activity (cm-1 g-1) 6.629 7.025 Efficiency (%) 60.58 59.65 Figure of merit * 452 440 Window** 350-625 300-600 3H efficiency 26.23 23.09 Window* 0.050-0.114 0.040-0.116 Average background 8.430 ± 0.029 8.011 ± 0.027 0.028 (cm-1 g-1)

* Defined as E2/B where E = efficiency, B = background. ** Lower and upper discriminator settings, respectively. Fluctuations in the number of accumulated counts due to vial activity are minimized by counting "background" in the same vial with Radioisotopes Laboratory Radiocarbon Date List I 169 the same volume composition as used for sample analysis. Thorough cleaning prevents any interference from residual sample activity. Back- grounds are accumulated for 2 to 3000 mins and averaged with the accumulated total for age calculations. Table 3 gives the average monthly background activity as presently established.

TABLE 3 Average monthly background activity (in cpm)

Month Counter I Counter II III

1972-Qct 8.860 ± 0.043 0.026 0.025 Nov 8.890 ± 0.026 0.017 0.026 Dec 8.657 ± 0.020 0.025 0.023 1973-Jan 8.178 ± 0.027 0.040 0.039 Feb 8.105 ± 0.041 0.024 0.030 Mar 8.172 ± 0.022 0.033 0.022 Apr 8.151 ± 0.023 0.022 0.029 Average 8.430 ± 0.029 0.027 0.028

A slight adjustment was made with the discriminator settings of Counter II in February and again in April to analyze certain character- istics of the photomultiplier tubes. For this reason the apparent changes in averaged monthly background counts are shown in the table. Calculations are affected using 95% activity of NBS 1950 oxalic acid with an accepted half-life of 5568 ± 30 yr as recommended by the editors of RADIOCARBON. The associated error of each age includes the uncer- tainty in sample, background, and standard counts but does not include the half-life uncertainty. Numbers are reported to the nearest decade. Benzene conversion of the oxalic acid standard is effected by "wet" oxidation techniques with, at present, no corrections made for isotope fractionation. Determination of standard specific activity is routinely performed once a month and averaged with an associated background accumulation of the existing data. Submitted reports involve the printer tabulation of accumulated sample and background counts, a duplicate report detailing chemical pretreatment and procedures steps, and a calculation sheet detailing age determinations based on 2Q criterion. For date list publications, these values have been converted to 1. Analysis of samples dated by other sources, is a continuing activity and is performed whenever time and spectrometer availability permit. Table 4 presents the ages determined for various check samples from various sources as currently established. 170 A J Sumodi TABLE 4 Results of check sample analyses

Radioisotopes laboratory Other labs Sample Sample Age no. no. Charcoal DIC-4 1645 90 110 Wis-537 1640 ± 50 Wood DIG-5 12,200 200 230 Wood DIC-6 26,000 800 600 Wood DIC-8 22,020 650 290

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgment is made to David Brose, Department of Anthro- pology, Case Western Reserve University for interpretations and criti- cisms of archaeologic dates; Samuel Savin and Francis G Stehli, Depart- ment of Geology, Case Western Reserve University for help with geologic samples; and Donald Kearns, Picker Nuclear Corp, for im- measurable assistance in laboratory set-up and operation.

SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. United States 1. Michigan 765 ± 70 DIC-1. Indian Trails AD 1185 Human bone from ossuary, Late Woodland Younge tradition mul- tiple reburial. Sample from Indian Trails site (20 MR 4), sand ridge (alt 180m) on S bank of Stoney Creek, Exeter Twp, Monroe Go, Michi- gan (42° 0' 30" N, 83° 47' 30" W). Sample is probably remains of 3 individuals (cranial, pelvic fragments) assoc with a sealed burial pit with ceramics of Macomb Linear and Springwells Net Impressed types. Coil by R Patton; subm by D Brose, Anthropol Dept, Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, Ohio. 880 ± 100 DIC-13. Fisher Lake AD 1070 Human bone from Feature 2, Fisher Lake site, N shore of Big Glen Lake at outlet to Crystal R 3km S of Lake Michigan, Lelanau Go, Michigan (45° 0' N, 83° 0' W). Sample from sealed storage pit on low sand ridge. Matrix consists of fish bone, elk bone, and cultural material including small corner-notched points of local Eastport cherts and ceramics similar to Bois Blanc Braced Rim and Hein's Greek Corded- Stamped types. Coil and subm by D and B Brose. Radioisotopes Laboratory Radiocarbon Date List I 171 900 ± 100 DIC-14. Pemco AD 1050 Human bone from salvage operation on S edge of Tuttle Hill site, Trench D, and composed of bluff top village and burial complex on W bank of Cuyahoga R, Cuyahoga Co, Ohio. Area should relate to Tuttle Hill site (Greenman, 1937) 200m N. Sample represents pit burial assoc with both small corner-notched and triangular points. Assoc ceramics include types analogous to Baum Cord-marked (Griffin, 1943), Anderson Incised (Griffin, 1943), Fairport Plain (Fitting, 1964), Mixter Dentate (Shane, 1967). Coll and subm by D Brose. Comment: pit represents earliest occupation of site. 740 ± 55 DIC-19. Chagrin River AD 1216 Tree branch, possibly red oak, from Chagrin R alluvium, Eastlake, Ohio, alt 200m, (40° N, 81° 26' W) at depth 5m. Root ends oriented uniformly westward. Observed at center of E wall of excavation, over- lain by silt, yellow river gravel and sand, black river gravel and sand. Subm by D Brose. 870 ± 60 DIC-21. Chagrin River AD 1080 Tree branch, possibly poplar, from Chagrin R alluvium, Eastlake, Ohio at depth 5m (c f DIC-19, above). Subm by D Brose. Comment: sample underlies Early Whittlesey phase occupation. 1930 ± 60 DIC-33. Gladieux site, Unit 1, Pit 1 AD 20 Charcoal, from bluff habitation site along N shore of Maumee R, Lucas Co, (41° 35' N, 83° 37' W), 25 to 31cm below surface of cultural pit from single component site, clay. Cultural material typically Western Basin Middle Woodland, similar to material from North Bass Island burial mound. Coil by E J Prahl; subm by D M Stothers, Anthropol and Sociol Dept, Univ Toledo, Toledo, Ohio. Doctor's Site series 780 ± 60 DIC-40. Doctor's site, No. 1-C AD 1170 Charcoal from stratum representing single cultural occupation. Sample from test pit in midden deposit, 15 to 45cm below surface along S side of Ottawa Creek in Lucas Co, Point Place, USGS 71/2' quad (41° 42' N, 83° 30' W). Sample denotes Late Woodland prove- nience culturally related to Peter's phase of Cole horizon. Coil by E J Prahl; subm by D M Stothers. 670 ± 65 DIC-34. Doctor's site, No. 2-C AD 1280 Charcoal from stratum representing single cultural occupation of site No. 2-C (c f DIC-40, above). Coil by E J Prahl, subm by D M Stothers. 172 A J Sumodi 850 ± 65 DIC-39. Doctor's site, No. 3-C AD 1100 Charcoal from stratum representing single cultural deposit (c f DIC-40, above). Coll by E J Prahl; subm by D M Stothers. Waterworks Burial Mound series 1120 ± 55 DIC-51. Waterworks Burial Mound, No. 1-A AD 830 Charcoal, burnt twigs, from hearth feature at base of burial mound, matrix of clayey silt. Feature H2/Sq 1, Lucas Co, Ohio, Reno Beach, ° USGS 7 /2' quad (41° 41' N, 83 18' W), representing Middle Woodland to Late Woodland transition. Coll and subm by D iI Stothers. 1460±55 DIC-36. Waterworks Burial Mound, No. 2-A AD 490 Charcoal in clayey silt from exploratory trench at base of burial mound, assoc with partially charred human skeleton. Feature Tr Du 1, (41° 41' N, 83° 18' W) (c f DIC-51, above). Coll by E J Prahl; subm by D M Stothers. 1460 ± 55 DIC-48. Waterworks Burial Mound, No. 3-A AD 490 Charcoal and clayey silt from fill encompassing a flexed burial at ° ° base of mound. Feature Sq 3/Bu 2 (41 41' N, 83 18' W) (c f DIC-51, above). Coll and subm by D M Stothers. 590 ± 75 DIC-37. Williams site, No. 1-D AD 1360 Charcoal from refuse pit, 15 to 30cm below subsoil in sandy silt on edge of Maumee R flood plain, S of Toledo (41° 31' N, 83° 40' W) Wood Co, 117aumee, USGS 7 /2' quad. Assoc artifactual sample con- sidered representative of Upper Mississippian culture. Coll by E J Prahl; subm by D M Stothers. 1410 ± 65 DIC-60. North Bass Island AD 540 Charcoal, possibly cedar, clayey matrix in File G, 0.3 to 0.6m be- low surface, from crypt with assoc cremations, possibly typical of West- ern Basin Middle Woodland. Mound located on S central shore of North Bass I in W basin of Lake Erie (41° 42' N, 82° 49' W) Ottawa, Co, Put-in-Bay, USGS 71/' quad. Coil by E J Prahl; subm by D M Stothers. 1690 ± 60 DIC-50. North Bass Island, No. 2-B AD 260 Burnt cedar logs from crematory crypt in clayey matrix 0.3 to 0.6m below surface of mound near center and base of mound. Sample from North Bass I burial mound (c f DIC-60, above). Coll by E J Prahl; subm by D M Stothers. Radioisotopes Laboratory Radiocarbon Date List I 173 Patyi-Dowling Site series 480 ± 55 DIC-42. Patyi-Dowling site, No. 1-G AD 1470 Charcoal from burial in yellow sand subsoil overlying sandy humus from fill encompassing burial with grave pit below plow zone. Burial designated Feature 1, Pit Feature 2 (41° 37' 19" N, 83° 55' 05" W) Fulton Co, Ohio. Sample represents Springwells phase. Coll by R Cufr; subm by D M Stothers. 650 ± 50 DIC-55. Patyi-Dowling site, No. 2-G AD 1300 Charcoal from pit 3m from burial containing undefined variant of Macomb Linear ceramics (c f DIG-42, above). Coil by R Cufr; subm by D M Stothers. 2390 ± 100 DIC-53. Bone fragments 440 BC Human bone cremation fragments in sandy matrix representing red ocher Archaic cremation with assoc cremation items. Sample from burial pit below plough zone along flood plain of Maumee R 3.2km SW of Fort Meigs (32° 30' N, 83° 40' 15" W), Wood Co. Coll by Toledo Area Aboriginal Research Club; subm by D M Stothers. Comment: date is slightly more recent than expected and a duplicate sample is being analyzed. Results will be listed later. 2. Tennessee Site 40 series 1660 ± 80 DIC-28. Site 40 LD-45, No. 254 (F 18) AD 290 Finely divided charcoal in clayey matrix from Feature 18, shallow basin-shaped fire pit containing several burned quartzite cobbles. Points of origin 0.3m below present surface, base of Level II midden 35° 45' 22" N, 84° 22' 15" W), Loudon Co. Sample dates Early Woodland oc- cupation of site and adjoining Early Woodland house of same horizon. Coil and subm by M C R McCollough, Anthropol Dept, Univ Ten- nessee, Knoxville. 1700 ± 13 DIC-31. Site 40 LD-45, No. 255 ( F 3) AD 250 Finely divided charcoal in loose dark brown sand, very friable, representing central core of fill of Feature 3, point of origin 0.2m below surface, top of Level II midden, plow zone (c f DIC-28, above). Coll and subm by M C R McCollough. 1310 ± 110 DIC-26. Site 40 LD-45, No. 256 (P H 9) AD 640 Finely divided charcoal with charred river cane and acorns occur- of Level II Midden. ring in S 1 of Postmold 9 with present surface base Occupation believed to be Early Woodland (c f DIC-28, above). Comment: 14C age believed more recent than true age. Coil and subm by M C R McCollough. 174 A J Surn0di 2730 ± 110 DIC-27. Site 40 LD-45, No. 258 (F 12) 780 BC Finely divided charcoal in matrix of brown clay, burnt clay, and charcoal from edge of refuse pit (Feature 12) on compacted floor de- limited by timber windbreak or shelter. Exact provenience is Feature 7, living floor intercalated between Levels III and IV 0.5m below present surface. Date assigned for Level III Midden, Late Archaic occupation and shelter (cf DIC-28, above). Coil and subm by M C R McCollough. 2100 ± 85 DIC-30. Site 40 LD-45, No. 259 (F 11) 150 BC Finely divided charcoal in matrix overlain by secondary fill of dark brown loam from bottom fill of cooking pit (Feature 11). Point of origin 0.5m below present surface (base of Level III) and excavated into yel- low-brown clay of Level IV, 0.8m below present surface (c f DIC-28, above). Coll and subm by M C R McCollough. 1550 ± 95 DIC-29. Site 40 LD-45, No. 262 AD 400 Finely divided charcoal in clayey matrix from deep Archaic living floor (Level V) comprising a thin lens (6cm) at horizon lm below present surface. Sample intercalated between Level IV and Level VI, and represents earliest occupation of site. Occupation is probably as early as Middle Archaic with possible prehistoric flooding (c f DIC-28, above). Coil and subm by M C R McCollough. Comment: date is ques- tionable and sample is being reprocessed. Results will be listed later. 3. Florida 940 ± 145 DIC-44. Cayson West site, No. 1 AD 1010 Charcoal particles from clay wall, 690 E 490 (Feature 3) at 8CA 3 (300 26' N, 85° 01' W) Blountstown, Florida. Coll by J Scarry; subm by D Brose. 840 ± 65 DIC-45. Cayson West site, No. 2 AD 1110 Charcoal from burnt activity floor 2m below present surface of mound. At least 3 subsequent construction stages overlie this floor, and at least 4 such stages underlie it. Profile at edge of platform mound located at 8CA 3 (c f DIC-44). Coll by T Gray; subm by D Brose. 770±60 DIC-46. Cayson West site, No. 3 AD 1180 Charcoal from Level VIII at 495 E 775 in grayish silt 0.7 to 1.3m below surface. Sample represents refuse midden in basket loads, assoc with Wakulla Check-Stamp, Weeden Island Incised, Fort Walton Incised, and Lake Jackson Plain ceramics. Coll by P Essenpreis; subm by D Brose. Radioisotopes Laboratory Radiocarbon Date List 1 175 General Comment: DIC-44, -46 should represent a single early Fort Walton occupation. B. Canada 1890 ± 60 DIC-56. East Sugar Island AD 60 Charcoal from prepared floor of burial mound in ash-clay till. hound at S end of East Sugar I across channel from Serpent mounds (49° N, 79° 08' W), Rice Lake, 31 D/ 1 E quad map Ontario, Canada. Sample represents Middle Woodland occupation. Coll and subm by D M Stothers. II. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. United States +1300 32,420 -1960 DIC-52. Olen Pit 30,570 BC Branch from carbonaceous stratified sand in gravel pit terrace along Big Darby Creek at SE corner of Plain City quad map, Franklin Co, Brown Twp, Ohio, 7.5' quad (40° 0' 10" N, 83° 15' 15" W). Sample overlain by 1.5m till, lOm outwash gravel, underlain by till. Coil by J Antrium; subm by D Fullerton, Ohio Geol Survey, Columbus, Ohio. +375 26,220 -410 DIC-57. Jackson Chapel, RC-2 23,270 BC Wood in silt, weakly calcareous till from S bank of tributary to Scioto R, .09m SSE of Jackson Chapel Crossroads, Franklin Co, Twp, Commercial Point, 7.5' quad (39° 52' N, 83° 01' 30" W). Sample overlain by till of similar appearance and composition, and 2 younger sandy tills. Coll and subm by D Fullerton. 22,210 ± 120 DIC-32. Garfield Hts, RC-3, Schloss No. 1 20,260 BC Unidentified twigs and wood fragments from laminated sand and gravel at W face of inactive gravel pit, 90 to 270m S W of Penn Central crossing on McCracken Blvd, Garfield Hts, Ohio, Cuyalloga Co, Shaker Hts, 7.5' quad (41° 21' N, 81 ° 35' W). Varved sequence overlain by 3 till units and underlain by silt and Illinoian outwash gravel. Coil and subm by D Fullerton and G Groenwald, Ohio Geol Survey, Columbus, Ohio. +580 23,560 -675 DIC-35. Garfield Hts series, RC-4 21,160 BC Twigs and wood fragments from lower 8cm of laminated silt and ° by 2 till units clay (c f DIC-32, above) (41° 25' N, 81 35' W). Overlain 176 A J Sumodi and underlain by gastropod-rich silt, greatly decomposed till, and still older Illinoian outwash gravel. Debris deposited in preglacial lake formed in the Millcreek valley during initial ice advance that deposited till overlying lake sediment. Coll and subm by D Fullerton and G Groenwold. +665 24,520 -800 DIC-38. Garfield Hts series, RC-5 22,570 BC Unidentified log from W wall of gravel pit 35m NW of Penn- Central crossing (41 ° 25' N, 81 ° 35' W). Sample enclosed entirely by lake sediment with base resting on upper contact of loess (cf DIC-32). Varves directly overly upper loess and are overlain by silt and Hiram till. Coll and subm by D Fullerton and G Groenwald. +400 22,230 -450 DIC-41. Eaton Cut, RC-6 20,280 BC Wood fragments from W Bank of Seven Mile Creek, SE of Frederick Dr, Eaton, Ohio, NW 1/, SE 1, W, 3 T.7N, R 2E (39° 44' N, 84° 38' W). Sample from 0.5m above base of Fayette till (Thomas, 1970), 6.6m thick, overlain by lacustrine-fluvial sediments and complex of younger till units. Coll and subm by R A Struble, Ohio Geol Survey. +535 24,440 -615 DIC47. Talawanda Creek, RC-7 22,490 BC Wood, portion of unidentified log from E bank of Talawanda or Fourmile Creek, 4.8km N of Oxford, NE 1, NW 1, 4, Sec II, Oxford Twp, Butler Co (39° 33" N, 84° 44' W), Ohio. Sample from bedded calcareous sand from U 44 (Durrell, 1961). Coll and subm by R A Struble. DIC-43. Camden Section, RC-8 42,000 Wood fragments from log in Camden S, 3.2km N Camden, Ohio, Camden morain, Sec 33, Somers Twp, S Eaton quad (39° 40' N, 84° 39' W). Sample from tentatively identified Whitewater till, overlain by at least 2 younger tills. Coll by T Agne and M De Wine; subm by R A Struble.

3. South Pacific 1380 ± 85 DIC-17. AD 570 Benthonic Foraminifera (diatom-nannoplankton ooze) in carbonate core, 0 to 6cm fraction from top, (54° 44.2' S, 120° 00' W) South Pacific Ocean, at depth 1500 fathoms. Coil by A V Eltanin; subm by R Douglas, F Stehli, and S Savin, Geol Dept, Case Western Reserve Univ. Radioisotopes Laboratory Radiocarbon Date List I 177 2530 ± 85 DIC-12. AD 580 Benthonic Foraminifera (c f DIC-17), from 3 to 8cm depth in core. 10,710 ± 165 DIC-15. 876 BC Benthonic Foraminifera (c f DIC-17), below top of core. 13,650 ± 140 DIC-11. 11,700 BC Benthonic Foraminifera (c f DIC-17), from 24 to 28cm depth in core. 15,680 ± 550 DIC-54. 13,730 BC Benthonic Foraminifera (c f DIC-17), from 72 to 78cm depth in core. Comment: sample CO2 mixed with "dead' material to increase 06H6 yield. REFERENCES Durrell, R H, 1961, The Pleistocene geology of the Cincinnati area, Field Trip 3, in: Geol Soc America Guidebook for Field Trips, New York, Geol Soc America, p 47-57. Fitting, James, 1964, Ceramic relationships of four Late Woodland sites in northern Ohio: The Wisconsin Archaeologist, v 45, p 160-175. Greenman, E F, 1937, Two Prehistoric villages near Cleveland, Ohio: Ohio State Archaeol and Hist Quart, v 46, p 305-366. Griffin, J E, 1943, The Fort Ancient aspect: Ann Arbor, Michigan, Univ Michigan Press. Haynes, C V, 1967, Bone organic matter and radioactive dating, in: Symposium of radioactive dating and methods of low level counting, Proc, IAEA, 1967, Vienna, Austria. Krueger, H W, 1965, Preservation and dating of collagen in ancient bone, in: 6th internatl conf on radiocarbon and tritium dating, Proc, USAEC conf-650652, Pullman, Washington. Lowdon, J A, Wilmeth, R, and Blake, W, Jr, 1969, Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon date list VIII: Radiocarbon, v 11, p 22-42. Michael, H W, and Ralph, E K, 1970, Dating techniques for the archaeologist: Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press, p 15. Noakes J E, 1971, Modern aspects of liquid scintillation counting, in: Neary, M P (ed), Liquid scintillation: Fullerton, California, Beckman Instruments, Inc, p 8-1- 8-22. Noakes, J E, Kim, S M, and Akers, L K, 1967, Recent improvements in benzene chemistry for radiocarbon dating: Geochim et Cosmochim Acta, v 31, p 1094-1096. Noakes, J E, Kim, S M, and Stipp, J J, 1965, Chemical and counting advances in liquid scintillation age dating: 6th internatl conf on radiocarbon and tritium dating, Proc, USAEC conf-650652, Pullman, Washington. Polach, H A and Stipp, J J, 1967, Improved synthesis techniques for methane and benzene radiocarbon dating: Jour Appl Radiation and Isotopes, v 18, p 359-364. Shane, 0 C, III, 1967, The Mixter site, in: Prufer and McKenzie (eds), Studies in Ohio archaeology: Cleveland, Western Reserve Univ Press, p 121-186. Thomas, J B, 1970, Illinoian-Wisconsin Pleistocene deposits at Eaton, Ohio: Geol Soc America Bull, v 81, p 3433-3436. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 16, No. 2, 1974, P. 178-191] HARWELL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS I R L OTLET and B S SLADE Nuclear Physics Division, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Berkshire, England The Low-level Measurements Laboratory at AERE, Harwell was set up some years ago principally to measure natural levels of tritium in water for hydrologic applications. The measurement of 14C in ground- water carbonates was a logical development from this work. In the pe- riod 1971-73 the measurement system has been extended to include archaeologic samples and this is the first list of dates for samples sub- mitted during that period. Liquid scintillation techniques are used for radiocarbon dating. Two Packard Model 3375 liquid scintillation spectrometers are used for counting. Benzene production essentially follows the method of Polach and Stipp (1967). A proprietary catalyst (Mobile Durabead I) is used for the acetylene trimerization stage but faster reaction time can be achieved if the already activated material is further activated with Vanadium. In the acetylene preparation, good yields (960), when han- dling up to 15L of CO2, have been obtained working at ca 50% Li excess. In counting early samples, benzene produced was added to a Tol- uene based scintillator containing 0.4 g/l PPO and 0.05 g/1 dimethyl POPOP, as suggested by Tamers (1965). An approximately constant mixture of 3m1 benzene sample with 1lml Toluene was used. Since HAR-228, larger volume benzene samples (up to 8m1) have been rou- tinely produced and the Toluene scintillator dropped in favor of a proprietary benzene based liquid scintillator (NE 231A). This latter mixture allows a wide range of sample to scintillant proportions (eg, 1:13 up to 8:6 in 14ml total solution) with only slight changes in counting characteristics which can be fully allowed for using automatic external standardization (Packard Model 3375) reading. A further ad- vantage is that in the event of a vial leaking during the counting pe- riod, a pro-rata correction, based on the observed weight loss, can be correctly applied. Leaking vials caused considerable difficulty in the initial setting up and testing period. Standard Packard vials leak with Toluene/Benzene to some degree, although with cooled counting units, leakage can easily be masked by an apparent gain in weight probably due to moisture absorption in the plastic lids. A good seal is now achieved with an Indium foil washer (0.008cm) held firmly to the spe- cially ground vial top by a rubber washer (0.165cm) used in place of the usual cork/aluminium pressure pad. A Teflon washer (0.026cm) in between prevents damage to the Indium when tightening the screw cap. With this seal it is possible to keep samples, eg, oxalic acid standards, for more than 12 months without loss. The 2 liquid scintillation spec- trometers have similar characteristics for background (_i8.5cpm) and ef- ficiency (-70%) at optimum S/ V B settings (channels 100-600). Cycling 178 R L Otlet and B S Slade 179 and computational procedures similar to those described by Polach (1967) are employed. All ages are calculated using the Libby half-life of 5570 years and 0.95 NBS oxalic modern standard with AD 1950 as reference year. Back- ground samples from marble, coke, or fuel oil are routinely prepared to check background stability of the whole process with occasional calibra- tion checks using freshly made NBS oxalic acid standards. In the latter case only dry combustion is used, which shows less scatter on results than wet techniques. Negligible fractionation occurs, thus avoiding 613C corrections. 13C/12C ratios are measured by a subsidiary laboratory to ca ± 1%0. The published dates are all corrected for S13C in the usual way (Broecker and Olson, 1961). Standard deviations based on all accountable errors in the measure- ment process, eg, the allowance for background and calibration uncer- tainties is based on the observed long term reproducibility; and not merely on the counting statistics of the measured sample. Conventional pretreatment processes have been used throughout. Bone determinations are always based on collagen ages.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We should like to acknowledge the support of our Group Leader, D B Smith and the work of our colleagues, D G Humphreys, G A Brad- burn, and D B Punter. Our special thanks to the contributors of the samples for their comments and permission to publish their results in this list. I. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. England & Wales 6370 ± 150 HAR-78. WIN 4420 BC 6130 = -28.7% Wood from submerged forest stock, Newport Pembrokeshire (52° 1' 35" N, 4° 50' 30" W). In situ in peat layer at mid-tide level, -0.6m. Coll and subm by C Kidson. Comment (CK): date agrees with others from similar material from this level at other points in Cardigan Bay. St Aldates series, Oxford The samples are assoc with a low bank of blue clay at site of 79/80 St Aldates (51° 44' 46" N, 10 15' 20" W) which may be alluvial but could be man-made (Hassall, 1972). Coll and subm by T G Hassall, 1971-72. 1120 ± 110 HAR-7985. Wattle 434 AD 830 s13c = Vertical stake of hazel wood, 25mm diam twig with bark, supporting a wattle fence set on the clay bank. The surface of the bank was un- weathered; the clay had either been dumped, or radically reshaped 180 R L Otlet and B S Slade shortly before erection of fence. Both were apparently rapidly sealed by layers of alluvium. Comment (TGH): result agrees well with ceramic and stratigraphic evidence. Pottery from clay surface was dated by thermo- luminescence to AD 745 ± 62 (OX TL-141C). 1140 ± 110 HAR-125. Wattle 472 AD 810 6130 = -28.6/ Hazel wood vertical stake that supported a low wattle fence but was set in alluvium on side of a clay bank. Comment (TGH): stratigraph- ically, date should be later than HAR-7985 but result is generally sat- isfactory. The thermoluminescence date was also earlier than that rela- tive to HAR-79/85, ie, AD 700 ± 74 (OX TL-141D). 2600 ± 120 HAR-209. Lin Coll 46 650 BC 6130 = -25.72 Seeds and soil from gritty silt overlying flood-plain gravel and sealed by thick blue clay assumed part of bank at 7980 St Aldates on opposite side of road. Comment (TGH): if date is accurate for deposi- tion of clay bank, the clay must be alluvial because a man-made struc- ture of that date is almost inconceivable. If clay was man-made an earlier date than HAR-79/85 is expected, ie, late 8th century AD. 1110 ± 100 HAR-190. Grave 2 AD 840 6130 = -28.4% Charcoal (probably oak) from a charcoal burial, ie, an extended inhumation on a bed of cold charcoal outside the W end of Christ ° Church Cathedral, Oxford (510 44' 46" N, 1 15' 10" W), presumed site of St Frideswide's minster, founded in the 8th century. Coil and subm by T G Hassall (1973). Comment (TGH): date confirms existence of religious activity on site in the 9th century and supports theory of a religious foundation in the 8th century. Pre-dates earliest certain docu- mentary reference to St Frideswide's minster by 150 yr, and shows this form of burial was Saxon and not Danish as supposed. 730 ± 100 HAR-191. Wattle 80 AD 1220 613C = -28.4%0 Wood, 30mm diam with bark, from a wattle fence in a silted-up ditch dug into alluvium on which the priory of Blackfriars, Oxford ° ° (51 45' 18" N, 1 15' 34" W) was built. The ditch was sealed by floor levels of the priory. Coil and subm by T G Hassall (1973). Comment (TGH): result agrees well with documentary evidence of friars' arrival in Oxford in 1221. They began building priory ca 1236 and finished in 1245. Alluvium possibly accumulated as a result of late Saxon bridge building; the ditch was used for agriculture or land drainage shortly before the friars occupied the site. Harwell Radiocarbon Measurements I 181 Castle Hill series, Huddersfield Site of Iron age fortifications at Almondbury, 5.5km S of Hudders- field (53° 37' N, 1° 45' W). Coil and subm by W J Varley, 1971-72, unless noted otherwise (Varley, 1973). 2410 ± 110 HAR-83. Site 35.2 460 BC 613C = -24.6% Charcoal ash from occupation floor behind inner rampart of Iron age defenses and sealed by burnt debris of destruction. Coil Oct 1972 by A Havercrof t. 2470 ± 130 HAR-84. 35-B 520 BC b13C = -27.O% Charcoal (Quercus sessili floras) from a charred log at base of inner rampart of Bivallate Fort, the penultimate stage of Iron age defenses. Part of sample was also sent to Isotopes, Inc for dating: I-5931: 2540 ± 95. 2400 ± 110 HAR-135. Site 31.11 450 BC 6130 -24.9% Charcoal ash from occupation floor immediately behind inner ram- part of Iron age defenses and sealed by burnt debris of destruction. Coil July 1970 by A Challis. Comment (WJV): result confirms that for HAR-83. 800 ± 100 HAR-143. Site 32, Stake AD 1150 6130 = -24.4% Wood stake found point upwards at corner of boat-shaped pit containing coins (1160-1250) and medieval pottery (12th-13th century AD). Coil July 1970 by A Havercroft. Comment (WJV): confirms historic view that upper portion of visible earthworks was erected in the 12th century AD. 4060 ± 130 HAR-182. Site 40, Lowest level 2110 BC 8130 = -24.5 Charcoal from occupation floor underlying earliest defenses. Coil June 1972 by B Slade. 2480 ± 110 HAR-183. Site 40 530 BC 6130 = -23.8%a Charcoal (Quercus sessili florus) from a timber insert in base of in- ner rampart (subsequently charred) at SW end of Iron age defenses. Rams Hill series Bronze age earthwork enclosure at Rams Hill, Berkshire (510 34' 30" N, 1° 32' 56" W). Five samples from S entrance of Bronze age 182 R L Otlet and B S Slade ditched and palisaded enclosure lying within the defensive circuit of an early Iron age hill fort. Sequence probably begins with a ditched enclosure dated by an early Bronze age collared urn found in excava- tions of 1938-39 and continues through successive palisaded enclosures. Samples refer to later phases. HAR-232 is from a palisade that was either a freestanding enclosure or revetment to a rubble bank (Piggott and Piggott, 1940; Bradley and Ellison, 1973). Samples coll and subm Dec 1972 by R Bradley and A .Ellison. 3020 ± 90 HAR-228. Sample 113 1070 BC 6130 _ -26.570 Charcoal from a post hole within palisade flanking W terminal of S entrance. Comment (RB&AE): dates outer line of double palisaded enclosure; inner line is dated by HAR-229. 2960 ± 80 HAR-229. Sample 114 1010 BC 613C = -25.5%0 Ash, etc from filling of inner line of double palisaded enclosure cutting W terminal of S entrance. Comment (RB&AE): see HAR-228, above. 2690 } 70 HAR-230. Sample 163 740 BC 6130 =-24.3%0 Charcoal from a patch within sarsen packing, cutting primary levels of S entrance (E terminal). Comment (RB&AE): dates possible palisaded enclosure secondary to ditch of entrance. Compared with HAR-231, date seems too young. 3000 ± 90 HAR-231. Post Holes, 168 1050 BC 613C = -23.9/ Charcoal from 2 patches within sarsen packing, cutting primary lev- els of S entrance (E terminal). Comment (RB&AE): see HAR-230, above. 3010 ± 70 HAR-232. Sample 197 1060 BC 6130 = -26.1 %o Charcoal from chalk packing of palisade trench within enclosure at S entrance. Comment (RB&AE): dates palisade trench, possibly revet- ing a rubble rampart within S entrance, or part of a free standing enclosure. Longbridge Deverill series, Wiltshire Iron age settlement (Valera, 1961) at Longbridge Deverill Cow Down, Wiltshire (51° 10' N, 2° 10' W). Samples coll Se,pt 1960 and subm Nov 1972 by Mrs S C Hawkes. Other dates from site were previ.. Harwell Radiocarbon Measurements 1 183 ously reported: NPL-104 (R, 1966, v 8, p 340) and NPL-105-106 (R, 1968, v 10, p 115-116). NB: House 4 given here is called House 3 and, similarly, House 3 here is called House 4 in the 1st ref (Valera, 1961). 2390 ± 70 HAR-253. Pit 37 (Bottom) 440 BC 613C = -24.6% 0 Carbonized grain, mainly barley, from Layer 4, base of grain stor- age pit. Stratified below charcoal sample in Layer 3, previously dated, NPL-109: 490 ± 90 Be. Comment (SCH): agrees very closely with NPL results for charcoal from same pit, but both dates are higher (earlier) than expected on archaeologic grounds. 2420 ± 60 HAR-254. PH 198, House 4 470 BC S13C = -25.7% Charcoal (Quercus robur) sample from charred stump of post in main ring post-circle. From smallest of 4 Iron age round houses on site. 2330 ± 60 HAR-255. PH 104, House 3 380 BC 813C = -25.7% Charcoal (Quercus robur) sample from base of charred post in main ring structural post circle, from latest of 4 large Iron age round houses on site. Comment (SCH): date is just about as expected. 2440 ± 90 HAR-256. PH 217, House 4 490 BC 613C = -24.77 0 Charcoal (Quercus robur) from base of charred post in porch of House 4. Comment (SCH): agrees well with other sample from same house (HAR-254) and date is as expected. Winchester Research Unit series Samples from excavations at Winchester, England by above unit (Biddle, 1970; 1972; 1974). Coll June 1969 to Sept 1971 and subm Feb 1973 by M Biddle. 1240 ± 60 HAR-288. Brook Street, F 778 AD 710 613C = -26.0%0 Part of timber-lined well, Trench III, House XI, Layer 2670 (BS ° 71-1199); pre-dating the main sequence of house structures (51 3' 37" N, 1° 18' 39" W). Comment (MB): surviving timber shows that ca 48 rings should be added to this date, plus an unknown number for timber lost in squaring up. A date of at least AD 760 ± 60 is therefore indicated. Correction (Switsur, 1973) of the raw radiocarbon date suggests, how- ever, AD 742 ± 60, as calendar age of sample. Allowing for surviving 184 R L Otlet and B S Slade outer rings, ca AD 790 ± 60 is suggested, falling in the period of pre- urban development on site. 880 ± 60 HAR-293. Wolvesey Palace, F 2370 AD 1070 613C = -26.6%a Wood from foundation timbers of West Hall of Wolvesey Palace (51° 3' 24" N, 1° 18' 39" W), Room 41-40, (WP 71-70); 27 rings from center-total 34 rings. Comment (MB): surviving timber shows that at least 7 rings should be added to date. Calibration (Switsur, 1973) of raw radiocarbon date suggests, however, AD 1088 ± 60 as the calendar age of the sample. Allowing for surviving outer rings, ca AD 1095 ± 60 is suggested. Since further rings are certainly missing, and the date sug- gested for the W Hall on archaeologic and architectural grounds is ca 1110, the 14C date and other indications agree completely. 1240 ± 70 HAR-294. Southgate Street, Burial 1, 1971 AD 710 613C = -22.0% Human bone rib cage, vertebrae and pelvis from burial on upper- most silt of ditch barring access through Roman S gate of Winchester (51° 3' 26" N, 1° 19' 10" W). Comment (MB): calibration (Switsur, 1973) of the raw radiocarbon date suggests AD 742 ± 70 as calendar age of sample. It was believed burial might date to mid-5th to later 6th century AD, but any date between ca AD 450 and ca 880 was possible. Reconsideration of the relative sequence of the site in light of the radiocarbon date tends to confirm its probable accuracy. 1070 ± 60 HAR-295. Castle Yard 1969, Layer 1528 AD 880 613C = -24.O% Animal bone from occupation rubbish on surface of earliest of 8 ° ° Anglo Saxon (pre-1067) streets (51 3' 37" N, 1 19' 10" W). Comment (MB): calibration (Switsur, 1973) of raw radiocarbon date suggests AD 902 ± 60 as calendar age of sample. According to Biddle (1970, p 287) the street is laid out "not later than the mid-10th century and probably before ca 904". Subsequently, historic date is refined to ca 880-886, thus agreeing with 14C date. Castercliff series Site of a hill fort at Castercliff, Nelson, Lancashire (53° 50' 26" N, 2° 10' 38" W). Col and subm by D G Coombs, Manchester Univ. 2460 ± 60 HAR-287. CC70 I(1) 510 Bc S13C = -25.3% Charcoal from charred end of a post from back revetment of a narrow timber box rampart. Comment (DGC): the end of the post was burnt before insertion to prevent rapid decay. Thus, dates construction Harwell Radiocarbon Measurements I 185 of unfinished outer rampart of fort, and agrees well with other recent dates for similar ramparts. 2460 ± 70 HAR-286. CC71 A1(a) 510 BC 8130 = -25.4% Charcoal from a burnt beam on the old ground surface under a nitrified inner rampart to which timber belonged. Comment (DGC): date agrees well with other recent dates for similar ramparts. B. Scotland 4030 ± 120 HAR-157. Shieldaig, Sample 1 2080 BC 6130 = -26.4% Unburnt wood from sandy soil underlying peat at Shieldaig, Wester Ross, Scotland (57° 30' 45" N, 5° 39' 30" W). Reportedly from deeper sand where battered back microlithic flints were found. Precise relation of wood to flints is unknown. Coll Aug 1970 by A Macaulay and subm Feb 1972 by M J Walker. Comment (MJW): wood may have been part of an artifact, perhaps a trap, as it was perforated and roughly fusiform in shape. It was part of a surface colln of lithic and other material revealed during gravel-working and road-building operations, and dated to determine if it was of prehistoric age. Subsequent archaeologic excavations (1973) were undertaken by MJW in nearby undisturbed ground. See comment for HAR-163, below. 3720 ± 525 HAR-163. Shieldaig, Sample 2 1770 BC 8130 = -26.0% Charcoal from peat overlying sandy soil in which battered back type flints were found, and ca 40cm below surface at Shieldaig, Wester Ross, Scotland (57° 30' 4" N, 5° 40' 5" E). Coll and subm April 1972 by M J Walker. Comment (MJW): despite large error term, because of small sample size, date is acceptable for late Atlantic/early sub-Boreal pine forest. Sample was removed from exposed face of gravel pit before adjacent excavation was made in 1973, which revealed extensive re- mains of pine forest at approx same depth below surface, but overlying an ancient sand dune. Upper 10cm of dune contained Mesolithic flint, quartz, and bloodstone chipped lithic assemblage. Dune probably ac- cumulated during 5th millennium BC, and Mesolithic assemblage fol- lowed but preceded subsequent afforestation. Hopefully, more pine re- mains will be dated and palynologic studies will further assist chrono- logic assignment of occupation. 2560 ± 525 HAR-158. Glenbane Hole, Sample 1 610 BC 8130 = -26.0%0 Charcoal from side of eroded deposit in entrance chamber at Glen- bane Hole, Inchnadamph, Sutherland (58° 5' 10" N, 4° 58' W), from 186 R L Otlet and B S Slade various layers in uniform deposit some 2m deep against E wall of en- trance chamber (Walker, 1973). Comments: insufficient sample for more accurate results. (MJW) : eroded clay in entrance chamber of cave showed flecks of charcoal in exposed sec. Samples were dated in the interest of prehistoric archaeology since other caves with sediments containing prehistoric material were nearby. No archaeologic material was found in the cave. Date, despite high error term, suggests that the sediments may be old, if not perhaps quite as old as other cave deposits in W Sutherland. C. Spain 4080 ± 130 HAR-146. El Prado, Sample 1 2130 BC 6131 _ -1.40 Unburnt bone from surface of fields; probably from a Copper age settlement disturbed by ploughing at Jumilla, 1\Turcia (38° 27' 32" N, 1° 19' 24" W). Coll Aug 1969 by J Molina and M J Walker. Subm Feb 1972 by MJW. Comment (MJW): although sample was from unstratified soil, radiocarbon date agrees well with other ceramic and lithic material coll by J Molina at same station indicating a Copper age settlement at El Prado. 5370 ± 350 HAR-155. Terrera Venturas, Samples 1 and 2 3420 BC 6130 = -26.0%a Two charcoal samples put together from the side of an old archaeo- logic sec, 1.OOm below surface of the same Copper age settlement at Tabernas, Almerca (37° 29' 30" N, 2° 24' 33" W). Coil Aug 1970 by F G Jimenez and M J Walker. Subm Feb 1972 by MJW. Comments: larger than usual error term for this age is due to insufficient sample, even when added together. (MJW): radiocarbon date suggests a very early Copper age occupation. Recent excavations (Gusi, pers commun) uncovered 3 stratigraphic levels; the uppermost, which contains Beaker pottery, might correspond to later radiocarbon date. The site is exten- sive, and an occupation lasting perhaps 1000 yr might not be totally unacceptable, despite surprisingly early date. 4030 ± 80 HA1I-298. Terrera Venturas, Sample 3 2080 BC 613C = Charcoal from side of old archaeologic sec at ca 0.50m below sur- face. Copper age settlement as described for HAR-155. Coil Aug 19 7 0 by F G Jimenez and subm Feb 1972 by M J Walker. Comment (MJW): date perhaps corresponds to phase of Copper age occupation character- ized by Beaker pottery, subsequently defined by recent excavations (Gusi, pers commun). Harwell Radiocarbon Measurements I 187 HAR-160. Cueva de los Tiestos 3790 ± 115 (Cueva de los Murcielagos) 1040 BC 8130 = -22.3% Burnt barley from a sealed Copper age interment in a cave at ° Jumilla, Murcia (38° 29' 48" N, 1 22' 14" W). Coil Aug 1969 by J Molina and subm Feb 1972 by M J Walker. Comment (MJW): material from excavations indicates that assemblage is Copper age burial typical of SE Spain. Date agrees well with archaeologic assessment. The burial cave is perhaps roughly contemporary with the El Prado site, dated by HAR-146, above. 2740 ± 110 HAR-177-III. Cerro de Juan Climaco, Sample 1 790 BC 3130 _ -17.1% Unburnt bones from ground surface and sides of gullies that eroded prehistoric deposits on above site at Rambla de Lebor, Totana, 11'Iurcia (37 ° 45' 36" N, 1° 33' 56" W). Coll Dec 1968 and subm Feb 1972 by M J Walker. Comment (MJW): material coil here is of Copper age. Radiocarbon determination on surface material suggests a later attribu- tion. However, the bones could well be from later animals, as there is an extensive nearby Bronze age settlement (La Bastida). Another pos- sibility is that the Juan Climaco site is really contemporary with the latter. 1500 ± 100 HAR-178-III. El Castillico, Sample 1 AD 450 8130 = -21.4 Unburnt animal bone from sealed deposits of an early Iron age dwelling at Corral de los Villaricos, El Sabinar, Moratalla, Murcia (38° 10' 52" N, 2° 11' 18" W) (Walker, 1971, p 139). Coil Aug 1969 and subm Feb 1972 by M J Walker. Comment (MJW): date disagrees with archaeologic assignment of settlement. Sample is probably contaminated by later deposits since cultural context of site is at least 1000 yr earlier than radiocarbon date. 7200 ± 160 HAR-179-III. Abrigo Grande, Sample 2 5250 BC 8130 = -17.5%0 Animal bones from Layers 1 and 2, Barranco de Grajos, Cieza, Murcia (38° 15' 55" N, 1° 22' 54" W). Coil Sept 1970 and subm Feb 1972 by M J Walker. Comment (MJW): layers in which bones occurred contained non-geometric flint industry and plain and impressed pottery, overlying layers with similar flints but lacking pottery in aeolian sands and thermoclastic scree, respectively (Layers 3 and 4). One sherd of cardial impressed pottery, found on the surface, was similar to those of other sites in France and Italy, as well as from a slightly later date at another site (Coveta de 1'or) in SE Spain. Site demonstrates continuity of lithic traditions from aceramic to ceramic containing layers. A nearby rock shelter contains anthropomorphic rock paintings and animal depic- 188 R L Otlet and B S Slade tions. This acceptable radiocarbon date for the onset of the Neolithic in SE Spain might also give context for some naturalistic rock art in the area (Walker, 1970). 5120 ± 620 HAR-180. Abrigo Grande, Samples 1 and 3 3170 BC Charcoal, Sample 1, and bone, Sample 3, from Barranco de los Grajos, Cieza, Murcia (38° 15' 55" N, 10 22' 54" W). Charcoal from lowest layer, 4, close to bed-rock of cave shelter, in an aceramic layer with Epipalaeolithic implements, similar to overlying Layer 3. Bone from Layers 2 and 4. Coll Sept 1970 and subm Feb 1972 by M J Walker. Comment: large error due to insufficient sample. Comment (MJW): date is doubtful in view of acceptability of HAR-179-III for overlying layers. Bone may have been from later disturbance, since some came from an excavation with traces of disturbance. HAR-193. Villena, Sample A >32,000 513C =-27.3%0 Peat from a Quaternary deposit (Cuenca Paya, 1973), from -11 to -14m, of Vinalopo valley, Alicante (38° 38' N, 00 52' W). Coil Aug 1971 by A Cuenca Paya and subm Feb 1972 by M J Walker. Comment: (MJW): peat layer is stratified below and above gley soils and clays with intercolated sandy lenses. Uppermost 8m of column comprised post- glacial aeolian sands. Radiocarbon date of last glacial age from the peat is therefore acceptable. II. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. En-gland & Wales Woodhall Spa series Fen peat samples from sites near Woodhall Spa, Lincolnshire (K Valentine, 1973). Coll and subm Aug 1971 by K Valentine, Reading Univ. Other samples from same horizons were dated by Radiocarbon Dating Lab, Stockholm, and are noted. 4080 ± 130 HAR-147. Sample 499 2130 BC 8130 = -27.0% From basal layer of peat overlain by blue-gray clay and overlying a Groundwater Gley soil in coarse sand and clay 206 to 211cm below surface at Timberland Dales (53° 8' N, 00 14' W). Comment: compares with Stockholm result, IGS-C 14/ 111: 3980 ± 100. 3770 ± 130 HAR-148. Sample 502 1820 BC 513 = -26.2% 3950 ± 120 HAR-189. Sample 502 2000 BC S13C = -27.3% From basal layer of peat overlain by blue-gray clay and overlying a Harwell Radiocarbon Measurements I 189 Gley Podzol paleosol in coarse sand and gravel 223 to 228cm below surface at Tattershall Bridge (53° 5' N, 0° 13' W). Comment: 2nd measurement, HAR-189, from same sample was made because Stockholm result, IGS-014/112: 4130 ± 100, from material from the same horizon, Sample 510, seemed significantly older. The 2nd result agrees better but over-all scatter may be indicative of a non-contemporary contaminant that could not be successfully removed in pretreatment processes. 3620 ± 130 HAR-149. Sample 494 1670 BC 6130 = -25.6%.0 From basal peat overlain by blue-gray fen clay and overlying Humus Iron Podzol in coarse sand 123 to 128cm below surface at Thorpe Tilney Dales (53° 7' N, 0° 14' W). Comment (KV): date is more recent than others in series possibly because it 1s much nearer the surface and subject to contamination by modern roots. 4160 ± 130 HAR-150. Sample 492 2210 BC 613C = -27.3%u From upper layer of peat overlain by blue-gray fen clay and over- lying coarse sand containing Groundwater Gley paleosol, 235 to 239cm below surface at Kirkstead Bridge (53° 8' N, 0° 15' W). Comment: comparable with Stockholm result, IGS-014/109: 3945 ± 100. 4120 ± 130 HAR-151. Sample 504 2170 BC $13C = -25.3% From basal peat overlain by blue-gray fen clay and overlying a Humus Iron Podzol paleosol in coarse sand 180 to 185cm below surface at Timberland Dales (53° 8' N, 0° 14' W). Comment (KV): sample was not measured by Stockholm but is only a few m away from Sample 499 (HAR-147) qv. 4210 ± 120 HAR-192. Sample 490 2260 BC 6130 =-27.-i From basal layer of peat overlain by blue-gray clay overlying Groundwater Gley paleosol in coarse sand 255 to 260cm below surface at Kirkstead Bridge (53° 8' N, 0° 15' W). Comment (KV): upper layer of same peat from profile dated as HAR-150, qv. Sproughton series These samples comprise 2 groups: HAR-260, a branch enclosed in twigs and organic silt, and HAR-259, -261, and -262, which consist of leaves from cross-bedded sands in thick sediment of fluvial sands and gravels. The organic silts are dissected by a buried channel, infilled by the fluvial sands and gravels. All deposits are exposed in a gravel pit excavated into the base of the Gipping valley beneath the present flood 190 R L Otlet and B S Slade plain at Sproughton, Ipswich (52° 3' 26" N, 1° 7' 18" E). Coil and subm by J Rose, Birbeck College, Univ London. 14C General Comment (JR): date of organic silt suggests deposit accu- mulated during Weichselian Late Glacial Thermal Optimum (Late Older Dryas/Early Aller¢d), while 14C dates from sands and gravels indicate fluvial aggradation during Weichselian Late Glacial Climatic Deterioration (Late Allerod/Younger Dryas) and initial part of Fland rian. The unconformity between the 2 deposits indicates river dissec- tion sometime after 11,940 BP and before deposition of base of sands and gravels that include organic material dated 11,640 BP (Rose, 1973). Samples coil and subm by J Rose. 9880 ± 120 HAR-259. Sample 1 7930 BC 8130 = -29.6% Willow twigs (Salix spp) from organic fragments enclosed in small scale, sand cross-set, near top of fluvial sands and gravels. Alt: + l .Om. 11,940 ± 180 HAR-260. Sample 14 9990 BC 6130 = -26.4% Wood from a single branch enclosed in organic silt, separated by an unconformity from fluvial sands and gravels in a stratigraphically lower position. Alt: +1.40m. 11,640 ± 500 HAR-261. Sample 105 9690 BC 6130 = -28.2% Fresh wood and leaf fragments from organic detritus on surface of a large scale, cross-bedded sand structure in lower part of fluvial sands and gravels. Alt: -4.08m. 11,370 ± 210 HAR-262. Sample 108 9420 BC 6130 = -28.8% Wood, leaf, and peat fragments from organic detritus resting on surface of a large, scale cross-bedded sand structure in lower part of fluvial sands and gravels. Alt: -3.76m.

B. Norway Austre Okstinbreen series Organic material (peat) from a neoglacial maximum end moraine at Austre Okstindbedal, Okstindan 1\Its, Nordland, Norway (66° 2' N, 14° 23' E). Samples subm Nov 1972 by P Worsley (Alexander, 1970, p 25; Alexander and Worsley, 1973). Harwell Radiocarbon Measurements I 191 1600 ± 90 HAR-257. Bed 2, Pit 1 AD 350 313C = -26.8%0 Coil by P Worsley. Comment (PW): demonstrates that end moraine is post AD 0 and may be assoc with widespread glacial maximum in Scandinavia during 18th century AD. 6280 ± 110 HAR-258. Bed 2, Pit 1 4330 BC 8131.E = -24.4% 0 Coil by N Grifey. Comment (PW): dates from Holocene climatic optimum and suggests that moraine ridge post-dates this period.

REFERENCES Alexander, M J, 1970, A study of some soils in the Austre Okstindbredal area, in: Worsley, P (ed), Preliminary Report 1968: Okstindan Research Project, Univ Reading, England, p 25-31. Alexander, M and Worsley, P, 1973, On the stratigraphy of a neoglacial end moraine Austre Okstindbredal: North Norway, Boreas, v 2, in press. Biddle, M, 1970, Excavations at Winchester 1969, 18th interim report: Antiquaries Jour, v 50, p 285-289; 322-323. 1972, Excavations at Winchester 1970, 9th interim report: Antiquaries Jour, v 52, p 126. 1974, Excavations at Winchester 1971, 10th and final interim report: Antiquaries Jour, v 54, in press. Bradley, R and Ellison, A, 1973, Rams Hill: Current Archaeol, v 4, no 36, p 8-10. Broecker, W S and Olson, E A, 1961, Lamont radiocarbon measurements VIII: Radiocarbon, v 3, p 176-204. Cuenca Paya, A, El cuarternario reciente en la cuenca del Vinalopo (Alicante): Estudios Geologicos, mss in preparation. Hassall, T G, 1972, Excavations at Oxford 1971, 4th interim report: Oxoniensia, v 37, p 145, 147. 1973, Excavations at Oxford, 1972, 5th interim report: Oxoniensia, v 38, in press. Piggott, S and Piggott, C, 1940, Excavations at Rams Hill, Uffington, Berkshire, England: Antiquaries Jour, v 20, p 465-480. Polach, H A and Stipp, J J, 1967, Improved synthesis techniques for methane and benzene radiocarbon dating: Jour App! Radiation and Isotopes, v 18, p 359-364. 1969, Optimisation of liquid scintillation radiocarbon age determinations and reporting of ages: Atomic Energy in Australia, v 12, no 3, p 21-28. Rose, J, 1973, Sproughton: Handbook Quaternary Res Assoc, Clacton, UK, p 91-96. Switsur, V R, 1973, The radiocarbon calendar recalibrated: Antiquity, v 47, p 131-137. Tamers, M A, 1965, Routine carbon-14 dating using liquid scintillation technique: 6th internatl conf on radiocarbon and tritium dating, Proc, Pullman, Washington, p 53-67. Valentine, K W G, 1973, The identification, laterial variation and chronology of three buried paleocatenas in lowland, England: PhD Thesis, Univ Reading, UK, 212 pages. Valera, R de, 1961, The Carlingford culture, the long barrow and Neolithic of Great Britain and Ireland: Prehistoric Sac Proc, v 27, no 10, p 234-252. Varley, W J, 1973, A brief guide to the excavations of Castle Hill, Almondbury, 1939-72: Huddersfield, Tolson Memorial Mus. de Grajos, Walker, M J, Excavaciories preliminares en al Abrigo Grande del Barranco termino de Cieza, Murcia, 1970, contribution al estudio del periodo neotermal en la peninsula: Noticiario Arqueotogico Hispanico, mss in preparation. 1971, Excavaciones en El Castillico, Corral de los Villaricos, E1 Sabinar, termino de Moratalla, Murcia, 1969: Noticiario Arqueotogico Hispanico, v 13-14, p 139-162. 1973, A radiocarbon date from Glenbane Hole, Sutherland: Cave Research Group of Great Britain Newsletter, v 134, p 7. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 16, No. 2, 1974, P. 192-197] KAERI RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS III CHAN KIRL PAK and KYUNG RIN YANG Radioanalytical Division Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Seoul, Korea 14C dates listed in this report on geochemical, geologic, and arch- aeologic samples were obtained mainly from the beginning of 1971 to the middle of 1973. Techniques of measurement used are the same as described previously (Yang, 1972). Sample descriptions and comments for archaeologic samples were prepared in collaboration with collectors and submitters. For age calculation, 95% activity of NBS oxalic acid is used as the modern standard and the value of 5568 ± 40 years is used for the half-life of 14G. Dates are expressed in years BP (before AD 1950). The error (1 Q) quoted is calculated from the uncertainty involved in counting background, NBS oxalic acid standard, and sample.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Atomic Energy Research Institute, Seoul, Korea which was operated by the central government was reorganized as a special juridical person, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, in February 1973. Our code designation, AERIK, was changed to KAERI, which will take over AERIK's running numbers. This work was supported by grants from KAERI and AERIK. We wish to thank the many individuals who sup- plied sample materials. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. GEOCHEMICAL SAMPLES The following studies were made to confirm variations of 14C con- centration in the atmosphere due to 14C from nuclear tests. A. Atmospheric carbon dioxide series, Seoul, Korea 14C content in surface air was measured from Feb 1970 to Aug 1971. Atmospheric CO2 samples were coil on the roof of KAERI main build- ing, Kongnung-long, Songbuk-ku, Seoul, Korea (37° 38' N, 127° 06' E) in a NE suburb of Seoul city. The site should be reasonably free from contamination of fossil CO2 although smog from the city occasionally reaches the institute (Vogel, 1970). Samples coil by exposing 1.5L 0.5N NaOH in a 900cm2 tray for ca 5 days bimonthly. Results for 1970 were reported previously (Yang, 1972) and results for 1971 appear here.

Table 1 14C content in surface air Seoul, Korea (37° 38' N) 1971

Sample no. Date 614C(%O) KAERI-54 Jan 10-16 KAERI-55 Feb 10-15 KAERI-56 Feb 25-Mar 3

192 193 Chan Kirl Pays and Kyung Rin Yang $14G(j Sample no. Date 'o KAERI-57 Mar 15-22 KAERI-58 Mar 25-31 KAERI-59 Apr 6-16 KAERI-60 Apr 26-May 3 KAERI-61 May 25-30 KAERI-62 June 25-30 KAERI-63 July 15-20 KAERI-64 July 26-30 KAERI-65 Aug 16-22 7.45 KAERI-66 Aug 25-29

* Above modern reference all samples coil Comment: no "C corrections applied, and apparently by fossil carbon. here in winter and rainy season were contaminated the above period the From the results, we can estimate that during with a half-time inventory of excess 14C in the atmosphere decreased was also checked (Fairhall of 4.6 yr, and over-all decrease by the year and Young, 1968). B. Tree ring study Kyunggi-do, A Larix Le toleis' Gordon grown at Kwang-nung, rings, was assayed for Korea (37° 44' N, 127° 12' E), with 37 growth 5-yr annual 74C measurement. The rings were separated into content measurement, growth portions for the 14C assay. For the radioactivity benzene. The syn- carbons in the wood were converted to carbons in the liquid scintillation thesized benzene was used as primary solvent of counting solution. Table 2 Radiocarbon concentration in Larix Leptolepis' Gordon tree rings, grown 1932-1968, (37° 38' N)

Sample no. Age span dpm/g C 814C(%o) 41.7 KAERI-67 1932-1936 14.73 ± 1.0 1937-1941 14.97 ± 1.0 58.7 KAERI-68 58.7 KAERI-69 1942-1946 14.97 ± 1.0 1947-1951 15.00 ± 1.0 60.8 KAERI-70 64.4 KAERI-71 1952-1956 15.05 ± 1.0 301.6 KAERI-72 1957-1961 18.49 ± 1.0 578.5 KAERI-73 1962-1968 22.32 ± 1.1 atmosphere was affected Comment: tree ring study showed that the local by 14C from nuclear tests after 1956. 194 Chan Kirl Pak and Kyung Rin Yang

II. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES Wangjin-ri series Samples from a kiln site in the NE river side of Kum an 4km from upper " g g , within stream of Paekma g an at Wan in-ri, Cheongnam- myon, Cheongyang-kun, g gJ Chungcheongnam-do, Korea (36° 20' N, 57' E). 126° The kiln sites were filled with river water in floods, weather but in dr y the river water level lowers to 3m. It is believed probably the kiln sites provided tiles and vessels to dwellers of Puyo capital city, the last of Paekche dynasty. The structure was not the slope base of kiln, style at the but at the level one. Presumably, samples werwere from 6th to 7th centuries, late and were toll MayM 1971; subm by Chung Yang-mo, curator, Natl Mus Korea.

KAERI-74. 1330 ± 70 Wangjin-ri, No. 1 AD 620 Wood from black soil layer in bottom of Wangjin-kiln No. 4.

KAERI.75. 1660 ± 70 Wangjin-ri, No. 2 AD 290 Charcoal from black soil layer at bottom of Wangjin-kiln No. 4.

KAERI.76. 1400 ± 70 Wangjin-ri, No. 3 AD 550 Charcoal from bottom of 1st step fireplace of Wangjin-kiln No. 4. Comment (C Y-m): KAERI-74 and -76 are the same period as our result but KAERI-75 is earlier than ours. 1470 ± KAERI.77. Tomb 70 of Kin g Munyong AD 480 Wood from brick tomb of King Munyong who ruled Paekche dynasty AD 501 to 523. Tomb is at +50m, S side of river of at Woongjin-long, Kumgang Kongju-eup, Kon 'u- un, Chun cheo Korea (36° 27' N, 127° 06' E). Coil July 1971 and subm by Yun Mu- byong, Natl Mus Korea. Comment (Y M-b): date is earlier than stone epitaph from tomb.

KAERI.80. 2560 ± 120 Dae gok-ri 610 sc Tomb from Bronze age, at Daegok-ri, Dogok-myon, Cheollanam-do, Hwasun- un, Korea (34° 59' 50" N, 126° 54' 50" E). Wood from coffin in tomb at 2m below surface. Coil Jan 1972 and subm byb Han Byong-sam, Natl Mus Korea. Comment H B-s : date estimated. ( ) is earlier than 2760 ± KAERI.81. Yanggun-ri, 70 YM-9 810 BC Charcoal from N bank of S tributary of Han R at Yangp'yong-gun, Yanggun-ri, Kyunggi-do, Korea (37° 29' N, 127° 29' E), from Layer V, 81 to 104cm below surface. Site disclosed potsherds without surface design and some chipped stone implements. Coil 1972 and subm by Pow- KAERI Radiocarbon Measurements 111 195 key Sohn, Yonsei Univ Mus, Seoul, Korea. Comment (P-k S): date seems slightly younger than expected possibly due to modern fungi grown after colln. Kumejima series Shell mound, at ca +12.5m at airport site, Kitaharu, Kumejima, Okinawa, Japan (26° 22' N, 126° 43' E) yielded a few Yayoi sherds of Sugu type, and a Chinese coin, tentatively identified as a K'ai Yung T'ang Pao. Shells are scattered through site, and are predominantly gastropods rather than bivalves. Kumejima lies ca 80km W of Naha, Okinawa, which is in inner volcanic zone of Ryuku chain (Pearson, 1969) and is composed of 2 high, superficially volcanic triangular areas joined by an alluvial lowland on E side. Coil Aug 1971 and subm Feb 1973 by R Pearson, Dept Anthropol & Sociol, Univ British Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada. 1980 ± 100 KAERI.82. Airport shell mound, Bag 101 30 BC Shell crust from excavation unit H-32, 50 to 60cm below surface of Layer III: burnt coral and shells, suggestive of living floor. 2700 ± 120 KAERI.83. Airport shell mound, Bag 708 750 BC Shell crust from excavation unit H-30 and H-31, lower part of Layer III. 1190 ± 50 KAERI.84. Airport shell mound, Bag 72 AD 760 Shell crust from excavation unit G-36, 20 to 30cm from surface of Layer III. Comment (RP): KAERI-83 appears too old, from artifactual evidence. KAERI-82 and -84 seem very close to our estimate, since Layer III spans time of Sugu type Yayoi pottery of Kyushu to early T'ang dynasty, if identification of a Chinese coin as K'ai Yuan T'ung Pao is correct. KAERI-82 was from a large Tridacha shell at base of Layer III. Shell very possibly, was part of original beach matrix, or it may have been dead for a considerable time before being brought to living area. Iriomote series Shell mound, at ca +2m, at Funaura, Iriomote, Okinawa, Japan (24° 24' N, 128° 48' E). Through flotation of midden materials, mound yielded marine shells, dugong, pig bones, charred padanus keys, and several unidentified seeds. Ceramics were not found. Iriomote is the largest island in the Yaeyama group, 28,231 ha, with a population of only 4904. Coil Aug 1972 and subm Feb 1973 by R Pearson. 1130 ± 70 KAERI.85. Funaura shell mound, No. 1 AD 620 Shell crust from excavation Unit J-11, 50 to 60cm below top of Layer III. 196 Chan Kirl Pak and Kyung Rin Yang 1530 ± 70 KAERI.86. Funaura shell mound, No. 2 AD 420 Shell crust from excavation Unit J-11, 10 to 20cm below top of Layer IV. 1730 ± 70 KAERI.87. Funaura shell mound, No. 3 AD 220 Shell crust from excavation Unit J-11, 20 to 30cm below top of Layer III. 1400 ± 70 KAERI-88. Funaura shell mound, No. 4 AD 550 Shell crust from excavation Unit J-11, 0 to 10cm below top of Layer IV. Comment (RP): if we use KAERI-85 for Layer III and overlap of 2 dates for Layer IV, dates seem to fall into a smooth sequence com- pared to a date for Layer II, previously reported: Y-1697, AD 1010 (Stuiver, 1969), Layer III produced several small fragments of iron ap- parently traded with occupants of site. 2170 ± 60 KAERI.91. Sangjapo-ri 220 BC Charcoal from a dolmen in layer near South Han R, 100m from water line, at Sangjapo-ri, Kaegun-rayon, Yangp'yong-gun, Kyunggi-do, Korea (37° 25' N, 127° 35' E). Sample was with pieces of human bone from a stone coffin placed in accumulated stone layer of underground construction of the dolmen (S style). Coil Sept 1972 and subm March 1973 by Suk Kyung Choi, Yiwha Womens Univ, Seoul, Korea. Comment (S-k C): seems relevant. 2530 ± 120 KAERI.93. Chongwangyi-ri, YM-10 580 BC Peat from Layer II, 25 to 68cm below surface under rice paddy near W coastline. Site was originally tide-driven area before rice paddy was made at Chongwangyi-ri, Kunja-rayon, Sihung-gun, Kyunggi-do, Korea (37° 21' N, 126° 45' E). Coll Feb 1973 and subm by Pow-key S. Comment (P-k S): seems relevant. 690 ± 50 KAERI-94. Sogun-ri, YM-li AD 1260 Charcoal from slightly disturbed upper sand layer of a shell midden with chipped stone implements and potsherds without surface designs. Shells are Gastropoda ocenebra japonica, Pelecypoda mytilus corscus, Saxostrea echinata, Grossostnea gigas, Prothothace eugly pta. Midden is lOm above present sea level at Maktong Purak, Sogun-ri, Sowon-myon, Sosan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea (36° 48' N, 126° 09' E). Coil Mar 1973 and subm by Pow-key Sohn. Comment (P-k S): charcoal might have been recent mixed into layer by later disturbance as area has long been used for swimming and picnic. KA ERI Radiocarbon Measurements III 197 3900 ± 200 KAERI.95. Yangsu-ri 1950 BC Charcoal from a dolmen at Yangsu-ri, Yangsu-myon, Yangp'yong-- gun, Kyunggi-do, Korea (37° 32' 18" N, 127° 18' E). Charcoal was in area of 220 x 270cm at 15cm under table stone. Site is a wide sand zone at meeting point of South and North Han R, and many Prehistoric age implements were found. Coil Aug 1972 by excavation team of Bureau of Preservation of Cultural Property, Korea and subm Jan 1973. Com- ment (BPCP): date seems too old. 720 ± 100 KAERI.97. Dunma-ri AD 1230 Charcoal from a stone clst tomb at Dunma-ri, Namha-myon, Keochang-gun, Kyungsangnam-do, Korea (35° 44' 02" N, 127° 58' E), from coffin supporter, 101 to 110cm under mound surface. Coil and subm Dec 1972 by BPCP, Korea. Comment (BPCP): date seems reliable. 1630 ± 70 KAE1II.98. Tomb# 155, No. 730713 AD 320 Wood from tomb of Silla dynasty at Hwangnam-long, Keongju-si, Keongsangpuk-do, Korea (35° 50' 19" N, 129° 12' 50" E). Site has many huge tombs of Silla dynasty. Sample is part of wooden coffin from layer of old implements including golden crown. Coil July 1973 and subm by BPCP, Korea. Comment (BPCP): problems caused by old tree must be considered. REFERENCES Fairhall, A W and Young, J A, 1968, Radiocarbon in the environment: Washington Univ, Seattle, RLO-2091-2, 21 p. Pearson, R J, 1969, The archaeology of the Ryuku Islands; a regional chronology from 3000 BC to Historic times: Honolulu, Univ Hawaii Press. Stuiver, M, 1969, Yale natural radiocarbon measurements IX: Radiocarbon, v 11, p 345-658. Vogel, J C, 1970, Groningen radiocarbon dates IX: Radiocarbon, v 12, p 444-471. Yang, K R, 1972, Atomic Energy Research Institute of Korea radiocarbon measure- ments II: Radiocarbon, v 14, p 273-279. KAERI Radiocarbon Measurements III 197

3900 ± 200

KAERI.95. Yangsu-ri 1950 BC Yangp'yonggun, Charcoal from a dolmen at Yangsu-ri, Yangsu-myon, Yangp'yonggun, Kyunggi-do, Korea (37° 32' 18" N, 127° 18' E). Charcoal was in area of 220 x 270cm at 15cm under table stone. Site is a wide sand zone at meeting point of South and North Han R, and many Prehistoric age implements were found. Coll Aug 1972 by excavation team of Bureau of Preservation of Cultural Property, Korea and subm Jan 1973. Com- ment (BPCP): date seems too old. 720 ± 100 KAERI.97. Dunma-ri AD 1230 Charcoal from a stone cist tomb at Dunma-ri, Namha-myon, Keochang-gun, Kyungsangnam-do, Korea (35 ° 44' 02" N, 127 ° 58' E), from coffin supporter, 101 to 110cm under mound surface. Coll and subm Dec 1972 by BPCP, Korea. Comment (BPCP): date seems reliable. 1630 ± 70 KAERI.98. Tomb# 155, No. 730713 AD 320 Wood from tomb of Silla dynasty at Hwangnam-long, Keongju-si, Keongsangpuk-do, Korea (35° 50' 19" N, 129° 12' 50" E). Site has many huge tombs of Silla dynasty. Sample is part of wooden coffin from layer of old implements including golden crown. Coll July 1973 and subni by BPCP, Korea. Comment (BPCP): problems caused by old tree must be considered. REFERENCES Fairhall, A W and Young, J A, 1968, Radiocarbon in the environment: Washington Univ, Seattle, RLO-2091-2, 21 p. Pearson, R J, 1969, The archaeology of the Ryuku Islands; a regional chronology from 3000 BC to Historic times: Honolulu, Univ Hawaii Press. Stuiver, M, 1969, Yale natural radiocarbon measurements IX: Radiocarbon, v 11, p 345-658. Vogel, J C, 1970, Groningen radiocarbon dates IX: Radiocarbon, v 12, p 444-471. Yang, K R, 1972, Atomic Energy Research Institute of Korea radiocarbon measure- ments II: Radiocarbon, v 14, p 273-279. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 16, No. 2, 1974, P. 198-218]

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA RADIOCARBON DATES XVI H N MICHAEL and E K RALPH Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19174 On two previous occasions we have published lists of 14C results of precisely dated wood samples in Radiocarbon as per mil deviations (R, 1965, v 7, p 179-186; R, 1969, v 11, no. 2, p 469-481). We have also published a list of 14C dates, consolidating all dated wood samples processed in our lab to July 1969 (Ralph and 11Iichael, 1970). The purpose of this report is three-fold: 1) to publish, in tabular form, actual 14C dates of dendro-dated samples processed in our lab as yet unpublished in Radiocarbon plus those reported only as per mil deviations; 2) to indicate, in graphic form, the use of our results com- bined with those of other labs (Damon, 1970; Damon et al, 1972; Suess, 1970) in determining correction factors for radiocarbon (lates, and 3) to publish a short list of aberrant results not used to determine correc- tion factors and calibration curves shown in figs 1-6. Since all labs in- volved in the radiocarbon dating of precisely dated woods have experi- enced occasional aberrations in their results, we feel that these should be recorded for future research into the causes of the aberrations. This remark does not apply to those samples which become undersized in processing. These may be unreliable rather than aberrant. The prefatory remarks of Ralph and Michael (1969) concerning basic causes of the deviations largely apply to the present data, adding the possibility that short-term deviations are caused by variations in the Earth's non-dipole field, the Sun's magnetic field and resultant interplanetary fields (Ralph, 1973), and explosions of supernovae (Der- gachev, 1972). All sequoia and bristlecone pine samples (except as noted) have been corrected for deviations in 13C/12C ratios. The 6 13(w values listed represent deviations of samples measured from the S 13( value of our 130-yr-old standard oak sample which is also the reference value (ad- justed for zero age) for the calculation of 6140. (NB: the subscript 11/ does not appear in the tables.) Table 1 lists results of samples dated at the Univ Pennsylvania that were used to calculate the calibration curves (figs 1-6). Table 2 separates those samples that are obviously aberrant, vs, and not used in figs 1-6. Most of the samples were coll, dendro-dated, and subm by C W Fergu- son, Lab for Tree-Ring Research, Univ Arizona. They are designated with "TRL" in parentheses in the column labelled "Acquisition No." Those designated "P-SW-" only, were coil, dendro-dated, and subm by H N Michael, Mus Applied Sci Center for Archaeol, Univ Mus and were processed by the Univ Pennsylvania lab. All samples designated P-SW-INY- in Tables 1 and 2 are Pinus aristata; others are Sequoia gigan tea.

198 H N Michael and E K Ralph 199 The provenience of most of the samples was published in Ralph et al (1965), and Ralph and Michael (1969). Two new series appear below.

Bristlecone Pine series (P-SW-INY-31, TRL 70.20) Samples from remnant of Pinus aristata 3.2km N of Schulman Grove, White Mts, California-Nevada (37° 25' N, 118° 10' W). Coil 1970 and subm by C W Ferguson, Univ Arizona. Bristlecone Pine series (P-SW-INY-33, TRL 71-52) Wood (Pinus aristata) from Schulman Grove (37° 23' N, 118° 09' W), White Mts, California-Nevada. Coll 1971 and subm as floater by C W Ferguson. Subsequently dendro-dated by C W F. Calibration curves shown in figs 1-6 are based on >600 precisely dated samples processed by the 3 labs mentioned earlier. These curves were based on a 9-cell regression weighted averaging of the raw data, centered on each mid-point. All 14C dates in figs 1-6 were calculated with the 5730 yr half-life. The curve reveals that in 850 of the cases, the radiocarbon date (y-axis) will cross the curve only once and thereby determine the cor- rection factor within the limits imposed on it by its standard statistical uncertainty in the 14C correction of the 9-cell regression average. For example, the radiocarbon date, AD 900, crosses the curve at the dendro- chronologically determined date, AD 960. Thus, the correction factor for the mid-point is 60 yr. More realistically, however, one should include the statistical uncertainty of the 14C date as well as approx ± 10 yr uncertainty in the curve. If, for example, the 14C date has a tolerance of ± 40 yr, one adds ± 10 yr and then finds that the corrected range from AD 850 to AD 950 is AD 920 to AD 1010. In the remaining 15% of cases the radiocarbon date crosses the calibration curve more than once, or follows the curve for a distance, or does both. In all these cases, the correction factor will have to be cited as a multiple one, or as a span of time, and sometimes both as a span and a crossing or crossings, and the resultant over-all range will be greater. A more detailed explanation of the use of the calibration curves and of tables of correction factors derived from the curves was pub- lished by Ralph et al (1973).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to C W Ferguson and Bryant Bannister, Lab for Tree-Ring Research, Univ Arizona, for supplying the precisely dated samples. The Univ Arizona's program was supported by NSF grant GA-20618. Barbara Lawn, John Hedrick, Raymond Costa, and David Wood have processed the samples since 1970. The National Science Foundation, through continuing grant GA-12572, supported these years of the known-age dating program at Univ Pennsylvania. 200 H N Michael and E K Ralph

Figs 1-6: Comparison of radiocarbon dates of precisely dated tree-ring samples and the dendro-dates of same samples. Each circle represents the mid-point of the University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates X VI 201

average of 9 samples. To determine corrected radiocarbon date, find radiocarbon date on scale at left, proceed on horizontal line until circle is encountered. From circle read corrected date on vertical scale. For details and example, see text. D.. wnn d

-t !840 In TABLE 1 List of radiocarbon dates of dendro-dated samples from sequoias and bristlecone pines processed in the University of Pennsylvania Laboratoryy and used for the calculation ofo correction factors. 14C datesates calculatedcal with 5730 half-life.

s 13C IC! 00 14C date from 14C date 5730 oak Acquisition No.o. of0 Tree-ring midpoint 5568 half-life half-life stand- Lab no. no, rings AD Bc BP 1950 AD /BC BP 1950 AD BC ard Comments P-651 P-SW-SEQ-2 20 nn 1900 50 1857 ± 32 93 1854 ± 33 +0.9 Not used in calculating correction factors P-543a P-SW-SEQ-2 26 wn 1855 95 1896 ± 30 54 1894 {- 31 -x-5.5 P-416 P-SW-INY-1 50 a,n 1829 121 1781 ± 47 169 1776 ± 48 No 8 13C 13C P-346 P-SW-SEQ-2 26 nn 1829 121 1841 - 40 109 1837 ± 41 S from av- erage value P-650 P-SW-SEQ-2 20 An 1800 150 1835 ± 31 115 1831 ± 32 +1.4 P-649 P-SW-SEQ-2 20 nu 1750 200 1714 ± 36 236 1706 ± 37 0 P-702 P-SW-SEQ-2 10 nv 1697 253 1733 -!- 40 217 1726 ± 41 +5.3 P-648 P-SW-SEQ-2 20 nn 1650 300 1875 ± 40 75 1872 ± 41 -{-0.9 -!- P-545a P-SW-SEQ-2 8 nn 1646 304 1753 ,- 44 197 1747 45 b 13C from av- erage value 8630 P-SW-SEQ-2 10 nv 1597 353 1629 ± 40 321 1619 ± 41 +4.4 P-880 P-SW-SEQ-2 14 An 1596 354 1758 ± 32 192 1752 ± 33 +1.4 P-881 P-SW-SEQ-2 16 AD iJSO 400 1155 ± 35 195 1749 ± 36 +2.7 P-631 P-SW-SEQ-2 26 nn 1505 445 1570 ± 40 380 1558 ± 41 x-1.8 P-631a P-SW-SEQ-2 26 nn 1505 445 1532 ± 36 418 1519 ± 37 +4.4 P-1113 P-SW-ENT-1 40 AD 1450 500 1646 ± 40 304 1637 ± 41 -{-2.8 TABLE 1 (continued) 13C o/ boo 14C date from 14C date 5730 oak Acquisition No . of Tree-ring midpoint 5568 half-life half-life stand- Lab no. no. rings AD /BC BP (IJJO) AD/BC BP (I950) AD/BC ard Comments P-1114 P-SW-SEQ-1 30 nn 1450 500 1625 ± 39 40 13C from av- erage value P-647 P-SW-SEQ-2 20 wn 1450 500 1610 ± 40 41 P-700 P-SW-SEQ-2 16 nn 1400 550 1428 ± 40 41 P-882 P-SW-SEQ-2 14 AD 1350 600 1283 ± 40 41 P-701 P-SW-SEQ-2 14 wv 1299 651 1265 ± 40 41 7 P-431 P-SW-INY-1 20 nn 1252 698 1294 ± 40 41 NO 13C ti P-549 P-SW-SEO-2 14 nn 1250 700 1158 ± 40 from av- erage value a P-433 P-SW-INY-1 30 an 1248 702 1323 ± 56 58 13C P-453 P-SW-INY-1 30 nn 1248 702 1349 ± 48 49 S P-632 P-SW-SEQ-2 14 wn 1200 750 1125 ± 50 52 from av- erage value P-883 P-SW-SEQ-2 14 wn 1150 800 1172 ± 36 37 P-633 P-SW-SEQ-2 16 an 1100 850 1133 -!- 40 41 P-551 P-SW-SEQ-2 20 nv 1052 898 1083 ± 35 36 13C from av- erage value P-634 P-SWSEQ-2 22 an 1003 947 1000 ± 40 41 P-646 P-SW-SEQ-2 10 nn 950 1000 962 ± 50 52 P-703 P-SW-SEQ-2 16 nn 900 1050 860 ± 30 31 P-645 P-SW-SEQ-2 10 nn 850 1100 841 ± 50 52 from av- erage value P-644 P-SW-SEQ-2 10 nn 800 1150 840 ± 40 41 from av- erage value P-1572 P-SW-SEQ-2 20 44 P-SW-SEQ-2 40 s 13C from av- erage value P-SW-SEQ-2 40 s 13C from av- erage value 40 40 10 650 684 62 -x-3.6 C P-SW-SEQ-2 N, P-787 P-SW-INY-lla 54 wn 601 134 567 ± 66 1383 526 ± 68 +4.5 P-638a P-SW-SEQ-2 16 An 600 1350 595 ± 40 1355 554 ± 41 s 13C from av- N , erage value P-812 P-SW-SEQ-2 14 AD 600 1350 574 ± 35 1376 532 ± 36 +4.1 0 P-818 P-SW-ENT-2 40 AD 577 1373 599 ± 40 1351 558 ± 41 +2.7 P-636 P-SW-ENT-1 44 AD 544 1406 546 ± 40 1404 503 ± 41 +4.4 P-815 P-SW-ENT-1 40 an 532 1418 507 ± 40 1443 463 ± 41 +3.6 P-589b P-SW-SEQ-2 16 an 500 1450 427 ± 40 1523 381 ± 41 +4.4 0 P-610 P-SW-SEQ-2 10 AD 450 1500 479 ± 40 1471 434 ± 41 +2.0 N, N P-738 P-SW-ENT-1 22 nn 436 1514 442 ± 50 1508 396 ± 52 +1.8 P-609 P-SW-SEQ-2 10 AD 400 1550 400 ± 45 1550 353 ± 46 +2.7 0 13 0 P-608 P-SW-SEQ-2 10 nn 350 1600 272 ± 45 1678 221 ± 46 8 C from av- erage value P428 P-SW-INY-2 40 an 345 1605 356 ± 40 1594 308 ± 41 No s13 C or P-397a P-SW-SEQ-2 20 AD 302 1648 322 ± 40 1628 273 ± 41 s 13 C from av- erage value b P-607 P-SW-sLQ-2 10 wn 300 1650 242 ± 40 1708 190 ± 41 +3.6 P-786 P-SW-INY-l la 30 nn 266 1684 316 ± 43 1634 267 ± 44 +3.6 P-396a P-SW-SEQ-2 16 AD 250 1700 291 ± 50 1659 241 ± 52 +4.4 ti P-395 P-SW-SEQ-2 10 AD 197 1753 148 ± 44 1802 93 ± 45 +1.9 P-606 P-SW-SEQ-2 10 .au 150 1800 118 ± 40 1832 63 ± 41 +2.7 P-499 P-SW-SEQ-2 lO AD 100 1850 213 ± 45 1737 160 ± 46 +2.7 P-1574 P-SW-SEQ-2 10 wn 75 1875 4 ± 53 sc 1954 63 ± 55 Bc -F 0.9 P-498 P-SW-SEQ-2 10 AD 50 1900 nn 88 ± 40 1862 an 32 ± 41 s 13C from av- erage value TABLE 1 continued 13C O 0 O GG date date half-life oak Acquisition No. of Tree-ring midpoint 5568 half-life AD BC stand- Lab no. no. rings BC 1950 BC 1950 Comments

P-1573 P-SW-SEQ-2 10 25 45 46 BC P-375 P-SW-SEQ-2 16 1 35 BC 36 sc 613C from average value 1}C dates are ac from this point P-497 P-SW-SEQ-2 10 BC 50 52 P-496 I'-SW-SEQ-2 10 BC 40 41 8 13C from av- erage value P-884 P-SW-SEQ-2 12 sc 40 42 P-885 P-SW-ENT-1 16 BC 44 45 P-495 P-SW-SEQ-2 10 50 52 P494 P-SW-SEQ-2 10 BC 50 52 P-1575 P-SW-ENT-1 20 BC 45 46 P-785 P-SW-INY-1 la 30 BC 46 47 P-886 P-SW-ENT-1 16 ac 250 {- 52 P-655 P-SW-ENT-1 10 BC 33 34 P-656 P-SW-ENT-1 10 ac 50 52 P-1340 P-SW-ENT-1 20 BC 37 0 P-1341 P-SW-ENT-1 20 BC 57 59 P-658 P-SW-ANT-1 10 sc 43 44 P-491 P-SW-ENT-1 20 xc 50 52 P-1342 P-SW-ENT-1 10 BC 88 91 No 8 13C P-888 P-SW-ENT-1 10 sc 50 52 P-660 P-SW-ENT-1 10 ac 44 P-448 P-SW-ENT-1 10 BC 50 8 13C from av- erage value P-449 P-SW-ENT-l 8 BC 50 8 13C from av- erage value P-811 P-SW-INY-l la 38 ac 46 P-427 P-SW-INY-2 30 sc 48 P-661 P-SW-ENT-1 10 sc 50 P-661a P-SW-ENT-1 10 sc 38 P-816 P-SW-ENT-2 20 BC 150 Undersized sample (95.88°/0) P-662 P-SW-ENT-1 10 ac 50 P-663 P-SW-ENT-1 10 sc 50 52 P-1023 P-SW-INY-20 78 sc 40 (TRL 63-43) P-1022 P-SW-INY-20 36 ac 36 (TRL 63-43) P-665 P-SW-ENT-l 10 sc 40 P-1021 Y-SW-INY-20 46 sc 39 (TRL 63-43) P-1719 P-SW-INY-20 10 sc 52 (TRL 63-43) P-1020 P-SW-INY-20 54 sc 39 (TRL 63-43) P-667 P-SW-ENT-1 10 sc 50 P-450 Y-SAN-ENT-1 16 sc 40 8 13C from av- erage value P-1019 P-SW-INY-20 40 sc 45 (TRL 63-43) P-780 P-SW-ENT-1 6 sc 45 TABLE 1 (continued)

IO 0 00 date from date half-life oak cquisition o. of ree-ring midpoint 5568 half-life 5730 stand- Lab no. no. T'1rigS Br (1950) (1950) Comments

P-668 P-SW-ENT-1 S sc 40 P-1018 P-SW-INY-20 58 BC 43 44 (TRL 63-43) P-1017 P-SW-INY-20 38 sc 46 (TRL 63-43) P-429 P-SW-INY-2 50 xc 42 43 N. P-1015 P-SW-INY-20 28 BC 44 (TRL 63-43) P-1013 P-SW-INY-20 30 BC 3250 1170 ±43 3120 1264 ±44 +3.9 (TRL 63-43) P-1011 P-SW-INY-20 28 1350 sc 3300 1234 ± 58 3184 1330 ± 60 +2.1 (TRL 63-43) P-1010 P-SW-INY-20 20 1375 ac 3325 1153 ± 48 3103 1246 ± 49 +3.8 (TRL 63-43) P-1009 P-SW-INY-20 28 1400 sc 3350 1163 ± 45 3113 1257 ± 46 +2.8 (TRL 63-43) P-1007 P-SW-INY-20 36 1453 BC 3403 1042 ± 48 2992 1132 ± 49 +0.7 (TRL 63-43) P-1287 P-SW-INY-19 10 1455 sc 3405 1097 ± 54 3047 1188 ± 56 -1.0 (TRL 63-89) P-1005 P-SW-INY-20 30 1500 BC 3450 1260 ± 146 3210 1357 ± 150 +1.9 (TRL 63-43) P-1255 P-SW-INY-19 10 1515 BC 3465 1140 ± 59 3090 1233 ± 61 -I--0.9 (`IRL 63-89) 13c P-1258 P-SW-INY-19 10 BC 65 s (TRL 63-89) P-1001 P-SW-INY-20 20 sc 46 (TRL 63-43) P-1260 P-SW-INY-19 10 sc 70 (TRL 63-89) P-1000 P-SW-INY-20 30 Bc 42 (TRL 63-43) P-415 P-SW-INY-2 100 BC 55 8 13C P-1262 P-SW-INY-19 10 ac 85 (I-2992) (TRL 63-89) P-1264 P-SW-INY-19 10 sc 120 (I-2983) (TRL 63-89) P-1266 P-SW-INY-19 10 xc 128 (I-2989) (TRL 63-89) P-1269 P-SAN-INY-19 10 BC 47 (TRL 63-89) Y-1210 P-SW-INY-19 10 sc 164 (I-2984) (TRL 63-89) P-1212 P-SW-INY-19 10 sc 130 (I-2988) (TRL 63-89) Y-1274 P-SW-INY-19 10 BC 118 (I-2987) (TRL 63-89) P-1350 P-SW-INY-19 10 BC 122 (I-2991) (TRL 63-89) P-1136 P-SAN-INY-19 20 ac 50 (TRL 63-89) P-1137 P-SW-INY-19 20 sc 61 (TRL 63-89) P-1139 P-SW-INY-19 20 sc 50 ('I'RL 63-89) TABLE 1 (continued) 13C 0 00 ''C date from 1'C date 5730 oak Lab no. Acquisition No. of Tree-ring midpoint 5568 half-life half-life stand- no. rings AD/BC BP (1950) AD/BC sr (1950) AD/BC ard Comments P-1345 P-SW-INY-24 10 2155 sc 4105 1655 ± 52 3605 1764 ± 54 +0.9 (TRL 63-53) P-1142 P-SW-INY-19 20 217O BC 4120 1613 ± 120 3563 1720 ± 124 +5.5 (I-2992) (TRL 63-89) P-1346 P-SW-INY-24 10 219O BC 4140 1909 ± 55 3859 2025 ± 57 +2.1 (TRL 63-53) P-1143 P-SW-INY-19 20 2190 BC 4140 1810 ± 49 3820 1985 ± 50 -I-5.1 (TRL 63-89) P-1347 P-SW-INY-24 4 2208 nc 4158 1798 ± 49 3748 1911 ± 50 +5.5 (TRL 63-53) P-1144 P-SW-INY-19 20 221O BC 4160 1990 ± 50 3940 2109 ± 52 +32 (TRL 63-89) P-1145 P-SW-INY-19 20 2230 ac 4180 1933 ± 50 3883 2049 ± 52 -2.0 (TRL 63-89) P-1348 P-SW-INY-24 6 2238 ac 4188 1830 ± 50 3780 1944 ± 52 +5.5 (TRL 63-53) P-1146 P-SW-INY-19 20 2250 sc 4200 1771 ± 50 3721 1883 ± 52 +2.7 (TRL 63-89) P-1147 P-SW-INY-19 20 2270 BC 4220 1852 --* 49 3802 1967 ± 50 -x-2,7 (TRL 63-89) P-1159 P-SW-INY-19 10 2415 BC 4365 1840 ± 50 3790 1954 ± 52 +2.8 (TRL 63-89) P-1559 P-SW-INY-19 30 2445 BC 4395 1934 ± 112 3884 2051 ± 115 No 813C. Cel- (TRL 63-89) lulose only P-1156 P-SW-INY-19 10 BC 130 134 (TRL 63-89) P-1529 P-SW-INY-19 30 BC 45 46 0 (TRL 63-89) only P-1153 P-SW-INY-19 10 ac 50 52 (TRL 63-89) C P-1148 P-SW-INY-19 10 sc 50 52 (TRL 63-89) P-1150 P-SW-INY-19 10 59 61 (TRL 63-89) 0 P-1151 P-SW-INY-19 sc 74 76 (TRL G3-S9) P-1152 P-SW-INY-19 10 ac 50 52 (TRL 63-89) a 10 BC 61 0 P-1313 P-S\V-INY-19 N, (TRL 63-89) a 54 P-1315 P-SW-INY-19 10 BC 52 a (TRL 63-89) N 0 BC 58 60 P-1317 P-S\1'-INY-10 10 a (TRL 63-89) P-1303 P-SW-INY-19 10 sc 54 56 0 (TRL 63-89) ab P-1304 P-SW-INY-19 10 sc 53 55 0 (TRL 63-89) P-1305 P-SW-1NY-19 10 ac 145 150 k (TRL 63-89) sample (86.64%) P-1306 P-SW-INY-19 10 sc 54 56

(TRL 63-89) J V P-1307 P-SW-INY-19 10 tic 50 52 (1'KL 63-89) TABLE 1 continued 8130

0 CC 14C date from 14C date 5730 oak Acquisition No. of Tree-ring midpoint 5568 half-life half-life stand- Lab no. no. rings AD BC BP 1950 AD /BC BP 1950 AD BC and Comments P-1308 P-SW-INY-19 10 3015 ac 4965 2289 ± 51 4239 2417 ± 53 0 (TRL 63-89) Y-1160 P-SW-INY-21 10 3045 sc 4995 2376 ± 100 4326 2506 ± 103 +42 Undersized (TRL 63-34) sample P-1310 P-SW-INY-19 10 3075 BC 5025 2373 ± 55 4323 2503 ± 57 0 (85.43°0) (TRL 63-89) P-1551 P-SW-INY-21 10 3086 sc 5036 2557 ± 65 4507 2693 ± 67 -f-5.7 (TRL 63-34) P-1294 P-SW-INY-21 10 3155 sc 5105 2297 ± 49 4247 2425 ± 50 ±0.9 (TRL 63-34) P-1163 P-SW-INY-21 10 3195 sc 5145 2615 ± 51 4565 2752 ± 53 13C from av- (TRL 63-34) erage value P-1852 P-SW-INY-21 10 3226 sc 5176 2557 ± 60 4507 2692 ± 62 -3.8 (TRL 63-34) P-1164 P-SW-INY-21 10 3245 ac 5195 2590 ± 106 4540 2727 ± 110 +2.3 (TRL 63-34) P-183 P-SW-INY-21 10 3286 BC 5236 2788 ± 61 4738 2931 ± 63 +8.5 (TRL 63-34) P-1165 P-SW-INY-21 10 3295 sc 5245 2333 ± 49 4283 2462 ± 50 +1.5 (TRL 63-34) P-1169 P-SW-INY-21 10 3345 sc 5295 2593 ± 48 4543 2730 ± 49 +2.3 (TRL 63-34) P-1168 P-SW-INY-21 0 BC 70 4871 3068 ± 72 S 13C from av- (TRL fi3-34) erage value Y-1167 Y-SW-INY-21 10 3445 nc 5395 2640 ± 49 4590 2178 -!- 50 +2.8 (TRL 63-34) P-1166 P-SW-INY-21 10 3495 BC 5445 2616 ± 44 4566 2753 ± 45 13C from av- (TRI.63-34) erage value P-1424 P-SW-INY-21 10 3645 Bc 5595 2697 ± 54 4647 2837 ± 56 No 813 C (TRL 63-34) P-1867 P-SW-INY-33 10 3855 sc 5805 3242 -±- 64 5192 3398 ± 66 (TRL 71-52) P-1868 P-SW-INY-33 10 3875 sc 5825 3115 ± 62 5065 3267 ± 64 +3.3 (TRL i 1-52) P-1869 P-SW-INY-33 10 3885 sc 5835 3138 ± 65 5088 3291 ± 67 +1.7 (TRL 71-52) P-1865 P-SW-INY-33 10 3945 sc 5895 3043 ± 63 4993 3193 ± 65 +1.7 (TRL 71-52) P-1864 P-SW-INY-33 10 3965 sc 5915 3225 ± 70 5175 3330 ± 72 +3.3 (TRL 71-52) P-1863 P-SW-INY-33 10 3985 sc 5935 3308 ± 64 5258 3466 ± 66 +42 (TRL i 1-52) P-1861 P-SW-INY-33 10 4025 sc 5975 3199 ± 69 5149 3353 ± 71 +72 (TRL i 1-52) P-1860 P-SW-INY-33 10 4045 sc 5995 3388 ± 60 5338 3548 ± 62 -{-4.8 (TRL i 1-52) P-1858 P-SW-INY-33 10 4065 sc 6015 3233 ± 64 5183 3388 ± 66 -}-0.8 (TRL i 1-52) P-1859 P-SW-INY-33 10 4085 sc 6035 3313 ± 59 5263 3471 ± 61 +2.4 (TRL 71-52) P-1855 P-SW-INY-33 10 4105 BC 6055 3262 ± 62 5212 3418 ± 64 +0.8 (TRL i 1-52) P-1856 P-SW-INY-33 10 4125 ac 6075 3223 ± 61 5173 3379 ± 63 +3.4 (TRL 71-52) TABLE 1 continued

8 1JC 0 00 1}C date from ''C date 5730 oak Acquisition No. of Tree-ring midpoint 5568 half-life half-life stand- Lab no. no. rings AD/BC BP (1950) AD/BC BP (1950) AD/BC ard Comments

P-1318 P-SW-INY-23 10 4135 sc 6085 3428 ± 71 5378 3590 ± 73 +4.6 (TRL 63-92) P-1857 P-SW-INY-33 10 4145 sc 6095 3218 ± 49 5168 3373 ± 50 -I.5.6 (TRL 71-52) P-1296 P-SW-INY-23 10 4235 $c 6185 3463 ± 63 5413 3626 ± 65 +1.8 (TRL 63-92) P- 1297 P-SW-INY-23 10 4255 BC 6205 3500 ± 61 5450 3664 ± 63 -}-4.6 (TRL 63-92) P-1298 P-SW-INY-23 10 4275 BC 6225 3474 ± 59 5424 3637 ± 61 +0.9 (TRL 63-92) P-1299 P-SW-INY-23 10 4295 BC 6245 3251 ± 59 5201 3408 ± 61 +2.9 (TRL 63-92) P-1301 P-SW-INY-23 10 4335 ac 6285 3497 ± 55 5447 3661 ± 57 -}-4.6 (TRL 63-92) Y-1302 P-SW-INY-23 10 4395 sc 6345 3364 ± 55 5316 3524 ± 57 +2.8 (TRL 63-92) P-1580 P-SW-INY-22 10 4505 sc 6455 3835 ± 49 5785 4009 ± 50 +2.8 (TRL 63-92E) P-1700 P-SW-INY-22 10 4565 BC 6515 3752 ± 80 5702 3923 ± 82 0 (TRL 63-92E) P-1702 P-SW-INY-22 10 sc 67 (TRL 63-92E) P-1576 P-SW-INY-22 10 sc 77 (TRL 63-92E) 10 xc 71 s 13c C P-1703 P-SW-INY-22 N (TRL 63-92E)

P-1577 P-SW-INY-22 10 sc 78 N, (TRL 63-92E) P-1578 P-SW-INY-22 10 sc 80 0 (TRL 63-92E) b P-1420 P-SW-INY-22 10 BC 63 65 (TRL 63-92E) P-1419 P-SW-INY-22 10 sc 61 (TRL 63-92E) P-1423 P-SW-INY-22 10 sc 63 8 13C (TRL 63-92E)

N , P-1422 P-SW-INY-22 10 sc 94 0 (TRL 63-92E) P-1418 P-SW-INY-22 10 sc 71 0 (TRL 63-92E) P-1417 P-SW4NY-22 10 BC 64 b (TRL 63-92E) P-1416 P-SW-INY-22 10 sc 64 (TRL 63-92E) P-1291 P-SW-INY-22 10 BC 66 (TRL 63-92E) P-1290 P-SW-INY-22 10 sc 77 (TRL 63-92E) c TABLE 1 continued

S 13C IC' 00 14C date 14C date 5730 oak Acquisition No. of midpoint Tree-ring half-life Lab no. no. rings 1950 Bc Bc 1950 Bc Comments P-1718 P-SW-INY-31 10 Bc 67 (TRL 70-20) P-1717 P-SW-INY-31 10 Bc 78 (TRL 70-20) N^, P-1716 P-SW-INY-31 10 Bc 66 o (TRL 70-20) P-1715 P-SW-INY-31 10 sc 75 (TRL 70-20) P-1714 P-SW-INY-31 10 Bc 71 (TRL 70-20) P-1712 P-SW-INY-31 10 sc 83 (TRL 70-20) P-1711 P-SW-INY-31 10 sc 62 (TRL 70-20) P-1710 P-SW-INY-31 10 Bc 70 (TRL 70-20) P-1709 P-SW-INY-31 10 sc 71 (TRL 70-20) P-1708 P-SW-INY-31 10 sc 70 (TRL 70-20) TABLE 2 Aberrant radiocarbon dates of dendro-dated samples, not used in figs 1-6 calculated with 5730 half-1lf e 13C

C CO 14C date from 14C date 5730 oak Acquisition No. ofo Tree-ring midpoint 5568 half-lifee half-lifelalf -1 ife stand Lab no. no, rings AD /BC BP 1950 AD BC BP 1950 AD BC and Comments P-1275 P-SW-INY-19 10 1915 sc 3865 1155 ± 130 3705 1867 ± 134 +5.5 Aberrant (I-2986) (TRL 63-89) P-1135 P-SW-INY-19 20 2030 sc 3980 1818 ± 233 3768 1932 ± 240 -I-5.5 Aberrant (I-2990) (TRL 63-89) P-1138 P-SW-INY-19 20 2090 sc 4040 1313 ± 50 3263 1411 ± 52 -}-3.3 Aberrant (TRL 63-89) P-1161 P-SW-INY-21 10 3095 BC 5045 2667 ± 50 4617 2806 ± 52 -I-22 Aberrant (TRL 63-34) P-910 P-SW-INY-19 94 3802 sc 5752 2813 ± 51 4763 2956 ± 53 0 Aberrant (TRL 63-89) P-1862 P-SW-INY-33 10 4005 sc 5955 3682 ± 63 5632 3851 ± 65 +1.7 Aberrant (TRL 71-52) P-1319 P-SW-INY-23 10 4155 sc 6105 3611 ± 65 5561 3778 ± 67 -f-3.6 Aberrant (TRL 63-92) P-1323 P-SW-INY-23 10 4175 BC 6125 3686 ± 69 5636 3856 ± 71 +1.9 Aberrant (TRL G3-92) P-1295 P-SW-INY-23 10 4215 BC 6165 3637 ± 58 5587 3805 ± 60 -I-3.6 Aberrant (TRL 63-92) P-1569 P-SW-INY-26 16 5275 sc 7225 3696 ± 53 5646 3866 ± 55 x-1.8 Aberrant (TRL 67-35) P-1713 P-SW-INY-31 10 5283 BC 7233 5101 ± 69 1059 5313 ± 71 -1.9 Aberrant (TRL 70-20) 218 H N Michael and E K Ralph

REFERENCES Damon, PE, 1970, Climatic versus magnetic perturbation of the atmospheric C14 reservoir, in: Olsson, I U, (ed), Radiocarbon variations and absolute chronology, 12th Nobel symposium Proc, Uppsala, Sweden, Aug 11-15, 1969: Stockholm, Almqvist and Wiksell; New York, John Wiley and Sons, p 571-593. Damon, P E, Long, A, and Wallick, E I, 1972, Dendrochronologic calibration of the Carbon-14 time scale, in: 8th internatl conf on radiocarbon dating Proc, Lower Hutt City, Wellington, New Zealand, Oct 18-25, 1972, v 1, p 44-59. Dergachev, V A, and Kocharov, G E, 1972, Oh odnoy vozmozhnosti izucheniya variatsiy kosmicheskikh luchey v proshlom (A possible cause of cosmic ray varia- tions in the past). Izv Akad nauk SSSR, XXXVI, no. 11, ser fiz, p 2312-2318. Ralph, E K, 1973, Geophysical implications of radiocarbon measurements: PhD dissect, Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ralph, E K, Michael, H N, 1969, University of Pennsylvania radiocarbon dates XII: Radiocarbon, v 11, p 469-481. 1970, MASCA radiocarbon dates for sequoia and bristlecone-pine samples, in: Olsson, I U, (ed), Radiocarbon variations and absolute chronology, 12th Nobel symposium Proc, Uppsala, Sweden, Aug 11-15, 1969: Stockholm, Almqvist and Wiksell; New York, John Wiley and Sons, p 615-618. Ralph, E K, Michael, H N, and Grunninger, John, Jr, 1965, University of Penn- sylvania radiocarbon dates VII: Radiocarbon, v 7, p 179-186. Ralph, E K, Michael, H N, and Han, M C, 1973, Radiocarbon dates and reality: MASCA Newsletter, Philadelphia, Univ Mus, Univ Pennsylvania, v 9, no. 1, Aug, p 1-20. Suess, H E, 1970, Bristlecone pine calibration of the radiocarbon time-scale 5200 BC to the present, in: Olsson, I U, (ed), Radiocarbon variations and absolute chro- nology, 12th Nobel symposium Proc, Uppsala, Sweden, Aug 11-15, 1969: Stock- holm, Almqvist and Wiksell; New York, John Wiley and Sons, p 303-311. [R DIocRnoN, VOL. 16, No. 2, 1974, P. 219-237]

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA RADIOCARBON DATES XVII BARBARA LAWN Department of Physics and University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19174

INTRODUCTION This date list includes most of the archaeologic and geologic samples dated in this laboratory since publication of our last date list (R, v 13, p 367-381), as well as some samples dated previously, which lacked adequate sample information. Known-age samples are reported in Univ of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates XVI, this issue. The BP ages are based on AD 1950, and have been calculated with the half-life value of 5568 yr. All samples were counted at least twice for periods of not less than 1000 min each. Errors quoted for each sample are derived from the measurement of the sample, the background, and several counts of our mid-19th century standard Oak sample, but do not include the half-life error. All samples were pretreated with 3N HCL, and some, where noted, were given additional pretreatment with 2;o NaOH for the removal of possible humic acid contaminants. Our mid-19th century calibration samples have an average age of 126 yr. When corrected for this age, they have 14C contents equal to 950 of the NBS oxalic acid standard. The average 13C relationship between the Oak standards and the NBS limestone standard #20 is -25.7 ± 1.3% as measured on the Univ of Pennsylvania mass spectro- graph. Where 813CW is reported, the 13C relationship has been measured with respect to the Oak standard and the results are accordingly cor- rected for isotopic fractionation. The MASCA corrected ranges, appearing in the sample comments, are maximum ranges and have been arrived at by applying appropriate correction factors to dates calculated with the 5730 half-life. For further explanation, see Univ of Pennsylvania Dates XVI, this issue, and Ralph et al, 1973. I wish to thank Ray Costa for his careful work in processing these samples. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. Mediterranean 1. Italy Cosa series Samples from inner Harbor area at Cosa, Ansedonia, Italy (42° 24' N, 110 17' E). Coll Aug 1972; subm by A 11I McCann, Univ California at Berkeley. For additional dates for this site, see P-1594 and -1722 (R, 1973, v 15, p 368). General Comment: wood id by R C Koeppen, Forest Prods Lab, US Dept Agric, Madison, Wisconsin.

219 220 Barbara Lawn 2550 ± 60 P-1931. PC-72-WS-1 600 BC Wood, Sample PC-72-WS-1, red pine group, (Pinus) from fragment of ancient Roman beam from device in Roman Fountain House, over underground springs. Water-lifting device believed to date from later stages of Fountain House, with latest pottery material from 2nd century AD. Comment: MASCA corrected range: 740 to 840 BC. 1990 ± 50 P-1932. PC-72-WS-2 40 BC Plank, PC-72-WS-2, European Spruce (Picea abies) from cofferdam surrounding Roman rubble wall in Tr YZ #3 ancient layer silted over 1st century BC. Cofferdam thought to be a dock from that date, or a fishing tank of a later date. Comment: MASCA corrected range: AD 60 to 110 BC. 3270 ± 70 P-1933. PC-72-WS-3 1320 BC Wood, PC-72-WS-3, white oak group, (Quercus) from cofferdam, Tr IA, to S of Pedestal #3. Comment: MASCA corrected range: 1520 to 1710 BC. 1980 ± 60 P-1934. PC-72-WS-4 30 BC Wood, PC-72-WS-4, pine, (Pin us) from cofferdam surrounding rub- ble wall, from Tr TB, W face of wall, believed to be fish tank of 2nd century AD. Comment: MASCA corrected range: AD 70 to 120 BC. 1860 ± 60 P-1935. PC-72-WS-5 AD 90 Wood, PC-72-WS-5, red oak group, (Quercus) from cofferdam sur- rounding ancient Roman wall, believed to be a dock. Sample from Tr U1, to E of Wall U. Comment: MASCA corrected range: AD 130 to 60.

2. Greece Franchthi Cave series Franchthi Cave (37° 26' N, 23° 8' E) is near W tip of high, rugged headland, directly across bay from village of Koilada near Porto Cheli in S Argolid, Peloponnese, Greece. Site is especially important for its apparently continuous stratigraphic sequence from late Paleolithic through Mesolithic and the critical transition to Neolithic. There are no stratified prehistoric remains beyond Late Neolithic. Samples coil 1971; subm by T W Jacobsen, Indiana Univ, Bloomington, and M H Jameson, Univ Mus, Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Jacobsen, 1968; 1969a, b, and c). For additional dates from this site, see R, 1971, v 13, p 364-367. General Comment: with exception of P-1920 (cf) all dates are beyond range of MASCA correction factors now available (Oct, 1973). See Penn- sylvania XVI, this issue, and Ralph et al, 1973. University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates X VII 221 6170 ± 60 P-1920. F/A Balk, Unit 83S 4220 BC Charcoal mixed with dark reddish gray earth from F/A Balk, Unit 83S, underlying P-1660: 5260 ± 60 (R, 1971, v 13, p 364). Date expected to be late Neolithic. Comment: MASCA corrected range: 5050 to 5240 BC. 8410 ± 90 P-1921. F/A Balk, Unit 102S 6460 BC Charcoal mixed with dark reddish brown earth from F/A Balk, Unit 102S, underlying P-1920 (cf P-1920). Date expected to be Late Neolithic. 6790 ± 90 P-1922. F/A Balk, Unit 129N 4840 BC Charcoal mixed with dark brown earth from F/A Balk, Unit 129N. Date expected to be Middle Neolithic. 6730 ± 70 P-1922-A. F/A Balk, Unit 129N 4780 BC Same as P-1922. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. Sample was run with and without NaOH pretreatment as a test for humic contamination in site. Date expected to be Middle Neolithic. 6670 ± 70 P-1824. F/A Balk, Unit 137N 4720 BC Charcoal and dark brown earth from F/A Balk, Unit 137N, under- lying P-1922 (cf). Date expected to be Middle Neolithic. 11,240 ± 140 P-1923. H-1, Unit A181 9290 BC Charcoal and dark red earth with many crushed snail shells, over- lying P-1520: 11,090 ± 260 (R, 1971, v 13, p 367). Date expected to be upper Paleolithic. 12,540 ± 180 P-1827. H-1, Unit A199 10,590 BC Charcoal and reddish brown earth; same level as P-1520; 11,090 ± 260 (R, 1971, v 13, p 367). Date expected to be Upper Paleolithic.

P. Near East 1. Iran Hajji Firuz Tepe series Hajji Firuz Tepe (37° N, 450 29' E), is a small mound SE of Hasanlu Tepe on S shore of Lake Urmia, in Solduz valley of Azerbaijan Prov, Iran. Excavated by Univ Mus, 1958, 1959, 1961, and 1968. Samples coil 1968; subm by R H Dyson, Jr, Univ 1\f us, Univ Pennsylvania, Phila- delphia (1965, 1969; Lawn, 1970; Ralph, 1959; Stuckenrath, 1963; Stuckenrath et al, 1966). 222 Barbara Lawn 870 ± 50 P-1839. HF 68-5.68 AD 1080 1Cu = +1.90% Reed matting, burnt in situ, from bottom or rectangular pit in F 11 (2). Sample dates Islamic occupation of mound and assoc ceramic assemblage. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. 13C/12C was measured as some reed samples are known to be fractionated; this one, however, had not. MASCA range: AD 1100 to 1040. 5460 ± 80 P-1841. HF 68.5-70 3510 BC Charcoal, from Operation F 10 (2) 1 dates Chalcolithic (Pisdeli or Hasanlu VIII period) occupation of site. For other dates for this period see P-866: 5450 ± 70 (R, 1966, v 8, p 350); P-157: 5450 ± 160 (R, 1959, v 1, p 50); P-504: 5520 ± 80 and P-505: 5640 ± 80 (R, 1963, v 5, p 89). Comment: MASCA corrected range: 4270 to 4400 Be. 5370 ± 80 P-1842. HF 68.5.73 3420 BC Charcoal from Operation F 10 (3a) 4 dates Chalcolithic occupation (Pisdeli or Hasanlu VIII period) of site. For other dates for this period, see P-1841 (cf). Comment: MASCA corrected range: 4100 to 4380 BC. 6870 ± 100 P-1843. HF 68.5.76 4920 BC Charcoal from Operation H 12 (6) 2 on lower floor of "Stolper House", assoc with trash heap and Burial 3 (Dyson, 1969). For date from stratigraphically equivalent samples, see P-502: 6900 ± 80, and P-455: 7270 ± 90 (R, 1963, v 5, p 90). Comment: this sample is beyond range of MASCA correction factors now available (Oct, 1973). See Pennsylvania XVI, this issue, and Ralph et al, 1973.

2. Lebanon Sarafand series Sarafand (ancient Sarepta), Lebanon (33° 27' N, 35° 17' E) is ad- jacent to harbor of village of Sarafand, ca 12.87km S of Sidon on road to Tyre. Site represents most extensive and best stratigraphic remains of Phoenician civilization yet excavated. Samples coil 1972, subm 1972 by J B Pritchard, Univ Mus, Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 3160 ± 60 P-1944. II-D-6 1210 BC Charcoal from firing chamber of Kiln S. Comment: NaOH pretreat- ment. MASCA corrected range: 1460 to 1600 BC. 2360 ± 60 P-1945. Rm 65, Level 4A kiln 410 BC Charcoal. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: 430 to 660 BC. University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates X VII 223 3000 ± 50 P-1946. II-A-9, Level 7 1050 BC Charcoal. Comments: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: 1220 to 1400 BC. (JBP): MASCA corrected range agrees well with analy- sis of pottery assoc with this level. Pottery assoc with other levels are not yet analyzed. 2880 ± 60 P-1947. II C-4, Level 7.9 930 BC Charcoal. Comment: MASCA corrected range: 1020 to 1260 BC. 2920 ± 50 P-1948. II-B-4, Level 8 970 BC Charcoal. Comment: MASCA corrected range: 1110 to 1300 Bc. 2950 ± 50 P-1950. II-C.5, Level 8.3 1000 BC Charcoal from Level 8-3*sealed. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: 1160 to 1360 BC. 2990 ± 50 P-1951. II-C-5, Level 10.1 1040 BC Charcoal from Level 10-1 *sealed. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: 1220 to 1390 BC.

3. Turkey Korucu Tepe aeries Korucu Tepe is a medium-sized mound in the Altimova plain E of Elazig, Turkey (38° 42' N, 390 30' E), at alt ca 824m. Samples coll 1970; subm by Maurits van Loon, Inst Prae-en Protohist, Univ Amster- dam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (van Loon and Buccellati, 1969, 1970; l\Iellink, 1969, 1970). For more dates from this site, see P-1611-1618 and P-1626-1629 (R, 1971, v 13, p 368-369). 3950 ± 70 P-1927. KRC 70.5439 2000 BC Charcoal from Operation 0 16, Area 4, Level 10. From area next to heavy mud brick wall of Early Bronze III public building on top of Korucu Tepe, assoc with fluted black burnished pottery and clay figu- rines of ca 2300 to 2000 BC. Early Bronze III building was abandoned, but never burned and charcoal was found next to burned Early Bronze II level, into which foundations were dug. Thus, sample may predate ca 2300 BC. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. 1\IASCA corrected range: 2420 to 2670 BC. 4340 ± 70 P-1926. KRC 70.5670 2390 BC Charcoal, from Operation P 17, Area 13, Level 5, from floor of burned room containing relief-decorated black burnished pottery and a clay "andiron", similar to those found in Amuq Phase 14-1 (Braidwood 224 Barbara Lawn locus will Sc Braidwood, 1960, p 358-368; 398-403; 518-519). Dating this establish whether it is contemporary with loci elsewhere on Korucu Tepe which yielded undecorated black burnished pottery with the fol- lowing dates: P-1617-A, 4110 ± 70; P-1617-b, 4070 ± 60; P-1618, 4220 ± 60; P-1628, 3990 ± 60; and P-1629, 3960 ± 70 (R, 1971, v 13, p 368-369). Comment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: 2970 to 3180 se. 5150 ± 80 P-1928. KRC 70.5948 3200 BC Charcoal from Operation K 12, Area 14, Level 22, on Floor W. Coil from floor of burned room containing chaff-faced pottery compar- able to Amuq F ware (Braidwood Sc Braidwood, 1960, p 232-238; 513- 514) and some pie-shaped clay structures which probably served as pot stands. K 12, Level 22 is above K 12, Level 27, dated 5370 ± 40, GrN- 5286, and 5330 ± 40, GrN-5287 (pers commun). Comment: NaOH pre- treatment. MASCA corrected range: 3820 to 4090 Be. 6310 ± 70 P-1929. KRC 70.5757 4360 BC Charcoal from Operation K 13, Area 5, Level 27. Coil from burned horizontal timber incorporated into plastered mud brick house wall in earliest building level found at Korucu Tepe. Assoc pottery is black or brown burnished, with a few Halaf and Ubaid-like sherds, pointing to a date ca 4500 to 4000 Be (Braidwood Sc Braidwood, 1960, p 157-168; 509- 511). Comment: NaOH pretreatment, MASCA corrected range: 5180 to 5300 BC.

4. Syria Selenkahiye series, Syria Selenkahiye is a fortified mound 87km E of Aleppo, Syria (36° 6' N, 38° 3' E) on W bank of Euphrates R. Samples coil 1967 during excava- tions by Oriental Inst Univ Chicago; subm 1970 by Maurits van Loon (1968,1969; van Loon and Dornemann, 1969). Phase 1: 1st occupation on natural levee along Euphrates R, apparently Early Dynastic period, ca 2600 to 2300 BC. 3900 ± 60 P-1788. SLK 567-192 1950 BC Charcoal from Operation W41, Area 6, Level EL, ca 20cm above virgin soil. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: 2210 to 2580 BC. 3860 ± 70 P-1789. SLK 567.194 1910 BC Charcoal from Operation W41, Area 6, to virgin soil in level E-H. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: 2190 to 2560 BC. Phase 2: construction of mud brick city wall with stairs at regular inter- vals-possibly Early Akkad period, ca 2300 to 2225 BC. University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates X VII 225 12,810 ± 230 P-1790. SLK 567.101 10,860 Bc Charcoal from Operation W41, Area 5, bottom of Level 5. Comment: not tested for bitumen because all of sample had already been processed for dating. Cf P-1791, below. +2890 32,040 -2130 P-1791. SLK 567.141 30,090 BC Charcoal, from Operation W41, Area 5, bottom of Level E2. Com- ment: NaOH pretreatment. After dating, an unburnt portion of sample was tested and found to be contaminated with bitumen. Use of bitumen is recorded in excavation rept (van Loon and Dornemann, 1969, p 66). Phase 4: renovation of public building-possibly Ur III period, ca 2150 to 2000 BC. This phase ended in wholesale slaughter and fire. 3970 ± 70 P-1792. SLK 567.124 2020 BC Charcoal from Operation W43, Area 4, floor of Level 3. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. 11IASCA corrected range: 2480 to 2780 BC. 3790 ± 60 P-1793. SLK S67.193 1840 Bc Charcoal from charred roof of burnt building in Operation X43, Area 4, Level 2. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: 2170 to 2460 BC. 3620 ± 50 P-1794. SLK 567.437 1670 BC Charcoal from burnt roof beams found on floor of doorway in Operation X43, Area 4, Level 5. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. i\IASCA corrected range: 2070 to 2160 Be. Phase 5: re-occupation of ruined public building by private households- possibly ca 2000 to 1950 BC. 3930 ± 60 P-1795. SLK S67.315 1980 Bc Charcoal from Operation W42, Area 3, floor next to oven of Level 1. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: 2340 to 2610 BC. 3880 ± 60 P-1796. SLK 567.391 1930 Bc Charcoal from Operation W42, Area 3, level next to oven. Comment: NaOH pretreatment, MASCA corrected range: 2190 to 2560 Be. Phase unknown. 226 Barbara Lawn 3740 ± 70 P-1797. SLK 567.191 1790 BC Charcoal from Operation Q26, Area 2, Level 14, from locus next to E balk. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: 2150 to 2330 BC. 4080 ± 60 P-1798. SLK 567.83 2130 BC Charred grain and soil from Operation Q26, Area 2, Level 7. Com- ment: NaOH pretreatment, I\IASCA corrected range: 2610 to 2910 BC.

C. Southwest Asia 1. Afghanistan Ai-Khanoum series Ai-Khanoum in Bactria, N Afghanistan (37° 10' N, 69° 24' E) is 1st Hellenistic site discovered there. Samples coll 1969; subm by Paul Ber- nard, Dir, Delegation Archaeol Francaise en Afghanistan, Kabul, Af- ghanistan. All charcoal (Platanus orientalis) id by R C Koeppen. 2780 ± 60 P-1872. Hypostyle Hall, late floor 830 BC Charcoal from burnt roof beam. Expected date 1st century BC. Com- ment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: 910 to 1100 BC. 2180 ± 60 P-1873. Hypostyle Hall, late floor 230 BC Charcoal from burnt roof beam. Expected date 1st century Be. Com- ment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: 200 to 410 BC. 2110 ± 40 P-1874-A. Hypostyle Hall, late floor 160 BC Charcoal from burnt roof beam. Expected date 1st century BC. Com- ment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: 120 to 380 Be. 3690 ± 70 P-1875. Temple a redans, late floor 1740 BC Charcoal. Expected date 1st century Be. Comment: NaOH pretreat- ment MASCA corrected range: 2110 to 2180 Be. 2170 ± 50 P-1876. Temple a redans, late floor 220 BC Charcoal. Expected date 1st century Be. Comment: NaOH pretreat- ment. MASCA corrected range: 170 to 400 BC. 2650 ± 50 P-1877. Temple a redans, late floor 700 BC Charcoal. Expected date 1st century Be. Comment: NaOH pretreat- ment. MASCA corrected range: 810 to 910 Be. University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates X VII 227 2650 ± 50 P-1878. Hypostyle Hall 700 BC 13G1U, _ +19.53%0 Charcoal and burnt reed under earliest foundation of W wall E xpected date 3rd century Bc. Comment: MASCA corrected range: 800 to 900 BC. 2330 ± 50 P1879. Hypostyle Hall 380 BC 6I3Cw = +9.67% Charcoal and burnt reed under earliest foundation of Expected W wall. date ca 3rd century Be. Comment: MASCA corrected range: 420 to 640 BC.

P-1880. 2540 ± 50 Hypostyle Hall 590 BC 613Cu, = +21.41% Charcoal and burnt reed under earliest foundation of W Expected wall. date ca 3rd century Be. Comment: MASCA corrected range: 740 to 810 BC. D. North America 1. USA Alaska Dixthada series Dixthada is a multicomponent site in central Alaska, USA, (63° 28' N, 143° 26' W), with a core and blade technology underlying a late prehistoric Athapaskan occupation characterized by extensive bone and copper utilization. Samples coll 1971 by J P Cook and R A McKennan; subm 1971 by J P Cook, Univ Alaska, College, Alaska (Cook & McKen- nan,1970; Rainey,1939; 1940). 390 ± 50 P.1833. S106/E/98/E1/2 AD 1560 Charcoal, Sample 5, Sq S106/E/98/E1/2, from lowest part of late Athapaskan midden; under spruce layer, multiple floors to non-organic dark soil. Comment: MASCA corrected range: AD 1520 to 1420. 770 ± 40 P-1832. S106/E102 AD 1180 Charcoal, Sample 3, Sq S106/E102, from lowest part of late pre- historic Athapaskan midden; lowest floor above yellow silt. Comment: MASCA corrected range: AD 1240 to 1180. 2420 ± 60 P-1834. 5102/E100 470BC Charcoal, Sample 1, Sq S102/E100, in yellow silt, 6 to 10cm below late prehistoric midden deposit. Directly assoc with microblade (N73/ E1S0). Comment: MASCA corrected range: 440 to 740 sc. 298 Barbara Lawn Anangula series Anangula site (53° 00' N, 168° 51' W), is on Anangula (Ananiulak) I, in E Aleutians. This is a single component site, 17 to 20m above present sea level, characterized by unifacial tools, including many lamellar-flake tools. Samples coll June and July 1970 and subm by J S Aigner, Univ Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. For additional dates from this site, see P-1102, -1103, -1105, -1107 and -1108 (R, 1967, v 9, p 336-337) (Black & Laughlin, 1964; Laughlin, 1963; Laughlin & Marsh, 1954). General Comment: these samples are beyond range of correction factors now available. See Pennsylvania XVI, this issue and Ralph et al, 1973. 6990 ± 90 P-1836. F-12-s, w-11 5040 BC Charcoal from living zone outside house, on soil formed on volcanic ash, at depth ca 1.5 from modern surface. Estimated age: 7800 to 8500 BP. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. 7790 } 110 P-1837. F-24-III & Vd and F-25-III & Vd 5480 BC Charcoal, Samples F-24-III, F-24-Vd, F-25-III, and F-25-Vd from continuous carbonaceous zone, ca 1.5 to 1.7m from modern surface; probably temporally equivalent remains from zone clearly within a small hearth area. Hearth and house floor are resting on volcanic ash. Esti- mated age: 8000 to 8400 BP. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. 7000 ± 90 P-1835. F-6-e-V, F11-w-V 5050 BC Charcoal, Samples F-6-e-V and F-11-w-V, from zone believed to relate to initial occupation, at depth ca 1.68m from modern surface, probably outside major house in E and beneath fill from latter. Occupation rests on volcanic ash layer. Comment: NaOH pretreatment.

New Jersey Savich Farm series Savich Farm site, consisting of a village midden and burial, is in vIarlton, Evesham Township, Burlington Co, New Jersey (39° 53' N, 74° 53' W). Samples coil 1968, 1969; subm by Richard Regensburg, Univ Mus, Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 610 ± 30 P-1777. Feature 114 AD 1340 Charcoal from late woodland refuse pit in top soil and extending into subsoil and archaic component. Pit contained 215 potsherds of 1 type, I triangular point, 1 whetstone, and many hearth stones. Same type of pottery from Overpeck site was dated AD 1200. Comment: MASCA corrected range: AD 1370 to 1300. University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates X VII 229 610 ± 50 P-1778. Feature 114 AD 1340 Same as for P-1777, above, except that this sample was baked for 20 min at 300°F the same day it was excavated. It was thought that bacterial action could alter results. Comment: this limited test proved theory was false. MASCA corrected range: AD 1380 to 1260. 3640 ± 60 P1779. Feature 128 1690 BC Charcoal from hearth pit, typical of many from terminal Archaic component. Pit contained 1 quartzite point, 4 aragonite bases, red ocher, and 85 hearth stones. Miller Field site, N New Jersey, has same point types below level dated at 1700 BC. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: 2080 to 2160 Be. 3530 ± 70 P-1780. Feature 135 1580 BC Charcoal from terminal Archaic hearth pit (different from P-1779, above) sealed off from Woodland component floor by at least 10.2cm of soil. Comment: MASCA corrected range: 1920 to 2110 Be. 3820 ± 60 P-1781. Feature 157 1870 BC Charcoal will help date village midden and cremation cult of ter- minal Archaic component. Estimated date: ca 2000 Be. Comment: 1\1ASCA corrected range: 2180 to 2480 BC. 4290 ± 60 P-1782. Feature 215 2340 BC Charcoal from Feature 215, deeper than most of other features, and contained 2 points of period 3500 to 4000 Be? Comment: NaOH pre- treatment. MASCA corrected range: 2930 to 3150 BC.

E. Central America 1. El Salvador Chalchuapa series Area of sites is near Chalchuapa, El Salvador (13° 59' N, 89° 41' E). Samples are from the following excavations: Laguna Cuzcachapa (LC), stratified Preclassic ceremonial and occupational deposit; and El Trapiche mound group (TR), late Preclassic ceremonial center. Samples coll 1967 and 1969; subm by R J Sharer, (1969) Univ Mus, Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Laguna Cuzcachapa 1720 ± 60 P-1803. LC-2.8.5A AD 230 Charcoal from Test Pit 2-8, Level 5. Date should be no later than late Preclassic. Comment: MASCA corrected range: AD 320 to 170. 230 Barbara Lawn 3610 ± 60 P-1807. LC-2-3.11(W) 1660 BC Charcoal from Test Pit 2-3, Level 11 (lowest level). Date should be no later than terminal Early Preclassic. Comment: undersized sample, 85.63%. MASCA corrected range: 2050 to 2150 Be. El Trapiche Mound 1840 ± 40 P-1547. TR-10.1.38A AD 130 Charcoal found within an intact ceramic cache vessel (Aguacate Orange: Atecozol variety) typical of Caynace Ceramic complex, ca 300 BC to AD 200 or Late Preclassic. Stratigraphic position of cache indicates its contemporaneity with period of active use of structure E 3-1. Com- ment: undersized sample, 92.39%. MASCA corrected range: AD 180 to 110. 2040 ± 40 P-1550. TR-10.2.30A 90 BC Charcoal found within vessel from Cache 10. Vessel type (Pinos black-brown: Apopa variety) as well as others from same cache, are all from Caynac Ceramic complex, (ca 300 Be to AD 200). Cache was assoc with particular construction phase of Structure E 3-1, (Stage 5), and sealed by subsequent construction phase. Comment: undersized sample, 96.08%. MASCA corrected range: AD 10 to 160. 1970 ± 60 P-1805. TR-10.7.3 (A) 20 BC Charcoal from fill of Structure E 3-1. Date should be no later than Late Preclassic. Comment: MASCA corrected range: AD 70 to 110 Be. 2390 ± 60 P-1806. TR-10.7.3 (B) 440 BC Charcoal from fill of Structure E 3-1. Date should be no later than Late Preclassic. Comment: MASCA corrected range: 430 to 730 Be. 2450 ± 60 P-1808. TR-10.15.B 500 BC Charcoal from fill of Structure E 3-1. Date should be no later than Late Preclassic. Comment: MASCA corrected range: 480 to 780 Be. 2790 ± 60 P-1551. TR-10.3.11A 840 BC Charcoal found within apparently primary deposit of domestic de- bris at base of structure E 3-1. Deposit is dated as Terminal Early Pre- classic, based on ceramic content, sherds of Tok Ceramic complex, ca 1000 to 900 BC. It overlay sterile soil (talpetate) and underlay Late Preclassic fill of Structure E 3-1. Comment: MASCA corrected range: 940 to 1100 BC. University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates X VII 231 5280 ± 70 P-1548. TR-10.1.40C 3330Bc Charcoal from carbonized wood beneath construction fill of Struc- ture E 3-1 and directly assoc with top layer of sterile volcanic deposit, predating any known occupation at Chalchuapa. Comment: MASCA corrected range: 4020 to 4330 BC.

2. Honduras Port Royal series Port Royal, Isla de Roatan, Islas de la Bahia, Honduras (16° 20' N, 86° 20' W) is an underwater site lying at E end of Port Royal Bay. Wreck was covered with sand and turtle grass. Water depth in vicinity varies from ca 1.8 to 9.lm. Ship thought to date at least AD 1515 (Saner, 1966). Samples coil 1971 by J J Berrier, Jr; subm by H R Sharp, Univ Mus, Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 230 ± 40 P-1799. PR1 WD UP#6 AD 1720 Sample taken from lower deck, stern sec. Comment: i11ASCA cor- rected range: AD 1760 to 1670. 310 ± 40 P-1930. PR1 WBP UP#8 AD 1640 Mahogany, a species of Swietenia, id by R C Koeppen, was from port bilge pump just aft of mast step. Comment: MASCA corrected range: AD 1680 to 1590. F. South America 1. Peru Chilca Canyon series Samples from prehistoric sites in dry canyon 4km from central Pacific coast, 67km S of city of Lima, subm by Frederic Engel, Inst Anthropol y Agric Precolumbina, Lima, Peru. 3400 ± 60 P-1593. 12B-VII-3080 1450 BC Charcoal, Sample v 2521, from Level 100 refuse probably from hearth, from Village 12B-VII-3080, Chilca Canyon (12° 25' 26" S, 76° 38' 39" W) at alt + 450m. Sample dates a late Precolumbian village in a loma with circular huts surrounded by small walls. Coll 1967 by Berna- dino Ojeda. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: 1960 to 1950 BC. 1320 ± 60 P-1605. 12B-V-206 AD 630 Sample v 1166 is from a beam of house in Antival, Site 12B-V-206, upper Chilca Canyon (12° 15' 30" S, 76° 24' 30" W) and dates possible late-Nascoid re-occupation yielding undecorated, undefined chocolate brown pottery from large above ground houses and elaborate rectangular chulpas. Lower levels are pre-Chavin, with age of 3700 ± 110, GX-1833 239 Barbara Lawn (pers commun). Coil by Frederic Engel. Comment: MASCA corrected range: AD 720 to 600. 5560 ± 80 P-1844. 16A-II-40 3610 BC Sample v 2990, from Level 100 of shell and refuse mound at Site 16A-KK40, Bay of San Nicholas, S coast of Peru (15° 13' S, 73° 13' W) ca sea level. Coil 1970 by Frederic Engel and Bernadino Ojeda. Com- ments: NaOH pretreatment, MASCA corrected range: 4400 to 4510 BC. (FE): the range, 4400 to 4510 BC, confirms Strong's judgement about pre-agricultural character of shell mounds found along the Bay of San Juan, N of Harbor of Marcona, S Peru. 3390 ± 70 P-1845. 11B-IX-390 1440 BC Wood, Sample v 2781, from broken beam on floor of decorated building or "temple" at Los Trisos, Site 11 B-IX-390 in Chillon Valley (11° 44' 30" S, 78° 58' 30" W), alt +550m. Coil 1970 by Frederic Engel. Comments: MASCA corrected range: 1680 to 1950 Be. (FE): the range, 1680 to 1950 Be, establishes preceramic character of this large complex, comparable with El Paraiso, ca 40 km W, along S bank of Chillon R. Site 11B-IX-390 was considered late prehispanic, as it had been reoc- cupied, but architecture, with clay-plastered and painted walls, is typi- cal of final phase of preceramic horizons. 630 ± 40 P-1846. 17B-V-740 AD 1320 Charcoal, Sample v 2886, from Quebrade Honda, Site 17B-V-740 (15° 50' 51" S, 74° 18' W), alt +25m. Coil 1970 by Frederic Engel. Com- ments: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: AD 1350 to 1260. (FE): dates large settlement of Quebrada Honda found in a rocky cove just N of Chala. Pottery shows Inca types, but large terraces found all around in the lomas are Nazca. Date seems slightly early for an Inca settlement. 3240 ± 60 P-1848. 9a-V-10 1290 BC Wood, Sample v 2791, from House 9, Level 3 at Culebras, Site 9a-V-10 on N coast of Peru (9° 56' 42" N, 78° 14' 8" S) alt +40m. Comments: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: 1500 to 1680 Be. (FE) : result places Culebras preceramic settlement where it was expected, in the last phase of preceramic horizons, with subterranean houses still being used, contrary to above ground houses found in Rio Seco and Asia for the same period. 4090 ± 70 P-1849. 16C-X-140 2140 BC Charcoal, Sample v 2877, from Level 100, Quebrada Vaca, Chala, Site 16C-X-140 (16° 18' S, 73° 24' 30" W) a preceramic site on a terrace overhanging beach, alt +40m. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: 2610 to 2920 Be. University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates X VII 233 G. South Pacific 1. Guadalcanal Fotoruma Cave series Fotoruma Cave is in the Poha Valley, Guadalcanal I, British Solo- mons I (9° 25' S, 159° 54' E). Top stratum represents World War II battlefield; bottom stratum dated by I-2874, 2920 ± 110 (pers commun) is earlier than earliest Melanesian radiocarbon date for is E of New Guinea. Samples coil 1966-1968; subm by William Davenport, Univ Mus, Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 1030 ± 40 P-1941. P4 AD 920 Charcoal ca 48cm below datum (D3, E) from ash and charcoal under- lying that dated by I-2876, 765 ± 95 (pers commun). Comment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: AD 1000 to 800. 300 ± 40 P-1939. P2 AD 1650 Charcoal from earth oven ca 61cm below datum (D8, H). Stratum is below that dated by I-2876, 765 ± 95 and above I-2875, 1310 ± 100 (pens commun). Comment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: AD 1630 to 1470. 2550 ± 60 P-1942. P5 600 BC Charcoal ca 152cm below datum (D5, E) from earth oven in stratum underlying P4. Comment: NaOH pretreatment, MASCA corrected range: 760 to 810 Bc. 2630 ± 60 P-1943. P6 680 BC Charcoal ca 183cm below datum (D5, E). Age expected to be > P5. Comment: MASCA corrected range: 800 to 900 BC. 720 ± 40 P-1940. P3 AD 1230 Charcoal ca 185cm below datum (D11, K) from earth oven in stratum below P5 and P6. Comment: NaOH pretreatment. MASCA corrected range: AD 1290 to 1200. II. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. USA Havasu Creek series Samples are from Havasu Creek, Arizona, coil 1969; subm by Robert Giegengack, Geol Dept, Univ Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. General Comment (RG): this study endeavors to assess empirically the validity of radiocarbon dates of calcareous tufa (see Giegengack & Ralph, mss in preparation), and is, thus far, successful for selected samples of stream-precipitated CaCO3 from Havasu Creek, Arizona. The water of Havasu Creek rises from perennial springs and mixes turbulently with the atmosphere as it falls through 457.5m in ca 16.1km 234 Barbara Lawn (10 mi) of flow. Loss of CO2 causes precipitation of CaCO3 on bed and bank obstructions as well as on foreign bodies that fall into the stream. Especialy interesting are fragments of wood falling into the stream as trees dies after their roots are flooded by channel changes caused by systematic growth and periodic collapse of tufa structures. A point ca 16.1km (10 mi) upstream from the confluence of Havasu Creek with the Colorado R was arbitrarily selected to represent the center of water seepage on the floor of Havasu Canyon. The number in sample titles refer to mileage downstream from the springs to points at which tufa-encrusted wood was coll. We have assumed that the innermost cylinder of CaCO3 around each wood sample was precipitated shortly after the contributing tree died. Hence, an age difference between the outermost wood and inner- most tufa is a crude measure of isotopic disequilibrium between the stream water, from which the CaCO3 precipitated, and the atmosphere, from which the wood carbon is derived, at the time the tree died and for the point in the stream course at which precipitation began. Assuming no sample was carried downstream after precipitation started, then any systematic downstream decrease in age differences between wood and tufa dated samples expresses the rate of equilibration of the carbon-isotope spectrum in the atmosphere with that of the stream water, presumably as a result of turbulent mixing of the water with the atmosphere. 6.49km downstream of origin of Havasu Creek (36° 15' N, 112° 42' W) 240 ± 40 P-1632. 69HC 4.03W AD 1710 613CU = +6.5% Wood, probably mesquite, encrusted with calcareous tufa. 17,410 ± 420 P-1642. 69HC 4.03T 15,460 BC S13C = +25.9%0 Tufa encrusting wood Sample P-1632 (c f ). Comment: tufa age less wood age =17,170. 8.05km downstream of origin of Havasu Creek (36° 15' N, 112° 42' W) P-1987. 69HC 5.00W <20 813C= -2.91% Wood, encrusted with calcareous tuf a. P-2044. 69HC 5.00W <20 Wood, same as P-1987 (cf). Comment: R G thought wood should be older, thus more of same sample was dated. University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates X VII 235 16,560 ± P-1988. 190 69HC 5.OOT 14,610 Bc 613G1v = +27.5% Tufa encrusting wood Sample P-1987 (cf). Comment: tufa age less wood age = 16,540. 9.25km downstream of origin of Havasu Creek (36° 16' N, 112° 43' W) 190 ± 50 P-1899. 69HC 5.75W AD 1760 61301 _ Wood encrusted with calcareous tufa. Wood id by R C Koeppen as species of Populus, either aspen or cottonwood. 15,400 ± 270 P-1898. 69HC 5.75T 13,450 BC b`13C.u: = +22.5%0 Tufa encrusting wood Sample P-1899 (cf). Comment: tufa age less wood age = 15,210. 9.66km downstream of origin of Havasu Creek (36° 16' N, 112° 43' W) 420 ± 40 P-1897. 69HC 6.00W AD 1530 61s = Wood encrusted with calcareous tufa. Wood id as species of Populus, either aspen or cottonwod (R C Koeppen, c f P-1899). 14,900 ± 210 P-1896. 69HC 6.OOT 12,950 BC 613Cw = +19.56% Tufa encrusting wood Sample P-1897 (c f ). Comment: tufa age less wood age =14,480. 10.83km downstream of origin of Havasu Creek (36° 17'N, 112° 44' W) 490 ± 60 P-1694. 69HC 6.73W AD 1460 S 13Gu = -4.7c/ Wood encrusted with calcareous tufa. 13,530 ± 90 P-1695. 69HC 6.73T 11,580 BC 13C = +27.4X Tufa encrusting wood Sample P-1694 (cf). Comment: tufa age less wood age = 12,930. 11.51 km downstream of origin of Havasu Creek (36° 17' N, 112° 44'W) 236 Barbara Lawn I.7343. 69HC 7.15W <20 Wood encrusted with calcareous tufa. Comment: sample was too small; thus, was dated by Isotopes, Inc. 14,800 ± 190 P-2039. 69HC 7.15T 12,850 BC 813Cw = +27.00%0 less Tufa encrusting wood Sample I-7343 (c f). Comment: tufa age wood age = 14,780. 15.34km downstream of origin of Havasu Creek N, 112° 45' W) (36° 18' 180±50 P-1631. 6911C 9.53W AD 1770 613Cw = Wood encrusted with calcareous tufa. 13,050 ± 300 P-1641. 69HC 9.53T 11,110 BC S13GW = +25.2%0 less Tufa encrusting wood Sample P-1631 (c f). Comments: tufa age wood age = 13,260. (RG): P-1631 and :1641 were lying on boulder in center of stream and were probably carried downstream by a flood after precipitation of tufa had begun. 15.61 km downstream of origin of Havasu Creek (36° 18' N, 112° 46' W) 570 ± 40 P-2037. 69HC 9.70W AD 1380 S13C2u = +8.33% Wood encrusted with calcareous tuf a. 16,830 ± 240 P-2038. 69HC 9.70T 14,880 BC $13Co = +26.83%0 Tufa encrusting wood Sample P-2037 (c f ). Comments: tufa age less margin of stream and wood age = 16,260. (RG) : samples were lying at were probably carried downstream by flood after precipitation of tuf a had begun. REFERENCES oldest Black, R F and Laughlin, W S, 1964, Anangula: a geologic interpretation of the archaeologic site in the Aleutians: Science, v 143, p 1321-1322. S, in the Plain of Antioch, I: Braidwood, R J and Braidwood, L 1960, Excavations Oriental Inst Pubs, v 61, p 157-168, 232-238, 509-511, 513-514. tradition: a view from Healy Cook, J P and McKennan, R A, 1970, The Athapaskan Lake in the Yukon-Tanana upland: Paper, 10th ann mtg, Northwestern Anthro- Ottawa. pol Assoc, Near Dyson, Robert, Jr, 1965, Problems of protohistoric Iran as seen from Hasanlu: Eastern Studies Jour, v 24, p 193-217. 1969, Stolper house: Expedition, v 11, no 2, p 39-47. Jacobsen, T W, 1968, Investigations at Porto Cheli-Halieis, 1967: Archaiologikon Deltion, v 23, p 144-148. University of Pennsylvauiia Radiocarbon Dates X VII 237 Jacoben, T W, 1969a, Llvestigations at Porto Cheli-Halieis, 1968: Archaiologikon Deltiorn, v 24, p 135-139. 1969b, The Franchthi Cave: Archaeology, v 22, no 1, p 4-9. 1969c, Excavations at Porto Cheli and vicinity, preliminary report II: the Franchthi Cave: Hesperia, v 38, no 3, p 348-381. Laughlin, W S, 1963, Eskimos and Aleuts: their origins and evolution: Science, v 142, p 633-645. Laughlin, W S and Marsh, G H, 1954, The lamellar-flake manufacturing site on Anangula Island in the Aleutians: Am Antiquity, v 20, no 1, p 27-39. Lawn, Barbara, 1970, Univ of Pennsylvania radiocarbon dates XIII: Radiocarbon, v 12, p 577-589. Mellink, M J, 1969, Archaeology in Asia Minor: Am Jour Archaeol, v 74, p 165, plate 42, fig 7. 1970, Archaeology in Asia Minor: Am Jour Archaeol, v 74, p 165, pl 42, fig 7. Pritchard, J B, 1971, The Phoenicians in their homeland: Expedition, v 14, no 1, p 14-23. Rainey, F G, 1939, Archaeology in central Alaska: Anthropol papers Am Mus Natl History, v 36, pt 4, p 351-405. 1940, Archaeological investigations in central Alaska: Am Antiquity, v 5, no 4, p 299-308. Ralph, E K, 1959, University of Pennsylvania radiocarbon dates III: Am Jour Sci Radiocarbon Supp, v 1, p 45-58. Ralph, E K, Michael, H N, and Han, M C, 1973, Radiocarbon dates and reality: MASCA Newsletter, v 9, no 1, p 1-20. Sauer, C 0, 1966, The Early Spanish Main: Berkeley, Univ California Press, p 1-306. Sharer, R J, 1969, Chalchuapa-investigations at a highland Maya ceremonial center: Expedition, v 11, no 2, p 36-39. Stuckenrath, Robert, Jr, 1963, University of Pennsylvania radiocarbon dates VI: Radiocarbon, v 5, p 82-103. 1967, University of Pennsylvania radiocarbon dates X: Radiocarbon, v 9, p 333-345. Stuckenrath, Robert, Jr, Coe, W R, and Ralph, E K, 1966, University of Pennsylvania radiocarbon dates IX: Radiocarbon, v 8, p 348-385. van Loon, Maurits, 1968, First results of the 1967 excavations at Tell Selenkahiye: Annales Archaeol Arabes Syriennes, v 18, p 21-32. 1969, New light on the chronology of the middle bronze age from inland Syria: Am Jour Archaeol, v 73, p 276-277. van Loon, Maurits and Buccellati, Giorgia, 1969, The 1968 excavation at Korucutepe near Elazig: Turk Arkeolji Dergisi, v 17, p 79-82. 1970, The University of Chicago-University of California excavations at Korucutepe, 1968: 1968 Yaz Calismalari (Middle East Technical Univ, Keban Proj Pub I, II) p 89-102. van Loon, Maurits and Dornemann, R H, 1969, New sites in the Euphrates Valley: Archaeology, v 22, p 65-70. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 16, No. 2, 1974, P. 238-251] SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES RESEARCH AND REACTOR CENTRE RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS II D D HARKNESS and H W WILSON Radiocarbon Laboratory, Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre, East Kilbride, Scotland Preparation of samples, operation of counting systems, and calcula- tion of results remain as described previously (Harkness and Wilson, 1973). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to the Natural Environment Research Council for continued financial support and to those persons who submitted samples and provided invaluable assistance in compiling this date list. T Laing, B Miller, and J I Service have continued to give excellent technical assistance in the laboratory. Dates measured for the Institute of Geological Sciences, Exhibition Road, London SW 7, are published by permission of the Director of IGS which should be regarded as "author" in relation to geologic con- text and interpretation of dates. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES East Mersea series, Essex Peat from seams at salt marsh edge, East Mersea, Essex, England (51° 47' N, 0° 60' E, Natl Grid Ref TM 062141). Coil 1971 by J T Greensmith, Queen Mary Coil, London; subm by Inst Geol Sci, London. 118 ± 48 SRR-56. East Mersea, Borehole 1 AD 1832 8C = -27.5; o Peat from seam ca 0.03 to 0.15m thick 0.3m below present marsh surface at 1.8m. 205 ± 56 SRR-57. East Mersea, Borehole 2 AD 1745 S13C = -28.7% Fragmented peat occupying channel in clayey-silt 0.3m below present marsh surface at 1.8m. General Comment (JTG): represents last 2 major phases of peat forma- tion at East Mersea. Seams now being actively eroded and destroyed. 4959 ± 65 SRR-58. Dengie, Borehole 4 3009 BC 61.'C = -26.4%, Peat seam from surface (Dengie No. 4) at -0.9m, Offshore Bank, St Peter's Flat, Essex, England (51 ° 44' N, 0° 58' E, Natl Grid Ref 238 D D Harkness and H W Wilson 239 TM043093). Coil 1971 by J T Greensmith; subm by Inst Geol Sci, London. Comment (JTG): probably represents local base of an early phase of Flandrian transgression. +2000 40,100 -1600 SRR-59. Fugla Ness, Shetland 38,150 BC

Wood from peat bed on coast of Fugla Ness, N Shetland, Scotland (60° 36' N, 1° 25' W, Natl Grid Ref HU 311913). Coll 1971 and subm by W Mykura, Inst Geol Sci, Edinburgh. Comment (WM): sec described by Chapelhowe (1965) and pollen analysis by Birks and Ransom (1969). Shows general agreement with dates from same deposit (Page, 1972). +1950 36,800 -1560 SRR-60. Se! Ayre, Shetland 34,850 BC 613C = -25.7%0 Peat from eroded cliff face at ca 6.lm below present cliff top, Sel ° Ayre, W Shetland, Scotland (60° 15' N, 1 41' W, Natl Grid Ref HU 176541). Coll 1971 and subm by W Mykura. Comment (WM): sec de- scribed in Mykura and Phemister (1973). Pollen content of peat has strong analytic similarities with peat of Fugla Ness (SRR-59). Both assemblages have strong Hoxnian affinities, but as there are no other interglacial deposits within a few hundred miles, correlation is very tentative. 7635 ± 52 SRR-61. Llandudno 5685 BC 8130 = -25.2% Peat from Oval borehole sited near Llandudno RR Sta, Wales (53° 19' N, 3° 51' W, Natl Grid Ref SH 7754 8191), at 3.99m. Peat, overlain in turn by estuarine clay, beach deposits, and blown sand, occurs between 8.15 and 9.20m depth. It is underlain by 3.24m of estuarine clay on Irish Sea boulder clay. Coll 1971 and subm by M J C Nutt, Inst Geol Sci, Leeds. Comment (MJCN): helps date last major rise in level of Irish Sea. 12,408 ± 85 SRR-62. Renfrew By-pass 10,488 BC 6130 _ Marine shells (Arctica islandica) from silty fine sands temporarily exposed in Renfrew bypass rd sec (55° 51' N, 4° 24' W, Nail Grid Ref NS495657), from ca 9.0 to 12.25m (Newlyn) described in Aspen and Jardine (1968). Coll 1967 by W G Jardine, subm by J D Peacock, Inst Geol Sci, Edinburgh. Comment (WGJ): agrees with other shell dates from similar deposits in same area (IGS-C14/21: R, 1972, v 14, p 141) 240 D D Harkness and H W Wilson-Scottish Universities and supports suggestion by Peacock (1971) that Paisley-Renfrew area was occupied by late-Pleistocene sea before Cardross-Greenock area to W. 12,360 ± 85 SRR-63. East Pier, Lochgilphead 10,410 BC s13c = -0.8a Shell bed (Arctica islandica) at ca 1.6m depth in silt at 0.5m, 40m S of East Pier, Lochgilphead, Argyll, Scotland (56° 2' N, 5° 26' W, Natl Grid Ref NR 863875). Coll 1972 and subm by J D Peacock. Comment (JDP): agrees with information for interstadial "Clyde Beds" of Paisley area (see SRR-62) and dates ice retreat in this part of Loch Fyne. 11,246 ± 78 SRR-64. Garstang, Lancashire 9296 BC 6130 = -28.S;o Peat from loose clay excavated from a temporary trench near Green- halgh Castle, Garstang, Lancashire, England (53° 54' N, 2° 46' W, Natl Grid Ref SD49924502). Trench sec shows peat underlies 1.42m pebbly silty clay. Preliminary palynologic analysis shows a predominance of non- arboreal pollen (62.1%), with Acer the major tree type. Coll 1971 and subm by N Aitkenhead, Inst Geol Sci, Leeds. 1805 ± 32 SRR-65. School site, Omagh AD 145 613C = -27.3% Peat interbedded in silty sand underlying till at School site, Omagh, Co Tyrone, Ireland (54° 36' N, 7° 18' W, Irish Grid Ref H 4582 7335). Coll 1971 and subm by H E Wilson, Inst Geol Sci, Belfast. Comment (HEW): sample appeared to be interbedded in glacial deposits when exposed in excavations. But date proves burial late in postglacial time, probably by local mud flow or soil creep. Powgavie series, Perthshire Peat from Borehole B at Powgavie Farm, Perthshire, Scotland (56° 25' N, 3° 9' W, Natl Grid Ref NO 2912 2532). Coll 1971 and subm by I B Paterson, Inst Geol Sci, Edinburgh. 8150 ± 50 SRR-66. Powgavie, 6.05m depth 6200 BC 6130 = -27.80 8320 ± 57 SRR-67. Powgavie, 6.15m depth 6370 BC 6130 = -29.1%0 8331 ± 74 SRR-68. Powgavie, 7.90m depth 6381 BC 6130 = -27.9% General Comment (IBP): peat overlain by Flandrian intertidal deposits. * Although date was not adjusted for isotopic fractionation, 6130 values are quoted for general information. Research and Reactor Centre Radiocarbon Measurements II 241 Burnside series, Perthshire Peat from borehole 250m NE of Burnside Farm, Perthshire, Scotland (56° 27' N, 3° 6' W, Natl Grid Ref NO 32592861). Coil 1971 and subm by I B Paterson. 8170 ± 67 SRR-69. Burnside, 7.98m depth 6220 BC 8130 = -26.5%a 8616 ± 52 SRR-70. Burnside, 8.59m depth 6660 BC 613C = _25.8% 0 General Comment (IBP): peat overlain by Flandrian intertidal deposits. Carey series, Perthshire Peat from bed below Flandrian "carse clay" exposed on S bank of R Earn 275m NE of Carey Farm, Perthshire, Scotland (56° 20' N, 3° 20' W, Natl Grid Ref NO 1747 1703). Coil 1971 and subm by I B Paterson. 7778 ± 55 SRR-71. Carey, Sample 4 5825 BC 613C=-25.4/ Top 0.04m of peat. 9524 ± 67 SRR-72. Carey, Sample 1 7574 BC 613C = -26.E<cists. The date (SRR-118) is therefore maximum and confirms that sequence was deposited after the last glaciation. 3409 ± 60 SRR-119. Empingham borehole 1459 BC 6130 = -23.2% Fossil soil at ca 1.88 to 1.95m depth in borehole at Empingham, England (52° 39' N, 0° 36' W, Natl Grid Ref SK 9439 0769). Coil 1972 and subm by A Horton, Inst Geol Sci, London. Comment (AH): soil horizon lies within deposit of soliflucted material and pre-dates latest period of hill-wash formation. 3066 ± 40 SRR-134. Swainswick Valley 1116 BC 6130 = -32.3% Woody peat at ca 2.95m depth in superficial head deposit in shallow gulley filling on cambered slope of Swainswick Valley, 1.6km NNE of Bath, England (51 ° 25' N, 2° 21' W, Natl Grid Ref ST 7601 6785). Coil 1972 and subm by R J Wyatt, Inst Geol Sci, London. New Bradwell series, Buckinghamshire 3813 ± 45 SRR-135. New Bradwell, A 1863 BC 6130 = -28.0/0 Wood from base of alluvial gravel beneath alluvial clay at New Bradwell, Milton Keynes, England (52° 4' N, 0° 47' W, Nail Grid Ref SP 8288 4092). Coil 1972 and subm by A Horton. 3552 ± 40 SRR-136. New Brad.well, B 1602 BC 613C = -28.5% Wood from bed of silty felted peat above alluvial gravel as in SRR-135. General Comment (AH): older date (A) marks onset of alluvial deposi- tion in tributary of R Ouse at site near main channel. Deposition of the main alluvial clay began later (B). Research and Reactor Centre Radiocarbon Measurements II 243 Pantybedw series Wood and peat samples from freshly cut drainage ditch at Panty- bedw, Wales (52° 34' N, 3° 47' W, Natl Grid Ref SN 7925 9752). Coil 1972 by D Davies and R Cave, Inst Geol Sci, London; subm by R Cave. 3609 ± 40 SRR-137. Pantybedw, No. 1 1659 BC 613C = -26.O Silty peat at depth 1.28 to 1.38m below surface, from base of layer ca 0.46m thick overlying clay and below ca 0.92m surface peat.

3345 ± 40 SRR-138. Pantybedw, No. 2 1395 BC s13C = -31.4% Wood fragment from base of surface peat layer at 0.92m below surface. 1835 ± 40 SRR-139. Pantybedw, No. 3 AD 115 SISC = -27.7% Wood (Quercus) embedded in upper level of surface peat layer, depth 0 to 0.61m below surface. Sample dated represented ca initial 40 yr of tree growth. 3330 ± 45 SRR-140. Melin-dulas 1380 BC SIC = -29.2, Wood (Quercus) from peat accumulated on surface of soliflucted boulder clay at Melin-dulas, Wales (52° 34' N, 3° 47' W, Natl Grid Ref SN 7976 9715). Coll 1972 by E Williams, subm by R Cave. Garthgwinion series Silty peat and wood fragments from sides of ditch at Garthgwinion, Wales (52° 34' N, 3° 52' W). Coll 1972 and subm by R Cave.

2937 ± 55 SRR-147. Garthgwinion 1 987 BC 5130 = -28.9% Sample from ca 0.9m depth in stoneless clay/ silt containing lenses of plant debris. (Natl Grid Ref SN 73519804). 3270 ±45 SRR-148. Garthgwinion 2 1320 BC 61sC = -27.1 0 Sample from ca 0.9m depth in 1.06 to 1.22m thick band of silty peat. (Natl Grid Ref SN 73519804). 244 D D Harkness and H W Wilson-Scottish Universities 4159 ± 55 SRR-149. Garthgwinion 3a 2209 BC 613C = -29.6% Sample from base of ca 0.6m thick layer of silty peat overlying ca 0.6m solifluction gravel (Natl Grid Ref SN 7353 9803). Material dated contained many fine rootlets, perhaps non-contemporaneous. 4104 ± 55 SRR-150. Garthgwinion 3b 2154 BC 313C = -30.0 '4C Same as SRR-149. All visible roots were removed prior to assay. 5473 ± 40 SRR-152. Garthgwinion 4a 3523 BC 6130 = -28.8 jco Sample from base of 0.44m thick seam overlying ca 0.7m silty soli- fluction gravel. (Natl Grid Ref SN 7354 9802). Material contained many fine rootlets that were removed prior to dating. 5395 ± 40 SRR-153. Garthgwinion 4b 3445 BC 13C = -27.8%0 Same as SRR-152. Visible rootlets were not removed prior to dating. 6894 ± 60 SRR-151. Garthgwinion 5 4944 BC S13C = -29.3%0 Peat from base of ca 0.9m thick layer overlying ca 0.15m seam of soliflucted gravel (Natl Grid Ref SN 7359 9803). 7602 ± 55 SRR-141. Roe Valley borehole r5652 BBC s131i = Peat from base of estuarine clay at ca 9.75m depth in borehole (No. 7 12/195) at 7.Om in Roe Valley, Limavady, Co Londonderry, N Ireland (55° 4' N, 6° 57' W, Irish Grid Ref C 672 245). Coll 1972 and subm by R A Bazley, Inst Geol Sci, Belfast. 3985 ± 55 SRR-142. Burton Row borehole 2035 BC 613G = -27.8%0 Peat from alluvial sequence at ca 5.15m depth in Burton Row bore- hole, Brent Knoll, Somerset, England (51° 16' N, 2° 57' W, Natl Grid Ref ST 3356 5208). Coll 1971 and subm by A Whittaker, Inst Geol Sci, London. Comment (AW): one of the higher peats of the Somerset Levels alluvial sequence. Date agrees with others from this general area and stratigraphic level (Hawkins, 1971). Research and Reactor Centre Radiocarbon Measurements II 245 3870 ± 55 SRR-143. River Nene 1920 BC S13C = -28.5% Wood fragment from alluvium of tributary of R Nene, Northamp- ton, England (52° 15' N, 0° 49' W, Natl Grid Ref SP 8068 6214). Coil 1972 and subm by A Horton. Comment (AH): sample from bed of felted plant material near base of alluvium. Overlying calcareous tufa particles were probably formed after the wood. 11,819 ± 85 SRR-144. Barnsdale 9869 BC s13C = -25.4c Alkali insoluble organic detritus separated from clay at ca 2.5m depth near bottom of extensively landslipped slope, Barnsdale, Rutland, England (52° 40' N, 0° 40' W, Nati Grid Ref SK 8985 0920). Coil 1972 and subm by R J Chandler, Imperial College, London. Comment (RJC): sample underlies shear surface at base of solifluction layer; date sug- gests Zone III for solifluction. 16,713 ± 340 SRR-145. Kildale Hall borehole 14,763 BC 3130 = -27.5;0 Organic detritus extracted from calcareous mud at ca 4.9m depth in borehole at 168m, Kildale Village, Yorkshire, England (54° 28' N, 10 4' W, Natl Grid Ref NZ609097). Coil 1970 and subm by R L Jones, Univ Sheffield. Comment (RU): sample from base of ca 3m thick organic deposit; stratigraphic relationships and pollen content suggest a late Devensian interstadial age. Older date obtained is probably due to calcareous nature of deposit. 13,042 ± 140 SRR-146. Seamer Carr borehole 11,092 BC 6130 = -26.7 Organic detritus extracted from calcareous mud at ca 7.Om depth in borehole at 70m, 2km NW of Stokesley, Yorkshire, England (54° 29' N, 1° 15' W, Natl Grid Ref NZ 486 097). Coil 1969 and subm by R L Jones. Comment (RU): sample from middle of ca O.Sm thick organic deposit; stratigraphic relationships and pollen content suggest a late Devensian interstadial age. Date is too old for conventional Aller¢d interpretation, perhaps due to calcareous nature of deposit or possibility of earlier interstadial conditions in this region.

Farm Wood Quarry, Chelf ord Wood (Pinus sylvestris) from fresh quarry exposure at ca lOm below ground surface in Chelf ord sands at Farm Wood Quarry, Chelford, Cheshire, England (53° 15' N, 2° 33' W, Natl Grid Ref SJ 810 732). Coil by P Worsley and subm by N R Page, Hendon College Technol, London. Comment (DDH): samples previously dated by several labs, viz, 1) >52,000 (GrN-1292) and 60,800 ± 1500 after isotopic enrichment 246 D D Harkness and H W Wilson-Scottish Universities (GrN-1475), R, 1967, v 9, p 80; 2) whole wood 32,850 ± 400 (HU-1978, unpub) and humate extract 26,200 ± 390 (HU-1979B, unpub); 3) whole wood after extensive NaOH pretreatment >47,000 (BIRM-157), R, 1970, v 12, p 385. Various fractions of sample were analyzed to study effect of possible contamination on previous age determinations. SRR-154. Farm Wood Quarry (untreated wood) >47,300 SRR-155. Farm Wood Quarry (humic free wood) >48,700 100g original sample boiled in 6 successive I.OL aliquots of 0.5m KOH. Residue acidified and washed to neutral with distilled water. +980 SRR-156. Farm Wood Quarry 41,290 (humate extract) -880 Humics recovered by acidification (H2SO4) of alkali supernatant from SRR-155. Yield = 28.9% wlw of original sample. SRR-157. Farm Wood Quarry (cellulose) >48,700 Humic free wood digested in NaClO2f HC1, cellulose recovered by filtration. Yield = 43.0% w/w of humic free wood. 173±60 SRR-158. East Mersea No. 3 Modern 6130 = -28.5% Basal peat overlying Neolithic/Bronze age silts exposed on upper beach at ca 1.5m, East Mersea Essex, England (51 ° 47' N, 0° 60' E, Nail Grid Ref TM 058 139). Coll 1972 and subm by J T Greensmith. Comment (JTG): peat at base of plastic intertidal clayey silts overlies an oxidized firm surface, probably Mersea equivalent of "Lyonesse surface" of the Clacton-on-Sea list, where very similar plastic sediments resting on "Lyonesse surface" were suggested as post-1500 BC and pre-Roman (Hazzledine-Warren, 1918-19; 1932). Ennerdale Water series, England Postglacial detritus lake mud from Ennerdale Water, Cumberland, England (54° 31' N, 3° 22' W, Natl Grid Ref NY 105150). Core No. 71 / 1 taken near deepest part of lake. Depth intervals quoted relate to present mud surface. Coll 1971 and subm by W Tutin and the late F J H Mackereth, Freshwater Biol Assoc, Ambleside, Westmorland. 1282 ± 55 SRR-178. Ennerdale Water, 44 to 54cm AD 668 6130=

1485 ± 60 SRR-179. Ennerdale Water, 114 to 124cm AD 465 13C = -27.2°0 Research and Reactor Centre Radiocarbon Measurements II 247 2440 ± 60 SRR-180. Ennerdale Water, 194 to 204cm 490 BC 8130 = -27.O% 2996 ± 55 SRR-181. Ennerdale Water, 252 to 262cm 1046 BC 6130 = -27.1 o 3800 ± 60 SRR-182. Ennerdale Water, 308 to 318cm 185O BC 8130 = -27.1% 4554 ± 60 SRR-183. Ennerdale Water, 358 to 368cm 2604 BC 613C = -27.3°a 6006 ± 75 SRR-184. Ennerdale Water, 414 to 424cm 4056 Bc 8130 = -27.2%() General Comment (WT): dates measure annual rate of sedimentation in this lake, used in preparing a pollen diagram based on annual deposi- tion rates of each pollen type. The object is to estimate what numerical changes in recruitment of tree pollen to the sediments of a large lake accompanied prehistoric and late Romano-British forest clearance. Any changes in sediment composition will be followed by parallel chemical analysis. The dates agree well with those for other sites in the W Lake Dis- trict (Pennington, 1970). The Elm Decline in this profile falls at 395cm, just before 5000 BP on the time-scale provided. A well-defined clearance episode falls just before the date 2996 ± 55 (SRR-181), which agrees well with 3040 ± 140 (NPL-124: R, 1969, v 11, p 130) for a similar episode at Seathwaite Tarn. The 2 uppermost dates, which indicate a major in- crease in sediment accumulation rate, correspond closely with dates for a period of extensive deforestation and upland farming at nearby sites, Devoke Water and Burnmoor Tarn (NPL-116 to 120; R, 1969, v 11, p 130). Llangorse Lake series, Wales Dark brown lacustrine gyttja from cores in bed of Llangorse Lake, ° Breconshire, Wales (51 54' N, 3° 15' W), along N to S axis of a trough where water depth is greater than elsewhere in the lake. Core LG 10 coil in 7.6m water ca 200m off-shore and ca 900m N of major stream entering lake from S (Natl Grid Ref SO 139 265). Core LG9 from 6m water ca 200m off-shore and ca 500m N of stream entry (Natl Grid Ref SO 139 261). Depths are measured from top of retrieved cores excluding fluid muck at mud/water interface. Coil 1971 and 1972 and subm by B Seddon, Univ Reading. General Comment (BS): 2 stratigraphic members are distinguished in both cores by change in lithology and color: an upper red-brown (2.5YR 248 D D Harkness and H W Wilson-Scottish Universities 3/4) to dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silty clay overlies very dark brown (IOYR 2/2) organic mud. Samples were from both cores in the more organic part of the short (10cm) transition between the 2 sediments and also from the lower termination of both cores. 1790 ± 60 SRR-129. Llangorse core LG10, 240 to 244cm AD 160 g13C = -29.O%0 From transition zone immediately below the red-brown silty clay. Pollen analysis show presence of Fagus, Frax inns, T ilia, Ulmus, Quercus, and other trees, and 30% non-arboreal pollen including cereal grains and agricultural weeds. Comment (BS): dates beginning of accelerated soil erosion in the catchment. 2410 ± 60 SR1I-130. Llangorse core LG10, 310 to 314cm 460 BC 6130 = -29.4% From base of sediment core in organic lake mud. Pollen analysis as for SRR-129 with 29% to 33% non-arboreal pollen including a few cereal grains. 1681 ± 60 SRR-131. Llangorse core LG9, 255 to 259cm AD 269 6130 _ -28.7% From transition zone immediately below the red-brown silty clay. Pollen analysis not yet completed. Comment (BS): dates beginning of accelerated soil erosion in the catchment. 2508 ± 70 SRR-132. Llangorse core LG9, 302 to 306cm 558 BC 613C = -29.3; From base of sediment core in organic lake mud. Pollen analysis as for SRR-129 with 23.5% to 36.5% non-arboreal pollen including a few cereal grains. Comment (BS): with SRR-130, dates a stable period in land use of the catchment where agricultural practices did not markedly erode soil. 27,333 ± 240 SRW87. Tolsta Head 25,373 BC 613C = -26.8% Laminated peat detritus and silt from upper 15cm of layer ca 0.4m thick (probably a lake deposit) exposed in eroded sea cliff at Tolsta Head, N Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Scotland (58° 20' N, 6° 10' W, Natl Grid Ref NB 557 468). Organic deposit rests on Lewisian gneiss and is overlain by ca 3.5m glacial till. Coll 1973 and subm by J Von Weymarn, Univ Aberdeen. Comment (JVW): overlying glacial till contains parti- cles of Torridonian sandstone, an erratic alien to the lithologic assem- blages of the Outer Hebrides. These foreign erratics in glacial deposits of N Lewis, ie, on the Eye Peninsula, at Tolsta Head, and in the Ness dist, indicate a mass of ice from across the Minch younger than the Research and Reactor Centre Radiocarbon Measurements II 249 above date. The fossil peat was probably formed under warmer climatic conditions of an interstadial during later stages of the Weichselian glaciation. 3332 ± 70 SRR-163. East Golds Quarry 1382 BC 613C = -26.8% Wood (Quercus) from log (ca 8.lm x 0.4m diam) at 4.Om depth in fiuviatile gravels of R Teign at East Golds Quarry, Newton Abbot, England (500 30' N, 3° 40' W, Natl Grid Ref SX 8589 7308). Coll 1972 and subm by T M Gouldstone, Watts Blake Bearne & Co Ltd, Newton Abbot. Comment (TMG): wood at ca -l.Om and ca 2km from present salt marshes of Teign estuary. Peat underlying estuarine clays at Teign- mouth at -23.8m depth dated 8580 ± 830 (NPL-86: R, 1966, v 8, p 341); with above date suggests that Flandrian transgression was com- plete by at least 3300 BP in this part of country. Pengelley (1883) described archaeologic finds, ascribed to early Bronze age, at Zitherixon Quarry, on left bank of R Teign. Although exact depth of artifacts in the gravel is not recorded, date agrees well with archaeologic age.

Benacre Beach series Phragmites peat exposed on seaward side of Benacre Beach, Suffolk, England (52° 25' N, 1° 45' E, Natl Grid Ref TM 532829). Deposit formerly accumulated on bottom of adjacent Benacre Broad, now much reduced by erosion. Coll 1973 and subm by P B Nicholson, Nature Conservancy, Oakham. 351 ± 55 SRR-167. Benacre Beach A AD 1599 8130=-26.1% Superficial peat layer. 2951 ± 50 SRR-168. Benacre Beach B 1001 BC 613C = -25.5% Peat from ca 0.9m depth in deposit.

II. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES Lussa Wood 1 series, Jura Charcoal (wood and Corylus shell) from base of 3 stone circles overlain by ca 0.6m fine marine gravel and ca 0.3m peaty humus, Lussa Wood, N Jura, Argyll, Scotland (56° 1' N, 5° 47' W, Natl Grid Ref NR 645874). Sample level assoc with scraps of bone, marine shell, red ocher, and microliths of Phase lB in proposed industrial sequence (Mercer, 1970). Top layer of overlying gravel contained Neolithic artifacts. Coil 1970-72 and subm by J Mercer. 250 D D Harkness and H W Wilson-Scottish Universities 7963 ± 200 SRR-159. Lussa Wood I 6013 BC 6130 -3O.5% 0 8194 ± 350 SR1I-160. Lussa Wood I 6244 BC 813C = -28.2%0 General Comment (JM): as expected (Mercer, 1970) this is the earliest dated Scottish site and industry.

North Carn series, Jura Wood charcoal from N Cam, Jura, Argyll, Scotland (56° 5' N, 5° 43' W, Natl Grid Ref NR 685 939). Coil 1968 and subm by J Mercer. 7414 ± 80 SRR-161. N Carn 5464 BC 313C -29.6%o Wood charcoal within stone setting (probably a hearth) sunk in old land surface and overlain by marine pebbles and ca 0.3m Sub-Boreal peat, assoc with tools of Phase I or early Phase II of N Jura microlithic occupation sequence (Mercer, 1970). Comment QM): date acceptable for beginning of occupation. 3584 ± 65 SRR-162. N Carn 1634 BC 8130 = -30.8% Charcoal scattered in top of marine gravel and thought to relate to assoc uppermost microlithic occupation. Comment (JM): date is far too late for above context but may correspond to chip from scale-flaked Neolithic or Bronze age tool also found at this level.

Raigmore, Inverness series Carbonized wood assoc with potsherds and fragments of cremated bone from pits outside kerb of Clava cairn, Raigmore, Inverness, Scot- land (57° 30' N, 4° 15' W). Coll 1972 and subm by R A Simpson, Univ Leicester. 4732 ± 90 S1IR-187. Raigmore, Pit 11 2782 BC 8130 28.4%0 4983 ± 130 SRR-188. Raigmore, Pit 14 3033 BC 6130 = -22.5%0 General Comment (RAS): dates are earlier than expected on purely topologic grounds but no other precise dates are available for Clava cairns. Research and Reactor Centre Radiocarbon Measurements 11 251

REFERENCES Aspen, P and Jardine, W G, 1968, A temporary exposure of Quaternary deposits at Renfrew, near Glasgow: Geol Soc Glasgow Proc, Sess 109, p 35-37. Birks, H J B and Ransom, Maree, 1969, Interglacial peat at Fugla Ness, Shetland: New Phytol, v 68, p 777. Callow, W J, Baker, M J, and Hassall, Geraldine, 1966, National Physical Laboratory radiocarbon measurements IV: Radiocarbon, v 8, p 340-347. Callow, W J and Hassall, Geraldine, 1969, National Physical Laboratory radiocarbon measurements VI: Radiocarbon, v 11, p 130-136. 1970, National Physical Laboratory radiocarbon measurements VII: Radio- carbon, v 12, p 181-186. Chapelhowe, R, 1965, On glaciation in North Roe, Shetland: Geog Jour, v 131, p 60. Harkness, D D and Wilson, H W, 1973, Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre radiocarbon measurements I: Radiocarbon, v 15, p 554-565. Hawkins, A B, 1971, Sea level changes around south-west England: Colston Research Soc Proc, v 23, p 67-68. Hazzledine-Warren, S, 1918-19, The dating of surface flint implements and the evi- dence of the submerged peat surface: Prehist Soc East Anglia Proc, v 3, p 94-104. 1932, The Palaeolithic industries of the Clacton and Dovercourt districts: Essex Naturalist, v 24, p 1-29. Mercer, J, 1970, The Microlithic Succession in N Jura, Argyll, W Scotland: Quarter- naria XIII, p 177-185. Mykura, W and Phemister, J, 1973, The geology of Western Shetland: Geol Survey Great Britain Mem, in press. Page, N R, 1972, On the age of Hoxnian interglacial: Geol Jour, v 28, p 129. Peacock, J D, 1971, Marine shell radiocarbon dates and the chronology of deglacia- tion in western Scotland: Nature Phys Sci, v 230, p 43-45. Pengelley, W, 1883, Discoveries in the more recent deposits of the Bovey Basin, Devon: Devon Assoc Trans, v 15, p 368-395. Pennington, Winifred, 1970, Vegetation history in the northwest of England: a regional synthesis, in: Walker, D and West, R G (eds), Studies in the vegeta- tional history of the British Isles, Cambridge Univ Press, p 41-79. Shotton, F W, Blundell, D J, and Williams, R E G, 1970, Birmingham University radiocarbon dates IV: Radiocarbon, v 12, p 385-399. Sissons, J B and Brooks, C L, 1971, Dating of early postglacial land and sea level changes in the western Forth valley: Nature Phys Sci, v 234, p 124-127. Vogel, J C and Zagwijn, W H, 1967, Groningen radiocarbon dates VI: Radiocarbon, v 9, p 63-106. Welin, E, Engstrand, L, and Vaczy, S, 1972, Institute of Geological Sciences radio- carbon dates II: Radiocarbon, v 14, p 140-144. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 16, No. 2, 1974, P. 252-268]

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FINLAND RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS VI AULIS HEIKKINEN, ANNA-KRISTINA KOIVISTO, and OSMO AIKAA 14C Laboratory, Geological Survey of Finland, Otaniemi, Finland

In September 1970, the laboratory moved into new premises on the ground floor of a new building. The measuring room is constructed of low radioactive limestone concrete and is lined with grounded copper plate. Air conditioning insures a working temperature of 20 ± 1 °C and a relative humidity of 40%. The dating system has 3 copper-walled proportional counters. The iron shield, fashioned out of a 29cm cannon barrel, has 2 sections 190cm long and walls 30cm thick. The total weight is ca 15 tons. Counter 1 has been described previously (Heikkinen, 1971) but subsequently was transferred into a section of the cannon barrel. Counters 2 and 3 are in the other barrel. The proportional counters are shielded by 1.5 to 4cm of selected lead and a ring of 21 cosmic ray Geiger counters (Model HZ-100, Zentralwerkstadt, Gottingen). 2.5cm paraffin wax containing 10% boric acid are between the long sides of the counters and the 30cm-thick iron shield. Detailed description of the counters are as follows:

Counter Effec- Working of tive torr voltage ric effect ground carbon merit vol cpm 10 B, cpm cpm V B ml mb

C-1 570 1524 5100 C-2 1040 2032 5100 C-3 1335 2286 5200

CO2 is still used as counter gas at a pressure of (1524, 2032 or 2286) mm Hg at a detector temperature of 20°C. Samples are measured for the first time 4 weeks after combustion of the sample and purification of the CO2. The counting period is 2400 min and is repeated after ca 2 weeks with another counter. Some samples are measured with the third counter. Alternating counting sample/background was applied to sam- ple Su-153, total counting time: 20,000 min. All dates are calculated both in years BP (before AD 1950) and in AD/BC scale. Calculations are based on 950 of the isotopically corrected activity of the NBS oxalic acid standard, and on half-life of 5568 yr. Corrections for deviations from the normal 13C/12C ratios (8130 = -25.0% in the PDB scale) have been made for most of the samples. 8130 values quoted are relative to the PDB standard. 252 Audis Heikkinen, Anna-Kristina Koivisto, and Osmo Aikaa 253

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank collectors and submitters of the samples for their collaboration in preparing the manuscript. Our special gratitude goes to R Ryhage, Karolinska lust, Stockholm, and his staff for the 13C/12C measurements. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES Finland 3600 ± 100 Su-134. Lammi, S Finland 1650 BC Peat, taken with piston corer, depth 2.40 to 2.60m, alt 90m, surface alt of Lake Lovojarvi 108.2m (61°05' N, 25° 02' E). Coll by E Kukkonen and R Tynni. Comment: according to pollen analysis, horizon repre- sents spread of Picea (Kukkonen, 1972; Tynni, 1972). 8550 ± 100 Su-135. Lammi, S Finland 6600 BC Sulfidic dy from same lake as Su-134, taken with piston corer, depth 3.50 to 3.70m. Coll by E Kukkonen and R Tynni. Comment: according to pollen analysis horizon represents Boreal period (Kukkonen, 1972; Tynni,1972). 7460 ± 200 Su-136. Janakkala, Central Finland 5510 BC Conifer wood taken with piston sampler, depth 2.18 to 2.20m, surface alt 106.8m, Kakilamminsuo bog (60° 57' N, 24° 42' E). Coll 1969 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis indicates Atlantic period. 8810 ± 100 Su-137. Renko, Central Finland 6860 BC Detritus gyttja taken with piston sampler, depth 4.90 to 4.95m, surface alt 114.Om Kakarinlampi lake (60° 54' N, 24° 13' E). Coil 1969 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows Boreal period. 8490 ± 150 Su-138. Renko, Central Finland 6540 BC Detritus gyttja taken with piston sampler, depth 4.90 to 4.95m, surface alt 114.Om Kakarinlampi lake (60° 54' N, 24° 13' E). Coil by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows Boreal period. 8940 ± 110 Su-139. Renko, Central Finland 6990 BC Detritus gyttja taken with piston sampler, depth 5.85 to 5.90m, surface alt 110.2m, Valkealammensuo bog (60° 48' N, 24° 26' E). Coil 1969 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis indicates transition from Pre-Boreal to Boreal period. 254 Aulis Heikkinen, Anna-Kristina Koivisto, and Osmo Aikaa Konkaanlampi series, Inari, N Finland Samples from various levels of paludificating shore of Konkaanlampi (68° 43' N, 27° 52' E), surface alt 146.6m. Coil 1969 to 1971 with piston sampler and subm 1971 by E Lappalainen. 1660 ± 110 Su-140. Konkaanlampi 1 AD 290 5131 _-29.10 Gyttja (detritus) at depth 1.91 to 2.OOm in peat layer. Pollen anal- ysis: Pinus 78%, Alnus 3%. 2360 ± 130 Su-141. Konkaanlampi 2 410 BC S13C =-26.8% Gyttja (detritus) at depth 2.65 to 2.75m in peat layer. Pollen analysis: Pinus 59 0, Betula 40%, Alnns loo. 3990 ± 100 Su-142. Konkaanlampi 3 2040 BC 6130 = -26.0% Gyttja (detritus) from depth 3.92 to 4.03m in peat layer. Pollen analysis: Pinus 530, Betula 37%, Alnus 9%, Picea 1%. 5100 ± 100 Su-143. Konkaanlampi 4 3150 BC 6130 = -28.1% o Gyttja (detritus) from depth 4.85 to 4.95m. Pollen analysis: Pin us 55%, Betula 43%, A inns 2%. 9680 ± 400 Su-204. Konkaanlampi 5 7730 BC S13G = -31.4% Gyttja from depth 6.90 to 7.OOm. Pollen analysis: Betula 950, Pin us 4%, Picea 1%.

Hanhijanka series, Inari, N Finland Samples from various levels in Hanhijanka bog (69° 09' N, 27° 08' E), surface alt 164.5m. Coll with piston sampler 1969 and subm 1971 by E Lappalainen. 2950 ± 130 Su-161. Hanhijanka 1 1000 BC Peat (Carex-Bryales) from depth 1.93 to 1.97m. Sample represents overgrowth of basin. Pollen analysis: Betula 36 0, Pinus 64%. 4280 ± 100 Su-162. Hanhijanka 2 2330 BC Peat (Bryales-Carex) from depth 2.70 to 2.74m. From upper part of peat in ooze layer. Pollen analysis: Betula 71%, Pinus 280, Alnus 1 fo. Geological Survey of Finland Radiocarbon Measurements VI 255 9730 ± 150 Su-163. Hanhijanka 3 7780 BC Coarse detritus ooze from depth 4.30 to 4.36m from bottom of ooze layer. Pollen analysis: Betula 90%, Pinus 8%, Picea 2%. 4940 ± 150 Su-144. Hanhijanka 4 2990 BC 613C _-24.7% Peat (Bryales-Carex) from depth 2.87 to 2.96m. From lower part of peat in same ooze layer as sample Su-162. Pollen analysis: Betula 50%, Pinus 48%, Alnus 2%. 8980 ± 150 Su-145. Jyvaskyla, Central Finland 7030 BC Gyttja sampled with piston drill, depth 4.3m, surface alt 157m, Vuorilampi 1 bog, (62° 15' N, 25° 48' E). Coil 1969 by R Repo and R Tynni. Comment: according to pollen analysis, horizon corresponds to Pre-Boreal period. 8590 ± 100 Su-146. Jyvaskyla, Central Finland 6640 BC Peat, piston drilled, depth 3.5m, surface alt 181m, Vuorilampi 2, a small bog, (62° 13' N, 25° 42' E). Coil 1969 by R Repo and R Tynni. Comment: according to pollen analysis horizon corresponds to Boreal period. Profile description: Repo and Tynni (1971, p 199). 8000 ± 100 Su-147. Joensuu, E Finland 6050 BC Peat layer in sand deposit, from depth 1.5m, surface alt 81m, (62° 37' N, 29° 45' E). Coil 1954 by R Repo. Comment: peat buried by Ancient Saimaa transgression. 3820 ± 110 Su-148. Pornainen, S Finland 1870 BC Gyttja, taken with piston drill, depth 3.60 to 3.70m, surface alt 46.Om, Valkjarvi lake, (60° 29' N, 25° 26' E). Coil by R Tynni and V Saarinen. Comment: according to pollen analysis, horizon represents late phase of Sub-Boreal period. 2830 ± 90 Su-149. Utsjoki, N Finland 880 BC 6130 = -26.60 Wood peat from top of end moraine, lower part of peat layer, depth 0.6m from summit of Tsaraioaivi fell, alt ca 348m, (69° 46' N, 28° 15' E). Coil 1970 by Heikki 1Iirvas. 105±50 Su-150. Utsjoki, N Finland AD 1845 3130 = -22.9% Twig peat from same site as Su-149. Depth 0.05m. Coil 1970 by Heikki Hirvas. 256 Aulis Heikkinen, Anna-Kristina Koivisto, and Osmo Aikaa 3670 ± 80 Su-151. Luumaki, S Finland 1720 BC 13C = -25.2% Coarse detritus gyttja with Sphagnum remains taken with piston sampler, depth 1.58 to 1.62m, surface alt 76.2m Paijainniemensuo bog (600 58' N, 24° 51' E). Coll 1970 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows latter half of Sub-Boreal period. 42,000 ± 2000 Su-153. Sodankyla, N Finland 40,050 BC S13C = -24.2% Fragments of wood and charcoal from paleosol horizon, depth 2.40m, 1.5km NE of Vuotso village (68° 05.5' N, 27° 09.2' E). Paleosol horizon is in lowermost part of till bed underlain by sorted and till-like material. Coll 1971 by Raimo Kujansuu. Comment: occurrence has been described by Kujansuu (1972). 14C age and stratigraphic position place paleosol horizon in Perapohjola interstadial stage (Korpela, 1962; 1969). Kuoshnaoaivi series, Inari, N Finland Samples from various levels in bog near Kuoshnaoaivi fell (69° 23' N, 28° 20' E), at +124.6m. Coll with piston sampler and subm 1970 by E Lappalainen. 9300 ± 160 Su-164. Kuoshnaoaivi 1 7350 BC Gyttja (detritus) from depth 3.82 to 3.89m above mineral bottom. Pollen analysis: Betula maximum. 4840 ± 100 Su-165. Kuoshnaoaivi 2 2890 BC Peat (Bryalis-Carex) at depth 2.66 to 2.74m. Peat representing over- growth of basin. Pollen analysis: Pinks 72 0, Betula 28%. 8950 ± 100 Su-166. Inari, N Finland 7000 BC Wood and peat taken with piston sampler, depth 3.17 to 3.20m, surface alt 203.Om, Sammuttijanka palsa bog (69° 20' N, 27° 15' E). Coll 1970 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows middle of Pre-Boreal period, Zone IV. 8740 ± 120 Su-167. Inari, N Finland 6790 BC Same site as Su-166. Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 1.55 to 1.60m, surface alt 203.Om. Coll 1970 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows late Pre-Boreal period. 6570 ± 135 Su-168. Vihti, S Finland 4620 BC Sphagnum-Carex peat taken with piston sampler, depth 5.90 to 5.94m, Hurrinsuo bog (60° 19' N, 24° 21' E). Coll 1971 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows Atlantic period. Geological Survey of Finland Radiocarbon Measurements VI 257 5930 ± 160 Su-169. Vihti, S Finland 3980 BC Wood and peat taken with piston sampler, depth 5.20 to 5.24m, surface alt 50.Om, same site as Su-168. Coil 1971 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows transition from Atlantic to Sub-Boreal period. 4350 ± 90 Su-170. Teuva, W Finland 2400 BC 6130 =-29.1% Wood and peat taken with piston sampler, depth 3.10 to 3.15m, surface alt 79.Om, Varisneva bog (62° 32' N, 21° 40' E). Coll 1971 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows Sub-Boreal period. 6370 ± 100 Su-171. Teuva, W Finland 4420 BC Phragmites peat taken with piston sampler, depth 3.95 to 4.OOm, ° surface alt 97.Om, Lammasneva bog (62 32' N, 21 ° 59' E). Coil 1971 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis indicates early part of Atlantic period. 5600 ± 80 Su-172. Vihti, S Finland 3650 BC 8130 = -26.37o Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 3.80 to 3.84m, surface alt 42.Om, Pehkusuo bog (60° 25' N, 24° 21' E). Coil 1971 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis indicates Atlantic period. 7900 ± 180 Su-173. Vihti, S Finland 5950 BC Coarse detritus gyttja and wood taken with piston sampler, depth 5.70 to 5.74m, surface alt 104.Om, Ahvenlampi lake (60° 29' N, 24° 25' E). Coil 1971 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows transition from Boreal to Atlantic. 4515 ± 100 Su-174. Vihti, S Finland 2565 BC Phragmites peat taken with piston sampler, depth 2.30 to 2.35m, surface alt 45.Om, Arosuo bog (60° 25' N, 24° 14' E). Coil 1971 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows end of Atlantic period.

8020 ± 80 Su-175. Kaiihajoki, W Finland 6070 BC 8130 = -26.O7o Equisetum peat taken with piston sampler, depth 2.65 to 2.70m, surface alt 150.Om, Matolamminsuo bog (62° 26' N, 22° 32' E). Coil 1971 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows transition from Boreal to Atlantic period. 258 Aulis Heikkinen, Anna-Kr°istina Koivisto, and Osmo Aikiia 4965 ± 100 Su-176. Ahtari, Central Finland 3015 BC Wood and peat taken with piston sampler, depth 2.60 to 2.65m, surface alt 146.Om, Apurinneva bog (62° 29' N, 23° 55' E). Coll 1971 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows end of Atlantic period. 6030 ± 100 Su-177. Jalasjarvi, W Finland 4080 BC Wood and peat taken with piston sampler, depth 4.00 to 4.05m, surface alt 91.Om, Ojajarvensuo bog (62° 34' N, 22° 54' E). Coll 1971 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows middle of Atlantic period. 8070 ± 100 Su-178. Alavus, W Finland 6120 BC Equisetum peat taken with piston sampler, depth 3.75 to 3.80m, surface alt 116.Om, Lylyneva bog (62° 35' N, 23° 26' E). Coll 1971 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows Boreal period.

Viherperankeidas bog series, Kankaanpaa, W Finland Wood and peat from hand-dug sec, surface alt 115.Om, Viherpe- rankeidas bog (61 ° 40' N, 23° 02' E). Coll 1971 by V E Valovirta. Comment: comparison between wood and peat ages. 1610 ± 100 Su-179. Pine wood, depth 1.50m AD 340 1770 ± 100 Su-180. Carex-sphagnum peat, depth 1.50m AD 180 1370 ± 100 Su-181. Pine wood, depth 0.60m AD 580 1420 ± 100 Su-182. Sphagnum peat, depth 0.60m AD 530 2090 ± 100 Su-183. Pine wood, depth 0.70m 140 BC 1980 ± 100 Su-184. Pine wood-sphagnum peat, depth 0.70m 30 BC

Aitoneva bog series, Kihnio, W Finland Wood and peat from hand-dug sec, surface alt 162.Om Altoneva bog (62° 10' N, 23° 20' E). Coll 1971 by V E Valovirta. Comment: compari- son between wood and peat ages. 280 ± 100 Su-185. Pine wood, depth 0.7m AD 1670 60 ± 100 Su-186. Wood-sphagnum peat, depth 0.6m AD 1890 Geological Survey of Finland Radiocarbon Measurements VI 259 540 ± 140 Su-187. Wood-sphagnum peat, depth 0.8m AD 1410 3220 ± 100 Su-188. Pine wood, depth 1.5m 1270 BC 2810 ± 100 Su-189. Wood-sphagnum peat, depth 1.5m 860 BC 4960 ± 100 Su-190. Pine wood, depth 2.Om 3010 BC Su-191. Erio phorum-Carex-Sphagnum peat, 4600 ± 150 depth 2.Om 2650 BC 4820 ± 100 Su-205. Janakkala, Central Finland 2870 BC Sphagnum-Carex peat taken with piston sampler, depth 4.11 to 4.15m, surface alt 117.Om, Niinisalonsuo bog (600 47' N, 24° 30' E). Coil 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows transition from Atlantic to Sub-Boreal period. 7100 ±80 Su-206. Janakkala, Central Finland 5150 BC 613C = -26.3% Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 4.76 to 4.80m, surface alt 117.Om, Terrinsuo bog (60° 47' N, 24° 31' E). Coll 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: beginning of Atlantic period. 1830 ± 50 Su-207. Kalvola, Central Finland AD 120 6130 = -24.3%p Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 3.30 to 3.35m, surface alt 137.lm, Matolammensuo bog I (60° 57' N, 24° 02' E). Coll 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: Sub-Atlantic period. 8670 ± 120 Su-208. Kalvola, Central Finland 6720 BC 613C = -28.1%0 Same site as Su-207. Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 2.93 to 2.98m. Coll 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis indicates Boreal period. 1690 ± 120 Su-209. Kalvola, Central Finland AD 260 6130 = -3O.5% Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 3.16 to 3.20m, surface alt 134.6m, Rastaslampi (60° 59' N, 24° 05' E). Coll 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows Sub-Atlantic period. 260 Aulis Heikkinen, Anna-K'ristina Koivisto, and Osmo Aikaa 5220 ± 80 Su-210. Kalvola, Central Finland 3270 BC 613C = -28.6% Same site as Su-209. Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 3.16 to 3.20m. Coil 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows end of Atlantic period. 7870 ± 100 Su-211. Kalvola, Central Finland 5920 BC S13C = -27.8% Same site as Su-209 and Su-210. Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 1.95 to 2.OOm. Coil by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows Boreal period. 5770 ± 150 Su-212. Hattula, Central Finland 3820 Bc 613C = -22.7% o Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 3.31 to 3.35m, surface alt 121.5m lake Ylinen Savijarvi (61° 00' N, 24° 15' E). Coil 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows middle of Atlantic period. 5730 ± 70 Su-213. Hattula, Central Finland 3780 Bc 6130 = -26.3% Same site as Su-212. Peat taken with piston sampler depth 2.51 to 2.55m. Coil 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows middle of Atlantic period.

Pormestarinsuo bog series, Renko, Central Finland Peat series from Pormestarinsuo bog (60° 58' N, 24° 18' E) taken with piston sampler. Coil 1972 by V E Valovirta. 7900 ± 170 Su-217. Depth 2.70 to 2.75m 5950 Bc 6130 =-27.2; Beginning of Atlantic period. 8970 ± 50 Su-218. Depth 3.12 to 3.17m 7020 Bc 613C = -29.3% End of Pre-Boreal period. 1490 ± 50 Su-219. Janakkala, Central Finland AD 460 613C = -24.80 Wood and peat taken with piston sampler, depth 1.13 to 1.18m, surface alt 80.8m, Royhynsuo bog (60° 51' N, 24° 40' E). Coil 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows Sub-Atlantic period. Geological Survey of Finland Radiocarbon Measurements VI 261 3100 ± 60 Su-220. Janakkala, Central Finland 1150 BC 6130 = -25.4% Wood and peat taken with piston sampler, depth 2.45 to 2.50m, same site as Su-219. Comment: pollen analysis shows Sub-Boreal period. 4730 ± 50 Su-221. Janakkala, Central Finland 2780 BC 6130 = -25.1%, Equisetum-Scheuchzeria-Sphagnum peat taken with piston sampler, depth 3.95 to 4.OOm. Same site as Su-220 and Su-219. Comment: pollen analysis shows transition from Atlantic to Sub-Boreal period. 5790 ± 50 Su-222. Janakkala, Central Finland 3840 BC 613C = -26.5% Telmatic peat taken with piston sampler, depth 4.75 to 4.80m. Same site as Su-219-221. Comment: pollen analysis shows Atlantic period. 7920 ± 65 Su-225. Muurame, Central Finland 5970 BC 6130 = -31.0% Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 2.00 to 2.05m, surface alt 99.Om, Tyynelansuo bog (62° 09' N, 25° 36' E). Coll 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis indicates beginning of Atlantic period. 8960 ± 50 Su-226. Toivakka, Central Finland 7010 BC 613C = -31.9% Fine detritus ooze taken with piston sampler, Raatosuo bog (62° 12' N, 26° 02' E), depth 5.75 to 5.80m, surface alt 141m. Coil 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows middle of Pre-Boreal period. 8970 ± 50 Su-227. Toivakka, Central Finland 7020 BC 6130 = -28.6%, Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 4.65 to 4.70m, surface alt 129.Om, Sammakkosuo bog (62° 13' N, 26° 05' E). Coil 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows middle of Pre-Boreal period. 6600 ± 50 Su-228. Toivakka, Central Finland 4650 BC 6130 = -30.4%, Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 4.22 to 4.27m, surface alt 123.5m Antinlammensuo bog (62° 13' N, 26° 13' E). Coil 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows early Atlantic period. 262 Aulis Heikkinen, Anna-Kristina Koivisto, and Osmo Aikaa 8010 ± 50 Su-229. Jyvaskyla, Central Finland 6060 BC 6130 - -31.O% Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 5.00 to 5.05m, surface alt 184.Om Morkolammensuo bog (62° 20' N, 25° 32' E). Coil 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows Boreal period. 7730 ± 50 Su-230. Pylkonmaki, Central Finland 5780 BC 6130 = -25.7% Phragmites-Sphagnum peat taken with piston sampler, depth 3.95 to 4.OOm, surface alt 205.Om Kiesmisuo bog (62° 41' N, 24° 39' E). Coil 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows beginning of Atlantic period. 7860 ± 50 Su-231. Lehtimaki, Central Finland 5910 BC 6130 = -25.7% Phragmites-Sphagnum peat taken with piston sampler, depth 7.50 to 7.55m, Kuohukonto bog (62 ° 47' N, 23 ° 51' E). Coil 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows transition from Boreal to Atlantic period. 3210 ± 90 Su-251. Tenhola, S Finland 1260 BC 6130 = -26.60 Wood taken with piston sampler, depth 4.90 to 4.95m, surface alt 20.2m Hjortronmossen bog (59° 58' N, 23° 21' E). Coil 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows latter half of Sub-Boreal period. 3070 ± 150 Su-252. Pohja, S Finland 1120 BC 6130 = -23.6% Phragmites peat taken with piston sampler, depth 3.16 to 3.20m, surface alt 17.Om Ostermossen bog (60° 02' N, 23° 35' E). Coil 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows end of Sub-Boreal period. 7340 ± 100 Su-253. Karjaa, S Finland 5390 BC 6130 = -26.60 Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 3.97 to 4.02m, surface alt 42.Om Varvarinsuo bog (62° 07' N, 20° 49' E). Coil 1972 by V E Valo- virta. Comment: pollen analysis shows early part of Atlantic period. 3860 ± 110 Su-254. Karjaa, S Finland 1910 BC 6130 = -28.1% Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 4.06 to 4. l Om, surface alt 33.Om, Mossabolemossen bog (60° 07' N, 23° 50' E). Coil 1972 by V E Geological Survey of Finland Radiocarbon Measurements VI 263 Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows latter half of Sub-Boreal period. 5390 ± 70 Su-255. Karjalohja, S Finland 3440 BC 613C = -27.5%( Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 4.90 to 4.94m, surface alt 54.8m Pehkusuo bog (60° 12' N, 23° 38' E). Coll 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows Atlantic period. 2470 ± 60 Su-256. Karjalohja, S Finland 520 BC 613C = -27.2i Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 3.40 to 3.44m, surface alt 86.4m Kakarinlammensuo bog (60° 15' N, 23° 40' E). Coll 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows beginning of Sub-Atlantic period. 3490 ± 90 Su-257. Kisko, S Finland 1540 BC 613C = -27.5%( Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 4.80 to 4.85m, surface alt 46.Om Haikassuo I bog (60° 14' N, 23° 21' E). Coll 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows Sub-Boreal period. 3550 ± 90 Su-258. Kisko, S Finland 1600 BC 613C = -28.7%( Same site as Su-257. Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 4.03 to 4.08m. Comment: Sub-Boreal period. 6490 ± 100 Su-259. Janakkala, Central Finland 4540 BC 6130 = -27.8% Wood and peat taken with piston sampler, depth 4.82 to 4.86m, surface alt 81.Om Royhynsuo bog (60° 52' N, 24° 40' E). Coll 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows early part of Atlantic period. 4540 ± 100 Su-260. Kalvola, Central Finland 2590 BC 613C =-29.3% Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 4.10 to 4.15m, surface alt 137.5m Matolammensuo bog (60° 57' N, 21 ° 02' E). Coll 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows Sub-Boreal period. 1510 ± 50 Su-261. Kalvola, Central Finland AD 440 613C = -26.3% Peat taken with piston sampler, depth 3.22 to 3.27m, surface alt 135.Om Rastaslammensuo bog (60° 59' N, 25° 05' E). Coll 1972 by V E Valovirta. Comment: pollen analysis shows Sub-Atlantic period. 264 Aulis Heikkinen, Anna-Kristina Koivisto, and Osmo Aikaii 2250 ± 70 Su-192. Kuru, SW Finland 300 BC 6130 = -269% Wood (Salix spp and Betula spp) from bog under peat lm thick in Kuru (61° 59' N, 23° 24' E). Wood bore clear marks of gnawing by beaver (Castor fiber L) (Lappalainen and Lahti, 1973).

Angeli series, Inari, N Finland Two samples containing plant remnants from bottom of basin. The stratigraphic site is overlain by 4m ooze overlain by 3.60m peat (69° 57' N, 25° 42' E), alt 205m. Coll with piston sampler and subm 1971 by E Lappalainen. 8490 ± 100 Su-194. Angeli 6540 BC Undisintegrated remnants of following plants: Mnium cuspidatum, Drepanocladus spp, Betula tortuosa and Salix Lapponum. Coll at depth 7.93 to 7.98m. Pollen analysis: Betula 780, Pinus 210, Alnus loo. Sample location near shift of Betula/Pinus. 8080 ± 100 Su-193. Angeli 6130 BC 6130 = -29.30 Twigs from above preceding sample, depth 7.86 to 7.91m.

Parvavuoma series, Kittila, N Finland Samples from Parvavuoma bog (67° 37' N, 25° 00' E), surface alt 179.7m, from bottom of paludificated channel eroded by glacial melt waters. Coll with piston sampler 1971 and subm 1972 by E Lappalainen. 10,600 ± 200 Su-202. Parvavuoma 3 8650 BC 6130 = -28.7% Gyttja (detritus) from depth 6.98 to 7.07m. Comment (EL): previous dates of same pollen analytic horizon 10,820 ± 270 BP (1-1660) and 11,000 ± 130 BP (T-825). Sample belongs to younger Dryas period (Lappalainen, 1970; 1972b, c). 9710 ± 100 Su-203. Parvavuoma 4 7760 BC 6130 = -28.7% Gyttja (detritus) at depth 6.75 to 6.84m. 3350 ± 100 Su-195. Salla, N Finland 1400 BC Detritus gyttja from hand-dug sec, depth 0.45 to 0.55m, surface alt 257m, bog E of Mujuvaarankangas (67° 33' N, 29° 22' E). Coil 1971 by H Hirvas and R Tynni. Comment: pollen analysis places horizon in Pre-Boreal period, but sediment contains older and younger organic matter including some diatoms from Tertiary period. Geological Survey of Finland Radiocarbon Measurements VI 265 4780 ± 150 Su-214. Ylitornio, N Finland 2830 BC 61C =-27.2% Wood from sandy shallow-water sediment, depth 2m, surface alt 49m, Tornio R valley (66° 17' N, 23° 40' E). Coil 1971 by Sakari Leskela. Comment: allochthonous material deposited in Litorina Sea.

Sedimentation rate series, Central Finnish lakes 4900 ± 80 Su-223. Mantyharju, Central Finland 2950 BC 613C = -28.9; Lake sediment containing humus taken with sediment sampler 25cm below bottom and 32m below surface of Lahnavesi, a lake in Mantyharju, surface alt 80m (61° 29' N, 26° 41' E). Coil 1972 and subm by Matti Miekk-oja. Comment: date shows connection points between sediment of Lahnavesi in the Mantyharju watercourse and drying of the channel between this watercourse and Lake Saimaa, and confirms date of break of Vuoksenniska (Saarnisto, 1970). 7260 ± 80 Su-224. Mantyharju, Central Finland 5310 BC 6130 = -28.8/ Lake sediment containing humus taken with sediment sampler 40cm below bottom and 32m below surface of Lahnavesi lake, surface alt 80m (61° 29' N, 26° 41' E). Coil 1972 by Matti 1Vliekk-oja. Comment: date indicates beginning of flow of humus to Lahnavesi.

II. NATURAL GAS SAMPLES Gas samples were toll 1971 by Aulis Heikkinen (Su-155-158) and 1972 (Su-200) from gases dissolved in ground water. He used 101 gas collecting bottles filled with sealing fluid, the opening of the bottle placed face down in a dish containing the same liquid. The sealing fluid was a saturated sodium sulphate solution whose pH was slightly de- creased with sulphuric acid. The gas released displaced the correspond- ing volume of fluid. A little fluid was left in the bottle and the stopper was put on under the solution. The sampling bottles were then sent stopper downwards to the laboratory for treatment. According to the gas chromatographic analyses, the gases are com- posed mainly of methane, nitrogen, and oxygen. Before combustion of methane into C09, the gas was washed with sodium hydroxide. The age obtained from methane was that of the organic matter that produced methane through fermentation from bacterial activity (Heikkinen, 1972; 1973).

Geological Survey of Finland Radiocarbon Measurements VI 267 6140 = +541 ± 7 Su-197. Loppi 0140 = +547 ± 7Ac -26.9% Leaves (Carex vesicaria), coil Aug 29, 1971. 6'4C=+542 ± 12% Su-198. Loppi L14C = +539 ± 12i 613C = -23.6% Leaves (Phragmites communis), coil Aug 29, 1971. 266 An Us Heikkinen, Anna-Kristina Koivisto, and Osmo Aikaa 5600 ± 80 Su-155. Tyrnava, W Finland 3650 BC 6130 =-60.x/0 Methane from a well on the Lassila farm (64° 46.4' N, 25° 36.5' E). The gas is expelled from ground water flowing at depth ca 10 to 14m in sand between clay sediments containing organic matter (Hyyppa, 1935). 5350 ± 80 Su-156. Tyrnava, W Finland 3400 BC 813C Methane from Uusilaanila well (64° 46.5' N, 25° 36.5' E). Depth of well 52m. Gas emerges at depth ca 19m. 5670 ± 100 Su-157. Tyrnava, W Finland 3720 BC 613c _ -63.8 Methane from a well on the Ala-Laanila farm (64° 46.5' N, 25° 36.2' E). Depth of well 50m. Gas emerges at depth ca 20m. 5790 ± 90 Su-158. Muhos, W Finland 3840 BC 6130 = -60.4%0 Methane from natural gas at base of channel cut by Rovastinoja (64° 49' N, 25° 59' E). Depth of channel is ca lOm. Comment (Su-156- 158): mean age of initial material from which the gases derive is 5600 yr according to the Libby value and 5770 yr according to half-life value of 5730 ± 40. In Baltic Sea history, this age corresponds to Litorina Sea stage (L II), when the site formed the bottom of a deep and calm bay. Anaerobic methane bacteria produce gases which derive from organisms deposited in that bay (Heikkinen, 1972). 8420 ± 200 Su-200. Leppavirta, Central Finland 6470 BC 6130 = -40.8% Methane from the Kotalahti mine (62° 34.5' N, 27° 36' E), from 600m level from a drill hole descending 600 to 700m from surface. Com- ment: present-day mining area was under Ancylus lake when organic matter was deposited (Heikkinen, 1973).

III. GEOCHEMICAL SAMPLES Leaves from birch trees and annual plants from Pitkalampi bog (60° 43' N, 24° 12' E), Loppi, S Finland, +110m. Samples grew on paludifying shore of oligotrophic pond. They were cleaned and washed with distilled water; coll Aug 1971 and June 1972 by Aulis Heikkinen. Loppi series 6'4C=+547 ± 12 Su-196. Loppi &C = +546 ± 12 0 8130 = Leaves (Carex lasiocarpa), coil Aug 29, 1971.

272 A G Smith, G W Pearson, and J R Pilcher 975 ± 70 UB-703. Ballymacdermot Cairn, Sample 9 AD 975 613C = -25.3% Charcoal from among stones and soil overlying pre-cairn soil in Cutting 9. Comment: as for Sample 8 (UB-700). 6925 ± 95 UB-702. Ballymaedermot Cairn, Sample 10 4975 BC Geological Survey of Finland Radiocarbon Measurements VT 267 8140=+541 ± 7% 0140 Su-197. Loppi = +547 ± 7%a 613G = -26.9% Leaves (Garex vesicaria), coil Aug 29, 1971. 8140 = +542 ± 12%a Su-198. Loppi 14C = +539 ± 12% 6130 = -23.6/; Leaves (Phragmites communis), coil Aug 29, 1971.

8140 = -F 534 ± 14% Su-199. Loppi 14C = +533 ± 14% 813( = -24.8 Leaves (Betula odorata) , coi A ug 29 , 1971 . +499 4c/ 14C Su-232. Loppi = +507 ± 4%0 613G = -27.7% Leaves (Garex lasiocarpa) , coil June 15 , 1972 .

0140 Su-233. Loppi = +515 ± 4% 6130 = -26.3% Leaves (Garex vesicaria), coil June 15, 1972. 14C_+522 ± 13- Su-234. Loppi 0140=+516 13+ 6130 = -22.9%0 Leaves (Phragmites communis), coil June 15, 1972. 814C = +484 ± 6/fe Su-235. Loppi 14C = +497 6%0 6130 _ -29.5% Leaves (Betula odorata), coil June 15, 1972.

REFERENCES Heikkinen, Aulis, 1971, Geological Survey of Finland radiocarbon measurements V: Radiocarbon, v 13, p 432-441. 1972, Tyrnavan ja Muhoksen maakaasuista (On the natural gases of Tyrnava and Muhos): Geologi, v 24, p 73-76. 1973, Kotalahden kaivoksen kaasun alkuperasta (Origin of natural gas in the Kotalahti mine, Central Finland): Vuoriteollisuus-Bergshanteringen, v 31, p 36-37. Hyyppa, Esa, 1935, Tyrnavan kaasuesiintyma: Suomen Kemistilehti, v 8, p 33-37; 41-44. Korpela, Kauko, 1962, Interglasiaalista turvetta Rovaniemen seudulla. Interglacial peat in the Rovaniemi area. A preliminary report: Geologi, v 14, p 30. 1969, Die Weichsel-Eiszeit and ihr Interstadial in Perapohjola (nordliches Nordfinland) im Licht von submoranen Sedimenten: Acad Sci Fennicae Annales, ser 111.99. Kujansuu, Raimo, 1972, Interstadiaalikerrostuma Vuotsossa (Interstadial deposit at Vuotso, Finnish Lapland): Geologi, v 24, p 53-56. Kukkonen, Esa, 1972, Sediment core from lake Lovojarvi, a former meromictic lake (Lammi, South Finland): Aqua Fennica, p 70-74. Lappalainen, Eino, 1970, Uber die spatquartare Entwicklung der Flussufermoore Mittel-Lapplands: Comm Geol Finland Bull no. 244. and Seppo Lahti, 1972a, Postglacial evidence of the occurrence of the beaver (Castor fiber L.) in eastern Finland: Zool Fennici Annales, v 9, p 139-140. 268 Anlis Heikkinen, Anna-Kristina Koivisto, and Osmo Aikaa Lappalainen, Eino, 1972b, On the thickness and regional distributor of the peat de- posits in Finnish Lappland: Geol Survey Finland Rept inv no 3. -1972c, Lapin suot ekskurssiokohteina (rept in Finnish on the 1972 excur- sion in Lappland of the Finnish Peatland Society): Suo, v 23, p 109-122. and Seppo Lahti, 1973, Majavan jaakauden jalkeisesta historiasta Suomessa (Subfossil remnants as an evidence of the beaver [Castor fiber L.] in Finland): Geologi, v 25, p 34-35. Repo, Reino and Tynni, Risto, 1971, Observations on the Quaternary geology of an area between the 2nd Salpausselka and the icemarginal formation of central Finland: Geol Soc Finland Bull, v 43, p 185-202. Saarnisto, Matti, 1970, The Late Weichselian and Flandrian history of the Saimaa Lake Complex: Comm Phys Math, v 37. Tynni, Risto, 1972, The development of Lovojarvi on the basis of its diatoms: Aqua Fennica, p 74-82. [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 16, No. 2, 1974, P. 269-276]

BELFAST RADIOCARBON DATES VII A G SMITH, G W PEARSON, and J R PILCHER Palaeoecology Laboratory, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland

INTRODUCTION The dating equipment and operating conditions remain essentially as previously described. All samples are from Ireland unless specified.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Pretreatments and routine operation of the dating apparatus have been carried out by Florence Qua and Annice Colville to whom we are much indebted. The Ministry of Finance for Northern Ireland con- tinued to give financial support for the dating of samples relating to the work of the N Ireland Archaeological Survey. The Office of Public Works, Dublin, gave financial support for the dating of the Monknew- town samples.

I. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES Monknewtown series, Co Meath Charcoal from henge site and pit dwelling at Monknewtown, ENE of Slane, Co Meath (53° 30' N, 6° 30' W; Irish Grid Ref 0 0076, alt ca 35m). Site excavated by P W Sweetman, Nat! Parks and Monuments Branch, Office of Public Works, Dublin. Site produced abundant Beaker pottery and remains of a house. Coil 1971 by PWS. Subm 1972 by Office of Public Works, Dublin. 3810 ±45 UB-728. Monknewtown, Sample V 1860 BC $13C = -24.20 Charcoal from young branches (Quercus and Betula) and some older wood (Betula), id by J Hillam, from around hearth of pit-house dwell- ing. Comment (PWS): on archaeologic grounds probably most reliable sample of series. Result as expected. 2445 ±40 UB-729. Monknewtown, Sample VI 495 BC 613C = -24.3% Charcoal (Corylus), id by JH, from gray cultural layer stratified above gravel surface. Comment (PWS): date more recent than expected. 2495 ± 70 UB-730. Monknewtown, Sample VII 545 BC 3130 = -24.900 Charcoal (Corylus), id by JH, from small hearth directly on gravels. Comment (PWS): sample was from primary cultural layer. Date is much too late.

269 270 A G Smith, G W Pearson, and J R Pilcher 1130 ± 70 UB-731. Monknewtown, Sample IX AD 820 S13C=-24.9% Charcoal including twigs of Alnns, id by JH, from 2 small hearths directly in gravels. Comment (PWS): sample was from primary cultural layer. Date is much too late. 4750 ± 65 UB-732. Monknewtown, Sample X 2800 BC S13C = -25.2/ Charcoal including Alnns, id by JH, from small hearth directly in gravel. Comment (PWS): date somewhat older than expected. 2440 ± 65 UB-733. Monknewtown, Sample XI 490 BC S13C = -25.6% Charcoal including small branches of Fraxinus, id by JH, from small hearth directly on gravels. Comment (PWS): date much later than ex- pected. 3465 ± 80 UB-734. Monknewtown, Sample XII 1515 BC 6130 = -24.7% Charcoal including Ulex, id by JH, from small hearth directly on gravels. Comment (PWS): date as expected and agrees well with UB-728. General Comments (PWS): monument is a henge type which produced a Carrowkeel bowl containing a cremation, ca 11 pit burials, a miniature barrow and a Beaker pit dwelling containing ca 4000 sherds of Beaker pottery. All samples except UB-728 are from Burial area, N half of site. Dates for all samples from gravels (except UB-731) are ca 500 BC and may represent termination of activity on site. Still, dates seem rather late. (AGS, GWP, JRP): site was superficial and charcoal from different occu- pations may have become mixed without this being stratigraphically obvious to excavator. Ballymacdermot Court Cairn series, Co Armagh Samples from Neolithic Court Cairn in Ballymacdermot Td Co Armagh, 3.5km SW of Newry, Co Down (54° 9' N, 6° 23' W; Irish Grid Ref J 063238; alt ca 200m). Site excavated 1962 by A E P Collins and B C S Wilson. Coll and subm by AEPC. Ref: Collins and Wilson (1964). 3515 ± 85 UB-705. Ballymacdermot Cairn, Sample 2 1565 BC 6"C = -24.4% Charcoal from dark soil below stones blocking forecourt. Comment: comparable with previous date for same layer, UB-207: 3660 ± 60, R, 1970, v 12, p 292. Belfast Radiocarbon Dates VII 271 4715 ± 190 UB-698. Ballymacdermot Cairn, Sample 3 2765 BC 8130 = -24.O% Charcoal from under fill of tightly packed granite blocks and on scattered flat slabs in Chamber 1 of gallery. 4830 ± 95 UB-694. Ballymacdermot Cairn, Sample 4 2880 BC 81.3 = _25.1 7 o Charcoal from brown earth in N part of Chamber 3 of gallery to- gether with charcoal from same layer containing Western Neolithic pot- tery under flat stone. Comment: could possibly date funerary use of gallery. See General Comment. 4295 ± 90 UB-695. Ballymacdermot Cairn, Sample 5 2345 BC 6C = -25.7%0 Charcoal from brown earth (Layer 8) in N part of W half of Cham- ber 3 of gallery. Comment: could date funerary use of gallery but possi- bly a mixture of charcoal of different ages. See General Comment.

1180 ± 75 UB-693. Ballymacdermot Cairn, Sample 6 AD 770 6130 = -25.7 Charcoal from S end of Chamber 3 of gallery. Sample came from dark brown soil (Layer 8 of Collins and Wilson, 1964) which contained sherds of Western Neolithic pottery and a little burnt bone. Comment: charcoal is clearly not Neolithic. 940 ± 75 UB-697. Ballymacdermot Cairn, Sample 7 AD 1010 613C = -25.67 0 Charcoal from deposit under large stone in SW corner of Chamber 3 of gallery. Comment: thought by excavators to be from period of use of chamber. If charcoal is not a mixture, date shows that this use was in Viking, not Neolithic time. See General Comment. 1025 ± 40 UB-700. Ballymacdermot Cairn, Sample 8 AD 925 6130 = -25.2;00 Charcoal from among stones and soil overlying pre-cairn soil in Cutting 9 through body of cairn (see Collins and Wilson, 1964, Figs 3 and 5). Comment: sample thought by excavators possibly to relate to construction of cairn. Date shows more likely origin is Viking activity on surface of cairn, the charcoal having been washed down between the cairn stones. 272 A G Smith, G W Pearson, and J R Pilcher 975 ± 70 UB-703. Ballymacdermot Cairn, Sample 9 AD 975 S13C = -25.3% Charcoal from among stones and soil overlying pre-cairn soil in Cutting 9. Comment: as for Sample 8 (UB-700). 6925 ± 95 UB-702. Ballymacdermot Cairn, Sample 10 4975 BC 6130 = _25.1c/ Q Charcoal from low levels in cracks between lowest cairn stones in Cutting 9. Comment: sample thought by excavators to be contempor- aneous with construction of cairn. Date shows sample to be material of Mesolithic age, probably present in pre-cairn soil and incorporated in cairn during construction. General Comment: UB-697, -700, -703 and possibly -693, are indistin- guishable; they suggest that charcoal from Viking period activity has persisted intact and infiltrated into low levels of cairn from surface. UB-697 and -693, however, may have been protected by roof of burial gallery until AD 1816 and could be admixtures of Neolithic and modern charcoal. UB-698 and -694 which are indistinguishable, could date funer- ary use of burial gallery but this is not certain due to possible adultera- tion with modern charcoal, as may have occurred, eg, with UB-695. UB-705 agrees well with UB-207 (R, 1970, v 12, p 292) from similar stratigraphic position. Together these determinations suggest forecourt was left open after initial construction of cairn. For further discussion see Smith, Pearson, and Collins (in press).

II. PALAEOECOLOGIC SAMPLES Sluggan hog monolith series, Co Antrim Further samples from Sluggan bog, Ballylurgan Td, 2.4km NE of Randalstown, Co Antrim (54° 46' N, 6° 18' W; Irish Grid Ref .1 009921; alt 52m). Samples taken to amplify changes of deposition rate indicated by previous series, R, 1971, v 13, p 454-456. 2130 ± 45 UB-748. Sluggan monolith, 100 to 104cm 180 BC 6130 = -25.07cc Sphagnum peat from 100 to 104cm depth. Acid pretreatment. 7855 ± 115 UB-749. Sluggan monolith, 330 to 334cm 5905 BC 6130 = -25.9% Particulate fraction of mossy reedswamp heat from 330 to 334cm depth. At beginning of increase of pine pollen. III. TIMBER SAMPLES Samples from sub-fossil and other timbers taken to aid construction of floating tree-ring chronologies. Belfast Radiocarbon Dates VII 273 2080 ± 30 UB-745. Allistragh, Bog Oak 453 130 BC 81 C = -24.2 Bog oak from pit dug into bank of R Callan at Allistragh Td 4.8km N of Armagh, Co Armagh (540 20' N, 6° 40' W; Irish Grid Ref H 866494; alt 30m). Sample from yr 47 to 66 of 163-yr-old tree. See also UB-618 (R, 1973, v 15, p 225). 7640 ± 70 UB-744. Roddans Port, Bog Oak 922 5690 BC 8130 = -24.1% a Bog oak weathered out of submerged peat bed on shore at Roddans Port, 3km S of Ballywalter, Co Down (54° 31' N, 5° 28' W; Irish Grid Ref J 640658, alt ca high tide level). Sample from yr 65 to 84 of 242- yr-old tree. See also R, 1971, v 13, p 463 for geochemical samples from this site.

Teeshan series, Co Antrim Oak wood from crannog (lake dwelling) in Teeshan Td 150m E of Teeshan Primary School, Co Antrim (54° 54' 30" N, 6° 19' W; Irish Grid Ref D 083078, alt 100m). See also UB-266 (R, 1971, v 13, p 125). 1495 ± 35 UB-742. Teeshan, No. 1 AD 455 6131 _ Sample from yr 225 to 244 of 250-yr-old tree. 1605 ± 30 UB-743. Teeshan, No. 273 AD 345 6130 = -23.1% Sample from yr 20 to 39 of 271-yr-old tree. 7815 ± 50 UB-747. Stranmillis, Bog Oak 930 5865 BC 8130 = -23.8% Prostrate oak trunk from estuarine clay by Stranmillis Embankment, Belfast (54° 35' N, 5° 55' W; Irish Grid Ref J 339732; alt ca -2.Om). Found in excavation near entry of R Blackstaff diversion into R Lagan in clay under marine shelly layers at depth of 3.3m. Sample from yr 28 to 47 of 189-yr-old tree. 6340 ± 40 UB-746. Derrykeeran, Bog Oak 69 4390 BC 6130 = -23.8%Q Bog oak from Derrykeeran Td 5km N of Portadown, Co Armagh (54° 28' N, 6° 27' W; Irish Grid Ref J 003590; alt ca 20m). Sample from yr 143. to 152 of 169-yr-old tree. See also UB-598 (R, 1973, v 15, p 228) for other sample from site. 274 A G Smith, G W Pearson, and J R Pilcher Cullyhanna Bog Oak series Fossil oaks weathered out of lake muds at margin of Cullyhanna Lake 5km N of Crossmaglen, Co Armagh (540 7' N, 6° 36' 30" W; Irish Grid Ref H 915198; alt 105m). See also UB-342 (R, 1971, v 13, p 462) and UB-682-3 (R, 1973, v 15, p 608). 40 UB-762. Cullyhanna, Bog Oak 481 3485 BC 3130 = -24.O% Sample from yr 61 to 75 of 204-yr-old tree. 5385 ± 40 UB-763. Cullyhanna, Bog Oak 492 3435 BC 613C = -23.2% Sample from yr 153 to 173 of 179-yr-old tree. 5705 ± 40 UB-764. Cullyhanna, Bog Oak 497 3755 BC 613C = -23.5% Sample from yr 113 to 133 of 218-yr-old tree. 3655 ± 35 UB-765. Cullyhanna, Bog Oak 479 1705 BC 6'C = -24.0%0 Sample from yr 53 to 73 of 175-yr-old tree. 5855 ± 35 UB-766. Cullyhanna, Bog Oak 501 3905 BC 613C = -22.9%0 Sample from yr 46 to 66 of 100-yr-old tree.

Lough Macnean series, Co Fermanagh Bog oaks from Lough Macnean Lower, 12.5km WSW of Enniskillen, Co Fermanagh (54° 17' N, 7° 49' W; Irish Grid Ref H 121376; alt ca 65m). Mostly from below normal water level of lake. See also UB-679, -680 (R, 1973, v 15, p 607). 2405 ± 35 UB-759. Lough Macnean, Bog Oak 861 455 BC 613C = -24.2% Sample from yr 128 to 148 of 212-yr-old tree. 2165 ± 35 UB-760. Lough Macnean, Bog Oak 864 215 BC 6130 = -24.1 Sample from yr 68 to 88 of 243-yr-old tree. 3725 ± 40 UB-761. Lough Macnean, Bog Oak 862 1775 BC S13C = -24.70 Sample from yr 108 to 127 of 202-yr-old tree. Belfast Radiocarbon Dates VII 275 Balloo Cottage series, Co Down Additional timbers of bog oak from saddler's cottage in Balloo Td, 19km SE of Belfast, Co Down (54° 28' N, 6° 34' W; Irish Grid Ref j 486607; alt 50m). See also UB-620 (R, 1973, v 15, p 226). 2340 ± 30 UB-756. Balloo Cottage, Bog Oak 814 390 BC 6130 = -23.4%0 Sample from yr 70 to 90 of 167-yr-old beam. 1510 ± 30 UB-757. Balloo Cottage, Bog Oak 816 AD 440 13C = -23.6 00 Sample from yr 127 to 147 of 171-yr-old beam.

IV. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES 8000 ± 45 UB-750. Toome Bay stump 6050 BC 6130 = -25.4%0 Outer part of trunk of tree stump (Salix), Id by JH, submerged in Lough Neagh ca 30m from present shore at Toome Bay (53° 44' N, 6° 29' W; Irish Grid Ref C 980902). Coil 1969 by AGS. Comment: stump was apparently in situ and roots were ca 50cm below lake level which has been recently artificially lowered. Date confirms period of relatively low water level in Boreal times, deduced by Jessen (1949). Date is similar to that for Mesolithic layer in nearby reedswamp deposit (Mitchell, 1955) 7680 ± 110 (Y-95) or 7880 ± 110 with allowance for Suess effect (c f Godwin, 1960). 7395 ± 65 UB-689. Cushendun, Lower Lagoon silt 5445 BC 6130 = Wood from upper part of lower lagoon silt at Cushendun, Co Antrim (55° 8' N, 6° 3' W; Irish Grid Ref D 248325; alt ca 2.4m). Coil 1934 probably by HL Movius; subm 1972 by PC Woodman from collns of Ulster Mus, Belfast. Comment: site excavated 1934 by Harvard Archaeol expedition (Movies, 1940). Pollen analysis by Jessen (1949) shows Lower Lagoon silt belongs to Pollen Zone VIb. Result shows marine transgression indicated by nature of sediment started before ca 7400 BP. Result may be compared with LJ-903: 6550 ± 300 (R, 1965, v 7, p 83) which dates transgression contact at ca +3.Om inland in Co Down (Singh and Smith, 1966; 1973).

REFERENCES Collins, A E P and Wilson, B C S. 1964, The excavation of a court cairn at Bally- macdermot, Co Armagh: Ulster Jour Archaeol, v 27, p 3-22. Godwin, Harry, 1960, Radiocarbon dating and Quaternary history in Britain: Royal Soc [London] Proc, ser B, v 153, p 287-320. 276 A G Smith, G W Pearson, and J R Pilcher Jessen, Knud, 1949, Studies in late Quaternary deposits and flora-history of Ireland: Royal Irish Acad Proc, v 52, sec B, p 85-290. Mitchell, G F, 1955, The Mesolithic site at Toome Bay, Co Londonderry: Ulster Jour Archaeol, v 18, p 1-16. Movius, H L, 1940, An early post-glacial archaeological site at Cushendun, Co Antrim: Royal Irish Acad Proc, v 46, sec C, p 1-84. Singh, G and Smith, A G, 1966, The post-glacial marine transgression in N Ireland- conclusions from estuarine and `raised beach' deposits: a contrast: Palaeobotanist, v 15, p 230-234. 1973, Post-glacial vegetational history and relative land and sea-level changes in Lecale, Co Down: Royal Irish Acad Proc, v 73, ser B, p 1-51. Smith, A G, Pearson, G W, and Collins, A E P, Are ten radiocarbon dates no radio- carbon date?: Antiquity (in press). [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 16, No. 2, 1974, P. 277-283] VIENNA RADIUM INSTITUTE RADIOCARBON DATES V HEINZ FELBER Institut fur Radiumforschung and Kernphysik der Osterr, Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna, Austria Measurements have continued with the same proportional counter system, pretreatment procedure, methane preparation and measurement, and calculation using a half-life of 5568 ± 30 years, as described pre- viously (R, 1970, v 12, p 298-318). Uncertainties quoted are single stand- ard deviations originating from standard, sample, background counting rates and half-life. No 13C /12C ratios were measured. The following list presents most samples of our work in the last year. Sample descriptions have been prepared in cooperation with sub- mitters.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express many thanks to Ing L Stein for excellent work in sample preparation, and to A Rasocha for careful operation of the dating equipment. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. GEOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, SOIL SCIENCE A. Austria 3400 ± 170 VRI.344. Dachstein, 0 U 1450 BC Black organic material finely distributed in cave sediment of Dachstein-Mammuthohle (37° 32' 10" N, 13° 42' 39" E), Mt Dachstein, Upper Austria. Coll 1972 and subm by R Seemann, Mineralog Petrog Inst, Univ Vienna. Comment (RS): dates formation of microscopically observed pyrites in sediment (Seemann, 1970; VRI-255, -257: R, 1973, v 15, p 426). 4240 ± 100 VRI.286. Grabensee, 0 U 2290 BC Fen peat with wood overlying limno-telmatic contact, taken with Dachnowski probe from depth 175 to 170cm at center of large mire at N end of lake Grabensee, mostly on lake marl, 150m from shore (47° 59' 55" N, 13° 06' 26" E), Lot 1633/1, K G Mundenham, Gde Palling, Upper Austria. Coll 1971 and subm by R Krisai, Bot Inst, Univ Salzburg. Comment (RK): dates onset of peat growth on lake marl and waning of this part of lake. 2730 ± 80 VRI.285. Trumer Moor, Salzburg 780 BC Carex fen peat overlying limno-telmatic contact, taken with Dach- nowski probe from depth 145 to 140cm at center of small birch forest, Lot 2121/2, K G Mattsee, Trumer Moor at end of lake Obertrumer See (47 ° 56' 40" N, 13° 04' 41" E), Salzburg. Coll 1971 and subm by R

277 278 Heinz Felber Krisai. Comment (RK): dates onset of peat growth on lake marl and waning of this part of lake. 8590 ± 130 VRI.287. Zellhofer Moor, Salzburg 6640 BC Detritus gyttja with Carex radicals overlying clay-gyttja, taken with Dachnowski probe at depth 565 to 570cm from bog Zellhofer Moor near l\lattsee (47 ° 59' 16" N, 13 ° 05' 14" E), Salzburg. Bore hole at center of dessicating raised bog on Lot 233, K G Mattsee. Coll 1971 and subm by R Krisai. Comment (RK): dates beginnings of elm increase in pollen diagram and bog growth.

Schlatenkees III series, Venediger Group, Osttirol Peat from varying depths in ca 100cm deep peat bog at outer slope of lateral moraine of glacier Schlatenkees, Venediger Group (Patzelt, 1967), near lake Salzbodensee, E Tyrol (47° 06' 56" N, 12° 26' 47" E), alt 2130m. Coil 1970 and subm by G Patzelt, Geog Inst, Univ Innsbruck. General Comment: submitter hoped to date palynologically determined climate fluctuations. Age inversion in series verified by VRI-282 and -283 submitted afterwards is yet unexplained. 560 ± 70 VRI.246. 20.5 to 21.5cm AD 1390 Peat from depth 20.5 to 21.5cm underlying several disturbed raw humus horizons. Comment (GP): dates end of peat growth and begin- ning of several disturbances in soil development. According to pollen diagram, beginning of disturbances corresponds with climatic deteriora- tion and period of glacial maximum of late Middle ages. 1680 ± 90 VRI.283. 29 to 31cm AD 270 Peat from depth 29 to 31cm. Comment (GP): should limit distinct climatic deterioration together with VRI-246. Sudden increase in herba- ceous pollen, especially in pioneer plants. 1760±90 VRI.247. 38 to 41cm AD 190 Peat from depth 38 to 41cm, from heavily decomposed peat band rich in mineral substances. Comment (GP): should date peat growth disturbance corresponding with climatic deterioration as revealed by pollen diagram. 1530 ± 80 VRI.282. 51 to 52.5cm AD 420 Peat from depth 51 to 52.5cm. Comment (GP): proves age inversion detected by VRI-245 and -247. Sample should date beginning of climatic deterioration corresponding with increase of pioneer plants in pollen diagram. Vienna Radium Institute Radiocarbon Dates V 279 1400 ± 80 VRI.245. 75 to 78cm AD 550 Peat from depth 75 to 78cm. Comment (GP): should date beginning of moss peat development and end of climatic deterioration in early Middle ages. 4790 ± 100 VRI.302. 96cm 2840 Bc Peat from base of bog. Comment (GP): dates beginning of peat growth, gives minimum age of underlying moraine and maximum age for disturbance in peat growth stratigraphically marked by sand band at depth 95cm. VRI.303. Obersulzbachkees II, Venediger Group 3110 ± 130 Osttirol 1160 BC Branch (Finns cembra) from base of peat bog 160cm deep within end moraine of glacier Obersulzbachkees (Patzelt, 1967). Site adjacent to Obersulzbach-hut (47° 08' 36"N, 12° 16' 54" E), Venediger Group, E Tyrol. Coll 1970 and subm by G Patzelt. Comment (GP): date is minimum for underlying moraine. Schonwies-Hutte series, Obergurgl, Tirol Cyperaceous peat from different depths of bog near shelter Schonwies- Hutte (46° 50' 40" N, 11° 00' 50" E), Obergurgl, Tyrol. Coll 1971 and subm by S Bortenschlager, Inst Bot Systematik Geobot, Univ Innsbruck. 8840 } 140 VRI.296. 180 to 190cm 6890 Bc Comment (SB): dates beginning of herbaceous pollen increase in pollen profile corresponding with climatic fluctuation. 7880 ± 170 VRI.297. 120 to 123cm 5930 BC Comment (SB): dates end of NBP maximum and end of climatic deterioration. 5720 ± 100 VRI.298. 82 to 85cm 3770 BC Comment (SB): dates climatic and glacial fluctuation clearly rec- ognizable in pollen profile. 3630 ± 90 VRI.299. 32 to 35cm 1680 BC Comment (SB): dates end of climatic deterioration. Munster series, Tirol Wood from base of Mt Pletzach landslide between Munster and Kramsach, Tyrol. Subm 1971 by H Heuberger, Geog Inst, Univ Inns- bruck. Wood determined by H Hilscher, Innsbruck. General Comment (HH): samples date Pletzach landslide assumed to be late glacial by Schreiber (1950) but postglacial by submitter. 280 Heinz Felber 3630 ± 90 VRI-304. Pletzach Landslide 1 1680 BC Juniperus sp embedded in silt at base of Mt Pletzach landslide excavated by workers at well sinking in limestone quarry and limekiln Huber-Einberger, Hagau (47° 26' 13" N, 11° 52' 00" E). Comment (HH): maximum age for landslide. 3690 ± 90 VRI.305. Pletzach Landslide 2 1740 BC Probably Abies embedded in unlaminated silt of R Inn, dammed up by landslide at hwy bldg site Hagau (27° 25' 52" N, 11° 52' 18" E) near Brixlegg bridge. Coll 1971 by H Heuberger. Comment (HH): maximum age for landslide. 1740 ± 80 VRI.306. Pletzach Landslide 3 AD 210 Root of tree, in soil beneath bank of sand and gravel, under Pletzach landslide. Same site as VRI-305. Coll 1971 by H Heuberger. Comment (HH): sample proves irrelevant for landslide. 27,400 ± 900 VRI.339. Baumkirchen, Tirol 25,450 BC Branch deformed by pressure, Find 24 (Fliri et al, 1970; 1971), in undisturbed banded silts, alt 671m, clay pit Baumkirchen (47° 18' 25" N, 11 ° 34' 19" E), Inn Valley, Tyrol. Coll 1972 and subm by F Fliri, Geog lust, Univ Innsbruck. Comment (FF): dates Inn Valley sediments. 1110 ± 110 VRI.354. Scharnitz, Tirol AD 840 Wood fragment (Pines) from deeper part, Shaft 1, depth 1.7m, of slope near "Silberner Hansl" below "Haspelzeche", E of Scharnitz (47° ° 24' N, 11 16' E), S side of Mt Reps, Karwendel Mts, Tyrol. Coll 1972 by M Forelli, subm by L Kostelka, Bleiberger, Bergwerks Union, Car- inthia. Comment (LK): proves this part of slope is older than Middle ages mining slag heap in upper part. Zinc from slope is not derived from mining. B. Italy, Saudi Arabia 4350 ± 100 VRI.272. Laas/Lasa, Italy 2400 BC Charcoal from colluvial humus horizon with burnt remains on detritus of alluvial cone from depth 3m at foot of slope of Laaser Leiten (46° 37' 30" N, 10° 41' 25" E), Vinschgau, Si dtirol, Italy. A Neolithic arrowhead was found in this horizon. Coll 1970 by A Otto; subm by F Fliri. 8400 ± 140 VRI-384. Wadi Ha, Saudi Arabia 6450 BC Snail shells in calcareous sands from interfingering of lake sediments with river terraces, Wadi Ha (24° 20' N, 46° 52' E), Saudi Arabia. Vienna Radium Institute Radiocarbon Dates V 281 Coil 1973 and subm by J Zotl, Inst Min Tech Geol, T H Graz. Com- ment (JZ): dates accumulation terraces in Wadi Hanifah.

II. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES 250 ± 90 VRI.281. Gummern, Karnten AD 1700 Charcoal, 30cm below surface of oval, ca 7 x 9m, flat mound embedded in gently rising slope W of Villach, near Gummern in Drau Valley (46° 36' N, 13° 42' E), Carinthia. Front side of mound 1.5m high. Coll 1971 by S Steinwender; subm by R Pittioni, Inst Ur Fruhgeschichte, Univ Vienna. Comment (SS): contradicts assumption that mound and Roman attack on Cimbri (W of Villach, according to Appianus) 113 BC are contemporaneous.

Scharfling series, 0 O Remains of wooden pilings lifted from bottom of lake Mondsee near shore at depth -3m, Sta Scharfling (47° 49' N, 13° 25' E), Gde St Lorenz, 0 O. Coll 1971 and subm by H Offenberger, Bundesdenkmalamt, Wien. Determination of wood by J Kisser, Wien. General Comment: samples prove to be remains of Neolithic lake dwell- ings. 4940 ± 120 VRI.311. Scharfling I 2990 BC Picea abies. 4870 ± 100 VRI-312. Scharfling II 2920 BC Acer pseudoplatanus. 4660 ± 90 VRI.313. Scharfling III 2710 BC Fagus sylvatica. 4780 ± 90 VRI.314. Scharfling IV 2830 BC Picea abies. 2810 ± 90 VRI.345. Hallstatt, 0 0 860 BC Wood (Fagus sylvatica) fragment of tool shaft (so-called knee-shaft) from Gruner Werk, N group of prehistoric salt mine Salzberg Hallstatt (47° 34' N, 48° 57' 26" E), Upper Austria. Coil 1960 and subm 1972 by F E Barth, Naturhist Mus, Wien. Comment (HF) date agrees with VRI-258 and -267. Hallstatt series 1, 0 O Wood fragments of fire sticks and tools from different groups of prehistoric salt mine Salzberg, Hallstatt (Schauberger, 1960) (47° 34' N, 48° 57' 26" E), Upper Austria. Subm by 0 Schauberger, Bad Ischl. 282 Heinz Felber 2810 ± 90 VRI.258. E group, 8a 860 BC Tool (?), E group, Kaiser Josef horizon, prospecting NO adit (Unter- suchungsquerschlag) at 40m, Site 8a. Highest finding site. Coil 1957 by 0 Schauberger. 2340 ± 80 VRI.259. E group, 9a 390 BC Fire sticks and twigs, E group, Kaiser Josef horizon, Werk Stuger, Site 9a. Coil 1954 by 0 Schauberger. 2170 ± 80 VRI.260. E group, 26 220 BC Prop, E group, Kaiserin Christina horizon, cast on day at left side- wall of main alit, Site 26. Coil 1960 by 0 Schauberger. Comment (OS), proves prehistoric origin was originally uncertain. 2140 ± 80 VRI.261. E group, 13/1 190 BC Prop, larch, E group, Kaiserin Christina horizon, Werk Katharina von Edlersberg, SE sidewall, Site 13. Coil 1970 by B Unterberger. 2380 ± 100 VRI.262. E group, 13/2 430 BC Fire sticks, E group, Kaiserin Christina horizon, Werk Katharina von Edlersberg, SE sidewall, Site 13. Coil 1970 by B Unterberger. 2320 ± 100 VRI.263. E group, 18 370 BC Fire sticks, E group, Kaiserin Christina horizon, Josef Ritschner Ankehrschurfkopf, Site 18. Coil 1970 by B Unterberger. 2400 ± 80 VRI.264. E group, 17/1 450 Bc Fragment of prop in "Kernigem Heidengebirge", E group, Kaiserin Christina horizon, Layer Aufdeckungsschlag, 100m from main alit, Site 17. Coll 1970 by B Unterberger. 2480 ± 80 VRI-265. E group, 17/2 530 BC Fire sticks, E group, Kaiserin Christina horizon, Layer Aufdeckungs- schlag, 100m from main alit, Site 17. Coil 1970 by B Unterberger. 2290 ± 100 VRI.266. E group, 21 340 BC Fire sticks and twig, E group, Kaiserin Maria Theresia horizon, Pohl Schopfbau Offen, Site 21. Deepest find. Coil 1970 by B Unterberger. 2920 ± 100 VRI.267. N group, 7 970 BC Fire sticks, N group, Kaiser Josef horizon, Werk Flechner, Land- steiner Kehr, Site 7. Site farthest from surface. Coil 1959 by 0 Schauberger. Vienna Radium Institute Radiocarbon Dates V 283 Hallstatt series 2, 0 0 Wooden tools from Peter et Paul Werk, no longer accessible W group of prehistoric salt mine Salzberg Hallstatt (47° 34' N, 48° 57' 26" E), Upper Austria. Coll 1892 (Barth, 1972; 1973), kept in Mus Nat Hist and subm 1973 by F E Barth, Naturhist Mus, Wien. 1850 ± 80 VRI.371. Inv no. 35729 AD 100 Wooden shovel. 2050 ± 80 VRI.372. Inv no. 35730 100 BC Wooden shovel. REFERENCES Barth, F E, 1972, Funde aus dem Ender-Werk des Salzberges zu Hallstatt; Aufs- ammlung 1899/1900: Anthropol Gesell Wien Mitt, v 101, p 37-44. 1973, Funde aus der West-Gruppe des Salzbergwerkes in Hallstatt, 0 0 (Eine Fundortberichtigung): Anthropol Gesell Wien Mitt, v 102, p 31-32. Fliri, F, et al 1970, Der Banderton von Baumkirchen (Inntal, Tirol) eine neue Schlusselstelle zur Kenntnis der Wiirm-Vereisung der Alpen: Gletscherkde Glazial- geol Zeitschr, v 6, p 5-180. Fliri, F, Hilscher, H, and Markgraf, V. 1971, Weitere Untersuchungen zur Chronologie der alpinen Wiirmvereisung (Banderton von Baumkirchen, Inntal, Nordtirol): Gletscherkde Glazialgeol Zeitschr, v 7, p 5-24. Patzelt, G, 1967, Die Gletscher der Venediger-Gruppe: Doctoral thesis, Univ Inns- bruck, Austria. Schauberger, 0, 1960, Ein Rekonstruktionsversuch der prahistorischen Grubenbaue im Hallstatter Salzberg: Prahist Forschungen, no 5, Anthropol Gesell Wien. Schreiber, W, 1950, Der Pletzach-Bergsturz bei Kramsach: Alpengeog Studien, Festschr H Kinzl, rchlern-Schriften, v 65, p 63-76. Seemann, R, 1970, Neue Funde von Bohnerzen and Pyrit in der Dachsteiii-Mam- muthohle: Hohlenkdl Landesvereines Mitt Hohlenkde Wien N 0, no. 11, p 185-189.