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Guide on the Gender Analysis of Census Data | UNFPA 2014 227 Chapter 6 Marital Status, Polygamy, Widowhood and Child Marriage Methodological Guidelines for the Gender Analysis of National Population and Housing Census Data Technical Division of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Population and Development Branch Gender, Human Rights and Culture Branch Design: Office for Visual Affairs | officeforvisualaffairs.com CONTENTS 4 Foreword 8 Acknowledgements 10 Introduction: About This Guide 17 Background and Conceptual Clarifications for Gender Analysis of Census Data 19 Chapter 1 Gender in Population and Housing Censuses Part One 20 A. The Scope of Census Data 28 B. Gender Analysis of Census Data 40 Chapter 2 Conceptual Clarifications on Gender Equality and Gender-Responsive Data Analysis 40 A. Sex and Gender 46 B. Measuring sex/gender differences, gender inequality and gender inequity through gender analysis 57 C. Some issues in data analysis and the con- struction of indicators 82 Ten Key Gender Issues Analysed with Census Data 86 Chapter 3 Fertility 141 Chapter 4 Mortality Part Two 170 Chapter 5 Sex Ratio at Birth and throughout the Life Cycle 2 Guide on the Gender Analysis of Census Data | UNFPA 2014 227 Chapter 6 Marital Status, Polygamy, Widowhood and Child Marriage 290 Chapter 7 Households and Families 367 Chapter 8 Income, Poverty and Living Conditions 418 Chapter 9 Education and Literacy 450 Chapter 10 Work, Economic Activities and Employment Benefits 490 Chapter 11 Migration 524 Chapter 12 Disability 568 Conclusions 7 References 2734 Appendix 1 Gender-Relevant Issues in 2005 - 2014 Census Forms 2845 Appendix 2 Glossary of important gender terms. 2867 Appendix 3 Mapping of Resources on Gender Statis- tics, Relevant to the Gender Analysis of Census Data Appendices 2890 Appendix 4 A Brief Overview of the Evolution of Gender Statistics 2946 Appendix 5 From Understanding the Gender Data Gap to Improving the Production and Analysis of Gender Statistics 301 Appendix How to Apply this Guide in a Country Context 3 Foreword A national Population and Housing Census has the enor- mous advantage of enumerating every single household and individual in a country, thereby making it possible to provide more robust and disaggregated detail on particu- lar geographic areas and social groups than almost any other data source. One of the main pillars of UNFPA’s technical support for national Population and Housing Censuses is to make cer- tain that the best possible use is made of the information collected to inform policy and programming; particularly in areas such as sexual and reproductive health and rights, adolescents and youth, population dynamics and gender. In the case of gender, many National Statistical Offices (NSOs) have sought UNFPA’s support in the analysis and production of special gender monographs based on their census data. While developing these monographs, social scientists have often been confronted with two challenges. One is that the statistical analysis of gen- der issues (using any data source), is often limited to an over-simplified analysis of indicators that document dif- ferences by sex. While this is a necessary step in a more comprehensive gender analysis, it is by no means suffi- cient. True gender analysis needs to assess, analyze and reveal the processes of differential social roles, variance in 4 Guide on the Gender Analysis of Census Data | UNFPA 2014 social treatment and outright discrimination that explain the observed results. The second challenge is that census data only address a limited number of concerns that are of interest to gender analysis. Issues such as division of household tasks, access to services, fertility preferences or domestic violence are generally beyond the scope of what can be asked for in a census. The Needs Assessment Conferences for Census Analysis (NACCA), which the Population and Development Branch of UNFPA’s Technical Division organized between 2009 and 2011 in Dakar, Senegal, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic and Bali, Indonesia, identified the need for a better orientation of NSOs in the production of census gender monographs. More specifically, sugges- tions were made to take better advantage of the unique opportunities offered by the census and – to the extent possible – overcome the limitations described above. In the process of identifying best practices and proposing novel approaches to the best use of census data for this purpose, UNFPA collaborated up with UN Women, the UN Statistics Division and UNICEF. This manual is the result of three years of work which benefited from 5 the input of a large number of consultants and readers. It complements the more general manual on gender sta- tistics recently launched by the UN Statistics Division (United Nations, 2013), reviews a variety of data sources, and the manual recently published by the Asia and Pacific Regional Office (UNFPA, 2013), which covers all aspects of the census process in the specific context of Southern Asia. It is anticipated that the methodological guidance pro- vided in this manual will offer National Statistical Offices and those concerned with gender issues to make increas- ingly effective use of the data from Population and Housing Censuses. More importantly, based on sound systematic analysis, we hope that national authorities are in a better position to celebrate success where it has been measurably achieved, and squarely address inequality and discrimination wherever it remains. Bruce B. Campbell Director, Technical Division 6 Guide on the Gender Analysis of Census Data | UNFPA 2014 7 Acknowledgements The initiative for this manual was taken as the result of a presentation on the gender analysis of census data given by Grace Bediako at the First Needs Assessment Conference on Census Analysis (NACCA), in Dakar, in November of 2009. Ralph Hakkert from the Population and Development Branch had the over-all responsibility for the project. Gayle Nelson was responsible for the contributions of the Gender, Culture and Human Rights Branch. Nancy Stiegler and later Tina Tordjman-Nebe took care of the coordination of the team of consultants which consisted of Ana Lúcia Cunha, Jean-Michel Durr, Catherine Raissigiuer and Loretta Bass. Frank Eelens joined the team later, to develop some further examples of multi- variate analysis. Eduard Jongstra from UNFPA contributed to Chapter 4. Jennifer Olmsted and Sabrina Juran from UNFPA wrote parts of Chapters 10 and 11. 8 Guide on the Gender Analysis of Census Data | UNFPA 2014 The extensive comments received from Leonardo Athias, Ionica Berevoescu, Claudia Cappa, Blerta Cela, Betina Fresneda, Riet Groenen, Francesca Grum, Sarah Hou, Linda Hooper, Neda Jafar, Joseph Pitso, Kim Robertson, Anna Lúcia Saboia, Valentino Stoevska, Manal Sweidan, Siri Tellier, Aminata Touré and Papa Seck are gratefully acknowledged, as are the examples and other contribu- tions made by the NSOs of Malawi and the occupied Palestinian territory. 9 Introduction: About this Guide 1. This guide is meant to serve as a tool for the staff of National Statistical Offices (NSOs) –possibly in collabo- ration with academic or research institutions –, National Ministries responsible for gender equality and women’s empowerment, and civil society gender advocates, to be used in their efforts to promote equality, human rights and equity issues between women and men through the appropriate analysis of census data. It is also expected to be utilized by various United Nations Regional, Sub- regional and Country Offices in the gender analysis of census data, to better support government partners in their formulation of gender-responsive policies and pro- grammes in all areas and all levels of government. 2. The guide has been produced by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), in close collaboration with UN Women, the United Nations Children’s Fund and the United Nations Statistics Division, following two Needs Assessment Conferences for Census Analysis (Dakar, Senegal in 2009 and Bávaro, Dominican Republic in 2010). As one NSO delegate noted: Gender is not systematically analysed [in censuses]. Many countries still do not consistently disaggregate data by age 10 Guide on the Gender Analysis of Census Data | UNFPA 2014 and sex and do not distinguish between sex disaggregated data and specific gender analysis from census data. There is a clear need that countries ensure the production and provi- sion of easy access of age and sex-disaggregated data for users who require such information. Also, countries should develop specific gender databases from their censuses and mainstream gender in the entire national statistical system. UNFPA needs to build capacity for gender analysis in the form of both technical guidelines and practical training of staff (Dakar Conference Report, 2009: 8). Besides responding to a clear national need, there are at least three additional rationales for producing this guide: Intrinsic Rationale 3. Promoting gender-responsive census analysis is in line with the human rights-based approach and supports countries in fulfilling their human rights obligations. • Gender differences and gender inequalities have often been overlooked in statistical production even though it is now widely acknowledged that access and con- trol over resources, as well as the various dimensions 11 of wellbeing, is gendered and that women and men have different needs and interests. It follows that national statistics that do not reflect these differences do not adequately reflect social reality in a way that supports sound development policy-making and plan- ning. Gender-responsive census analysis can therefore contribute to
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