At War's End: Allied Forces at Bergen-Belsen Mark
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
AT WAR'S END: ALLIED FORCES AT BERGEN-BELSEN * MARK CELINSCAK A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HUMANITIES YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO APRIL 2012 © Mark Celinscak, 2012 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-90347-6 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-90347-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada ii Abstract This dissertation examines the surrender and relief of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in northwest Germany at the end of the Second World War. While it is well known that Bergen- Belsen was surrendered to the British Army in April 1945, hundreds of Canadians also assisted and hundreds more encountered the camp through informal visits and authorized tours. The remarkable Canadian efforts at this camp have not been properly acknowledged, studied or documented. Accordingly, this dissertation reveals the considerable Canadian involvement during the surrender and relief of Bergen-Belsen. In addition, it surveys the personal narratives of both British and Canadian military personnel as they responded to the situation at the camp. The focus of this dissertation is then twofold: to contribute to the historical understanding of the liberation and relief of Bergen-Belsen by revealing the—as of yet—untold Canadian involvement, and secondly, to survey the responses, both oral and written, of British and Canadian military personnel. The central question asked of the numerous letters, diaries, memoirs and interviews offered by military personnel is the same: what messages are being offered and what does this mean? Additional questions are also presented, such as: How did Britons and Canadians view those who had been starved and who were suffering from a variety of illnesses? How does one maintain a sense of humanity when dealing with those who had been degraded and dehumanized? At war's aid, the encounter at Bergen-Belsen became lingering memories and stories military personnel would ultimately contend with for the rest of their lives. iii The symbol gives rise to thought. - Paul Ricceur (1913—2005) philosopher, former POW and witness to the liberated inmates of Bergen-Belsen iv Acknowledgements This work has been supported in countless ways by numerous scholars, archivists, veterans, friends and family. While it would be impossible to mention each and every person who assisted in the development of this project, I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge at least some of the individuals who offered so much of themselves over the years. I must first thank my dissertation committee, which comprises Dr. Sara Horowitz, Dr. Marlene Kadar and Dr. Suzanne Langlois. I have known and worked with these three women from the beginning of my doctoral studies at York University. They are not only talented scholars, but wonderfully warm and insightful people. I thank Sara Horowitz for expanding my horizons and offering me every opportunity to succeed. You always seem to locate what I have overlooked in my work. I thank Marlene Kadar for sharing her wisdom, expertise and for always taking the time to listen to my concerns. You have been a constant source of support. I thank Suzanne Langlois for her attention to detail and patience. You always had the time for me and my work. I am grateful for the support and guidance of such a wonderful dissertation committee. During my time at York University, the Humanities Department had three graduate program directors. I appreciate the attention and advice I was given by Dr. Bernard Lightman, Dr. Joan Steigerwald, and Dr. Markus Reisenleitner. I am also indebted to the department's administration, including Savitri Ramjattan and Sorkleng Jax. I thank a number of professors at York who have made an impact on my studies, including Dr. Tom Cohen, Dr. Adrian Shubert, Dr. Richard Teleky, Dr. Gary Butler, Dr. Joan Judge, Dr. Janet Webber, Dr. Susan Ingram and Sylvie Dejy-Blakeley. The Centre for Jewish Studies has been both welcoming and supportive. In particular, Merle Lightman has assisted me in countless ways over the years. I was fortunate V to have found employment with the Centre for Jewish Studies on the Azrieli Foundation's Holocaust Survivor Memoirs Program. I thank the program's Naomi Azrieli, Andrea Knight and Elin Beaumont for their ongoing support. I was honoured and humbled to have met and worked with a number of Holocaust survivors living in the Greater Toronto Area. A special thank you to Leslie and Eva Meisels for their generosity, kindness and insight. In the years I have spent working on this dissertation, I have come into contact with hundreds of individuals who have shared with me their time, advice and sources. I am forever grateful. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge those individuals with whom I have been in regular contact. I sincerely thank Bernd Horstmann and Klaus Tatzler at the Gedenkstatte Bergen-Belsen's Research and Documentation Centre. At the Imperial War Museum I must thank Ulrike Smalley, Stephen Walton and Suzanne Bardgett. At the Canadian War Museum I thank Laura Brandon, Jane Naisbitt and Dean Oliver. At Library and Archives Canada I have been assisted countless times by Dale Gervais and Kevin Joynt. At the Clara Thomas Archives at York University I thank Suzanne Dubeau and Michael Moir. Ellen Scheinberg at the Ontario Jewish Archives has been of great help. At the Robert McLaughlin Gallery Barb Duff has been extraordinary. At the Canadian Jewish Congress Charities Committee National Archives my gratitude to Janice Rosen and Helene Valine. I thank Michel Wyczynski for his assistance with the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion Association Archives. A number of veterans and their families have provided me with a tremendous amount support and guidance over the years. In no particular order I must thank Ronald Ford Anderson, Jan de Vries, Mark Lockyer, Robert Robson, Ian Richer, the Costigan Family, Nick Aplin and Attila Clemann, Judy Jamieson, the MacLellan Family, the Thompson Family, Judy Saxerud and Elizabeth Thomson, David Johnson, William Earle, the Velleman Family, Donald Cameron, Dr. vi Andrew Stubbs, Lorill Crees, Dr. Benjamin Victor, the Appel Family, Eric Wolfman, the Wilks Family, Brian and Mike MacConnell, Dave Robb, Donovan Brewster, Ronney Abramson, Edith Price Bobak and Molly Lamb Bobak, Dr. Nancy Ironside, Adrian Heaps, Terry Collins, R.W. Wilier, Judy Haines and Peter Moyles, Mike Owens, Dr. Richard Branion, Marianne Wientzen Gelber, the Light Family, and Peter Jones. Two individuals who were of great assistance to me passed away during the writing of this dissertation. I fondly remember both Mr. Stanley H. Winfield and Mrs. Patricia (nee Holden) Collins. I thank a number of scholars who offered their time and advice during the completion of this project. In no particular order, I thank Dr. Paul Weindling, Dr. Susan Armstrong-Reid, Dr. Brian Foss, Dr. Jacques Castonguay, Joan Murray, Roy Piovesana, Wayne Ralph, Donald Nijboer, Blake Heathcote, Patrick Brode, John Coldstream, Dr. Tony Kushner, Dr. Carl Christie, Dr. David Bercuson, Dr. Bill Rawling, Dr. Richard Menkis, Dr. Harold Troper, Dr. Eva Karpinski, Dr. Belarie Hyman Zatzman, Dr. Bernice Lerner, and Dr. Robert Hill. This project has received financial support from a number of sources. I thank the London Goodenough Association of Canada for awarding me the Neil Black Memorial Scholarship. I appreciate the financial support from the Faculty of Graduate Studies' Fieldwork Cost Fund, as well as the CUPE 3903 Research Cost Fund. My dissertation has also benefited from an Ontario Graduate Scholarship. York University's generous Susan Mann Dissertation Scholarship afforded me the opportunity to concentrate exclusively on my dissertation and complete it in a timely manner. The Centre for Jewish Studies has supported me over the years. My work has benefited greatly from studying at the Jack and Anita Hess Seminar for Faculty at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, as well as at the 14th Annual Summer Institute on Jewish Civilization and the Holocaust at Northwestern University in Evanston. i It has been my great fortune to have been surrounded by a number of dedicated and insightful colleagues.